DOCSLIB.ORG

Standards for Old World Primates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Standards for Old World Primates Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries Standards For Old World Primates Version: July, 2013 ©2013 Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Standards for Old World Primate Sanctuaries Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. III GFAS PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................................................... III ANIMALS COVERED BY THESE STANDARDS ................................................................................ 2 STANDARDS UPDATES ....................................................................................................................... 5 OLD WORLD PRIMATE STANDARDS .............................................................................................. 2 OLD WORLD PRIMATE HOUSING .................................................................................................... 2 H-1 TYPES OF SPACE AND SIZE ............................................................................................................................. 2 H-2 CONTAINMENT.................................................................................................................................................. 6 H-3 GROUND AND PLANTINGS ........................................................................................................................... 10 H-4 TRANSFER DOORS ......................................................................................................................................... 11 H-5 SHELTER .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 H-6 ENCLOSURE FURNISHINGS .......................................................................................................................... 13 H-7 SANITATION ................................................................................................................................................... 15 H-8 TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, VENTILATION, LIGHTING ......................................................................... 17 PHYSICAL FACILITIES AND ADMINISTRATION ........................................................................ 19 PF-1 OVERALL SAFETY OF FACILITIES ............................................................................................................. 19 PF-2 WATER DRAINAGE AND TESTING ........................................................................................................... 19 PF-3 LIFE SUPPORT AND LIGHTING .................................................................................................................. 20 PF-4 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HANDLING ..................................................................................................... 20 PF-5 SECURITY: OLD WORLD PRIMATE ENCLOSURES ................................................................................. 21 PF-6 PERIMETER BOUNDARY AND INSPECTIONS, AND MAINTENANCE ................................................... 21 PF-7 SECURITY: GENERAL SAFETY MONITORING ......................................................................................... 22 PF-8 INSECT AND RODENT CONTROL .............................................................................................................. 22 PF-9 RECORD KEEPING ....................................................................................................................................... 23 PF-10 ANIMAL TRANSPORT ............................................................................................................................... 23 NUTRITION REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 25 N-1. WATER ........................................................................................................................................................... 25 N-2. DIET ................................................................................................................................................................ 25 N-3. FOOD PRESENTATION AND FEEDING TECHNIQUES ............................................................................. 27 N-4. FOOD STORAGE ............................................................................................................................................. 28 N-5. FOOD HANDLING .......................................................................................................................................... 29 VETERINARY CARE ........................................................................................................................... 29 V-1. GENERAL MEDICAL PROGRAM AND STAFFING ..................................................................................... 29 V-2. ON-SITE AND OFF-SITE VETERINARY FACILITIES ................................................................................ 30 V-3. PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE PROGRAM ..................................................................................................... 31 V-4. DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES, SURGICAL, TREATMENT AND NECROPSY FACILITIES ............................... 32 V-5. QUARANTINE AND ISOLATION OF PRIMATES ......................................................................................... 33 V-6. MEDICAL RECORDS AND CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES .......................................................................... 34 V-7. BREEDING ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 i Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Standards for Old World Primate Sanctuaries V-8. ZOONOTIC DISEASE PROGRAM .................................................................................................................. 36 WELL-BEING AND HANDLING OF PRIMATES ............................................................................ 37 W-1. PHYSICAL WELL-BEING ............................................................................................................................ 