English/Hindi Legal Glossary
Translated from English into Hindi by Darshan Mundy
Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento 720 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Phone: (916) 874-6867 Fax: (916) 874-8229
www.saccourt.com
2007
Disclaimer
The Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento ("Court"), has prepared this Legal Glossary. The Court cannot guarantee that the translations contained therein are completely accurate, although reasonable attempts were made to achieve this goal. This glossary is to be used for general reference purposes only, should be considered a "work- in-progress," and is not intended to provide legal advice. This glossary is not intended to be used as a study guide for purposes of passing California court interpreter certification examinations, as some terminology might differ when used in specific context.
Neither the Administrative Office of the Courts, nor the Superior Court of California, Sacramento County, nor any of its officials or employees assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy of these translations. For more information or comments, please contact Ms. Elaine Flores, Administrative Services Officer II of the Court, at (916) 874-8663 or via e-mail at [email protected].
English/Hindi Legal Glossary
Translated from English into Hindi by Darshan Mundy
Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento 720 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Phone: (916) 874-6867 Fax: (916) 874-8229
www.saccourt.com
2007
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1. 1203.03 PC MOTION - Request to cancel, modify, change or terminate probation.
2. 1203.4 PC MOTION - Request to take back guilty plea or set aside a guilty verdict, and dismiss the accusations or information. (Made after probation has either terminated or defendant was discharged from probation prior to termination.)
3. 170.6 PC MOTION - Request to disqualify the assigned judge from hearing a matter.
4. 995 PC MOTION - Request made by a defendant to dismiss a count of information.
5. ABANDONMENT - When a parent leaves a child without enough care, supervision, support, or parental contact for an excessive period of time.
6. ABATE - To put an end to; to cancel out.
7. ABATEMENT OF ACTION - A suit which has been set aside and ended.
8. ABDUCTION – The offense of taking away a wife, child, or ward, by deceitful persuasion, force, or violence.
9. ABROGATE - To repeal or cancel an old law using another law or constitutional power.
10. ABSTRACT - A summary of what a court or government agency does. In Traffic, document that is sent to the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to update driving record.
11. ABSTRACT OF JUDGMENT- Summary of the court's final decision. Can be used as a lien if you file it with the county recorder.
12. ABSTRACT OF RECORD - Short form of the case.
13. ABUSE – (1) immoderate or improper use; (2) to do physical, sexual, or psychological harm to someone.
14. ABUSE OF PROCESS - Misuse of the power of the court.
15. ACCESSORY - A person who helps someone else commit a crime, either before or after the crime.
16. ACCIDENT AND MISFORTUNE – An unintentional event; unforeseen event causing misfortune.
17. ACCOMPLICE - A person that helps someone else commit a crime. Can be on purpose or not.
18. ACCORD - A satisfaction agreed upon between the parties in a lawsuit, which prevents further actions after the claim.
19. ACCORD AND SATISFACTION - Agreement by the parties to settle a claim or dispute in which the parties typically agree to give or accept something.
20. ACCRUAL – The total amount of child support payments that are owed or that are late.
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 1 21. ACCUSATION - A formal charge against a person.
22. ACCUSED - The person that is charged with a crime and has to go to criminal court. (See DEFENDANT).
23. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - Saying, testifying, or assuring that something is true.
24. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SATISFACTION OF JUDGMENT – A court form that the person who wins the case must fill out, sign, and file with the court when the judgment is fully paid. If there are no liens, the back of the Notice of Entry of Judgment can be signed and filed with the court (See JUDGMENT CREDITOR, JUDGMENT.)
25. ACQUIT - To legally find the innocence of a person charged with a crime. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation, burden or accusation. To find a defendant not guilty in a criminal trial.
26. ACQUITTAL - When a judge or jury finds that the person on trial is not guilty.
27. ACTION - In court, when one person sues someone else to, defend or enforce a right, stop something bad from happening or fix something, or punish them for a crime.
28. ACTION IN PERSONAM - Proceeding against the person for the recovery of a specific object, usually an item of personal property such as an automobile.
29. ACTION IN REM - Proceeding "against the thing" as compared to personal actions (in personam). Usually a proceeding where property is involved.
30. ACTIVE STATUS – A case that is in court but is not settled or decided has active status. (See DISPOSITION, PENDING.)
31. ACTUAL LOSS – This is a showing that the plaintiff or injured party has undergone some loss of property or other thing of value by reason of fraud, forgery, or other illegal action. For the crime of forgery the existence of a specific intent to defraud is an essential element; however, there is no requirement of actual loss to complete the crime.
32. AD LITEM - Comes from Latin meaning for the "purposes of the lawsuit." For example, a guardian ad litem is a person appointed by the court to protect the interests of a minor or legally incompetent person in a lawsuit.
33. ADD-ON - Refers to an additional matter that is added to a specific calendar at a time after the initial preparation of the calendar.
34. ADDENDUM - A thing added or to be added.
35. ADDICTION – A person who has become emotionally dependent on the use of a drug and the effect is an irresistible need to continue its use and has developed a tolerance to the drug and requires larger stronger doses.
36. ADDITUR - The power of a trial court to increase the amount of an award of money to one party made by jury verdict, as a condition of denial of motion for new trial. The defendant must consent to the increased money award, the plaintiff need not consent.
37. ADHESION CONTRACTS – Contract where one party has no real choice as to its terms.
38. ADJOURNMENT - To put off a court hearing until another time or place.
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 2 39. ADJUDICATE - When a judge hears and decides a case.
40. ADJUDICATION - The judge's decision in a case or action.
41. ADMIN PER SE - Latin meaning,“by itself, inherently.” Requires the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to automatically suspend or cancel the driver's license of a driver whose blood alcohol content measures more than .08%, or who refuses to take a test to measure his/her blood alcohol level.
42. ADMINISTER – (1) to manage; (2) taking a drug by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other means, to the body for that person's immediate needs.
43. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE – The way an executive government agency makes and enforces support orders without going to court.
44. ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW OR “AR” – A review of the welfare of a child in long-term foster care by a panel of people selected by the state Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS). The review is conducted at least once a year, in place of a 6-month placement hearing by the Court. The panel reviews a report from DHHS. The review is open to the parents of the child, parents’ attorney and child’s attorney.
45. ADMINISTRATOR - 1. Man who represents the estate of a person who dies without a will. 2. A court official.
46. ADMINISTRATRIX - Woman who represents the estate of a person who dies without a will.
47. ADMISSIBLE - Pertinent and proper to be considered in reaching a decision.
48. ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE - Evidence that can be legally and properly be used in court.
49. ADMISSION - Saying that certain facts are true. But not saying you are guilty. (Compare with CONFESSION).
50. ADMONISH - To warn, advise, or scold.
51. ADMONITION - Advice or caution by the court to the jury respecting their duty or conduct as jurors, and the purpose for which evidence may be considered.
52. ADMONITION TO JURORS - What the judge says to the jury about what they must do and how they must behave, what evidence they can use to make their decision (called "admissible" evidence), and how they can use that evidence to make a decision.
53. ADOPTION - The way to make the relationship between a parent and child legal when they are not related by blood.
54. ADOPTIVE ADMISSION – Action by a party that communicates agreement with the statements of another person.
55. ADVERSARY SYSTEM - The system of trial practice in the United States and some other countries in which each of the opposing (or "adversary") parties has the opportunity to present and establish opposing positions before the court.
56. ADVERSE WITNESS – A person called to testify for the other side.
57. AFFIANT - A person who makes and signs an affidavit.
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 3 58. AFFIDAVIT - A written statement that someone swears to under oath in front of someone that is legally authorized, like a judge or notary public.
59. AFFIRMATION – When an appellate court says that the lower court’s decision was right.
60. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE - When a defendant or person responding to a civil case has a reason that would make him or her "not guilty" or not at fault and gives the court new evidence to prove that. The defense has to prove what it says (called BURDEN OF PROOF). The defense has to explain this defense in their ANSWER.
61. AFFIRMED - In appellate courts, it means that the decision of the trial court is correct.
62. AFTER ACQUIRED INTENT – When the defendant did not intend to commit a crime until after the crime had been committed.
63. AGENT - Someone who has authority to act for another.
64. AGENCY – One person acts for or represents another by authority. In Traffic, the department issuing the citation.
65. AGGRAVATION - Circumstances that may be considered as magnifying, or adding to, the degree of punishment.
66. AGGRAVATED ARSON – Aggravated Arson – Deliberately setting fire with specific intent to cause injury or damage structures where defendant has been previously convicted of arson, the damage exceeds $5m, or at least 5 residences were damaged.
67. AGGRAVATED BATTERY - Unlawful use of force against another such as using a dangerous weapon.
68. AGGRAVATED MAYHEM – Causing permanent disability or disfigurement with specific intent to cause the injury and with extreme indifference to well-being of other person.
69. AGGRAVATED TRESPASS – Unlawfully entering property of another with specific intent to carry out prior threat of serious bodily injury.
70. AGGRAVATING FACTORS - Any factors associated with the commission of a crime which increase the seriousness of the offense.
71. AGGREGATE TERM - The total length of imprisonment
72. AGREED STATEMENT OF FACTS - Statement of all important facts, which all the parties agree is true and correct, and which is submitted to a court for a decision.
73. AGREEMENT - When the people involved in a legal dispute agree about something.
74. AID AND ABET - to help or assist, in committing a crime.
75. AIDER AND ABETTOR – One who has criminal intent and assists another to commit a crime.
76. ALLEGE - To say, declare, or charge that something is truce even though it is not proved yet.
77. ALLEGED - Said to be true as described; a person who is accused, but has not yet been tried in court.
78. ALLEGATION - A statement or claim that is made and has not been proved to be true or false.
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 4
79. ALLEGED FATHER – A man who may be the father of the child.
80. ALIAS - Known by another name; or means "also known as" which A.K.A. is short for.
81. ALIBI - A defense claim that the accused was somewhere else at the time a crime was committed.
82. ALIMONY - Money the court orders you to pay to a spouse or ex-spouse. (See SPOUSAL SUPPORT).
83. ALLOCUTION - Defendant's statement to try to reduce punishment.
84. ALTERATION, FORGERY BY – Adding, erasing, or changing a document with the specific intent to cause it to appear different from what it originally was intended to be to cheat another person.
85. ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) - Methods of resolving disputes without official court proceedings. These methods include MEDIATION and ARBITRATION.
86. AMEND - To add to or change a claim that has been filed in court.
87. AMENDMENT - A change made by correction, addition, or deletion.
88. AMICUS CURIAE (A-MI'KUS KU'RIE) - Someone that gives advice to the court about the law in a case, but is not part of the case. Comes from the Latin for "friend of the court."
89. ANNOTATION - A case summary or commentary on the law cases, statutes, and rules.
90. ANNUAL REVIEW - Yearly judicial review.
91. ANNULMENT – A legal action that says your marriage was never legally valid because of unsound mind, incest, bigamy, being too young to consent, fraud, force, or physical incapacity.
92. ANONYMOUS – When someone's name is kept secret.
93. ANSWER - A statement that a defendant writes to answer a civil complaint and says what defense they will use.
94. ANTICIPATORY BREACH - When a person who is to perform as set forth in a contract, clearly indicates to the other party that he will not or cannot perform.
95. APPEAL - When someone that loses at least part of a case asks a higher court (called an "APPELLATE COURT") to review the decision and say if it is right. This is called "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." The person that appeals is called the "APPELLANT." The other person is called the "APPELLEE."
96. APPEARANCE - Going to court. Or a legal paper that says you will participate in the court process.
97. APPEARANCE PROGRESS REPORT (APR) – A court order for a report by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on an issue requested by the court.
98. APPELLANT - Someone that APPEALS a court's decision. (Compare with APPELLEE.)
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 5 99. APPELLATE - Having to do with appeals. An APPELLATE COURT can review a lower court's (called a "TRIAL COURT" or "superior court." Decision. For example, California Court of Appeal review the decisions of the superior courts.
100. APPELLATE COURT - A court that can review how the law was used to decide a case in a lower court.
101. APPELLATE JURISDICTION - The appellate court has the right to review and change the lower court decision.
102. APPELLEE - A person that answers an appeal in higher court.
103. ARBITRATION - When a person that isn't involved in the case looks at the evidence, hears the arguments, and makes a decision. (Compare with MEDIATION.)
104. ARGUMENT - Remarks made by an attorney to a judge or jury on the facts of the case or on points of law.
105. ARMING CLAUSE - A conduct enhancement alleging that defendant or an accomplice was armed.
106. ARRAIGN - Process where the person who is accused is brought before the court to hear the criminal charge(s) against him or her and to plead guilty, not guilty or no contest.
107. ARRAIGNMENT - When a person that is accused of committing a crime is taken to court, told about the charges, and asked to plead "guilty" or "not guilty."
108. ARREARAGE – Child support that is overdue or unpaid.
109. ARREST - The legal capture of a person who is charged with a crime.
110. ARREST OF JUDGMENT - Postponing the result of a judgment already entered.
111. ARSON - The malicious burning of someone's own house or of someone else's house, or of someone's commercial or industrial property.
112. ASSAULT - When someone tries or threatens to hurt someone else. Can include violence, but is not battery. (See BATTERY.)
113. ASSAULT WITH A DEADLY WEAPON - When someone tries to hurt someone and there is threat to do bodily harm without justification by use of a weapon like a gun or a knife.
114. ASSESSMENT – Additional charges added to a case.
115. ASSIGNEE - A person or business that is put in the place of the original creditor, such as a collection agency. You can assign your JUDGMENT to another person or business.
116. ASSIGNMENT – Choosing someone to do something. Usually for: Cases - when the court uses a calendar to give (or "assign" cases to judges; Lawyers - when lawyers are chosen (or "appointed") to represent juveniles, conservatees or defendants; and Judges - when judges are sent (or "assigned") to different courts to fill in while other judges are on vacation, sick, etc., or to help with cases in a court.
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 6 117. ASSIGNMENT OF SUPPORT RIGHTS – When a person who gets public assistance agrees to give the state any child support they get in the future. The person gets money and other benefits from the state. So the state can use part of the child support to pay for the cost of that public assistance.
