DOCSLIB.ORG

Mitochondrial and Nuclear Markers Suggest Hanuman Langur (Primates: Colobinae) Polyphyly: Implications for Their Species Status

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mitochondrial and Nuclear Markers Suggest Hanuman Langur (Primates: Colobinae) Polyphyly: Implications for Their Species Status Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 (2010) 627–633 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Short Communication Mitochondrial and nuclear markers suggest Hanuman langur (Primates: Colobinae) polyphyly: Implications for their species status K. Praveen Karanth a,c,*, Lalji Singh b, Caro-Beth Stewart c a Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India b Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India c Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA article info abstract Article history: Recent molecular studies on langurs of the Indian subcontinent suggest that the widely-distributed and Received 30 June 2008 morphologically variable Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) are polyphyletic with respect to Revised 9 October 2009 Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs. To further investigate this scenario, we have analyzed additional Accepted 29 October 2009 sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b as well as nuclear protamine P1 genes from these species. Available online 6 November 2009 The results confirm Hanuman langur polyphyly in the mitochondrial tree and the nuclear markers sug- gest that the Hanuman langurs share protamine P1 alleles with Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs. We rec- Keywords: ommend provisional splitting of the so-called Hanuman langurs into three species such that the Semnopithecus taxonomy is consistent with their evolutionary relationships. Lineage sorting Cytochrome b Ó 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Protamine P1 Molecular systematics Speciation 1. Introduction Jones, 2004), four (Hill, 1939) and seven (Groves, 2001) distinct spe- cies. Hanuman langurs have also been extensively used as model The Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus, Subfamily Colobi- system in a various biomedical (Nandi et al., 2003; Dube et al., nae) is one of the most widely-distributed and morphologically var- 2004; Lohiya et al., 2005), ecological (Kurup, 1984; Kamilar et al., iable species of colobine monkey (Newton, 1988). It is distributed 2006), behavioral (Newton, 1988; Sterck, 1999) and evolutionary throughout most parts of India and Sri Lanka, and is also found in research (Karanth et al., 2008; Osterholz et al., 2008). Often these parts of Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. According to Roonwal have been comparative studies wherein multiple populations of and Mohnot (1977), it is predominantly a deciduous woodland spe- Hanuman langurs were studied from across the range. The decision cies. Roonwal (1984) recognizes two major forms of Hanuman lan- on the nature of these comparative studies, i.e., inter vs. intra spe- gur based on tail morphology: the Northern type (here called as NT- cific comparison, would depend on the species status of the various Hanuman), which has a tail that loops forward, and the Southern Hanuman langur populations. Thus for an appropriate interpreta- type (here called as ST-Hanuman), which has a tail that loops back- tion of results from these studies, it is imperative that the taxo- ward (Fig. 1). The NT-Hanuman is found north of the Tapti and God- nomic status of Hanuman langurs is resolved. avari rivers, over the plains of northern India and to an altitude of Within the overall range of the Hanuman langurs two other 3000 m in the Himalayas. The ST-Hanuman is found south of the species of langurs are found, having more restricted distributions. Tapti and Godavari rivers in southern India and in Sri Lanka (Roon- These are Nilgiri langurs (S. johnii) found in the wet evergreen for- wal, 1984). There is much disagreement in the literature regarding ests of south-west India and purple-faced langurs (S. vetulus) dis- the species and subspecies status of various populations of the so- tributed in the wet zone of Sri Lanka (Fig. 1). Thus langur called Hanuman langurs. Most authors have considered the Hanu- monkeys of the Indian subcontinent provide an interesting system man langurs to be a single species, S. entellus, but have divided this to study speciation because there are several closely-related spe- species into as many as 14 (Pocock, 1939), 15 (Napier and Napier, cies found in different habitats and distributed in different geo- 1967) and 16 (Roonwal and Mohnot, 1977) subspecies. Other graphical regions of this landmass. authors have classified the Hanuman langurs into two (Brandon- Recent phylogenetic studies on the langurs of Asia suggested that the Hanuman langurs are polyphyletic with respect to Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs in their mitochondrial DNA (Karanth et al., * Corresponding author. Address: Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India. 