37 W-2. SOCIAL HOUSING ......................................................................................................................................... 38 W-3. INTRODUCTION OF UNFAMILIAR INDIVIDUALS .................................................................................... 42 W-4. BEHAVIORAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING ..................................................................................... 43 W-5. OLD WORLD PRIMATE-CAREGIVER RELATIONSHIPS ......................................................................... 44 W-6. HANDLING AND RESTRAINT ..................................................................................................................... 44 STAFFING............................................................................................................................................. 46 GENERAL STAFFING ......................................................................................................................... 46 S-1. GENERAL STAFFING CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................... 46 S-2. SECURITY AND EMERGENCY COVERAGE .................................................................................................. 47 S-3. VOLUNTEER AND INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS ............................................................................................. 47 S-4. MANUALS ........................................................................................................................................................ 48 S-5. EMPLOYEE TRAINING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION .......................................................................... 48 SAFETY POLICIES, PROTOCOLS AND TRAINING ...................................................................... 49 S-6. GENERAL STAFF SAFETY ............................................................................................................................ 49 S-7. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 50 S-8. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS AND PROTOCOLS ................................................................................. 50 S-9. ESCAPED PRIMATE PROTOCOL .................................................................................................................. 51 S-10. EMERGENCY TRAINING ............................................................................................................................. 52 S-11. FIREARM POLICY ........................................................................................................................................ 52 S-12. FIREARM TRAINING ................................................................................................................................... 52 S-13. CHEMICAL RESTRAINT .............................................................................................................................. 53 S-14. FIRST AID AND ZOONOTIC DISEASE TRAINING, AND STAFF FIRST AID ........................................ 53 GOVERNANCE AND FINANCE ........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio): Accounting for Similarities and Differences
    2019, 32 Heather M. Hill Editor Peer-reviewed Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio): Accounting for Similarities and Differences Kelly L. Kraus1, Vivien C. Pellis1, and Sergio M. Pellis1 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada Play fighting in many species involves partners competing to bite one another while avoiding being bitten. Species can differ in the body targets that are bitten and the tactics used to attack and defend those targets. However, even closely related species that attack and defend the same body target using the same tactics can differ markedly in how much the competitiveness of such interactions is mitigated by cooperation. A degree of cooperation is necessary to ensure that some turn-taking between the roles of attacker and defender occurs, as this is critical in preventing play fighting from escalating into serious fighting. In the present study, the dyadic play fighting of captive troops of 4 closely related species of Old World monkeys, 2 each from 2 genera of Papio and Mandrillus, was analyzed. All 4 species have a comparable social organization, are large bodied with considerable sexual dimorphism, and are mostly terrestrial. In all species, the target of biting is the same – the area encompassing the upper arm, shoulder, and side of the neck – and they have the same tactics of attack and defense. However, the Papio species exhibit more cooperation in their play than do the Mandrillus species, with the former using tactics that make biting easier to attain and that facilitate close bodily contact.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus Pygerythrus in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa ______
    Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa __________________________________ Lindsay L Patterson A thesis presented in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Ecological Sciences At the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa August 2017 ABSTRACT The spread of development globally is extensively modifying habitats and often results in competition for space and resources between humans and wildlife. For the last few decades a central goal of urban ecology research has been to deepen our understanding of how wildlife communities respond to urbanisation. In the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, urban and rural transformation has reduced and fragmented natural foraging grounds for vervet monkeys Chlorocebus pygerythrus. However, no data on vervet urban landscape use exist. They are regarded as successful urban exploiters, yet little data have been obtained prior to support this. This research investigated aspects of the urban ecology of vervet monkeys in three municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), as well as factors that may predict human-monkey conflict. Firstly, through conducting an urban wildlife survey, we were able to assess residents’ attitudes towards, observations of and conflict with vervet monkeys, investigating the potential drivers of intragroup variation in spatial ecology, and identifying predators of birds’ nests. We analysed 602 surveys submitted online and, using ordinal regression models, we ascertained that respondents’ attitudes towards vervets were most influenced by whether or not they had had aggressive interactions with them, by the belief that vervet monkeys pose a health risk and by the presence of bird nests, refuse bins and house raiding on their properties.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context
