The Education System in the Netherlands 2006
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The Education System in the Netherlands 2006 Dutch Eurydice Unit Ministry of Education, Culture and Science The Hague July 2006 COLOFON Published by: Dutch Eurydice Unit Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Postbus 16375 2500 BJ The Hague Editing Jochem Duijnhouwer contributions from Chiara Wooning, Raymond van der Ree and Departments of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Translation Translation Department (AVT/EN), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Final Editing Raymond van der Ree Editiorial deadline of the original Dutch version: January 2006 ISSN 1574-5856 © Ministerie van OCW, Den Haag 2006 The content of this publication may be reproduced, except for commercial purposes, and with reference to Eurydice Nederland plus date of publication of this publication ii Preface It is with pleasure that the Dutch Eurydice Unit presents 'The Education System in the Netherlands 2006'. For many years this annual publication has proven its value: at your disposal you have in brief a factual, reliable and annually updated description of education in the Netherlands. These information dossiers are based on guidelines drawn up by Eurydice following joint consultation. The information dossiers are compiled according to a standard formula designed to facilitate international comparison and the exchange of information. The text of this dossier was completed in January 2006. As a matter of course a description of the current year is impossible – one can consider the dossier as an annual report covering the year 2005. The dossier is published in Dutch and English, both in print as well as on the Ministry's site (www.minocw.nl/onderwijs/onderwijssys.html). In addition the full text of the dossier, together with the dossiers of all other Eurydice units, can be consulted in Eurybase on the Eurydice web site (www.eurydice.org) in the original language as well as in English. On this site you can also find all other Eurydice publications. The Information Dossiers project is funded by the Commission of the European Communities. If you have any questions or remarks regarding this dossier, please contact: - Eurydice Nederland Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap Directie Internationaal Beleid IPC 2300 / room 10.130 Postbus 16375 2500 BJ Den Haag or - [email protected] iii INDEX 1. POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND AND TRENDS 1 1.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 1 1.2. ONGOING DEBATES 3 1.3. MAIN EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BODIES 4 1.4. RELIGIONS 5 1.5. OFFICIAL AND MINORITY LANGUAGES 5 1.6. DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION 5 1.7. ECONOMIC SITUATION 6 1.8. STATISTICS 6 1.8.1. DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS 6 1.8.2. WORKFORCE 7 1.8.3. FINANCIAL STATISTICS (MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SCIENCE) 7 2. ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION 8 2.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 8 2.2. ONGOING DEBATES 8 2.3. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND BASIC LEGISLATION 9 2.4. GENERAL STRUCTURE AND DEFINING MOMENTS IN EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE 10 2.5. COMPULSORY EDUCATION 11 2.6. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION 12 2.6.1. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION AT NATIONAL LEVEL 12 2.6.2. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION AT REGIONAL LEVEL 15 2.6.3. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION AT LOCAL LEVEL 15 2.6.4. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT 16 2.7. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONSULTATION 20 2.7.1. INTERNAL CONSULTATION 20 2.7.2. CONSULTATION INVOLVING PLAYERS IN SOCIETY AT LARGE 22 2.8. METHODS OF FINANCING EDUCATION 23 2.8.1. METHODS OF FINANCING PRIMARY AND SPECIAL SCHOOLS 24 2.8.2. METHODS OF FINANCING SECONDARY SCHOOLS 25 2.8.3. METHODS OF FINANCING ADULT AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 25 2.8.4. METHODS OF FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION 26 2.9. STATISTICS 27 2.9.1. INSTITUTIONS 27 2.9.2. PUPILS AND STUDENTS 28 2.9.3. FINANCIAL STATISTICS: GENERAL 28 2.9.4. KEY FINANCIAL STATISTICS: STUDENT FINANCE (WSF) AND STUDY COSTS ALLOWANCES (WTOS) 29 2.9.5. FEES 29 3. PRE-PRIMARY EDUCATION 31 3.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 31 iv 3.2. ONGOING DEBATES AND POLICY TRENDS 32 3.3. SPECIFIC LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 32 3.4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES 34 3.5. GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESSIBILITY 34 3.6. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS AND CHOICE OF INSTITUTION/CENTRE 34 3.7. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR PUPILS’ FAMILIES 35 3.8. AGE LEVELS AND GROUPING OF CHILDREN 35 3.9. ORGANISATION OF TIME 36 3.9.1. ORGANISATION OF THE YEAR 36 3.9.2. WEEKLY AND DAILY TIMETABLE 36 3.10. CURRICULUM, TYPES OF ACTIVITY AND NUMBER OF HOURS 36 3.11. TEACHING METHODS AND MATERIALS 36 3.12. EVALUATION OF CHILDREN 36 3.13. SUPPORT FACILITIES 36 3.14. PRIVATE SECTOR PROVISION 37 3.15. ORGANISATIONAL VARIATIONS AND ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES 37 3.16. STATISTICS 37 4. PRIMARY EDUCATION 39 4.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 39 4.2. ONGOING DEBATES AND POLICY TRENDS 39 4.3. SPECIFIC LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 43 4.4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES 44 4.5. GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESSIBILITY 45 4.6. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS AND CHOICE OF SCHOOL 45 4.7. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR PUPILS’ FAMILIES 46 4.8. AGE LEVELS AND GROUPING OF PUPILS 46 4.9. ORGANISATION OF SCHOOL TIME 47 4.9.1. ORGANISATION OF THE SCHOOL YEAR 47 4.9.2. WEEKLY AND DAILY TIMETABLE 47 4.10. CURRICULUM, SUBJECTS, NUMBER OF HOURS 48 4.10.1. ATTAINMENT TARGETS 48 4.10.2. AREAS OF LEARNING 48 4.10.3. SCHOOL PLAN, SCHOOL PROSPECTUS AND RIGHT OF COMPLAINT 49 4.10.4. NATIONAL GUIDE TO PRIMARY EDUCATION 49 4.11. TEACHING METHODS AND MATERIALS 50 4.12. PUPIL ASSESSMENT 50 4.13. PROGRESSION OF PUPILS 50 4.14. CERTIFICATION 50 4.15. EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE 50 4.16. PRIVATE EDUCATION 51 4.17. ORGANISATIONAL VARIATIONS AND ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES 52 4.18. STATISTICS 52 4.18.1. PUPILS 52 4.18.2. SCHOOLS AND STAFF 53 v 5. SECONDARY EDUCATION 54 5.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 54 5.2. ONGOING DEBATES 55 5.3. SPECIFIC LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 60 5.4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES 60 5.5. TYPES OF INSTITUTION 60 5.6. GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESSIBILITY 61 5.7. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS AND CHOICE OF SCHOOL 62 5.7.1. ADMISSION 62 5.7.2. CHOICE OF SCHOOL 62 5.8. REGISTRATION AND/OR TUITION FEES 63 5.9. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR PUPILS 63 5.10. AGE LEVELS AND GROUPING OF PUPILS 63 5.10.1. FIRST STAGE 63 5.10.2. SECOND STAGE 63 5.11. SPECIALISATION OF STUDIES 64 5.11.1. FIRST STAGE 64 5.11.2. SECOND STAGE 66 5.12. ORGANISATION OF SCHOOL TIME 67 5.12.1. ORGANISATION OF THE SCHOOL YEAR 67 5.12.2. WEEKLY AND DAILY TIMETABLE 67 5.13. CURRICULUM, SUBJECTS AND NUMBER OF HOURS 68 5.13.1. CURRICULUM 68 5.13.2. FIRST STAGE 69 5.13.3. SECOND STAGE 72 5.14. TEACHING METHODS AND MATERIALS 78 5.15. PUPIL ASSESSMENT 78 5.16. PROGRESSION OF PUPILS 79 5.16.1. FIRST STAGE 79 5.16.2. SECOND STAGE 79 5.17. CERTIFICATION 79 5.17.1. VMBO 79 5.17.2. HAVO AND VWO 80 5.18. EDUCATIONAL/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND EDUCATION/EMPLOYMENT LINKS 81 5.18.1. VMBO 81 5.18.2. HAVO AND VWO 82 5.19. PRIVATE EDUCATION 82 5.20. ORGANISATIONAL VARIATIONS AND ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES 82 5.21. STATISTICS 82 5.21.1. PUPILS 83 5.21.2. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF SCHOOLS BY DENOMINATION 84 5.21.3. STAFF 84 6. TERTIARY EDUCATION 85 6.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 85 vi 6.1.1. HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 85 6.1.2. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 85 6.1.3. HIGHER DISTANCE EDUCATION 85 6.1.4. HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE EU: THE BOLOGNA PROCESS 86 6.2. ONGOING DEBATES 86 6.3. SPECIFIC LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 87 6.4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES 90 6.4.1. HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 90 6.4.2. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 90 6.5. TYPES OF INSTITUTION 90 6.5.1. HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 90 6.5.2. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 91 6.6. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS 91 6.6.1. HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 91 6.6.2. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 92 6.7. REGISTRATION AND/OR TUITION FEES 93 6.8. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR STUDENTS 94 6.9. ORGANISATION OF THE ACADEMIC YEAR 96 6.9.1. ACADEMIC YEAR 96 6.9.2. WEEKLY TIMETABLE AND STUDY CREDITS IN HIGHER EDUCATION 96 6.10. FIELDS OF STUDY 96 6.10.1. HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 96 6.10.2. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 96 6.11. CURRICULUM 97 6.11.1. HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 97 6.11.2. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 98 6.12. TEACHING METHODS 99 6.13. STUDENT ASSESSMENT 99 6.14. PROGRESSION OF STUDENTS 99 6.15. CERTIFICATION 99 6.15.1. HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 99 6.15.2. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 100 6.15.3. SUMMARY OF ACADEMIC TITLES, OLD AND NEW 101 6.16. EDUCATIONAL/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND EDUCATION/EMPLOYMENT LINKS 101 6.16.1. HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 101 6.16.2. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 102 6.17. PRIVATE EDUCATION 103 6.18. ORGANISATIONAL VARIATIONS AND ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES 103 6.18.1. ADVANCED COURSES 103 6.18.2. TRAINING FOR RESEARCHERS AND DESIGN ENGINEERS 103 6.18.3. OPEN UNIVERSITY OF THE NETHERLANDS 104 6.19. STATISTICS 106 6.19.1. STUDENTS (HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION) 106 6.19.2. INSTITUTIONS AND STAFF (HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION) 106 6.19.3. UNIVERSITY STUDENTS 106 6.19.4. INSTITUTIONS AND STAFF (UNIVERSITIES) 107 6.19.5. OPEN UNIVERSITY (OU) 107 6.19.6. WAGENINGEN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 107 vii 7. ADULT AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 108 7.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 111 7.2. ONGOING DEBATES AND POLICY TRENDS 112 7.3. SPECIFIC LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 112 7.3.1. ADULT AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ACT 112 7.3.2. WORK AND INCOME (IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE) ACT 113 7.3.3. EDUCATION PARTICIPATION ACT 114 7.3.4.