118. ASSIGNMENT ORDER – A court order (made after a MOTION that says a JUDGMENT DEBTOR must assign certain rights to the JUDGMENT CREDITOR. Useful for payments that the judgment debtor would usually get, like rent from tenants, wages from the federal government, sales commissions, royalties, a business's accounts receivable, or installment payments on IOUs (also called "PROMISSORY NOTES" or JUDGMENTS).
119. ASSUMPTION OF RISK - A defense to a lawsuit for personal injury. The essence of the defense is that the plaintiff assumed the known risk of whatever dangerous condition caused the injury.
120. AT ISSUE - The time in a lawsuit when the complaining party has stated his or her claim and the other side has responded with a denial and the matter is ready to be tried.
121. AT ISSUE MEMORANDUM – A legal paper filed in a civil case that says the case is ready to go to trial.
122. ATTACHMENT - (1) Document attached to court papers to give more information; (2) A way to collect judgment: by getting a court order that says you can take a piece of property.
123. ATTACHMENT FOR DEFAULTER - A process by the court for the arrest of a person other than a defendant. (See ATTACHMENT, BENCH WARRANT.)
124. ATTEMPT - An effort to do an act or commit a crime.
125. ATTEST - To witness, to affirm to be true or genuine, to certify.
126. ATTESTATION – The act of witnessing something in writing, at the request of a party.
127. ATTORNEY - Someone that is qualified to represent clients in court and to give them legal advice. (See COUNSEL).
128. ATTORNEY OF RECORD - The lawyer whose name is listed in a case record as representing someone in the case.
129. ATTORNEY-AT-LAW - An advocate, counsel, or official agent employed in preparing, managing, and trying cases in the courts.
130. ATTORNEY-IN-FACT - A private person (who is not necessarily a lawyer) authorized by someone to act in his or her place, either for some particular purpose, or for the transaction of business in general. This authority is given in writing, called a power of attorney.
131. AUDIT – When records or accounts are looked at to check that they are right and complete.
132. AUTHENTICATE - To give authority or legal authenticity to a statute, record, or other written document.
133. AUTO TAMPERING - The manipulation of an automobile and its parts for a specific purpose.
134. AUTOMATED ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERSTATE CASES (AEI) – Part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) that lets states fins, put a lien on, and take property from people in a different state who owe money.
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 7
135. AUTOMATED VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM (AVR) – Phone system that gives information to people over the phone.
136. AVERAGE ADULT PERSON – A hypothetical person who is used as an example of the entire community. This hypothetical person represents the interests of all, including persons religious and irreligious; persons of all nationalities, all adult ages and all economic, educational and social standings; persons with normal, healthy, average contemporary.
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 8
1) eks'ku % jí djus] la'kks/ku djus] cnys vFkok lekIr djus ds fy, ;kfpdk 2) ih-lh-eks'ku % nks"k Lohdkj djus dh nyhy dks okfil ysus] nks"kh djkj nsus ds fu.kZ; dks fujDr djus rFkk vkjksiksa vFkok lwpuk dks [kkfjt djus ds fy, ;kfpdkA ;g ;kfpdk ;k rks ij[k vk/khu vo/kh ds lekIr gksus ij vFkok tc ,slh vo/kh lekIr gksus ls iwoZ izfroknh dks cjh dj fn, tkus ij dh tkrh gSA 3) ch-lh-eks'ku % fdlh tt dks fdlh ekeys dh lquokbZ djus ds v;ksX; Bgjkus ds fy, ;kfpdkA 4) ih-lh- eks'ku % fdlh izfroknh }kjk fdlh vkjksi dks [kkfjt djus ds fy, ;kfpdk 5) vcUMueSaV % tc dksbZ ekrk ;k firk vius cPps dks yEcs le; ds fy, i;kZIr ns[kHkky fujh{k.k] lgkjs vFkok ekrk&firk ls laca/k ds fcuk NksM+ nsA 6) vcsV % vUr djuk] lekIr djuk 7) vcsVeSaV vkQ ,sD'ku % og eqdíek ftls fujLr dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj tks lekIr gks x;k gSA 8) ,sDMD'ku % fdlh dh ifRu] cPps vFkok laj{k.k esa jgus okys cPps dks cgyk&Qqlyk dj] cy&iz;ksx vFkok fgalk }kjk Hkxk ys tkus dk vijk/k 9) ,sczksxsV % fdlh dkuwu vFkok lafo/kkfud 'kfDr ds iz;ksx }kjk fdlh iqjkus dkuwu dks jí djuk 10) ,sClVªSDV % fdlh vnkyr vFkok ljdkjh ,tsalh dh dk;Zokgh dk lkjA ;krk;kr esa] og nLrkost tks MªkbZfoax fjdkMZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, eksVj Oghdyt+ foHkkx dks Hkstk tkrk gSA 11) ,sClVªSDV vkQ tteSaV % vnkyr ds vafre fu.kZ; dk lkjA bldk iz;ksx dhnu ds rkSj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn vki mls dkÅaVh fjdkMZj ds ikl nk;j djsa rks 12) ,sClVªSDVj vkQ fjdkMZ % eqdíes dk laf{kIr :i
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 9 13) ,sD;wt+ % ¼1½ vla;fer vFkok vuqfpr iz;ksx ¼2½ fdlh dks 'kkjhfjd] ;kSu&laca/kh vFkok ekufld gkfu igqapkuk
14) ,sD;wt vkQ izkSlsl % vnkyr ds vf/kdkjksa dk nq"iz;ksx
15) ,sDlSljh % og O;fDr tks fdlh nwljs O;fDr dh vijk/k djus ls igys vFkok ckn esa lgk;rk djrk gSA 16) ,sDlhMS.V ,s.M fel % dksbZ & xSj bjknru ?kVuk] nqHkkZX;iw.kZ vizR;kf'kr ?kVuk Qkjpwu 17) vDEIykbZl % og O;fDr tks fdlh nwljs dh vijk/k djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA blesa mldk LokFkZ gks Hkh ldrk gS] ;k ugha Hkh 18) ,sdkSMZ % fdlh eqdíes esa nksuksa i{kksa ds chp fdlhckr ij lgefr] tks nkos ds ckn ds fookn dks jksdrk gSA 19) ,sdkSMZ ,s.M % i{kksa }kjk nkos vFkok eqdíes dks fuiVkus ds fy, nh xbZ og lgefr lSfVlQSD'ku ftlesa os dqN nsus vFkok Lohdkj djus ds fy, lger gksrs gSaA 21) ,sD;wts'ku % fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) vkSipkfjd nks"kkjksi.k
22) ,sD;wTM % og O;fDr ftlds fo:) fdlh vijk/k dk nks"k yxk;k x;k gks vkSj ftls vijk/k laca/kh vnkyr esa tkuk iM+sA 23) ,sDukSyteSaV % fdlh ckr dks dguk] izekf.kr djuk vFkok mlds ckjs eas fo'okl fnykuk 24) ,sDukysteSaV vkQ % vnkyr dk og QkeZ tks eqdíek thrus okys dks fu.kZ; dh iwjh Qhl lSfVlQSD'ku vkQ pqdkus ds ckn Hkj dj vius gLrk{kj lfgr vnkyr dks nsuk gksrk tteSaV gSA ;fn gLrk{kj djus ds fy, dksbZ LFkku u n'kkZ, x, gksa rks fu.kZ; dh izfof"V ds uksfVl ds fiNyh vksj gLrk{kj fd, tk ldrs gSaA ns[kks] tteSaV ØSfMVj] tteSaV 25) ,sfDoV % ftl O;fDr ij vijk/k dk nks"k yxk;k x;k gks mls dkuwuh rkSj ij
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 10 funksZ"k lkfcr djukA cjh dj nsuk] eqDr dj nsuk vFkok fdlh nkf;Ro Hkkj vFkok vkjksi ls eqDr dj nsukA vkijkf/kd eqdíes dh lquokbZ esa fdlh izfroknh dks funksZ"k ikukA 26) ,sfDoV~Vy % tc dksbZ tt vFkok fu.kkZ;d e.My ;g ik;s fd ftl O;fDr ds fo:) eqdíek pyk;k tk jgk gS og funksZ"k gSA 27) ,sD'ku % vnkyr esa] tc dksbZ O;fDr nwljs O;fDr ds fo:) cpko ds fy, vFkok viuk vf/kdkj ykxw djokus ds fy,] fdlh cqjh ?kVuk dks jksdus ds fy, fdlh dk;Z dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, vFkok mls fdlh vijk/k dh ltk fnyokus ds fy, mlds fo:) eqdíek nk;j djrk gSA 28) ,sD'ku bu ijlksue % fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq] vDlj fdlh futh laifÙk dh oLrq tSls fd dksbZ okgu vkfn] dh cjkenxh ds fy, eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh 29) ,sD'ku bu jSe % O;fDrxr dk;Zokgh dh rqyuk esa ^ml oLrq* ds fo:) dk;ZokghA vDlj og eqdíek ftlesa laifÙk dk laca/k gksA 30) ,sfDVo LVsVl % og eqdíek tks vnkyr esa gS] ijUrq ftldk fu.kZ; ugha gqvk gS] mls ,fDVo LVsVl dgk tkrk gSA ns[kks] fMLiksth'ku] iSfMaxA 31) ,sDpqvy ykSl % fdlh oknh vFkok ihfM+r i{k dks /kks[kk/kM+h] tkylkth vFkok fdlh vU; voS/k dk;Zokgh ds dkj.k igqaph laifÙk gkfu vFkok fdlh vU; ewY;oku oLrq dh gkfuA tkylkth ds vijk/k ds fy, /kks[kk/kM+h ds rRo dk gksuk vko';d gSA ijUrq vijk/k dh dk;Zokgh ds iw.kZ cukus ds fy, okLrfod gkfu dk gksuk vko';d ugha gSA 32) ,sM fyV~Vl % ;g 'kCn ykrhuh Hkk"kk ls vk;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS Þdkuwuh eqdíes ds mn~ns'; lsAß mnkgj.k ds fy, ,sM fyV~Vl laj{kd og O;fDr gS ftls vnkyr }kjk fdlh vO;Ld vFkok dkuwuh :i ls v{ke O;fDr ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA 33) ,sM vkWu % dSysaMj dh izkajfHkd rS;kjh ds ckn fdlh le; fdlh vfrfjDr fo"k; dks 'kkfey djukA
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 11 34) ,sMSUMe % tksM+h xbZ vFkok tksM+h tkus okyh dksbZ ckrA
35) ,sfMD'ku % fdlh O;fDr dk HkkoukRed rkSj ij fdlh u'ks dh nok ds iz;ksx ij fuHkZj djuk ftlds izHkko ds dkj.k og blds fujarj iz;ksx dh vko';drk vuqHko gS vkSj ftlds izfr mlesa lgu 'kfDr fodflr gks xbZ gks vkSj ftldh vkSj vf/kd vkSj rst ek=kk dh mls t:jr eglwl gksA 36) ,sMhVj % ubZ lquokbZ dh ;kfpdk dks jí djus dh 'krZ ds :i esa fu.kkZ;d e.My ds fu.kZ; }kjk /ku laca/kh vokMZ dh jkf'k dks c<+kus dk Vªk;y dksVZ dk vf/kdkjA bl o`f) ds fy, izfroknh dh lgefr vko';d gS tcfd oknh dh lgefr vko';d ugha gSA 37) ,sfMlu dkUVªSDVl % og le>kSrk ftlesa fdlh ,d i{k ds ikl bldh 'krks± ds izfr dksbZ okLrfod fodYi ugha gksrkA 38) ,sMtkSuZeSaV % vnkyrh lquokbZ dks fdlh vU; frfFk vFkok LFkku rd vkxs Mkyuk
39) ,sMtwMhdsV % tc dksbZ tt fdlh eqdíes dh lquokbZ djrk gS vkSj mldk fu.kZ; djrk gSA 40) ,sMtwMhds'ku % fdlh eqdíes vFkok lquokbZ esa tt dk fu.kZ;
41) ,sMfeu ij ls % ykrhuh vFkZ ^Lo;a ds }kjk* vUrfuZfgrA blds vuqlkj eksVj Oghdy foHkkx }kjk fdlh ,sls pkyd dks MªkbZfoax ykbZlSal Lor% jí dj fn;k tkrk gS ftlds jDr esa vYdksgy dh ek=kk 08 izfr'kr ls vf/kd gks vFkok tks iq:"k @ L=kh pkyd vius jDr esa vYdksgu dh tkap djokus ls badkj djrk gksA 42) ,sMfefuLVj % ¼1½ izca/k djuk] ¼2½ Vhds }kjk Lokl }kjk] ;kSuh ekxZ ls vFkok fdlh vU; fof/k ls ml O;fDr ds fy, rRdky vko';d u'khyh nok dk lsou 43) ,sMfefuLVªsfVo izkslhtj % ftl fo/kh }kjk ljdkj dh dksbZ dk;Zdkjh ,stsalh vnkyr esa x,
English/Hindi Legal Glossary 12 fcuk lgk;rkFkZ vkns'kksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj mudks ykxw djrh gSA 44) ,sMfefuLVªsfVo fjO;w % ljdkj ds fmikVZeSaV vkQ gSYFk ,.M g;weu lfoZlst+ ds }kjk pqus x, yksxksa ds iSuy }kjk fdlh cPps ds yEch vo/kh ds fy, /keZ ds ekrk&firk dh ns[kHkky esa mlds dY;k.k ij iqufoZpkjA ;g iqufoZpkj 6 eghus ckn iqufoZpkj dh vis{kk o"kZ esa ,d ckj fd;k tkrk gSA ;g iSuy Mh-,p-,p-,l- dh fjiksVZ ij iqufoZpkj djrk gSA ;g iqufoZpkj cPps ds ekrk&firk] muds odhy rFkk cPps ds odhy ds lkeus gksrk gSA 45) ,sMfefuLVªsVj % 1- fcuk olh;r fd, ^e`rd dh tk;nkndk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyk O;fDr] 2- vnkyr dksbZ vf/kdkjh 46) ,sMfefuLVªSfDl % 1- fcuk olhu;r fd, e`rd dh tk;nkn dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh L=kh 47) ,sMfelhcy % fdlh fu.kZ; ij igqapus ds fy, mi;qZDr ,oa fopkj djus ;ksX;
