The Education System in the Netherlands 2005
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The Education System in the Netherlands 2005 Dutch Eurydice Unit Ministry of Education, Culture and Science The Hague May 2005 COLOFON Published by: Dutch Eurydice Unit Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Postbus 16375 2500 BJ The Hague Editing Martijn Droog contributions from Chiara Wooning, Raymond van der Ree and Departments of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Translation Translation Department (AVT/EN), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Final Editing Raymond van der Ree Editiorial deadline of the original Dutch version: January 2005 ISSN 1574-5856 © Ministerie van OCW, Den Haag 2005 1 1. POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND AND TRENDS ____________________________________ 8 1.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ____________________________________________________________________________ 8 1.2. ONGOING DEBATES______________________________________________________________________________10 1.3. MAIN EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BODIES_____________________________________________________________11 1.4. RELIGIONS____________________________________________________________________________________12 1.5. OFFICIAL AND MINORITY LANGUAGES_________________________________________________________________12 1.6. DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION ________________________________________________________________________12 1.7. ECONOMIC SITUATION ___________________________________________________________________________13 1.8. STATISTICS ___________________________________________________________________________________13 1.8.1. Demographic statistics ___________________________________________________________________13 1.8.2. Workforce ______________________________________________________________________________14 1.8.3. Financial statistics (Ministry of Education, Culture and Science)________________________________14 2. ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION ___________________________________________________________15 2.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ___________________________________________________________________________15 2.2. ONGOING DEBATES______________________________________________________________________________15 2.3. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND BASIC LEGISLATION _____________________________________________________16 2.4. GENERAL STRUCTURE AND DEFINING MOMENTS IN EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE ____________________________________17 2.5. COMPULSORY EDUCATION ________________________________________________________________________18 2.6. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION________________________________________________________________________19 2.6.1. General administration at national level _____________________________________________________19 2.6.2. General administration at regional level _____________________________________________________22 2.6.3. General administration at local level ________________________________________________________22 2.6.4. Educational institutions: administration and management _____________________________________22 2.6.4.1. Day-to-day management of educational institutions_______________________________________24 2.6.4.2. Day-to-day management of primary schools _____________________________________________24 2.6.4.3. Day-to-day management of secondary schools ___________________________________________25 2.6.4.4. Management of adult and vocational education institutions ________________________________25 2.6.4.5. Management of higher education institutions ____________________________________________25 2.7. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONSULTATION _____________________________________________________________27 2.7.1. Internal consultation _____________________________________________________________________27 2.7.2. Consultation involving players in society at large _____________________________________________28 2.7.2.1. Advisory bodies ______________________________________________________________________28 2.7.2.2. Consultative bodies __________________________________________________________________28 2.8. METHODS OF FINANCING EDUCATION ________________________________________________________________29 2.8.1. Methods of financing primary and special schools ____________________________________________30 2.8.2. Methods of financing secondary schools_____________________________________________________31 2.8.3. Methods of financing adult and vocational education__________________________________________31 2.8.4. Methods of financing higher education______________________________________________________31 2.9. STATISTICS ___________________________________________________________________________________33 2.9.1. Institutions______________________________________________________________________________33 2.9.2. Pupils and students ______________________________________________________________________34 2.9.3. Financial statistics: general _______________________________________________________________34 2.9.4. Key financial statistics: student finance (WSF) and study costs allowances (WTOS)________________34 2.9.5. Fees____________________________________________________________________________________35 3. PRE-PRIMARY EDUCATION ______________________________________________________________________36 3.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ___________________________________________________________________________37 3.2. ONGOING DEBATES AND POLICY TRENDS ______________________________________________________________37 3.3. SPECIFIC LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK __________________________________________________________________39 3.4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES ____________________________________________________________________________39 3.5. GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESSIBILITY _____________________________________________________________________39 3.6. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS AND CHOICE OF INSTITUTION/CENTRE____________________________________________39 3.7. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR PUPILS’ FAMILIES ____________________________________________________________40 3.8. AGE LEVELS AND GROUPING OF CHILDREN _____________________________________________________________40 3.9. ORGANISATION OF TIME __________________________________________________________________________41 3.9.1. Organisation of the year __________________________________________________________________41 1 3.9.2. Weekly and daily timetable ________________________________________________________________41 3.10. CURRICULUM, TYPES OF ACTIVITY AND NUMBER OF HOURS________________________________________________41 3.11. TEACHING METHODS AND MATERIALS _______________________________________________________________41 3.12. EVALUATION OF CHILDREN _______________________________________________________________________41 3.13. SUPPORT FACILITIES ___________________________________________________________________________41 3.14. PRIVATE SECTOR PROVISION ______________________________________________________________________42 3.15. ORGANISATIONAL VARIATIONS AND ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES _____________________________________________42 3.16. STATISTICS __________________________________________________________________________________43 4. PRIMARY EDUCATION ___________________________________________________________________________44 4.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ___________________________________________________________________________44 4.2. ONGOING DEBATES AND POLICY TRENDS ______________________________________________________________44 4.3. SPECIFIC LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK __________________________________________________________________45 4.4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES ____________________________________________________________________________46 4.5. GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESSIBILITY _____________________________________________________________________46 4.6. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS AND CHOICE OF SCHOOL _____________________________________________________47 4.6.1. Admission requirements __________________________________________________________________47 4.6.2. Choice of school _________________________________________________________________________47 4.7. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR PUPILS’ FAMILIES ____________________________________________________________47 4.8. AGE LEVELS AND GROUPING OF PUPILS________________________________________________________________47 4.9. ORGANISATION OF SCHOOL TIME ____________________________________________________________________48 4.9.1. Organisation of the school year ____________________________________________________________48 4.9.2. Weekly and daily timetable ________________________________________________________________49 4.10. CURRICULUM, SUBJECTS AND NUMBER OF HOURS ______________________________________________________49 4.10.1. Areas of learning________________________________________________________________________49 4.10.2. School plan, school prospectus and right of complaint _______________________________________50 4.10.3. National guide to primary education _______________________________________________________50 4.10.4. Attainment targets ______________________________________________________________________51 4.11. TEACHING METHODS AND MATERIALS _______________________________________________________________51 4.12. PUPIL ASSESSMENT ____________________________________________________________________________51 4.13. PROGRESSION OF PUPILS ________________________________________________________________________52 4.14. CERTIFICATION _______________________________________________________________________________52 4.15. EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE ________________________________________________________________________52 4.15.1 Pupil guidance __________________________________________________________________________52