Annual Rapport

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Boekmanstudies Edition 2006 Cultural Policy in The Netherlands Cultural Policy in the Netherlands Cultural Policy in The Netherlands Edition 2006 Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Hague Boekmanstudies, Amsterdam Contents Foreword 7 Introduction 8 I Cultural policy in the Netherlands: an introduction 11 1.1 Main principles of cultural policy in the Netherlands 12 1.2 The development of public administration in the cultural sector 13 1.3 Overall description of the system 14 1.3.1 The relationship between the state and other levels of government 16 1.3.2 The role of advisory committees 16 1.3.3 The role of funding bodies in the arts 17 1.3.4 Law-based regulations for planning cultural policy 17 II The Netherlands: a political and socio-economic outline 19 2.1 Geography and language 20 2.2 Population and demography 20 2.3 The organisation of government 22 2.4 Politics and society 23 2.5 Economic and social trends 24 2.6 Education 26 III The cultural policy framework: from past to present 29 3.1 Historical outline 30 3.1.1 The sixteenth to the nineteenth century 30 3.1.2 From 1850 to 1917 31 3.1.3 From 1918 to 1940 – a pillarised society 32 3.1.4 Occupation and liberation (1940-1946) 36 3.1.5 The post-war welfare state 37 3.1.6 From 1980 to the present day 40 3.2 Basic ingredients of Dutch cultural policy 43 3.2.1 Quality 43 3.2.2 Diversity 43 3.2.3 Assessment 44 3.2.4 Distribution of competencies 44 3.2.5 Separating policy-making and implementation 46 3.3 Administrative framework 47 3.3.1 Covenants 47 3.3.2 Planning 48 3.3.3 Legislation 50 3.3.4 Grant system 53 3.3.5 Consultation 55 3.3.6 Funding bodies 56 3.3.7 Copyright law and policy 58 3.3.8 The support infrastructure 59 3.4 Financial framework 60 3.4.1 Public funding of culture: the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture 60 3.4.2 Other sources of funding: inter-ministerial cooperation 63 3.4.3 Tax incentives 64 3.4.4 Private investments 65 3.4.5 Societies of friends 66 3.4.6 Sponsorship 66 IV The policy areas: cultural heritage; media, literature and libraries; the arts 69 4.1 Cultural heritage 70 4.1.1 Museums 74 4.1.2 Heritage conservation 79 4.1.3 Archaeological heritage 82 4.1.4 Archives and public records 85 4.2 Media, literature and libraries 88 4.2.1 General policy – ensuring variety and access 88 4.2.2 The media 89 • Broadcasting 93 • The press 99 4.2.3 Literature 102 • Books 106 • Reading incentive schemes 107 • Language 108 4.2.4 Libraries 110 4.3 The arts 115 4.3.1 Visual arts and design 117 4.3.2 Architecture 123 4.3.3 Film and new media 126 4.3.4 Performing arts 131 • Symphonic music 133 • Opera 135 • Chamber music, pop music and jazz 135 • Dance 137 • Theatre 138 • Interdisciplinary Festivals 140 4.3.5 Amateur arts and art education 141 V Trans-sectoral policy themes 145 5.1 Recent cultural policy documents 146 5.1.1 Culture as Confrontation 146 5.1.2 More than the Sum and the ‘Cultuurnota’ 2005-2008 146 5.2 Urban/regional dynamics 147 5.3 International cultural policy 149 5.4 Cultural outreach and participation 152 5.5 Culture and School 153 5.6 Culture and economy 154 5.7 Cultural diversity 156 5.8 Culture and ICT 158 5.9 Canon and Museum for National History 159 Annex: Cultural consumption and participation 160 Acknowledgements 165 Bibliography/ website addresses 167 7 Cultural Policy in the Netherlands Foreword Society is changing. Our culture is changing. And with it, cultural policy is changing also. Cultural Policy in the Netherlands describes how the process of change takes place in the different sectors and at varying speeds. The historical, inclusive overview provided in the book allows us to discover which values have remained intact throughout the ages and are still respected today. Moreover, it shows us why cultural policy, when seen as the whole of dynamic change and shared, permanent values, is so typical of our country. The previous edition of Cultural Policy in the Netherlands had a print run of a few thousand copies, which ran out after five years. It is time for a new edition. The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science initiated a partner- ship with the Boekman Foundation, in order to create the opportunity to radically restyle the book. The restyling has greatly benefited the text and made it more accessible for a wider audience. We are convinced that what you have before you is a readable book, for both specialists and the broader public. It is intended for anyone who is interested in cultural and media policy, but in particular for our foreign col- leagues; our counterparts working in the field of culture in other countries. This book is an