2008; Osterholz et al., 2008). These results are indicative of an inter- E-mail address: [email protected] (K.P. Karanth). esting speciation model wherein certain ancestral populations of a 1055-7903/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.034 628 K.P. Karanth et al. / Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 (2010) 627–633 Fig. 1. Distribution of the langurs of the Indian subcontinent and sampling locations. Hanuman langurs are found throughout most of India and Sri Lanka, as well as in parts of Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal. The borderline between the Northern type and Southern type of the Hanuman langurs runs along the Tapti–Godavari rivers, approximately where the dashed line is drawn on this map. The Nilgiri langur is distributed along the wet zone of south-west India, and purple-faced langur is found in the wet zone of Sri Lanka. The rest of the Indian subcontinent is predominantly dry, open country. Sampling locations are indicated by squares and triangles for wild and captive populations respectively. Langur illustrations modified from Roonwal (1984). widely-distributed ‘‘proto” Hanuman langur might have diverged gurs related to each other and to the other langurs of the Indian into purple-faced langurs in Sri Lanka and Nilgiri langurs in South In- subcontinent? Second, based on genetic data do the Hanuman lan- dia in the recent past. These diverged species might still share mito- gurs deserve being split into multiple species? To address these chondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes or nuclear alleles with a subset questions, two rapidly-evolving markers—the nuclear protamine of Hanuman langur populations resulting in their polyphyly. This 1(Prm1) gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt-b) gene— speciation model has been reported for the fascicularis group of the were used. macaques (genus Macaca)(Melnick and Hoelzer, 1993) as well as for Asian colobines (genus Trachypithecus)(Karanth et al., 2008). 2. Methods The studies by Karanth et al. (2008) and Osterholz et al. (2008) were focused on resolving the phylogeny of Asian colobines and Three kinds of samples—namely hair, blood, and muscle tissue— did not delve into the Hanuman langur polyphyly issue. Addition- were collected from wild and captive animals. Samples of the ally, sampling of Hanuman, Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs in widely-distributed Hanuman langurs were collected from five these studies were limited and derived mostly from zoos. To fur- locations in the wild spanning the entire range of this species (Ta- ther investigate the Hanuman langur polyphyly issue, additional ble 1 and Fig. 1). Blood samples were stored in digestion buffer samples of this species were obtained from throughout its range. (0.01 M Tris–HCl (pH 8), 0.01 M EDTA, 0.1 M NaCl, 10 ll1M We have also used additional sequences of purple-faced and Nilgiri DTT) in a 1:1 ratio, and tissue samples were stored in 95% ethanol. langurs downloaded from GenBank. Here we address two major The methodology used for collecting these samples and for DNA questions. First, how are the various populations of Hanuman lan- extractions were the same as reported in Karanth et al. (2008). K.P. Karanth et al. / Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 (2010) 627–633 629 Table 1 Sequences used to determine the evolutionary relationship between various populations of the Hanuman langur and their relationship with other langurs of the Indian subcontinent. Location Cyt-b (1140 bp) Acc# Prm1 (380 bp) Acc# Prm1 allele Hanuman langur Southern type S1 Hyderabad AF293951 p1c AF294852 fc A2–A2 S2 Hyderabad (1) AF293952 fc AF294852 fc A2–A2 S3 Hyderabad AF293953 fc AF294851 fc A2–A2b S4 Colombo zoo AF293954 p1c AF294853 fc A1–A2 S5 Anuradhapura (1) AF293955 fc AF294852 fc A1–A2 S6 