    P0800261_01 7/14/05 8:00 AM Page 3 C HAPTER 1 The Taxonomy of Primates T HE T in the Laboratory Context AXONOMY OF P Colin Groves RIMATES School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3 What are species? D Taxonomy: EFINITION OF THE The biological Organizing nature species concept Taxonomy means classifying organisms. It is nowadays commonly used as a synonym for systematics, though Disagreement as to what precisely constitutes a species P strictly speaking systematics is a much broader sphere is to be expected, given that the concept serves so many RIMATE of interest – interrelationships, and biodiversity. At the functions (Vane-Wright, 1992). We may be interested basis of taxonomy lies that much-debated concept, the in classification as such, or in the evolutionary implica- species. tions of species; in the theory of species, or in simply M ODEL Because there is so much misunderstanding about how to recognize them; or in their reproductive, phys- what a species is, it is necessary to give some space to iological, or husbandry status. discussion of the concept. The importance of what we Most non-specialists probably have some vague mean by the word “species” goes way beyond taxonomy idea that species are defined by not interbreeding with as such: it affects such diverse fields as genetics, biogeog- each other; usually, that hybrids between different species raphy, population biology, ecology, ethology, and bio- are sterile, or that they are incapable of hybridizing at diversity; in an era in which threats to the natural all. Such an impression ultimately derives from the def- world and its biodiversity are accelerating, it affects inition by Mayr (1940), whereby species are “groups of conservation strategies (Rojas, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque
    Fascinating Life Sciences Jin-Hua Li · Lixing Sun Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associ- ated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthu- siasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Jin-Hua Li • Lixing Sun • Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Editors Jin-Hua Li Lixing Sun School of Resources Department of Biological Sciences, Primate and Environmental Engineering Behavior and Ecology Program Anhui University Central Washington University Hefei, Anhui, China Ellensburg, WA, USA International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology Anhui, China School of Life Sciences Hefei Normal University Hefei, Anhui, China Peter M. Kappeler Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Germany Department of Anthropology/Sociobiology University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-27919-6 ISBN 978-3-030-27920-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27920-2 This book is an open access publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Primates of the Southern Mentawai Islands
    Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 193-203 The Status of Primates in the Southern Mentawai Islands, Indonesia Ahmad Yanuar1 and Jatna Supriatna2 1Department of Biology and Post-graduate Program in Biology Conservation, Tropical Biodiversity Conservation Center- Universitas Nasional, Jl. RM. Harsono, Jakarta, Indonesia 2Department of Biology, FMIPA and Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Abstract: Populations of the primates native to the Mentawai Islands—Kloss’ gibbon Hylobates klossii, the Mentawai langur Presbytis potenziani, the Mentawai pig-tailed macaque Macaca pagensis, and the snub-nosed pig-tailed monkey Simias con- color—persist in disturbed and undisturbed forests and forest patches in Sipora, North Pagai and South Pagai. We used the line-transect method to survey primates in Sipora and the Pagai Islands and estimate their population densities. We walked 157.5 km and 185.6 km of line transects on Sipora and on the Pagai Islands, respectively, and obtained 93 sightings on Sipora and 109 sightings on the Pagai Islands. On Sipora, we estimated population densities for H. klossii, P. potenziani, and S. concolor in an area of 9.5 km², and M. pagensis in an area of 12.6 km². On the Pagai Islands, we estimated the population densities of the four primates in an area of 11.1 km². Simias concolor was found to have the lowest group densities on Sipora, whilst P. potenziani had the highest group densities. On the Pagai Islands, H. klossii was the least abundant and M. pagensis had the highest group densities. Primate populations, notably of the snub-nosed pig-tailed monkey and Kloss’ gibbon, are reduced and threatened on the southern Mentawai Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • HAMADRYAS BABOON (Papio Hamadryas) CARE MANUAL