instrument that can broaden knowledge, and that will hope- fully lead to enhanced cultural relations and international cooperation. Policy, including cultural policy, is becoming ever more interactive. The advantages of new media allow us to keep updating the written text on a continual basis. The so-called POD (Printing On Demand) version of Cultural Policy in the Netherlands will allow us to make this a dynamic book, as sections can easily be revised so that we can make a totally updated version at any time. In this way, we can continue to convey to you the dynamics of cultural life in the Netherlands in the years to come. The Director General Culture and Media, Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Judith van Kranendonk The Hague, Autumn 2006 8 Cultural Policy in the Netherlands Introduction This publication describes the Dutch government’s cultural policy and is addressed to anyone who is interested in the history of cultural policy and the latest policy developments in the Netherlands for professional or aca- demic ends. This edition describes the situation as of Autumn 2006. From mid-2003 until June 2006, Dutch cultural policy was part of the policy of the government in power, led by Christian Democrat Prime Minister Jan-Peter Balkenende. This administration was a coalition of Christian Democrats (CDA), conservative liberals (VVD) and the democratic liberal party D66. Together they made up what is known as the `Balkenende II Cabinet ´. This government fell three months prior to the finalisation of this publication, but it is the cultural policy programme of former State Secretary for Culture Mrs Medy van der Laan (D66), of this latest administration, which still determines the main developments and debates in Dutch cultural policy today. At the time of publication, the status of several pro- posed policy developments and legislative amendments remains uncertain. In this publication we have tried to provide an update of the latest developments in cultural policy that can be attributed to the most recent government in power. To this end, the final chapter (Chapter 5: Trans-sectoral policy themes) includes information on current debates and decisions that have affected, or will affect, the cultural sector. Chapter 5 also discusses the main contemporary inter-sectoral cultural policy themes, including international cultural policy, diversity and the distribution of culture across the country. In addition, some of the newest themes in cultural policy discourse are intro- duced, such as Culture and ICT, which may continue to occupy centre stage in the coming years. The extent to which the population consumes and par- ticipates in the arts, culture and the media is presented in an annex. The bulk of the publication (chapters 1 to 4) primarily constitutes a reworking of “Cultural Policy in the Netherlands” [OCW, 2003]. The text draws heavily (and literally for the main part) on this book, but it has been updated and greatly condensed. This publication therefore resembles a resource book of the most relevant developments and priorities of past and present cultural policy rather than a reference work containing an exhaustive, statistically backed exposition of its background and an in-depth analysis of the whys and wherefores of the way in which cultural policy is organised today, such as was provided in the 2003 edition. 9 Introduction Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to the Dutch cultural policy system, and revisits some historical trends that have made the cultural policy land- scape what it is today. Before turning to current cultural policy, we give a brief but necessary outline of the Dutch administrative and political system in Chapter 2. However, to understand properly the typical features of the cultural policy of the Netherlands, we need to look in more detail at the historical background. Therefore, the first part of Chapter 3 summarises the history of Dutch cultural policy, in particular outlining the background to the various ways in which the government supports culture in the Netherlands and the variety of motives involved. Chapter 3 also looks at the organisation of Dutch cultural policy in the past and present, and at the policy-making system as a whole, including an analysis of some of the constant factors that apply to cultural policy in the Netherlands. Chapter 4 focuses on the various sectors, or policy areas: cultural heritage (museums, heritage sites, archaeology, and archives and public records); media, literature and libraries; and the arts (visual arts, architecture, design, film and new media, performing arts, amateur arts and art educa- tion1).

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