48) ,sMfelhcy ,sihMSal % os izek.ktks dkuwuh vkSj mi;qZDr 51) ,sMeksuh'ku % vnkyr ds }kjk fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lnL;ksa dks fu.kkZ;dksa ds :i esa muds dÙkZO;ksa rFkk ml mís'; ds ckjs esa ijke'kZ vFkok psrkouh ftlds fy, izek.kksa ij fopkj fd;k tkuk gSA 52) ,sMeksuh'ku Vw twjjl % tt }kjk fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lnL;ksa dks ;g lykg fd mUgsa D;k djuk pkfg, vkSj dSlk O;ogkj djuk pkfg,] os vius fu.kZ; ij igqapus ds fy, fdu izek.kksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj os mu izek.kksa dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj dj ldrs gSaA 53) ,sMkSi'ku % og fof/k ftlds }kjk [kwuh fj'rk u gksus ij Hkh fdlh cPps vkSj English/Hindi Legal Glossary 13 fdlh ekrk ;k firk ds chp laca/k dks dkuwuh :i fn;k tkrk gSA 54) ,sMkSfIVo ,sMeh'ku % fdlh i{k }kjk dh xbZ og dk;Zokgh tks fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds dFkuksa ls lgefr izdV djrh gSA 55) ,sMojljh flLVe % la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj dqN vU; ns'kksa esa eqdíes dh lquokbZ dh izFkk ftlds vUrxZr nksuksa i{kkssa esa ls dksbZ i{k dks nwljs i{k ds izfr vnkyr esa izfrdwy fLFkfr;ka is'k o fl) djus dk volj feyrk gSA 56) ,sMolZ foVuSl % og O;fDr ftls fojks/kh i{k ds fy, Xokg ds rkSj ij cqyk;k x;k gksA 57) ,sQh,S.V % og O;fDr tks fdlh 'kiFk&i=k ij gLrk{kj djrk gSA 58) ,sQhMsfoV % fdlh O;fDr }kjk fdlh tt vFkok uksVjh ifCyd tSls dkuwuh :i ls vf/kd`r O;fDr ds le{k 'kiFk ysdj fn;k x;k fyf[kr c;ku 59) ,sQjes'ku % vihyh; vnkyr dk og dFku ftlesa ;g dgk x;k gks fd fupyh vnkyd dk fu.kZ; Bhd gSA 60) ,sQjesfVo fMQSal % tc dksbZ izfroknh vFkok O;fDr }kjk nhokuh eqdíeksa esa fn;k x;k og mÙkj tks mls funksZ'k lkfcr dj ldrk gS vkSj vnkyr dks ,slk djus ds fy, ,d u;k vk/kkj iznku djrk gSA cpko i{k dks vius dFku dks lR; izekf.kr djuk iM+rk gSA cpko i{k dks vius mÙkj esa vius cpko dks Li"V djuk iM+rk gSA 61) vQeZM % vihyh; vnkyrksa esa bldk vFkZ gS fd Vªk;y dksVZ dk fu.kZ; Bhd gSA 62) vk¶Vj ,sDok;MZ bUVSaV % vijk/k fd, tkus rd cpkodÙkkZ ds eu esa vijk/k djus dk bjknk u gksuk 63) ,tsaV % og O;fDr ftls fdlh vU; ds fy, dk;Z djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksA 64) ,tsalh % fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk vf/kd`r :i ls fdlh nwljs ds fy, dk;Z djukA ;krk;kr esa iz'kalkRed i=k tkjh djus okyk foHkkx 65) ,sxzkos'ku % os ifjfLFkfr;ka ftUgsa ltk dh ek=kk esa o`f) djus ds dkj.k ekuk tk English/Hindi Legal Glossary 14 ldrk gSA 66) ,sxzkosfVM vkjlu % tkucw> dj gkfu igqapkus vFkok 68) ,sxzksosVsM esgSe % fdlh ds fgrksa ds izfr iw.kZ mnklhurk ds lkFk pksV igqapkus ds fo'ks"k bjkns ls mls LFkkbZ :i ls v;ksX; cukuk ;k 'kkjhfjd :i ls fod`r djukA 69) ,sxzksosVsM VªSL;kl % xaHkhj 'kkjhfjd pksV igqapkus ds ckjs esa igys ls nh xbZ /kedh dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fo'ks"k bjkns ls fdlh dh laifÙk esa voS/k izos'k 70) ,sxzfofVax QSDVlZ % fdlh vkijkf/kd d`R; ls lacaf/kr os lHkh dkj.k tks ml vijk/k dh xaHkhjrk dks vkSj c<+krs gSaA 71) ,sxzhxsV VeZ % tsy tkus dh ltk dh dqy vo/khA 72) ,sxzhM LVsVeSaV vkQ % lHkh egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa ds ckjs esa fn;k x;k og C;ku ftldh lR;rk QSDVl vkSj vkSfpR; ij lHkh i{k lger gksa rFkk tks eqdíes ds fu.kZ; ds fy, vnkyr esa fn;k tkrk gSA 73) ,sxzheSaV % tc fdlh dkuwuh >xM+s ls lacaf/kr lHkh yksx fdlh ckr ij lger gksaA 74) ,M ,s.M vcSV % fdlh vijk/k dks djus esa lgk;rk nsukA 75) ,Mj ,s.M vcSV~Vj % vkijkff/kd bjkns okyk og O;fDr tks vijk/kdjus esa fdlh nwljs dh lgk;rk djrk gSA 76) vySTt % izekf.kr gksus ls iwoZ gh fdlh ckr ij lgefr ds ckjs esa dFku vFkok nks"kkjksi.kA 77) vySTM % rFkk dfFkr :i ls lR;] og O;fDr ftl ij dksbZ vkjksi yxk;k English/Hindi Legal Glossary 15 x;k gks ijUrq ftl ij vHkh eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh u dh xbZ gksA 78) ,syhxs'ku % og dFku vFkok nkok tks vHkh lR; vFkok >wBk izekf.kr u gqvk gks 79) vySTM Qknj % og iq:"k tks fdlh cPps dk laHkkfor firk gks ldrk gSA 80) ,fY;kl % fdlh O;fDr dk nwljk izfl) uke vFkok ftldk vFkZ gS ^ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA* 81) ,sfych % cpko&i{k dk ;g nkok fd vijk/k ?kfVr gksus ds le; vkjksih O;fDr fdlh vkSj LFkku ij FkkA 82) ,yheuh % og /ku tks vnkyr ds vkns'kkuqlkj fdlh ifr ;k iRuh }kjk viuh iRuh ;k ifr ;k iwoZ iRuh ;k ifr dks nsuk gksrk gSA ns[kks] ÞLikÅty liksVZßA 83) ,syksD;w'ku % izfroknh }kjk ltk de djokus ds iz;kl ls fn;k x;k c;kuA 84) vkyVªs'ku] QkstZjh ckbZ % fdlh vU; O;fDr dks Bxus ds fy, fdlh nLrkost esa bl fo'ks"k gjkns ls dqN tksM+uk] feVkuk ;k gVkuk rkfd mldk Lo:i igys tSlk fn[kkbZ u nsA 85) vkYVjusfVo fMlI;wV % ljdkjh vnkyrksa dh dk;Zokgh ds fcuk >xM+ksa ds fuiVkjs dh fof/k;ka jStksD;w'ku % 86) veS.M % vnkyr esa nk;j fd, x, nkos esa dqN lfEefyr djuk vFkok mlesa dqN ifjorZu djukA 87) veS.MeSaV % la'kks/ku] la;kstu vFkok foyksiu }kjk fd;k x;k ifjorZuA 88) ,sehdl D;wfj;s % fdlh eqdíes esa vnkyr dks ijek'kZ nsus okyk dksbZ ,slk O;fDr tks eqdíes ds fdlh i{k ls lacaf/kr u gksA ;g 'kCn ykrhuh Hkk"kk dk gS ftldk vFkZ gS] Þvnkyr dk fe=kßA 89) ,séksVs'ku % vnkyrksa ds QSlyksa] dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa ij fVIi.kh vFkok fdlh English/Hindi Legal Glossary 16 eqdíes dk lkjA 90) ,suqvy fjO;w % okf"kZd U;kf;d iqufoZpkjA 91) ,suyeSaV % og dkuwuh dk;Zokgh ftlds dFkukuqlkj vkidk fookg fnekxh [kjkch] dkSVqfEcd O;fHkpkj] fookg ds le; vYik;q] /kks[kk/kM+h] cy iz;ksx] vFkok 'kkjhfjd vleFkZrk ds dkj.k dkuwuh :i ls dHkh Hkh oS/k ugha FkkA 92) ,suksuhel % tc fdlh ds uke dks xqIr j[kk tkrk gSA 93) vkUloj % izfroknh dk og fyf[kr c;ku tks og nhokuh f'kdk;r ds mÙkj esa nsrk gS rFkk ftlesa mlds }kjk iz;ksx fd, tkus okys cpko ds fy, rdZ fn, tkrs gSaA 94) ,saVhflisVjh czhp % tc fdlh le>kSrs }kjk ck/; dksbZ O;fDr nwljs i{k dks ;g Li"V ladsr ns nsrk gS fd og le>kSrs ds vuqlkj dk;Z ugha djsxk @ dj ldrk gSA 95) vihy % tc dksbZ ,slk O;fDr tks vkaf'kd :i ls gh eqdíek gkj tkrk gS] Åijh vnkyr ls fupyh vnkyr ij iquZfopkj dj blds vkSfpR; ds ckjs esa mldh jk; ekaxrk gSA vihy djokus okys O;fDr dks viSySaV rFkk ftlds fo:) vihy dh xbZ gks mls viSysV dgk tkrk gSA 96) vih;jSal % vnkyr esa mifLFkfr @ vFkok og dkuwuh nLrkost ftlesa ;g mYys[k gksrk gS fd vki vnkyr dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysaxsA 97) vih;jSal izksxzSl fjiksVZ % vnkyr dk og vkns'k ftlds }kjk fMikVZeSaV vkQ gSYFk ,s.M g;weu lfoZlst ls vnkyr }kjk vkosnu fd, x;s fo"k; ds ckjs esa fjiksVZ ekaxh tkrh gSA 98) viSySaV % og O;fDr tks fdlh vnkyr ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) vihy djrk gSAv 99) viSysV % vihyksa ls lacaf/krA dksbZ Hkh vihyh; vnkyr fdlh fupyh vnkyr esa eqdíes dk fu.kZ; djrs le; dkuwu dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k English/Hindi Legal Glossary 17 x;k FkkA 101) viSysV twfjlfMD'ku % vihyh; vnkyrksa dks fupyh vnkyr ds fu.kZ; ij iqufoZpkj dj mls cnyus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA 102) vihyh % Åijh vnkyr esa vihy dk mÙkj nsus okyk O;fDrA 103) vkchZVªs'ku % tc dksbZ ,slk O;fDr tks eqdíes ls lacaf/kr u gks] lcwrksa ij n`f"V Mkyrk gS] nyhyksa dks lqurk gS vkSj eqdís dk fu.kZ; djrk gSA 104) vkjX;weSaV % eqdíes ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa ds ckjs esa vFkok dkuwuh eqíksa ds ckjs eas fdlh odhy }kjk tt vFkok fu.kkZ;d e.My dks fn, x, rdZA 105) vkfeZx Dykt % ;g vkjksi fd izfroknh vFkok mldk lkFk gfFk;kj can FkkA 106) vjsu % og izfØ;k ftlds }kjk fdlh vkjksih iq:"k @ L=kh dks vnkyr ds le{k yk;k tkrk gS rkfd og vius fo:) yxk, x, vkijkf/kd nks"kksa dks lqudj viuk nks"k Lohdkj] vLohdkj djs vFkok dksbZ izfrfØ;k u nsA 107) vjsueSaV % tc fdlh vijk/k djus ds vkjksih O;fDr dks vnkyr esa ys tkdj mlds fo:) yxk, x, vkjksi lquk, tkrs gSa vkSj mls nks"k Lohdkj vFkok vLohdkj djus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA 108) ,fj;st+ % cPpksa dks nh tkus okyh lgk;rk jkf'k tks cdk;k gks vFkok ftldk Hkqxrku u fd;k x;k gksA 109) vjsLV % fdlh ,sls O;fDrdh dkuwuh fxj¶rkjh ftl ij fdlh vijk/k dks djus dk vkjksi gksA 110) vjSjLV vkQ tteSaV % iwoZfyf[kr fu.kZ; ds ifj.kke dks LFkfxr djukA 111) vklZu % fdlh ds }kjk viuh vFkok fdlh nwljs ds ?kj] vFkok O;kolkf;d vfkok vkS|ksfxd laifÙk dks nqHkkZouk ls tykukA 112) vlkSYV % tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks pksV igqapkrk gS ;k pksV igqapkus dk iz;kl djrk gSA blesa fgalk gks ldrh gS] 'kkjhfjd fgalk English/Hindi Legal Glossary 18 ughaA 113) vlkSYV fon MSMyh % tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks fcuk mfpr dkj.k ds canwd oSiu vFkok pkdw ds iz;ksx ls 'kkjhfjd pksV igqapkus dk iz;kl djrk gS vFkok ,slk djus dh /kedh nsrk gSA 114) vlSLeSaV % fdlh eqdíes esa yxk, x, vfrfjDr vkjksiA 115) vlkbZuh % og O;fDr vFkok O;olk; ftls izkFkfed ysunkj ds LFkku ij j[k fn;k tk,] tSls fd dksbZ olwyh djus okyh ,tsalhA vki vius fu.kZ; dks fdlh vU; O;fDr ;k O;olk; ij ykxw dj ldrs gSaA 116) vlkbZueSaV % fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dk pqukoA vDlj] tc dksbZ vnkyr ttksa vFkok odhyksa dks eqdíes lkSaius ds fy, fdlh dSysaMj dk iz;ksx djrh gS vFkok tc cPpksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy, odhyksa dk pquko ;k fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS vkSj NqV~Vh ij x, chekj ttksa ds LFkku ij 'kjn ds fy, nwljs ttksa dks Hkstus dh izfØ;kA 117) vlkbZueSaV vkQ liksVZ % tc dksbZ ,slk O;fDr ftls ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr gks ljdkj dks jkbZVl cPpksa ds fy, lgk;rkFkZ Hkfo"; esa nh tkus okyh jkf'k nsus ds fy, lgefr nsA og O;fDr ljdkj ls /ku o vU; ykHk izkIr djrk gSA blfy, ljdkj cPpksa ds fy, lgk;rkFkZ jkf'k dk dqN Hkkx ml ljdkjh lgk;rk ds [kpZ ds fy, iz;ksx dj ldrh gSA 118) vlkbZueSaV vkMZj % ;kfpdk ds ckn fn;k x;k vnkyr dkog vkns'k ftlesa tteSaV MSVj dks dgk tkrk gS fd og dqN vf/kdkj tteSaV ØSfMVj ds lkFk vo'; ckaVsA ;g vkns'k mu Hkqxrkuksa ds fy, ykHknk;d gS ftUgsa tteSaV MSVj vDlj izkIr djrk gS] tSls fdjk,nkjksa ls fdjk;k] la?kh; ljdkj izksfeljh uksfVl vFkok tteSaVl ds Hkqxrku dh fd'rksa dh jkf'kA 119) vt+Ei'ku vkQ fjLd % O;fDrxr gkfu ds fy, eqdíes ds izfr cpko dk vk/kkjA bl cpko dk lkj ;g gS fd oknh us ftl Hkh [krjukd ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k English/Hindi Legal Glossary 19 pksV igqaph mlds [krjs dks lR; eku fy;kA 120) ,sV b'kq % fdlh eqdíes esaa og le; tc f'kdk;r djus okys i{k us viuk nkos dks nk;j dj fn;k gks vkSj nwljs i{k us vius mÙkj esa bls Lohdkj djus ls badkj dj fn;k gks vkSj og eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh ds fy, rS;kj gksA 121) ,sV b'kq eSeksjaMe % fdlh nhokuh eqdíes esa nk;j fd;k x;k og dkuwuh nLrkost+ ftlesa dgk x;k gksrk gS fd eqdíek lquokbZ ds fy, rS;kj gSA 122) vVSpeSaV % ¼1½ vnkyrh nLrkostksa ds lkFk vfrfjDr lwpukFkZ uRFkh dkxtkr ¼2½ fu.kZ; dks ykxw djomus dh ,d fof/k] vnkyr ds vkns'k ls fdlh laifÙk ds dqN Hkkx dks xzg.k djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr djukA 123) vVSpeSaV Qkj % izfroknh dks NksM+ fdlh vU; O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj djus dh vnkyrh fMQkYVj izfØ;kA ns[kks] vVSpeSaV cSap okj.V 124) vVSaIV % fdlh dk;Z vFkok vijk/k djus dk iz;klA 125) vVSLV % xokgh nsuk] lR; vFkok vlyh ?kksf"kr djuk] izekf.kr djukA 126) vVSLVs'ku % fdlh i{k ds vkosnu ij fdlh ckr dks fyf[kr :i esa izekf.kr djus dh dk;ZokghA 127) vVkSuhZ % og O;fDr tks vnkyr esa eqofDdyksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djs vkSj mUgsa dkuwuh lykg nsus dh ;ksX;rk j[krk gksA 128) vVkuhZ vkQ fjdkMZ % og odhy ftlds uke dk mYys[k fdlh eqdíes esa fdlh eqofDdy ds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa fd;k x;k gksA 129) vVkuhZ&,sVyk % vnkyrksa eas eqdíeksa dh rS;kjh] izca/k ,oa ftjg ds fy, ftl odhy vFkok ljdkjh vf/kdkjh dh lsok yh tkrh gSA 130) vVkuhZ&bu&QSDV % og dksbZ Hkh lekU; O;fDr ¼t:jh ugha fd og odhy gks½ ftls fdlh ds }kjk viuk izfrfuf/kRo djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gks] pkgs fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; ds fy, vFkok lk/kkj.k ysu&nsu ds fy,A ;g vf/kdkj fyf[kr :i esa fn;k tkrk gS ftls ikoj vkQ vVkuhZ English/Hindi Legal Glossary 20 dgk tkrk gSA 131) vksfMV % tc fjdkMZ vkSj [kkrksa dh ij[k ;g tkuus ds fy, dh tkrh gS fd os Bhd rFkk iw.kZ gSaA 132) vkSFkSaVhdsV % fdlh dkuwu] fjdkMZ vFkok fdlh vU; fyf[kr nLrkost dks vf/kdkj vFkok dkuwuh oS|rk iznku djukA 133) vkSVks VSaifjax % fdlh okgu rFkk blds dtiqt+ks± dh fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; ls O;oLFkk djukA 134) vkSVksesVsM % ilZuy fjlikSalhfcfyVh ,s.M odZ vikSpqZfuVh jhdfUlfy;s'ku ,sDV dh ,sMfefuLVªsfVo ,su og Hkkx tks jkT;ksa dks nwljs jkT;ksa esa jgus okys mu yksxksa dh laifÙk QkslZeSaV vkWQ baVjLVsV dks yh;u }kjk xzg.k djus dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gS tks /ku dslst+ laca/kh nsunkj gSA 135) vkSVksesVsM oks;l % og Qksu&iz.kkyh tks VsyhQksu ds ek/;e ls yksxksa dks lwpuk iznku fjLikSal flLVe djrh gSA 136) ,sojst+ ,sMYV ilZu % og dkYifud O;fDr ftls laiw.kZ leqnk; ds mnkgj.k :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dkYifud O;fDr /kkfeZd rFkk /keZ dks u ekuus okys lHkh yksxksa ds fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] lHkh jk"Vªh;rkvksa] lHkh O;Ldksa rFkk lHkh vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd rFkk lkekftd izfr"Bkvksa okys O;fDr;ksa] lk/kkj.k O;fDr;ksa] LoLFk O;fDr;ksa rFkk ledkyhu vkSlr O;ogkj] Hkkoukvksa rFkk ;kSu laca/kh :fp;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 21 ------B------ 1. BACKLOG – All the cases that haven’t been settled or decided in the time the law says they should be. 2. BAD FAITH – Generally implies actual or constructive fraud, or a design to mislead or deceive another. 