Anuradhapura AF293956 fc AF294853 fc A1–A2 Northern type N1 Calcutta AF293958 fc AF294851 f A2b–A2b N2 Ramnagar AF293959 f AF294851 fc A2b–A2b N3 Jaipur AF293957 f AF294851 f A2b–A2b N4 (1)d AF012470 f AF294851 f A2b–A2b N5 (1)d AF295576 f PCR A2b–A2b Purple-faced langur PF1 (1) AF295577 f AF294855 f A2–A2 PF2 (1) AF294624 p1 AF119236 f A2–A2 PF3 (2) AF020420 p2 NA PF4 (3) AY519454 p2 NA Nilgiri langur NL1 (1) Anamalai AF294619 f AF294853 f A1–A1 NL2 (1) AF294620 p1 AF294853 f A1–A1 NL3 (3) AY519453 p2 AF294854 f A1b–A1b NL4 (2) AF020419 p2 NA Genus Trachypithecus (SE Asian Colobines) Francois’ leaf monkey AF295578 f Dusky leaf monkey AF295579 f Silvered leaf monkey AF295580 f Phayre’s leaf monkey AF294622 f Outgroup (African Colobines) Guereza Colobus U38264 f Red Colobus AF294625 f Sample location: 1 = Karanth et al. (2008),2=Zhang and Ryder (1998),3=Osterholz et al. (2008), d = langurs originally procured from Delhi zoo; Sequence length: p1 = partial sequence of 830 bp; p2 = partial sequence of 393–576 bp; f = full length sequence. The letter ‘‘c” indicates that for these samples the PCR products were cloned to detect either Prm1 alleles or Cyt-b nuclear pseudogenes, for the rest of the samples the genes were sequenced directly from PCR products; PCR = for these samples, the identification of the Prm1 allele was based on agarose gel visualization of PCR products rather than sequencing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nonhuman Primates
    Zoological Studies 42(1): 93-105 (2003) Dental Variation among Asian Colobines (Nonhuman Primates): Phylogenetic Similarities or Functional Correspondence? Ruliang Pan1,2,* and Charles Oxnard1 1School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia 2Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China (Accepted August 27, 2002) Ruliang Pan and Charles Oxnard (2003) Dental variation among Asian colobines (nonhuman primates): phy- logenetic similarities or functional correspondence? Zoological Studies 42(1): 93-105. In order to reveal varia- tions among Asian colobines and to test whether the resemblance in dental structure among them is mainly associated with similarities in phylogeny or functional adaptation, teeth of 184 specimens from 15 Asian colobine species were measured and studied by performing bivariate (allometry) and multivariate (principal components) analyses. Results indicate that each tooth shows a significant close relationship with body size. Low negative and positive allometric scales for incisors and molars (M2s and M3s), respectively, are each con- sidered to be related to special dental modifications for folivorous preference of colobines. Sexual dimorphism in canine eruption reported by Harvati (2000) is further considered to be associated with differences in growth trajectories (allometric pattern) between the 2 sexes. The relationships among the 6 genera of Asian colobines found greatly differ from those proposed in other studies. Four groups were detected: 1) Rhinopithecus, 2) Semnopithecus, 3) Trachypithecus, and 4) Nasalis, Pygathrix, and Presbytis. These separations were mainly determined by differences in molar structure. Molar sizes of the former 2 groups are larger than those of the latter 2 groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Nilgiri Langur: Biology and Status 1 2
    National Studbook of Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus johnii) May, 2011 National Studbook of Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus johnii) Studbook compiled and analysed by Manjari Malviya Anupam Srivastav Parag Nigam P. C. Tyagi May, 2011 Copyright © WII, Dehradun and CZA, New Delhi, 2011 Cover Photo: Dr. H.N. Kumara This report may be quoted freely but the source must be acknowledged and cited as: Malviya. M., Srivastav, A., Nigam. P, and Tyagi. P.C., 2011. Indian National Studbook of Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus johnii). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun and Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi. Published as Technical Report of the CZA assignment for compilation and publication of Indian National Studbooks for selected endangered species of wild animals in Indian zoos. Acknowledgements This studbook is a part of the Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi, assignment to the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun for the compilation and publication of studbooks of selected endangered faunal types in Indian zoos. The authors wish to thank the Central Zoo Authority for financial support and the opportunity to compile the National Studbook for Nilgiri Langur. We are thankful to Shri. P. R. Sinha, Director, WII for his guidance and support. We would also like to express our appreciation for the advice and support extended by Dr. V. B. Mathur, Dean Faculty of Wildlife Sciences, WII. The authors also wish to thank Shri. B.S. Bonal, Member Secretary, CZA, Dr. B.K. Gupta, Evaluation and monitoring officer, Dr. Naeem Akhtar, Scientific Officer and Mr. Vivek Goel, Data Processing Assistant, CZA for their kind support. The help of the following zoos holding Nilgiri langur in captivity in India is gratefully acknowledged in compilation of data for the studbook.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socioecology, and the Effects of Human Activity on It, of the Annamese Silvered Langur ( Trachypithecus Margarita ) in Northeastern Cambodia
    The Socioecology, and the Effects of Human Activity on It, of the Annamese Silvered Langur ( Trachypithecus margarita ) in Northeastern Cambodia Álvaro González Monge A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University School of Archaeology and Anthropology Submitted in March, 2016 Copyright by Álvaro González Monge, 2016 All Rights Reserved Statement of originality The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original and my own work, except where acknowledged. This material has not been submitted either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or other university Álvaro González Monge In memoriam: GANG HU JOAQUIM JOSEP VEÀ BARÓ Acknowledgements This project wouldn’t have successfully arrived at its conclusion without the help of an astounding amount of people. I wanted to thank many more but I think two and a half pages of this must be testing for many. I’m forever indebted to my academic supervisors, for steering me towards meaningful research and pointing out my endless flaws with endless patience, for the encouragement and heaps of valuable feedback. Whatever useful information in this thesis is largely due to them: Professor Colin Groves, for accepting me as a student which I think is one of the highest honors that can be given to a person in our field of work, and his unquenchable thirst for all mammalian bits of information I brought to his attention. Dr. Alison Behie, for her patience in greatly helping me focus on the particular topics treated in this thesis and her invaluable feedback on my research.
    [Show full text]
  • And Nilgiri Langur
    MR. SINGH et al.: Niche Separation in Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri langur NICHE SEPARATION IN SYMPATRIC LION-TAILED MACAQUE (MACACA SI- LENUS) AND NILGIRI LANGUR (PRESBYTIS JOHNII) IN AN INDIAN TROPI- CAL RAIN FOREST. SINGH, MR., SINGH, ME., ANANDA KUMAR, M., KUMA- RA, H.N., SHARMA, A.K. AND SUSHMA, H.S. Key words: Lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri langurs, sympatricity, food specialization, vertical stratification, Western Ghats Abstract The study was carried out on one group each of lion-tailed macaques and Nilgiri langurs living as sympatric groups in a rainforest in Anaimalai Hills, Western Ghats, south India. Whereas the lion-tailed macaques were found to be frugivo- rous/insectivorous, the Nilgiri langurs were primarily folivorous. Fruit was the only shared component in the diet of the two species. The lion-tailed macaques occupied a higher substratum than the Nilgiri langurs not only for their routine activities, but also for overall feeding and fruit feeding. The presence of lion-tailed macaques re- sulted in further lowering the feeding substratum and increased passivity in Nilgiri langurs. Food specialization and vertical stratification differentiate the niches of these two sympatric species. Introduction The lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) is an endangered species and the Nilgiri langur (Presbytis johnii) is a threatened species. Both of these species inhabit the forests of Western Ghats in southern India. Although, the Nilgiri langur may be found in wet, moist as well as relatively dry forests, the lion-tailed macaque is re- stricted only to the rain forest (SINGH et al., 1997b). However, in those patches of rain forest which are relatively large (100 hectares or more), the lion-tailed macaque and the Nilgiri langur are often found to be sympatric (KUMAR et al., 1995; SINGH et al., 1997a).