    HAMADRYAS BABOON (Papio hamadryas) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA Hamadryas Baboon Species Survival Plan® Program IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA Old World Monkey Taxon Advisory Group Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) Care Manual Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in collaboration with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Baboon Species Survival Plan®. (2020). Hamadryas Baboon Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: July 2020 Authors and Significant Contributors: Jodi Neely Wiley, AZA Hamadryas Baboon SSP Coordinator and Studbook Keeper, North Carolina Zoo Margaret Rousser, Oakland Zoo Terry Webb, Toledo Zoo Ryan Devoe, Disney Animal Kingdom Katie Delk, North Carolina Zoo Michael Maslanka, Smithsonian National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute Reviewers: Joe Knobbe, San Francisco Zoological Gardens, former Old World Monkey TAG Chair, SSP Vice Coordinator Hamadryas Baboon AZA Staff Editors: Felicia Spector, Animal Care Manual Editor Consultant Candice Dorsey, PhD, Senior Vice President, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Rebecca Greenberg, Animal Programs Director Emily Wagner, Conservation Science & Education Intern Raven Spencer, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Intern Hana Johnstone, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Intern Cover Photo Credits: Jodi Neely Wiley, North Carolina Zoo Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Ranging Bonnet Macaques, Macaca Radiata
    Flexibility in Food Extraction Techniques in Urban Free- Ranging Bonnet Macaques, Macaca radiata Madhur Mangalam1, Mewa Singh1,2* 1 Biopsychology Laboratory, University of Mysore, Mysore, India, 2 Evolutionary & Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India Abstract Non-human primate populations, other than responding appropriately to naturally occurring challenges, also need to cope with anthropogenic factors such as environmental pollution, resource depletion, and habitat destruction. Populations and individuals are likely to show considerable variations in food extraction abilities, with some populations and individuals more efficient than others at exploiting a set of resources. In this study, we examined among urban free-ranging bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata (a) local differences in food extraction abilities, (b) between-individual variation and within-individual consistency in problem-solving success and the underlying problem-solving characteristics, and (c) behavioral patterns associated with higher efficiency in food extraction. When presented with novel food extraction tasks, the urban macaques having more frequent exposure to novel physical objects in their surroundings, extracted food material from PET bottles and also solved another food extraction task (i.e., extracting an orange from a wire mesh box), more often than those living under more natural conditions. Adults solved the tasks more frequently than juveniles, and females more frequently than males. Both solution-technique and problem-solving characteristics varied across individuals but remained consistent within each individual across the successive presentations of PET bottles. The macaques that solved the tasks showed lesser within-individual variation in their food extraction behavior as compared to those that failed to solve the tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of 100 High-Coverage Genomes from a Pedigreed Captive Baboon Colony
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on September 27, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Resource Analysis of 100 high-coverage genomes from a pedigreed captive baboon colony Jacqueline A. Robinson,1 Saurabh Belsare,1 Shifra Birnbaum,2 Deborah E. Newman,2 Jeannie Chan,2 Jeremy P. Glenn,2 Betsy Ferguson,3,4 Laura A. Cox,5,6 and Jeffrey D. Wall1 1Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; 2Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA; 3Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA; 4Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; 5Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA; 6Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA Baboons (genus Papio) are broadly studied in the wild and in captivity. They are widely used as a nonhuman primate model for biomedical studies, and the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC) at Texas Biomedical Research Institute has maintained a large captive baboon colony for more than 50 yr. Unlike other model organisms, however, the genomic resources for baboons are severely lacking. This has hindered the progress of studies using baboons as a model for basic biology or human disease. Here, we describe a data set of 100 high-coverage whole-genome sequences obtained from the mixed colony of olive (P. anubis) and yellow (P. cynocephalus) baboons housed at the SNPRC.
    [Show full text]
  • Colobus Angolensis Palliatus) in an East African Coastal Forest
    African Primates 7 (2): 203-210 (2012) Activity Budgets of Peters’ Angola Black-and-White Colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) in an East African Coastal Forest Zeno Wijtten1, Emma Hankinson1, Timothy Pellissier2, Matthew Nuttall1 & Richard Lemarkat3 1Global Vision International (GVI) Kenya 2University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada 3Kenyan Wildlife Services (KWS), Kenya Abstract: Activity budgets of primates are commonly associated with strategies of energy conservation and are affected by a range of variables. In order to establish a solid basis for studies of colobine monkey food preference, food availability, group size, competition and movement, and also to aid conservation efforts, we studied activity of individuals from social groups of Colobus angolensis palliatus in a coastal forest patch in southeastern Kenya. Our observations (N = 461 hours) were conducted year-round, over a period of three years. In our Colobus angolensis palliatus study population, there was a relatively low mean group size of 5.6 ± SD 2.7. Resting, feeding, moving and socializing took up 64%, 22%, 3% and 4% of their time, respectively. In the dry season, as opposed to the wet season, the colobus increased the time they spent feeding, traveling, and being alert, and decreased the time they spent resting. General activity levels and group sizes are low compared to those for other populations of Colobus spp. We suggest that Peters’ Angola black-and-white colobus often live (including at our study site) under low preferred-food availability conditions and, as a result, are adapted to lower activity levels. With East African coastal forest declining rapidly, comparative studies focusing on C.