3. BAIL - A security deposit (usually money) given to release a defendant or witness from custody and to make sure that they go to court when they're supposed to. 4. BAIL BOND - A legal paper that you buy from a bondsman and give to the court instead of bail. The defendant signs it and is let go. But if they don't come to court when they're supposed to, they must pay the amount of money on the bail bond. 5. BAIL BONDSMAN - Person who is responsible for paying the bond for the defendant's release from jail. 6. BAIL EXONERATION – When you get your bail back. Or when a bail bondsman or insurance ("surety") company isn’t responsible for your bail anymore. 7. BAIL FORFEITURE - A court order to let the court keep the bail deposit because the defendant didn't go to court when they were supposed to. 8. BAILIFF - Person who is in charge of security in the court. Bailiffs are picked by sheriffs. 9. BAILMENTS – A delivery of goods from one person to another in trust for purpose of carrying out agreed upon services. 10. BAIL NOTICE – A legal paper from the court that says the court will make a WARRANT for arrest unless the defendant goes to court or pays bail. 11. BAIL RECEIPT – A written statement that the court gives a defendant that says bail was paid. 12. BAIL REVIEW - A hearing established to re-evaluate the bail amount that was originally set for the accused. 13. BALLARD MOTION - A motion for psychiatric examination of prosecutor’s witnesses (victims). 14. BANK LEVY – Way to enforce a decision against someone who owes money. The money is taken from their checking or savings account at a bank, savings and loan, or credit union. 15. BANKRUPT - The state or condition of a person who is unable to pay his or her debts when they are due. 16. BANKRUPTCY - The legal way for a business or person to get help when they can't pay the money they owe. In bankruptcy court, they can get rid of debts by paying part of what they owe. There are special bankruptcy judges at these hearings. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 22 17. BAR - All of the lawyers qualified to practice law. For example, a state bar includes all of the lawyers qualified to practice law in that state. 18. BAR EXAMINATION - A state examination that is taken in order to be admitted and licensed to practice law. 19. BASE TERM - A term of imprisonment selected by the court according to the Determinate Sentencing Law. 20. BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME (B.C.S.) - Physical condition of a child where external or internal injuries result from acts committed by a parent or custodian. 21. BATTERY - Illegal beating or physical violence or control of a person without their permission. (Compare with ASSAULT.) 22. BATTERY, SPOUSAL - An offensive touching or use of force on a spouse without the spouse's consent. See BATTERY. 23. BEAGLE MOTION - A request to exclude any reference of the defendant’s prior conviction to the jury. 24. BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION PLAN – Plan made by a local educational agency (LEA) as part of an individualized education program (IEP), to change the behavior of students who harm themselves, assault others, or are destructive. 25. BENCH - (1) the desk where a judge sits in court; (2) Judges in general, or a specific judge. 26. BENCH CONFERENCE - A meeting either on or off the record at the judge's bench between the judge, counsel, and sometimes the defendant, out of the hearing of the jury. 27. BENCH TRIAL - Trial without a jury. The judge decides the case. 28. BENCH WARRANT - An order given by the judge (or "bench") to arrest a person who didn't do what the court ordered. For example, didn't go to court when they were supposed to. (See WARRANT, WRIT). 29. BENEFICIARY - Someone who gets something from a trust. 30. BENEFIT OF THE BARGAIN RULE – Rule which provides that a person may recover the difference between the actual value of the property and the value that was represented. 31. BEQUEATH - To leave someone something in a will. 32. BEQUESTS - What you leave someone in a will. 33. BEST EVIDENCE - Primary proof; the best proof available. For example, an original letter is “best evidence,” and a photocopy is “secondary evidence.” 34. BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT - The burden of proof in a criminal case requiring that the jury be convinced that every element of a crime has been proven by the prosecution. 35. BIAS - A pre-conceived opinion or a predisposition to decide a cause or an issue a certain way. 36. BIFURCATE - To try issues separately, such as guilt and criminal responsibility in a criminal proceeding or liability and damages in a civil action. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 23 37. BIFURCATION MOTION - A request to change the order in which issues are heard at trial. 38. BILL OF PARTICULARS - A statement of the details of the charge made against the defendant. 39. BIND – To make yourself or someone else legally responsible for something. 40. BIND OVER - A judge's decision before a trial that says there is enough evidence for a trial. 41. BLOOD-ALCOHOL CONTENT (BAC) - The measurement in grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath. 42. BLOOD TEST – Testing someone’s blood sample to: (1) see how much of a certain chemical is in the blood, (2) see who is the parent of a child. 43. BODY ATTACHMENT - A written order issued by a court directing a peace officer to take custody of someone and bring them before the court: 1) A witness who fails to comply with a subpoena, 2) a party who fails to comply with a court order in a civil action, or 3) a material witness in a criminal case. 44. BONA FIDE – Sincere, real without fraud or deceit. Comes from the Latin "in good faith." 45. BOND - A certificate or evidence of a debt. 46. BOOK (BOOKING) - What the police do when they arrest someone. Includes taking fingerprints, photographs, and writing down personal information about the person. 47. BOOKING NUMBER - The number assigned to the criminal record that corresponds to the person's arrest. 48. BOOKMAKING - Collecting the bets of others or making odds on future gambling events. 49. BRADY MOTION - A motion made by defense when they believe the District Attorney has not turned over exculpatory and material evidence. 50. BRANDISHING A WEAPON - Showing a weapon to another person, typically the police or the victim. 51. BREACH - The breaking or violating of a law, right, obligation, or duty either by doing an act or failing to do an act. 52. BREACH OF PEACE – Every person who unlawfully fights in a public place or willfully and maliciously disturbs another person by loud and unreasonable noise, or in a public place, says offensive words to one or more persons which are likely to start an immediate violent reaction. 53. BREAKING AND ENTERING - Going into someone's house at night with intent to commit a felony. 54. BREATHALYZER TEST - Testing someone's breath to see how much alcohol is in their blood. 55. BRIBE - A gift, not necessarily of monetary value, given to influence the conduct of the receiver. 56. BRIEF - A written statement that each side gives the court to say why the court should decide that they are right. 57. BURDEN OF PROOF - When one person in the case has to prove more than the other person. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 24 58. BURGLARY - When someone unlawfully breaks into or enters a building or home, and they intend to or do commit a theft or other serious crime. 59. BYSTANDERS - A chance onlooker; one who has no concern with the business being conducted. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 25 1) oSd yksx % os lHkh eqdíes ftudk fu.kZ; dkuwu }kjk uh;r le; esa fd;k tk pqdfk gSA 2) cSM QsFk % lk/kkj.kr% bl dk vFkZ gS okLrfod vFkok jpukRed /kks[kk/kM+h vFkok fdlh dks xqejkg ;k /kks[kk nsus dh ;kstukA 3) csy % fdlh izfroknh vFkok dks fgjklr ls NqM+kus ds fy, vkSj vnkyr esa mldh is'kh dks ;dhuh cukus ds fy, nh tkus okyh tekur dh jkf'k 4) cSd ckSaM % og dkuwuh nLrkost tks vki fdlh LVSEi&isij cspus okys ls [kjhn dj tekur dh jkf'k ds cnys vnkyr esa nsrs gSaA izfroknh bl ij gLrk{kj dj bls lkSai nsrk gSA ;fn os is'kh ij vnkyr esa mifLFkr ugha gksrs rks mudks csy&ckSaM ij fy[kh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gSA 5) csy ckSaMleSu % og O;fDr tks tsy ls izfroknh dks NqM+kus ds fy, tekur dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksA 6) csy ,sXt+ksujs'ku % tc tekur dh jkf'k okfil fey tkrh gSA vFkok tc tekur nsus okyk ;k chek daiuh dh tekur dh t:jr lekIr gks tkrh gSA 7) csy QkSjQhpj % vnkyr dk og vkns'k ftlds }kjk tekur dh jkf'k dks vnkyr }kjk tCr dj fy, tkus dks dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd izfroknh is'kh ds le; vnkyr esa mifLFkr ugha gksrkA 8) cfyQ % og O;fDr tks vnkyr esa tekur dh jkf'k j[kus dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA budk pquko ftys ds eq[; vf/kdkjh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA 9) csyeSaVl % lger lsokvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, fdlh ,d O;fDr ls lkeku dk fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds ikl vekur esa j[kus ds fy, HkstukA 10) csy uksfVl % vnkyr }kjk tkjh og dkuwuh nLrkost ftlesa dgk tkrk gS fd ;fn izfroknh vnkyr esa mifLFkr u gqvk ;k mlus tekur dh jkf'k tek u djkbZ rks vnkyr mldh fxj¶rkjh ds fy, okjaV tkjh dj nsxhA 11) csy fjlhIV % og fyf[kr C;ku ftlesa dgk tkrk gS fd izfroknh us tekur Hkj nh gSA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 26 12) csy fjO;w % vkjaHk esa fdlh nks"kh ds fy, fuf'pr dh xbZ tekur dh jkf'k ds iquZewY;kadu ds fy, vnkyr }kjk lquokbZA 13) cSykMZ eks'ku % vfHk;kstd ds xokgksa ¼ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa½ ds euksjksx laca/kh ijh{k.k ds fy, nk;j dh xbZ ;kfpdkA 14) cSad ySoh % fdlh dtZnkj ds fo:) fu.kZ; ykxw djus dh ,d fof/kA mlds }kjk nh tkus okyh jkf'kA cSad esa mlds pSfdax ;k cpr [kkrs ls] cpr rFkk dtZ dh jkf'k vFkok ØSfMV ;wfu;u ls ys dj dh tkrh gSA 15) cSadjIV % fdlh iq:"k @ L=kh dh og voLFkk tc og fu;r le; ij viuk dtZ okfil djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA 16) cSadjIVlh % fdlh O;kikj vFkok O;fDr ds fy, tc os viuk dtZ okfil u dj ik;sa lgk;rk izkIr djus dk dkuwuh English/Hindi Legal Glossary 27 22) cSVjh] LikÅty % ifr vFkok ifr ds }kjk viuh iRuh vFkok ifr ds lkFk lgefr ds fcuk vkijkf/kd lalxZ vFkok cy iz;ksxA 23) chxy eks'ku % fu.kkZ;d e.My ds le{k izfroknh dks iwoZdky esa feyh ltk ds mYys[k dks 'kkfey u djus ds fy, ;kfpdkA 24) fogsfo;j bUVjoSa'ku % O;fDrxr f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds vax ds :i esa mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;ogkj iySu dks cnyus ds fy, fdlh LFkkfud 'kS{kf.kd ,tsalh }kjk cukbZ xbZ ;kstuk] tks viuk uqdlku djrs gSa] nwljksa ds lkFk fgalk djrs gSa ;k tks fouk'kdkjh gSaA 25) cSap % ¼1½ vnkyr dk og LFkku tgka tt cSBrk gS] ¼2½ vke vFkok dksbZ fo'ks"k ttA 26) cSap dkUÝSal % tt ds cSBus ds LFkku ij tt] odhy rFkk dHkh&dHkh izfroknh ds chp ehfVax tks fjdkMZ esa vk Hkh ldrh gS ;k ugha Hkh] vkSj tks fu.kkZ;d e.My dh vuqifLFkfr esa gksrh gSA 27) cSap Vªk;y % fcuk fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lquokbZ @ tt dh eqdíeksa dk fu.kZ; djrk gSA 28) cSp okjaV % tt }kjk ^cSap* dks fn;k x;k og vkns'k ftlesa fdlh ,sls O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj djus ds fy, dgk tkrk gS ftlus vnkyr ds vkns'kkuqlkj dk;Z u fd;k gksA mnkgj.k ds fy,] is'kh ds le; vnkyr esa mifLFkr u gqvk gksA 29) cSuhQhf'k;jh % og O;fDr tks fdlh VªLV ls dqN izkIr djrk gksA 30) cSuhfQV vkQ nk % og fu;e ftlesa izko/kku gS fd dksbZ O;fDr viuh laifÙk ds ckjxsu :y okLrfod ewY; vkSj ?kksf"kr ewY; ds chp vUrj dh olwyh dj ldrk gSA 31) fcfDohFk % olh;rukes esa fdlh ds uke dqN NksM+ tkukA 32) fcDoSLVl % olh;r esa fdlh ds uke tks dqN vki NksM+rs gSaA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 28 33) cSLV ,sohMSal % izkFkfed izek.k] miyC/k loksZÙke izek.kA mnkgj.k ds fy, ewy&i=k lokZsÙke izek.k gS tcfd mldh QksVks&dkih f}rh;&Js.kh