    [Show full text]
  • Rajendran Nilgiri Langur GI.Pmd
    VET BRIEF ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 19(4): 1454 were positive for mixed infection (56.25%). Among mixed infection, two samples (12.5%) were combination of Strongyles A SURVEY OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL and Strongyloides, four samples (25%) a combination of PARASITIC INFECTION IN NILGIRI Strongyles and Trichuris and one sample (6.25%) was combination of Strongyles, Strongyloides and Spirurids. LANGUR (SEMNOPITHECUS JOHNII) AT KALAKKAD-MUNDANTHURAI TIGER Adkoli et al. (1986) reported strongyloides in zoo animals while RESERVE, TAMIL NADU Joseph et al. (1999) and Xavier et al. (2000) reported Trichuris in the faecal samples of Nilgiri Langur in Silent Valley National S. Rajendran*, P.C. Saseendran, H. Subramanian, Park. The presence of these parasites may be related to the R. Chitra and N. Yuvaraj feeding habit of Nilgiri Langur. The infected animals can contaminate all feeding material in the process of their defecation from tree tops (Xavier et al., 2000). The ingestion of food with College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, India * Corresponding author: 13/9, Thiru, Vi. Ka. Street, Veerappan contaminated parasitic eggs and their third stage larvae can Chatram, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638004, India. cause infection (Soulsby, 1982). Since, Nilgiri Langur feeds on Email: [email protected] a variety of plant materials, periodic evacuation of parasites from the digestive tract will be a common feature. Only in old animals and siblings a heavy parasitic infection may become The Nilgiri Langur (Semnopithecus johnii) is an endangered fatal (Joseph et al., 1999). Further extensive survey in different Primate found exclusively in the Western Ghats (Kurup, 1975), ranges of KMTR is essential to understand the implication of being distributed from the Kanyakumari hills (8ºN) at the parasitism in Nilgiri Langur.
    [Show full text]
  • Veeramani A, Et Al. Demography, Activity Pattern, Food and Feeding Habits of Primates in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J
    International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology ISSN: 2639-216X Demography, Activity Pattern, Food and Feeding Habits of Primates in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India Veeramani A1*, Pushpalatha KB2, Mohanakrishnan H2, Research Article Ramakrishnan B2, Santhoshkumar P2, Samsan A2 and Karthick S2 Volume 2 Issue 1 1Department of Zoology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), India Received Date: December 27, 2018 Published Date: January 04, 2019 2Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, Government Arts College, India DOI: 10.23880/izab-16000132 *Corresponding author: Veeramani Arunachalam, Department of Zoology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam-612002, India, Tel: +91-8124881520; Email: [email protected] Abstract The Western Ghats of South India has a highly fragmented population of India's most endangered primate species viz. the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) and Nilgiri langur (Trachypithecus johnii). The distribution of Common or Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus) extends up to the southern region of the Western Ghats. Peninsular India holds two other primate species, the bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) and the slender loris (Loris tardigradus). This is the first attempt to conduct the distribution of south Indian primates in and around Gudalur region, The Nilgiris. The study area was perambulated to locate the primates to know the status and distribution of these animals. Data on troop structure, composition and sex ratios were attempted. Behavioral data of primates were collected using focal animal sampling. Comparison of age and sex class of the adult female of all three primates such as bonnet macaque, common langur and Nilgiri langur is higher than the adult males. Similarly comparison of habitat selection shows that bonnet macaque and common langur prefers mostly on plantations followed by moist deciduous habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Status and Distribution of Large Mammals in Highwavy and Its Environs, Southern Western Ghats
    Interim report-Highwavy project Assessing the status and distribution of large mammals in Highwavy and its environs, Southern Western Ghats INTERIM REPORT (March 2012) G. Srinivas & S. Babu Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, Coimbatore, India. 1 Interim report-Highwavy project INTRODUCTION The conversion of natural forests of Highwavy environ has been under practice since last two centuries for extracting firewood, timber and also for establishing commercially important crops such as tea, coffee, cardamom etc. In the beginning of 19th century, Wroughton (1917) identified 25 mammals and later Hutton (1949) reported 56 mammals including certain range restricted and threatened species. In 1979, Thonglongya described a new species of bat (Salim Ali Fruit bat Latidens salimali) from the hill range. Kumara et al., (2011) mentioned that the environs hold one of the largest and viable populations of Endangered Lion-tailed macaques with higher group size. Further, Bhupathy et al., (2012) compiled various taxa from this landscape that also include mammals (62 species) and they concluded that this diversity could be due to various vegetation types and greater elevational gradient. The above review states that the Highwavy environs are home to diverse mammal species with patchy distribution pattern across undisturbed mosaics. Considering the paucity of information about the large mammals and significance of the Highwavy environs in establishing important wildlife corridor with the adjacent protected areas, the present study is initiated. PROJECT INITIATION Permission from Tamil Nadu forest department to carry out the research work in Theni, Srivilliputtur and Palni hills were obtained from Principal Chief Conservator of Forest and from the District Forest Officers of respective forest areas.