    [Show full text]
  • World's Most Endangered Primates
    Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Janette Wallis and Alison Cotton Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Copyright: ©2017 Conservation International All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. Citation (report): Schwitzer, C., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Chiozza, F., Williamson, E.A., Macfie, E.J., Wallis, J. and Cotton, A. (eds.). 2017. Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA. 99 pp. Citation (species): Salmona, J., Patel, E.R., Chikhi, L. and Banks, M.A. 2017. Propithecus perrieri (Lavauden, 1931). In: C. Schwitzer, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, F. Chiozza, E.A. Williamson, E.J. Macfie, J. Wallis and A. Cotton (eds.), Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018, pp. 40-43. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandrillus Leucophaeus Poensis)
    Ecology and Behavior of the Bioko Island Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Jacob Robert Owens in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 i © Copyright 2013 Jacob Robert Owens. All Rights Reserved ii Dedications To my wife, Jen. iii Acknowledgments The research presented herein was made possible by the financial support provided by Primate Conservation Inc., ExxonMobil Foundation, Mobil Equatorial Guinea, Inc., Margo Marsh Biodiversity Fund, and the Los Angeles Zoo. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Teck-Kah Lim and the Drexel University Office of Graduate Studies for the Dissertation Fellowship and the invaluable time it provided me during the writing process. I thank the Government of Equatorial Guinea, the Ministry of Fisheries and the Environment, Ministry of Information, Press, and Radio, and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism for the opportunity to work and live in one of the most beautiful and unique places in the world. I am grateful to the faculty and staff of the National University of Equatorial Guinea who helped me navigate the geographic and bureaucratic landscape of Bioko Island. I would especially like to thank Jose Manuel Esara Echube, Claudio Posa Bohome, Maximilliano Fero Meñe, Eusebio Ondo Nguema, and Mariano Obama Bibang. The journey to my Ph.D. has been considerably more taxing than I expected, and I would not have been able to complete it without the assistance of an expansive list of people. I would like to thank all of you who have helped me through this process, many of whom I lack the space to do so specifically here.
    [Show full text]
  • Hunting Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees in the Taï National Park
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 78547-573 (1989) Hunting Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees in the Tai’ National Park CHRISTOPHE BOESCH AND HEDWIGE BOESCH Department of Ethology and Wildlife Research, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland KEY WORDS Cooperation, Sharing, Traditions ABSTRACT Hunting is often considered one of the major behaviors that shaped early hominids’ evolution, along with the shift toward a drier and more open habitat. We suggest that a precise comparison of the hunting behavior of a species closely related to man might help us understand which aspects of hunting could be affected by environmental conditions. The hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees is discussed, and new observations on a population living in the tropical rain forest of the TaY National Park, Ivory Coast, are presented. Some of the forest chimpanzees’ hunting performances are similar to those of savanna-woodlands populations; others are different. Forest chimpanzees have a more specialized prey image, intentionally search for more adult prey, and hunt in larger groups and with a more elaborate cooperative level than sa- vanna-woodlands chimpanzees. In addition, forest chimpanzees tend to share meat more actively and more frequently. These findings are related to some theories on aspects of hunting behavior in early hominids and discussed in order to understand some factors influencing the hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees. Finally, the hunting behavior of primates is compared with that of social carnivores. Hunting is generally
    [Show full text]