dk izek.k gSA 34) fc;kSaM , jhtuscy % fdlh vkijkf/kd eqdíesa esa ;g 'krZ fd fu.kkZ;d e.My bl ckr ls MkÅV larq"V gks fd vijk/k dk izR;sd rRo vfHk;kstu i{k }kjk fl) fd;k x;k gSA 35) fc;kl % fdlh ?kVuk vFkok eqís dk fdlh iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr 38) fcy vkQ iVhZdqjt+ % izfroknh ds fo:) yxk, x, vkjksi ds fooj.k dh lwphA 39) ckbZUM % Lo;a vFkok fdlh nwljs dks dkuwuh :i ls mÙkjnk;h cukukA 40) ckbZUM vksoj % eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh ls igys tt dk fu.kZ; fd dk;Zokgh ds fy, i;kZIr izek.k gSA 41) CyM&vYdksgy % 100 feyhyhVj jDr esa vYdksgy dh xzkeksa esa ek=kk vFkok 210 Loklksa esa vYdksgy dh xzkeksa esa ek=kkA 42) CyM&VSLV % ;g tkuus ds fy, fd ¼1½ fdlh ds jDr esa fdlh fo'ks"k dSehdy dh fdruh ek=kk fo|eku gS] ¼2½ fdlh cPps dk firk vFkok ekrk dkSu gS] fdlh O;fDr ds jDr ds uewus dh tkap djukA 43) ckWMh vVSpeSaV % vnkyr }kjk tkjh og fyf[kr vkns'k ftlesa 'kkafr dk;e j[kus okys vf/kdkjh dks funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd og fdlh O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj dj vnkyr ds le{k is'k djsA ¼1½ ml xokg dks tks vnkyr esa mifLFkr u gqvk gks] ¼2½ ml i{k dks ftlus fdlh nhokuh eqdíesa esa fn, x, vkns'k dk ikyu u fd;k gks] vFkok ¼3½ fdlh vkijkf/kd English/Hindi Legal Glossary 29 eqdíesa esa vko';d xokgA 44) cksuk&QkbZMh % oQknkj] Ny&diV vFkok /kks[ksckth jfgr okLrfodA 45) ckSaM % fdlh dtZ dk izek.k&i=k vFkok izek.kA 46) cqd ¼cqfdax½ % fdlh dh fxj¶rkjh ds le; iqfyl }kjk dh tkus okyh dk;ZokghA blesa vaxwBs dk fu'kku ysuk] QksVks ysuk] vkSj O;fDr ds ckjs esa O;fDrxr lwpuk dk mYys[k djuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA 47) cqfdax uEcj % fdlh O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh ls lacaf/kr vkijkf/kd fjdkMZ dks fn;k x;k uEcjA 48) cqd ekfd±x % nwljksa dh 'krZ dh jkf'k;ksa dks ,d=k djuk vFkok Hkfo"; esa gksus okyh tq, dh izfr;ksfxrkvksa ij nko yxkukA 49) czSMh eks'ku % cpko i{k }kjk nk;j dh xbZ ;kfpdk tc mUgsa Hkjkslk gks fd ljdkjh odhy nks"kh dks nks"k eqDr djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gqvk gS vkSj mUgsa vko';d lcwrksa ij fo'okl gksA 50) czkafMf'kax , oSiu % fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks gfFk;kj fn[kkuk] fo'ks"kdj iqfyl vFkok ihfM+r dksA 51) czhp % fdlh dkuwu vf/kdkj vFkok dÙkZO; dk mYya?ku] fdlh dk;Zokgh }kjk vFkok fdlh dk;Z dks u djus ijA 52) czhp vkQ ihl % og izR;sd O;fDr tks voS/k 54) czSFk ykbZt+j VSLV % fdlh ds jDr esa vYdksgy dh ek=kk tkuus ds fy, mlds Loklksa dh tkapA 55) czkbZo % og rksgQk] t:jh ugha fd og dherh gks] tks ysus okys ds O;ogkj English/Hindi Legal Glossary 30 dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA 56) czhQ % nksuksa i{kksa dh vksj ls vnkyr dks fn;k x;k fyf[kr C;ku ftlds vk/kkj os vnkyr }kjk lgh Bgjk;s tkus dh vk'kk djrs gSaA 57) cMZu vkQ izwQ % tc eqdíeksa esa 'kkfey fdlh O;fDr dks nwljs ls vf/kd izekf.kr djuk iM+rk gSA 58) cxZyjh % tc dksbZ voS/k :i ls fdlh ds Hkou vFkok ?kj dk rkyk rksM+ dj ?kql tkrk gS vk"Sj pksjh djus dk iz;kl vFkok pksjh dj ysrk gS vFkok dksbZ vU; xaHkhj vijk/k djrk gSA 59) ckbZLVS.MlZ % vdLekr izR;{kn'khZ] og O;fDr ftldk ?kVuk ls dksbZ laca/k u gksA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 31 ------C------ 1. CALENDAR - A list, in alphabetical order, of all the cases in each courtroom every day. "To calendar" something means to give a day, time, and courtroom to a case. 2. CALIFORNIA RULES OF COURT – The rules for practices and procedures in California’s state courts. 3. CALJIC – California Jury Instructions, Criminal. 4. CALLING THE DOCKET - The public calling of the docket or list of causes at the beginning of court, for setting a time for trial or entering orders. 5. CAPACITY - The person with the ability to perform under his or her will. 6. CAPITAL CASE - A criminal case where the defendant can get the death penalty. 7. CAPITAL CRIME - A crime punishable by death. 8. CAPITAL OFFENSE – A crime that you can get the death penalty for committing. 9. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT - Punishment by death. (See DEATH PENALTY.) 10. CAPTION - What is written at the top of all papers (called "pleadings") given to the court. It says things like case name, court, and case number. 11. CARJACKING – Taking a motor vehicle that belongs to someone else against his will, by means of force or fear. 12. CASE - A lawsuit. Or a complaint filed in criminal, traffic, or civil court. 13. CASE FILE – The folder that has official court papers for a case. 14. CASEFLOW MANAGEMENT – How a case is managed from the first paper filed to the final decision. 15. CASE ID – Identification number given to case by the court. 16. CASE LAW - Law made by earlier decisions in similar cases. 17. CASELOAD – The number of cases a judge has in a specific time. 18. CASE NUMBER - The number that identifies a case. This number is on all papers filed in the case. Also called "case ID." Also called DOCKET NUMBER. 19. CAUSATION - The act which causes something else to happen. 20. CAUSE - A lawsuit, litigation, or action. 21. CAUSE OF ACTION - The charges that make up the case or lawsuit. (See COUNTS). 22. CAUSTIC CHEMICALS – Corrosive acid or flammable substance. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 32 23. CAUTIONARY INSTRUCTIONS – When the judge tells the jury to consider certain evidence only for a specific purpose. 24. CAVEAT - A warning; a note of caution. 25. CAVEAT EMPTOR - A theory that says you buy things at your own risk. Comes from the Latin for "let the buyer beware." 26. CEASE AND DESIST ORDER - An order of an administrative agency or court prohibiting a person or business from doing something. 27. CERTIFICATE OF PROBABLE CAUSE - An order signed by the court granting a defendant the right to appeal from a plea of guilty. 28. CERTIFICATION - A judge's order to move a criminal case to another court in a different county. 29. CERTIFIED - Saying that something is true or an exact reproduction. 30. CERTIFIED COPY - An official copy of a paper from a case file that is marked as being true, complete, and a real copy of the original legal case. 31. CERTIORI - Appeal to U.S. Supreme Court. 32. CHAIN OF CUSTODY - A method to track the whereabouts of evidence from the moment it is received in custody until it is offered in court. 33. CHALLENGE - Someone's right to object to or fight something in a legal case. 34. CHALLENGE FOR CAUSE - Reasons that a lawyer gives for removing a juror or judge from a case. (Compare with PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE.) 35. CHALLENGE TO THE ARRAY - Questioning the qualifications of an entire jury panel, usually on the ground of partiality or some fault in the process of summoning the panel. 36. CHAMBERS - A judge's private office. 37. CHANGE OF VENUE - When a civil or criminal case is moved from one court jurisdiction to another. (See VENUE). 38. CHARACTER EVIDENCE - Evidence pertaining to whether a criminal defendant is a good or bad person. 39. CHARGE - In criminal law, each thing the defendant is accused of. (See COUNT). 40. CHARGE TO THE JURY - The judge's instructions to the jury concerning the law that applies to the facts of the case on trial. 41. CHARGING DOCUMENT - A written accusation saying a defendant has committed an offense. Includes a citation, an indictment, information, and statement of charges. 42. CHATTEL – A piece of personal property. 43. CHIEF JUDGE - Presiding or Administrative Judge in a court. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 33 44. CHILD ABUSE - Hurting a child physically, sexually or emotionally. 45. CHILD ABDUCTION – The offense of taking away a child by deceit and persuasion, or by violence. 46. CHILD MOLESTATION - Any form of indecent or sexual activity on, involving, or surrounding a child under the age of 18. 47. CHILD PORNOGRAPHY - Any obscene material that depicts a person under the age of 18 years personally engaging in or personally simulating sexual conduct. 48. CHILD PROCUREMENT - Intentionally giving, transporting, providing, or making available or offering to give, transport, provide, or make available a child under the age of 16 for the purpose of any lewd or lascivious act. Also causing, inducing, or persuading a child under the age of 16 to engage in any lewd or lascivious act with another person. 49. CHILD SUPPORT - Money paid by a parent to help support a child or children. 50. CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) AGENCY - Agency that exists in every state to find parents that don’t have custody. (called "noncustodial parents," or "NCPs"). Or to find a person assumed to be the father of the child (“Putative father” or "PF"). Also, makes, enforces, and changes child support. Collects and gives out child support money. 51. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE - All evidence that is indirect. Testimony not based on actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in dispute. 52. CITATION - A COURT ORDER or SUMMONS that tells a defendant what the charges are. Also tells the defendant to go to court and/or post bail. 53. CITED – When a defendant is not in custody, but has signed a ticket promising to go to court on a certain day. 54. CIVIL ACTION - Noncriminal case in which one private individual or business sues another to protect, enforce private or civil rights. 55. CIVIL CASE - A lawsuit to get property back, to force someone to complete a contract, or to protect someone's civil rights. 56. CIVIL JURISDICTION – A court’s right or power to hear noncriminal civil cases. 57. CIVIL PROCEDURE - The rules and process by which a civil case is tried and appealed, including the preparations for trial, the rules of evidence and trial conduct, and the procedure for pursuing appeals. 58. CIVIL PROCESS – Court papers that tell the people in a civil case that it has started. Or papers that try to force the court to reach a judgment. 59. CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS – Violations of the personal, natural rights guaranteed and protected by the Constitution. 60. CLAIM - The statement of a right to money or property. 61. CLAIM OF EXEMPTION – A court paper filed by the JUDGMENT DEBTOR that lists each piece of property that the judgment debtor claims is an exempt asset under certain provisions of the law and, therefore, can’t be taken to pay the JUDGMENT. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 34 62. CLAIM SPLITTING – When you split up a civil claim and file two lawsuits to stay below the limit of how much money you can ask for. Not allowed in most cases. 63. CLASS ACTION - A lawsuit brought by one or more persons on behalf of a larger group. 64. CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE - Standard of proof commonly used in civil lawsuits and in regulatory agency cases. It governs the amount of proof that must be offered in order for the plaintiff to win the case. 65. CLEMENCY OR EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY - Act of grace or mercy by the president or governor to ease the consequences of a criminal act, accusation, or conviction. It may take the form of commutation or pardon. 66. CLERICAL ERROR - An unintentional mistake, in writing, which may be made by clerk, counsel, or court. (See NUNC PRO TUNC.) 67. CLERK - Officer of the court who files pleadings, motions, judgments, etc., issues process, and keeps records of court proceedings. 68. CLERK’S TRANSCRIPT - Those pleadings, minute orders, affidavits, written opinions of the Court, trial exhibits, etc., designated by the attorneys which have been filed during the course of the litigation process are put together with the appeal documents and collectively form the Clerk’s Transcript. 69. CLOSING ARGUMENT - Counsel's final statement to the judge/and or jury after all parties have concluded their presentation of evidence. 