    [Show full text]
  • LEAF MONKEY, Trachypithecus Auratus Sondaicus, in the PANGANDARAN NATURE RESERVE, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
    BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY OF THE SILVER LEAF MONKEY, Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus, IN THE PANGANDARAN NATURE RESERVE, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA by KAREN MARGARETHA KOOL A dissertation submitted to the University of New South Wales for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Science University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales Australia March, 1989 SR PT02 Form 2 RETENTION THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES DECLARATION RELATING TO DISPOSITION OF PROJECT REPORT/THESIS This is to certify that I . .1�9.-.C:eo...... MQ;.r.tQ.J:£'\hP..-. .. .J�l.... being a candidate for the degree of 1)!=>.d:o.r.--.of.-.Y.hSos.Of.hy .. am fully aware of the policy of the University relating to the retention and use of higherdegree project reports and theses, namely that the University retains the copies submitted for examination and is free to allow them to be consulted or borrowed. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act, 1968, the University may issue a project report or thesis in whole or in part, in photostat or microfilm or other copying medium. In the light of these provisions I declare that I wish to retain my full privileges of copyright and request that neither the whole nor any portion of my project report/thesis be published by the University Librarian and that the Librarian may not authorise the publication of the whole or any part of it, and that I further declare that thispreservation of my copyright privileges shall lapse from the ... :fit.�t ............ day of ...3.o.n ....... 9..r: { ............... 19.�.<:\.................
    [Show full text]
  • Gap Analysis of Periyar - Agasthyamalai Landscape for Arboreal Mammal Conservation
    Gap analysis of Periyar - Agasthyamalai landscape for arboreal mammal conservation Final Technical Report 2013 Gap analysis of the Periyar – Agasthyamalai landscape for arboreal mammal conservation Final Technical Report 2013 Supported by Foundation for Ecological Research Advocacy and Learning (FERAL) 170/3, Tiruchittrambalam Road, Morttandi Village, Auroville P.O., Vanur Taluk. Villupuram District Tamil Nadu 605 101 India. http://www.feralindia.org Suggested Citation: Sushma H.S., Ram, S. and Vaidyanathan, S. 2013. Gap analysis of the Periyar Agasthyamalai landscape for arboreal mammal conservation. Final technical report, Foundation for Ecological Research Advocacy and Learning (FERAL). Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 1 Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 6 Study area............................................................................................................................... 7 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 13 Results and discussion
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Status of Primates in the Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India
    Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 175-183 Conservation Status of Primates in the Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India P. Ramesh Kumar1, Honnavalli N. Kumara2, M. Malathi Priya3, Hosur S. Sushma2, K. M. Meharabi4 and Swati Udayraj5 1Karnataka Forest Department, Bellary Territorial Forest Division, Bellary, Karnataka, India 2Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 3Karnataka Forest Department, Working Plan and Survey Division, Bellary, Karnataka, India 4Department of Animal Science, Central University of Kerala, Padannakkad, Kasaragod, Kerala, India 5Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India Abstract: Kudremukh Wildlife Division is one of the largest of the Protected Area Network (henceforth the Kudremukh Forest Complex) in the Western Ghats that includes Kudremukh National Park, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary and Mookambika Wild- life Sanctuary, covering an area of about 1,285 km². The Kudremukh Forest Complex support three species of diurnal non-human primates: the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), and the black-footed gray langur (Sem- nopithecus hypoleucos), hereafter called the Hanuman langur. A survey of diurnal primates was carried out between December 2014 and April 2015 in the Kudremukh Forest Complex. A grid of 5-km² cells was superimposed on a map of the three protected areas of the Kudremukh Forest Complex. Each grid cell was systematically surveyed for four consecutive days using an existing network of trails and animal paths. The encounter rate of the Hanuman langur was significantly higher than the bonnet macaque and lion-tailed macaque. The encounter rates of the Hanuman langur, bonnet macaque, and lion-tailed macaque were 0.20 ±0.27 SD, 0.11 ±0.16 SD, and 0.03 ±0.10 SD, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Classification of Nonhuman Primates
    BLBS036-Voevodin April 8, 2009 13:57 Part I: Introduction to Primatology and Virology COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL BLBS036-Voevodin April 8, 2009 13:57 BLBS036-Voevodin April 8, 2009 13:57 1 Classification of Nonhuman Primates 1.1 Introduction that the animals colloquially known as monkeys and 1.2 Classification and nomenclature of primates apes are primates. From the zoological standpoint, hu- 1.2.1 Higher primate taxa (suborder, infraorder, mans are also apes, although the use of this term is parvorder, superfamily) usually restricted to chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, 1.2.2 Molecular taxonomy and molecular and gibbons. identification of nonhuman primates 1.3 Old World monkeys 1.2. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 1.3.1 Guenons and allies OF PRIMATES 1.3.1.1 African green monkeys The classification of primates, as with any zoological 1.3.1.2 Other guenons classification, is a hierarchical system of taxa (singu- 1.3.2 Baboons and allies lar form—taxon). The primate taxa are ranked in the 1.3.2.1 Baboons and geladas following descending order: 1.3.2.2 Mandrills and drills 1.3.2.3 Mangabeys Order 1.3.3 Macaques Suborder 1.3.4 Colobines Infraorder 1.4 Apes Parvorder 1.4.1 Lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs) Superfamily 1.4.2 Great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and Family orangutans) Subfamily 1.5 New World monkeys Tribe 1.5.1 Marmosets and tamarins Genus 1.5.2 Capuchins, owl, and squirrel monkeys Species 1.5.3 Howlers, muriquis, spider, and woolly Subspecies monkeys Species is the “elementary unit” of biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology and Conservation of Presbytis Rubicunda
    The ecology and conservation of Presbytis rubicunda DAVID ALAN EHLERS SMITH This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy on the Basis of Published Work Oxford Brookes University March 2015 1 David A. Ehlers Smith Sabangau Red Langur Research Project The Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project [email protected] – www.outrop.com 2 For Yvie, Supian, Francis and Ann Juvenile male Presbytis rubicunda 3 Abstract From 2009 to 2014 I conducted research that contributes toward a synthesis of techniques to best inform conservation management schemes for the protection of the endemic Presbytis monkeys on the Southeast Asian island of Borneo, using the red langur (Presbytis rubicunda) as a case study. To achieve this, I conducted ecological niche modelling of distributional patterns for Presbytis species; assessed land-use policies affecting their persistence likelihood, and reviewed the location and efficacy of the Protected Area Network (PAN) throughout distributions; conducted population density surveys within an under-studied habitat (tropical peat- swamp forests) and a small but highly productive mast-fruiting habitat, and founded a monitoring programme of Presbytis rubicunda concerned with establishing the ecological parameters (including behavioural, feeding and ranging ecology) required to advise conservation programmes. The ecological niche modelling of Presbytis distributions demonstrated that the PAN does not provide effective protection, and land- use policies throughout distributions may continue causing population declines. Data from 27 months of fieldwork provided convincing evidence that the non-mast fruiting characteristics of tropical peat-swamp forests on Borneo had a profound effect on the ecology of Presbytis rubicunda.
    [Show full text]