70. CODE - The law created by statutes. For example, the California Code of Civil Procedure, California Civil Code, California Vehicle Code, California Penal Code, and California Health and Safety Code. 71. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY - The rules of conduct that govern the legal profession. The Code contains general ethical guidelines and specific rules written by the American Bar Association. 72. CO-DEFENDANT - In a criminal case, an individual charged with involvement in the same crime as another. 73. CODICIL (kod'i-sil) - A legal paper that adds to or changes a will. 74. COERCION – Compulsion; constraint; compelling by force or arms or threat. 75. COHABITANT – One who lives with another. 76. COLLATERAL - 1. Property that is pledged as security against a debt. 2. A person belonging to the same ancestry (a relation), but not in a direct line of descent. 77. COLLATERAL ATTACK - An attack on a judgment other than a direct appeal to a higher court. 78. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL OR DEVICE – Capable of blowing up; apt to catch fire; inflammable. 79. COMMISSIONER - A person chosen by the court and given the power to hear and make decisions in certain kinds of legal matters. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 35 80. COMMIT - To do something, like "to commit" a crime, or to put someone in a sheriff's custody. Or to use a court order to send a person to jail. 81. COMMITMENT - 1. The action of sending a person to a prison or mental institution. 2. The order directing an officer to take a person to a prison or mental institution. 82. COMMITMENT ORDER - A court order that says a person must be kept in custody, usually in a jail or mental institution. 83. COMMON BARRATRY (also called BARRETRY) – Making a habit of starting fights or lawsuits. Starting lawsuits without a good reason. 84. COMMON CARRIER – Required by law to carry passengers or freight without refusal if the fare is paid; in contrast to a private or contract carrier. 85. COMMON LAW - Laws that come from court decisions and not from statutes ("codes") or constitutions. 86. COMMUNITY OBLIGATIONS – Debts that a husband and wife owe together. In most cases, that includes anything that you still owe on any debts either of you had during the time you were living together as husband and wife. For example, if you bought furniture on credit while you were married and living together, the unpaid balance is a part of your community obligations. 87. COMMUNITY PROPERTY - Everything that a husband and wife own together. In most cases that includes: (1) Money or benefits like pensions and stock options that you now have which either of your earned during the time you were living together as husband and wife; and (2) Anything either of you bought with money earned during that period. 88. COMMUNITY SERVICE - Work performed as punishment for a crime. It may also be performed instead of a fine, or as a condition of probation. 89. COMMUTATION - The reduction of a sentence, such as from death to life imprisonment. 90. COMPARATIVE FAULT – Percentage of fault which is assigned to any one party. 91. COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE - A legal doctrine by which acts of the opposing parties are compared to determine the liability of each party to the other for negligent acts. 92. COMPENSATORY DAMAGES – Money that one person must pay another to cover the cost of a wrong or injury. (See DAMAGES). 93. COMPETENCE ORDER – An order from a superior court that says that a defendant is mentally able to go to trial. Tells the trial court to go ahead with the criminal case. 94. COMPETENCY - The ability for a person to understand and communicate, especially with regard to standing trial and assisting counsel in his or her defense. 95. COMPLAINANT - Person who wants to start a court case against another person. In a civil case, the complainant is the PLAINTIFF. In a criminal case, the complainant is the state. 96. COMPLAINT - The legal document that usually begins a civil lawsuit and is also used to start a criminal case. Says what the plaintiff thinks the defendant did and asks the court for help. Also called the "initial pleading" or "petition." 97. COMPLY - To act in accordance with, to accept, to obey. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 36 98. COMPOSITE DRAWING - A picture of an alleged criminal created by a professional police artist using verbal descriptions given by the victim or a witness. 99. CONCEALMENT – Withholding of something which one knows and which one, in duty, is bound to reveal. 100. CONCILIATION - A form of alternative dispute resolution in which the parties bring their dispute to a neutral third party, who helps lower tensions, improve communications, and explore possible solutions. Similar to mediation, but it may be less formal. 101. CONCURRENT JURISDICTION - The territory of two or more courts, that are each authorized to deal with the same subject matter. 102. CONCURRENT PLANNING – Refers to the legal requirement in dependency cases that reunification services be provided at the same time an alternative plan is developed (e.g., adoption , guardianship) if needed. 103. CONCURRENT SENTENCES - Sentences you can serve at the same time. For example, if you have concurrent sentences of 10 years and 5 years, you must serve a total of 10 years. (Compare with CONCURRENT SENTENCES). 104. CONCURRING CAUSES – Acting contemporaneously and together causing injury, which would not have resulted in absence of either. 105. CONDEMNATION - The legal process by which the government takes private land for public use, paying the owners a fair price. (See EMINENT DOMAIN.) 106. CONDITIONS – Certain things that someone has to do, or not do, to be released. 107. CONDITIONAL RELEASE - Freedom from custody which regulates the activities and associations of the defendant. If a defendant fails to meet the conditions, the release is cancelled. 108. CONDUCT ENHANCEMENTS - A kind of punishment-enhancing allegation (such as the arming clause of Penal Code section 12022) that relates to the nature of the offense at the time the crime was committed. 109. CONFESSION - When someone admits out loud or in writing that they committed a certain kind of crime. (Compare with ADMISSION). 110. CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT - The act of a debtor in a written statement that permits judgment to be entered against him by his creditor, without legal proceedings. 111. CONFIDENTIAL - A file or record that is not available for public viewing. Authorized viewing allowed only in statute and/or court policy. Files and records are identified and receive special handling. 112. CONFIDENTIAL RECORD – Information in a court case that is not available to the public. 113. CONFIDENTIALITY – Treated as private and not for publication. 114. CONFISCATE - To seize or take private property for public use (the police took the weapon). 115. CONFLICT OF INTEREST - When you have two different interests at the same time. For example, a lawyer who represents two sides at the same time can't be fair. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 37 116. CONFORM COPIES - To make copies identical to an original; e.g., copies with duplicate signatures, duplicate dates. 117. CONFRONTATION RIGHT – Defendant’s right to be face-to-face with the witnesses against him or her. It generally includes the right to ask questions and object, and to have witnesses testify in person. 118. CONSANGUINITY – COLLATERAL - The relationship that exists between persons who have the same ancestors, but who do not descend, or ascend, one from the other; as between uncle and nephew. 119. CONSANGUINITY – LINEAL - The relationship that exists persons of whom one is descended in a direct line from the other, as between son, father, grandfather, and so upwards in the direct ascending line; or between son, grandson, great-grandson, and so downwards in the direct descending line. 120. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES - Successive sentences, one beginning at the end of another, imposed against a person convicted of two or more violations. 121. CONSERVATEE - Someone who can't take care of themselves and has a caretaker (called the "CONSERVATOR") who the court picked. 122. CONSERVATOR - Someone picked by the court to either take care of someone who can't take care of themselves (called a "CONSERVATEE") or take care of that person's property , or both. 123. CONSERVATORSHIP - A court proceeding where a judge picks someone (a conservator) to take care of an adult's personal needs and/or his or her finances. For minors, see GUARDIANSHIP. 124. CONSENT – A written agreement to obey a decision or deal. 125. CONSIDERATION - The cause, price, or impelling influence which makes a party enter into a contract. 126. CONSOLIDATION OF ACTIONS – When at least two cases that involve the same people are grouped together. 127. CONSORTIUM, LOSS OF – Unable to have a sexual relationship between a husband and a wife. 128. CONSPIRACY – Where two or more persons intentionally agree to commit crime and do an act towards committing the crime. 129. CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION - Where a person does not actually possess a thing, but knowingly has control over it. 130. CONSTITUTION – The central law of our country that sets up the creation, character, and organization of its power and how that power is exercised. The rule, principles, descriptions of the government’s power, and the main rights that the people of a country or state have. 131. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT - A right guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution, interpreted by the federal courts; also, a right guaranteed by some other constitution (such as a state constitution). 132. CONTEMNOR - One who has committed contempt of court. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 38 133. CONTEMPORARY COMMUNITY STANDARD – What is, objectively acceptable to the community as a whole. Ascertainment of the standard must be based upon an objective determination of what is unacceptable to the community as a whole. Your own personal, social, or moral views on the material involved in the case may not be considered. 134. CONTEMPT (OF COURT) - Disobeying a court order. Punishment can be a fine or jail. 135. CONTINUANCE - Putting off a court case to a later date. (See ADJOURNMENT). 136. CONTINUING EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION – Theory that only one support order should be valid between the same people at a time. And when a court hears a child support case, it can add to and change that order. The court of continuing exclusive jurisdiction has control over a support case until another court takes it away. This is defined in the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA). 137. CONTRACT - (1) an agreement between two or more people to do or not to do a particular thing; (2) an agreement between two or more people that makes, changes, or ends a legal relationship. 138. CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE - A legal doctrine that says if the plaintiff in a civil action for negligence also was negligent, in any way, he or she cannot recover damages from the defendant for the defendant's negligence. 139. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES – Any drug identified by law whose availability is restricted. Unless otherwise specified, a drug, substance, or immediate precursor which is listed in any schedule in Health & Safety Code sections 11054, 11055, 11056, 11057 or 11058. 140. CONVERSION - The wrongful assumption of ownership over the goods or personal property belonging to another. 141. CONVEY – (1) to give the title to property to someone else. (2) to make known or communicate. 142. CONVICT - (1) A person who has been found guilty of a crime and is serving a sentence for that crime; a prison inmate. (2) To find a person guilty of an offense by either a trial or a plea of guilty. 143. CONVICTION - When a judge or jury finds a criminal defendant guilty. 144. CORONER - Public official charged to inquire into the causes and circumstances of any death which occurs through violence or suddenly (suspicious causes). 145. CORPORATION - A group of persons who get a charter granting them as a body certain legal powers, rights, privileges, and liabilities as an individual. 146. CORPUS DELECTI - Body of the crime. The objective proof that a crime has been committed. It sometimes refers to the body of the victim of a homicide or to the charred remains of a burned house, but the term has a broader meaning. For the state to introduce a confession or to convict the accused, it must prove the occurrence of a specific injury or loss and a criminal act was the source of that particular injury or loss. 147. CORROBORATE - To support with evidence or authority; make more certain. 148. CORROBORATING EVIDENCE - Supplementary evidence that tends to strengthen or confirm the initial evidence. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 39 149. CORROBORATION - Confirmation or support of a witness' statement or other fact. 150. CORRUPTLY - Dishonestly. 151. COSTS - (1) Fees and charges that a party pays to file and present a court case or to enforce a judgment; (2) money won in a civil suit to pay for expenses. 152. COUNSEL - One or more lawyers who represent a client. Also, legal advice. (See ATTORNEY). 153. COUNSEL TABLE - The physical location where the defense and prosecuting parties are seated during the trial. 154. COUNT - Each separate charge (or statement) in a criminal case. (See CHARGE). 155. COUNTERCLAIM - An independent charge by one side in a case (either the plaintiff or defendant) that goes against the claim made by the other side. 156. COUNTERFEIT - To forge, to copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with the purpose to deceive by passing off the copy as genuine. 157. COUNTY JAIL - A building or structure used to put alleged criminals and/or convicted criminals of local area crimes. 158. COURT - A judge or group of judges whose job is to hear cases and carry out justice. (See BENCH.) 159. COURT APPOINTED SPECIAL ADVOCATES (CASA) - These are volunteers who represent abused and neglected children. 160. COURT ATTENDANT - Provide courtroom support in selected courtrooms by performing limited security-related and clerical duties and serving as the court liaison for juries, witnesses, attorneys and the public. 161. COURT ADMINISTRATOR/CLERK OF COURT - An officer appointed by the Court or elected to oversee the administrative, non-judicial activities of the court. 162. COURT APPOINTED COUNSEL - A defense attorney assigned by the court to represent a defendant who cannot afford to hire an attorney. 163. COURT COSTS - The expenses of prosecuting or defending a lawsuit, other than the attorneys' fees. An amount of money may be awarded to the successful party (and may be recoverable from the losing party) as reimbursement for court costs. 164. COURT OF RECORD - A court in which the proceedings are recorded, transcribed, and maintained as permanent records. 165. COURT ORDER - A decision made by a judicial officer that gives someone certain rights or tells someone to do something. 166. COURT REPORTER - Someone who writes down, word for word, what is said in court. What is recorded is called a TRANSCRIPT. 167. COURT TRIAL - A trial without a jury. A judge decides the case. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 40 168. COURT, APPEALS - In some states, the highest appellate court, where it is the Court's decision whether to hear the case. 169. COURT, DISTRICT - (1) Federal - A trial court with general Federal jurisdiction. (2) State - Meaning varies from state to state. 170. COURT, JUVENILE - A court having jurisdiction over cases involving children under a specified age, usually 18. Cases generally involve delinquent, dependent, and neglected children. 171. COURT, NIGHT - A specialized court that deals with cases during the late evening and early morning hours. 172. COURT, SUPERIOR - Trial court; meaning varies from state to state. 173. COURT, TRAFFIC - A specialized court that hears crimes dealing with traffic offenses. 174. COURTESY NOTICE - A notice made by a computer that is usually sent for traffic violations to tell a defendant about a court date, bail, etc. 175. COURTROOM - The section of a courthouse in which the judge presides over the proceedings. 176. COURTROOM CLERK - Courtroom personnel who attends court sessions and prepares record of court proceedings in conformance with statutes, policies, and the direction of a Judge; swears in witnesses and juries; maintains exhibits offered in evidence. 177. CREDIBILITY - The quality in a witness which makes his or her testimony believable. 178. CREDIT – Arrangement or understanding by the maker of a check with the person/institution upon which the order is drawn, for the payment of that check upon its presentation. 179. CRIME - Something you do, or don't do, that breaks a law. If you are found guilty, you can be punished by: death; jail or prison; fine; being removed from office; being unable to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit. 180. CRIMINAL - Someone convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor. 181. CRIMINAL CASE - A court case that starts because of a crime. 182. CRIMINAL CONDUCT – The nature of or involving a crime. 183. CRIMINAL INSANITY - Lack of mental ability to do or keep from doing a particular act; not able to distinguish right from wrong. 184. CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE – Act(s) which are aggravated, reckless or flagrant and which depart from the conduct of an ordinarily prudent, careful person under the same circumstances as to be contrary to a proper regard for human life or to constitute an indifference to the consequences of those acts. 185. CRIMINAL RECORD - (1) Arrest record. A written account listing all the instances in which a person has been arrested. (2) A form completed by a police officer when a person is arrested. 186. CRIMINAL STREET GANG - An ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more persons, having as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more criminal acts, having a common name or common identifying sign or symbol, and whose members individually or collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 41 187. CRIMINAL SUMMONS - An order commanding an accused to appear in court. 188. CROSS-CLAIM - A claim filed by defendant(s) or plaintiff(s) against each other. 189. CROSS-EXAMINATION - When the other side's lawyer asks a witness questions in a hearing or trial. 190. CUMULATIVE SENTENCES - Sentences for two or more crimes to run a consecutively, rather than concurrently. (See CONCURRENT SENTENCES AND CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES.) 191. CUSTODIAL PARENT – The parent that has primary care, custody, and control of the child(ren). 192. CUSTODY - (1) When someone is under the physical control of the court to make sure they go to court when they're supposed to; (2) when the judge sends a person to jail after they are found guilty of a crime; (3) the care and control of children. 193. CUSTODY ORDER - A court order that says who a child will live with and who should make decisions about health care, education, and other important things. 194. CUSTOM – A usage or practice of the people, which, by common adoption and acquiescence, has become compulsory. English/Hindi Legal Glossary 42 1) dSysaMj % izfrfnu vnkyr ds izR;sd dejs esa lqus tkus tkus okys lHkh eqdíeksa dh o.kZekyk ds Øekuqlkj lwphA fdlh oLrq dks dSysaMj nsus dk vFkZ gS fdlh eqdíes dh lquokbZ ds fy, fnu] le; vkSj vnkyr dk fu/kkZj.k djukA 2) dSyhQksfuZ;k :y+ vkQ % dSyhQkSfuZ;k izkar dh vnkyrksa esa ijaijkvksa rFkk izfrfØ;kvksa ds ckjs dksVZ esa izpfyr fu;eA 3) dSfYtd % dSyhQksfuZ;k twjh bULVªD'ku] fØfeuyA 4) dkfyax nh MkfdV % lquokbZ ds fy, le; fuf'pr djus ds fy, vkns'kksa dh izfof"V ds fy, vnkyr 'kq: gksus ds le; eqdíeksa dh lwph dh lkoZtfud mn~?kks"k.kk djukA 5) dSiSflVh % viuh bPNkuqlkj dk;Z dh lkeF;Z j[kus okyk iq:"k @ L=khA 6) dSihVy dsl % og vkijkf/kd eqdíek ftlesa izfroknh dks Qkalh dh lt+k nh tk ldrh gSA 7) dSihVy ØkbZe % og vijk/k ftlds fy, e`R;q naM fn;k tk ldrk gSA 8) dSihVy vkSQSUl % og vijk/k ftls djus ij vkidks e`R;qnaM fey ldrk gSA 9) dSihVy ifu'kesaV % e`R;qnaMA 10) dSI'ku % vnkyr dks fn, tkus okys izR;sd nLrkost esa lcls Åij fy[kk 'kh"kZd ¼ftls ÞIyhfMaXlß dgk tkrk gSA½ blesa eqdíes ds uke] vnkyr dk rFkk eqdíes dh la[;k dk mYys[k gksrk gSA 11) dkj tSfdax % fdlh dks Mjk dj vFkok cy iz;ksx }kjk mldh lgefr ds fcuk eksVj&xkM+h dks ys tkukA 12) dsl % dksbZ dkuwuh eqdíek vFkok fdlh vkijkf/kd] ;krk;kr laca/kh vFkok nhokuh vnkyr esa nk;j djokbZ xbZ f'kdk;rA 13) dsl QkbZy % og QksYMj ftlesa fdlh eqdíes ls lacaf/kr nLrkost yxs gksaA 14) dsl¶yks eSusteSaV % loZizFke nk;j fd, x, nLrkost ls vafre fu.kZ; rd eqdíes ds izca/ku English/Hindi Legal Glossary 43 15) dsl % eqdíes dh igpku ds fy, vnkyr }kjk bls fn;k x;k ØekadA 16) dsl ykW % leku eqdíeksa esa igys fn, fu.kZ;ksa ls fufeZr dkuwuA 17) dsl yksM % fdlh tt }kjk fuf'pr vof/k ds nkSjku lqus tkus okys eqdíeksa dh la[;k 18) dsl uEcj % og Øekad ftlls fdlh eqdíes dh igpku gksrh gSA ;g Øekad bl eqdíes ds laca/k esa nk;j fd, x, lHkh nLrkostksa ij fy[kk tkrk gSA bls dsl vkbZ-Mh- o MkdsV uacj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 19) dkSts+'ku % og d`R; ftlds dkj.k dqN vU; gh ?kfVr gks tkrk gSA 20) dkSt+ % dksbZ eqdíek] dkuwuh yM+kbZ vFkok dk;ZokghA 21) dkSt+ vkQ ,sD'ku % os vkjksi ftuds vk/kkj ij eqdíek curk gSA 22) dkWfLVD dSehdYt+ % {kkjd vEy vFkok Toyu'khy inkFkZA 23) dkS'kujh bULVªD'kul % tc dksbZ tt fu.kkZ;d eaMy dks fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; ds fy, gh fdlh izek.k ij fopkj djus ds fy, dgsA 24) dSohV % psrkouh] lko/kku jgus dk ladsrA 25) dSohV ,sEiVj % og fl)kar tks crkrk gS fd vki vius tksf[ke ij gh leku [kjhnsaA 26) lht+ ,saM MsftLV % fdlh iz'kklfud ,tsalh vFkok vnkyr dk vkns'k ftlesa fdlh vkMZj O;fDr vFkok O;kikj dks dksbZ dk;Z djus ls jksdk tkrk gSA 27) LVhZfQdsV vkWQ izkscscy % vnkyr }kjk gLrk{kfjr og vkns'k ftlds }kjk fdlh izfroknh dks ekSt+ nks"k Lohdkj djus ij vihy djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k tkrk gSA 28) LVhZfQds'ku % fdlh tt dk og vkns'k ftlesa fdlh vkijkf/kd eqdíes dks fdlh English/Hindi Legal Glossary 44 nwljs ftys esa Hkstus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA 29) LVhZQkbZM % og dFku ftlesa fdlh pht+ dks LVhd izfrd`fr dgk x;k gksA 30) LVhZQkbZM dkWih % fdlh eqdíes dh QkbZy esa ls fdlh ljdkjh nLrkost dh og udy ftl ij fy[kk jgrk gS og ewy eqdíes dh lR;] iw.kZ rFkk okLrfod izfrfyih gSA 31) lfVZ;ksjh % la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihyA 32) psu vkWQ dLVMh % fgjklr esa fy, tkus ds ckn ls vnkyr esa is'k fd, tkus rd lcwrksa ds izkfIr&LFkku ds ckjs esa irk yxkus dh fof/kA 33) pSysat % fdlh O;fDr dk fdlh eqdíes esa fdlh ckr ij ,srjkt vFkok fojks/k djus dk vf/kdkjA 34) pSysat QkWj dkst+ % fdlh eqdíes dh lquokbZ esa fdlh tt vFkok fu.kkZ;d e.My ds fdlh lnL; dks gVkus ds fy, fdlh odhy }kjk fn, x, dkj.kA 35) pSysat Vw nk ,sjs % vkerkSj ls i{kikr ds vk/kkj ij vFkok muds p;u esa nks"k ds vk/kkj ij fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lHkh lnL;ksa dh ;ksX;rk ij vkifÙk mBkukA 36) pSaclZ % fdlh tt dk futh dk;kZy;A 37) psat vkQ oSU;q % tc fdlh nhokuh vFkok vkijkf/kd eqdíes dks ,d vnkyr ds vf/kdkj {ks=k ls nwljh vnkyr esa Hkstk tkrk gSA 38) dSjsDVj ,sohMSal % fdlh vkijkf/kd izfroknh ds pfj=k ds vPNk ;k cqjk gksus ds ckjs esa izek.kA 39) pktZ % vijk/k laca/kh dkuwu esa] og izR;sd vijk/k ftldk vkjksi izfroknh ij yxk;k x;k gksA 40) pktZ Vw nh twjh % eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh esa rF;ksa ij ykxw gksus okys dkuwu ds ckjs esa tt }kjk fu.kkZ;d e.My dks fn, x, funsZ'kA 41) pkft±x ,SD;weSaV % og fyf[kr vkjksi&i=k ftlesa fy[kk gksrk gS fd izfroknh us veqd English/Hindi Legal Glossary 45 vijk/k fd;k gSA blesa vkjksiksa dk mYys[k] nks"kkjksi.k] lwpuk rFkk vkjksiksa dh lwpuh 'kkfey gksrh gSA 42) iSV~Vy % futh laifÙk dk ,d HkkxA 43) phQ tt % fdlh vnkyr esa ihlk lhu vFkok iz'kklfud ttA 44) pkbZYM ,sC;wt+ % fdlh cPps dks 'kkjhfjd] ;kSu laca/kh vFkok ekufld ihM+k igqapkukA 45) pkbZYM ,sCMD'ku % fdlh cPps dks Ny&diV ls] cgyk&Qqlyk dj vFkok fgald cy iz;ksx }kjk mBk ys tkus dk vijk/kA 46) pkbZYM eksySLVs'ku % 18 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPps dks idM+ dj ?ksj dj mlds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh vHknz dk;ZokghA 47) pkbZYM iksuksZxzkQh % dksbZ Hkh ,slk v'yhy inkFkZ ftlesa fdlh 18 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPps dks O;fDrxr :i ls ;kSu laca/kh fØ;k djrs gq, vFkok Lokax djrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gksA 48) pkbZYM izksD;ksjeSaV % fdlh v'yhy vFkok dkeksÙkstd fØ;k ds fy, 16 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPps dks lkSaiuk] ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkuk] izca/k djuk vFkok nsus dh is'kds'k djuk] vFkok miyC/k djkukA blesa 16 o"kZ dh vk;q ls de ds cPps dks fdlh v'yhy vFkok dkeksÙkstd fØ;k esa lafyIr djus ds fy, et+cwj djuk] ykyp nsuk ;k eukuk Hkh 'kkfey gS 49) pkbZYM liksVZ % fdlh cPps ;k cPpksa ds xqtkjs ds fy, ekrk&firk vFkok firk }kjk nh tkus okyh jkf'kA 50) pkbZYM liksVZ % og ,tsalh tks izR;sd izkar esa ,sls ekrk&firk dk irk yxkrh gS ftuds ,sUQkslZesaV ,tsalh cPps muls fcNqM+ x, gksaA vFkok ,sls O;fDr dk irk yxkrh gS ftls fdlh cPps dk firk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g cPps dh lgk;rk jkf'k dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gS] bls ykxw djokrh gS vkSj blesa ifjorZu djrh gSA ;g lgk;rk jkf'k ysdj cPps dks nsrh gSA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 46 51) ljdeLVkaf'k;y % lHkh vizR;{k izek.kA okLrfod O;fDrxr tkudkjh vFkok >xM+s ds ,sohMsal rF;ksa ij n`f"Vikr ds vk/kkj ij nh xbZ xokghA 52) lkbZVs'ku % vnkyr dk og vkns'k vFkok lEeu ftlds }kjk fdlh izfroknh dks ifjorZuksa ls voxr djk;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk fdlh izfroknh dks vnkyr ls tekur izkIr djus ds fy, Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 53) lkbZVsM % tc dksbZ izfroknh fgjklr esa u gks ijUrq mlus fdlh fuf'pr fnu vnkyr esa mifLFkr gksus ds opu ds lkFk fdlh nLrkost ij gLrk{kj dj fn, gksaA 54) flfoy ,sD'ku % xSj&vkijkf/kd eqdíek ftlesa dksbZ izkbZosV O;fDr ;k O;kikj fdlh nwljs ds fo:) dkuwuh dk;Zokgh djrk gS rkfd og vius izkbZosV vFkok ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk rFkk mUgsa ykxw djok ldsA 55) flfoy dsl % laifÙk dks okfil izkIr djus ds fy,] fdlh dks le>kSrs dh 'krs± iwjh djus ij etcwj djus ds fy, vFkok fdlh ds ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djus ds fy, fd;k x;k eqdíekA 56) flfoy twfjlfMD'ku % fdlh vnkyr }kjk xSj&vkijkf/kd nhokuh eqdíes dh lquokbZ dk vf/kdkjA 57) flfoy izkslhtj % eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh dh rS;kjh] dk;Zokgh ds lapkyu laca/kh fu;eksa rFkk vihy vkfn dh iSjoh ds fy, fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k lfgros lHkh fu;e rFkk izfØ;k ftuds vuqlkj fdlh nhokuh eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh rFkk vihy dh tkrh gSA 58) flfoy izkSlsl % vnkyr ds os nLrkost ftuls yksxksa dks fdlh nhokuh eqdíes ds vkjaHk gksus dh tkudkjh feyrh gS vFkok os nLrkost tks fdlh vnkyr dks dksbZ fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ck/; djrs gSaA 59) flfoy jkbZV~l % lafo/kku }kjk xkjaVh'kqnk ,oa lqj{kk izkIr O;fDrxr] izkd`frd ok;ksys'kul vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?kuA 60) Dyse % /ku vFkok laifÙk ds izfr nkos dk C;kuA 61) Dyse vkWQ ,sXtSai'ku % eqdíek gkjus okys O;fDr }kjk vnkyr esa nk;j fd;k x;k og English/Hindi Legal Glossary 47 nLrkost ftlesa of.kZr izR;sd laifÙk dks mlds vuqlkj dqN dkuwuksa ds vUrxZr NwV izkIr gS vkSj blfy, mls fu.kZ; dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, xzg.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA 62) Dyse LifyfVax % tc vki vius nkos dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV dj nks fHké&fHké eqdíes nk;j djrs gks rkfd nkos ds fy, /ku dh vf/kd ls vf/kd lhek ds vanj gh jg ldsaA vf/kdka'k eqdíeksa esa bldh vkKk ugha nh tkrh gSA 63) Dykl ,sD'ku % ,d cM+s lewg dh vksj ls fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa }kjk nk;j fd;k x;k eqdíekA 64) Dyh;j ,s.M dfUoaflax % nhokuh eqdíeksa rFkk jSxwysVjh ,tsalh eqdíeksa esa vkerkSj ls iz;ksx ,sohMSal fd, tkus okys izek.k dk LrjA ;g izek.k dh ml ek=kk dks fuf'pr djrk gS tks oknh dks eqdíek ftrkus ds fy, is'k djuk vko';d gksA 65) DyheSalh vFkok % fdlh vkijkf/kd d`R;] vkjksi] vFkok ltk ds ifj.kkeksa dks de ,sDtSfDVo DyheSalh djus ds fy, jk"Vªifr vFkok jkT;iky }kjk lgkuqHkwfr vFkok n;k dh dk;ZokghA blds }kjk ltk esa deh dh tk ldrh gS vFkok ltk ekQ dh tk ldrh gSA 66) DySjhdy ,sjj % fy[kus esa fdlh DydZ] odhy vFkok vnkyr }kjk dh xbZ xSj bjknru xyrhA 67) DydZ % vnkyr dk og vf/kdkjh tks vkosnuksa] ;kfpdkvksa] fu.kZ;ksa vkfn dks ntZ djrk gS] lEeu tkjh djrk gS vkSj vnkyr dh dk;Zokgh dk fjdkMZ j[krk gSA 68) DydZl VªkalfØIV % os nyhysa] y?kq&vkns'k] 'kiFk&i=k] vnkyr dh fyf[kr jk;] dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku izek.k ds :i esa izLrqr nLrkost tks odhyksa ds }kjk fu;r fd, x, rFkk ftUgsa eqdíes dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku nk;j fd;k x;k] mu lcdks bDV~Bk dj vihy ds nLrkostksa ds lkFk j[kk tkrk gS vkSj os lc feydj DydZl VªkalfØIV dgykrs gSaA 69) Dyksftax vkjX;weSaV % lHkh i{kksa }kjk izek.k is'k dj fn, tkus ds ckn odhy }kjk tt English/Hindi Legal Glossary 48 rFkk @ vFkok fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lnL;ksa ds le{k vafre C;kuA 70) dksM % dkuwuksa }kjk fufeZr fu;eA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dSyhQksfuZ;k flfoy izkslhtj] dSyhQksfuZ;k flfoy dksM] dSfyQksfuZ;k Oghdy dksM] ihuy dksM rFkk dSyhQksfuZ;k gSYFk ,s.M ls¶Vh dksMA 71) dksM vkQ izksQS'kuy % O;ogkj laca/kh os fu;e tks oS/kkfud O;olk; dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA fjLikSalhfcYVh bl dksM esa lk/kkj.k uSfrd ekxZ n'kZd funsZ'k rFkk vesfjdu ckj ,slksf'k;s'ku }kjk fyf[kr fo'ks"k fu;e 'kkfey gSaA 72) dks&fMQSaMSaV % fdlh vkijkf/kd eqdíeksa esa mlh vijk/k esa lfEefyr gksus dk vkjksih O;fDr tSls nwljk vkjksihA 73) dksMhfly % og dkuwuh nLrkost tks fdlh olh;r esa dqN tksM+rk gS vFkok ifjorZu djrk gSA 74) dksv'kZu % etcwjh] ykpkjh] cy&izos'k vFkok gfFk;kj fn[kkdj ;k Mjk&/kedk dj etcwj djukA 75) dks&gSchVSaV % fdlh ds lkFk fey dj jgus okyk O;fDrA 76) dksysVjy % fdlh dtZ ds cnys tekur ds rkSj ij j[kh xbZ laifÙkA ¼2½ mlh oa'k ls lacaf/kr dksbZ O;fDr ¼dksbZ fj'rsnkj½ ijUrq ftldk iSr`d rkSj ij lh/kk laca/k u gksA 77) dksysVjy vVSd % fdlh fu.kZ; ds fo:) Åijh vnkyr esa izR;{k vihy ds vfrfjDr dksbZ vkSj pqukSrhA 78) dEcLVhcy eSVhjh;y % ok"i cudj mM+ tkus okyk] vkx idM+us okyk] Toyu'khyA ;k fMokbZl 79) dfe'kuj % vnkyr }kjk p;u fd;k x;k og O;fDr ftls dqN izdkj ds eqdíeksa dh lquokbZ dj mu ij fu.kZ; nsus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA 80) dfeV % dksbZ dk;Z djuk] tSls dksbZ vijk/k djuk ;k fdlh dks ftys ds izeq[k vf/kdkjh dh fgjklr esa Hkstuk] vFkok fdlh O;fDr dks tsy Hkstus ds fy, vnkyr ds vkns'k dk iz;ksx djukA 81) dfeVeSaV % 1- fdlh O;fDr dks tsy vFkok ikxy[kkus esa Hkstus dh dk;ZokghA 2- English/Hindi Legal Glossary 49 fdlh vf/kdkjh dks tkjh og vkns'k ftlesa mls fdlh O;fDr dks tsy vFkok ikxy[kkus ys tkus dk funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gSA 82) dfeVeSaV vkMZj % vnkyr dk og vkns'k ftlesa fdlh O;fDr dks vko';d rkSj ij vDlj tsy vFkok ikxy[kkus esa] fgjklr esa j[kus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA 83) dkSeu cSjsVªh % yM+kbZ&>xM+k vFkok eqdíesckth dh vknr cuk ysukA fcuk mfpr dkj.k ds eqdíesckth 'kq: djukA 84) dkSeu dSfj;j % HkkM+s ds Hkqxrku ds ckn fcuk badkj fd, lokfj;ksa rFkk lkeku dks ys tkus ds fy, dkuwu }kjk ck/;A ;g izkbZosV vFkok dkUVªSDV dSfj;j ds myV gSA 85) dkSeu ykW % vnkyr ds fu.kZ;ksa ls mRié gksus okys dkuwuA 86) dE;wfuVh vkWCyhxs'kul % ifr&iRuh }kjk la;qDr :i ls fy;k x;k _.kA vf/kdka'k ekeyksa esa] blesa og lHkh dqN 'kkfey gksrk gS tks vki nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds }kjk ml le; fy, x, _.k dk vHkh Hkh cdk;k gS] tc vki ifr&ifRu ds :i esa ,d lkFk jgrs FksA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn vkius ml le; m/kkj esa QuhZpj [kjhnk tc vkidk fookg gqvk Fkk vkSj vki viuh iRuh ds lkFk jg jgs Fks] rks og jkf'k] ftldk Hkqxrku vHkh ckdh gS] vkidh dE;wfuVh vkSCyhxs'ku dk vax gSA 87) dE;wfuVh izkSiVhZ % og lc dqN ftl ij ifr&iRuh dk la;qDr LokfeRo gSA vf/kdka'k ekeyksa esa blesa ¼1½ /ku vFkok iSa'ku rFkk ml le;] tc vki ifr&iRuh ds :i esa bDV~Bs jg jgs Fks] vftZr LVkWd vkI'kut tSls ykHk tks vc Hkh vkids ikl gS] rFkk ¼2½ ml vo?kh ds nkSjku vki nksuksa esa ls fdlh ds }kjk [kjhnh xbZ dksbZ Hkh oLrq] 'kkfey gSA 88) dE;wfuVh lfoZl % fdlh vijk/k dh ltk ds :i esa fd;k x;k dk;ZA ;g dk;Z tqekZus dh jkf'k ds cnys vFkok izkscs'ku dh 'krZ ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA 89) dE;wVs'ku % fdlh ltk esa dh xbZ deh] tSls Qkalh dh ltk dks ?kVkdj vkthou English/Hindi Legal Glossary 50 dkjkokl dh ltk ns nh tk;sA 90) dEiSjsfVo QkYV % fdlh ,d i{k ds izfr fu/kkZfjr xyrh dk vkSlrA 91) dEiSjsfVo uSXyhtSal % og oS/kkfud fl)kar ftlds vuqlkj fojks/kh i{kksa ds d`R;ksa dh rqyuk ;g fuf'pr djus ds fy, dh tkrh gS fd izR;sd i{k nwljs ds izfr ykijokgh cjrus ds fy, fdruk ftEesnkj gSA 92) dEiSalsVjh MSest+t+ % og /ku jkf'k tks fdlh ,d O;fDr }kjk fdlh xyrh vFkok gkfu dh dher pqdkus ds fy, nwljs dks nsuh vko';d gksrh gSA 93) dEihVSal vkMZj % fdlh ofj"B vnkyr dk og vkns'k ftlesa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd izfroknh ekufld :i ls eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysus esa leFkZ gSA blesa Vªk;y dksVZ dks vkijkf/kd eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh tkjh j[kus dks dgk tkrk gSA 94) dEihVSalh % fdlh O;fDr dh le>us vkSj laokn djus dh lkeF;Z] fo'ks"k dj fdlh eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh dk lkeuk djus vkSj vius cpko ds fy, vius odhy dks lg;ksx nsus dh lkeF;ZA 95) dEiyseSaV % og O;fDr tks fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds fo:) eqdíek 'kq: djuk pkgrk gSA nhokuh eqdíes esa f'kdk;rÙkkZ oknh gksrk gSA vkijkf/kd eqdíes esa f'kdk;rdÙkkZ jkT; ljdkj gksrh gSA 96) dEiysaV % og dkuwuh nLrkost tks vDlj nhokuh eqdíes dks 'kq: djrk gS vkSj ftldk iz;ksx vkijkf/kd eqdíek 'kq: djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA blesa crk;k tkrk gS fd oknh] izfroknh ds d`R;ksa ds ckjs esa D;k lksprk gS vkSj vnkyr ls lgk;rk ekaxrk gSA bls ^buhf'k;y IyhfMax* ;k ^iSVh'ku* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 97) dEIykbZ % ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk] Lohdkj djuk] ikyu djukA 98) dEiksft+V MªkbZx % ihfM+r O;fDr vFkok fdlh izR;{kn'khZ }kjk fn, x, ekSf[kd o.kZu ds iz;ksx ls fdlh O;kolkf;d iqfyl dykdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k rFkk dfFkr vijk/kh dk fp=kA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 51 99) dUlhyeSaV % fdlh ds }kjk og ckr fNikuk ftls og tkurk gks vkSj ftls crkuk mldk dÙkZO; gksA 100) dfUlfy;s'ku % >xM+k fuiVkus ds fodYi dk ,d :i ftlesa nksuksa i{k vius >xM+s dks rhljs rVLFk i{k ds lkeus ykrs gSa tks ruko dks de djus] laokn dks lq/kkjus rFkk laHkkfor gy dks English/Hindi Legal Glossary 52 le; vijk/k dh izd`fr ls gSA 109) duQS'ku % fdlh ds }kjk ekSf[kd :i ls vFkok fyf[kr :i esa fd, x, vijk/k dks Lohdkj djukA 110) dUQS'ku vkWQ tteSaV % dtZnkj dss fyf[kr C;ku esa fdlh ,slh ckr dk mYys[k gksuk ftlls mlds ØSfMVj dks fcuk dkuwuh dk;Zokgh ds mlds gh f[kykQ fu.kZ; ykxw djokus dh vkKk fey tk;sA 111) dkSUQhMSa'kh;y % og QkbZy vFkok fjdkMZ tks lkoZtfud :i ls ns[kk ugha tk ldrk gSA bls ns[kus dk vf/kdkj dsoy dkuwu rFkk @ vFkok vnkyr dh uhfr ls izkIr gksrk gSA ,slh QkbZyksa vkSj nLrkostksa dks igpku dj fo'ks"k ns[kjs[k esa j[kk tkrk gSA 112) dkSUQhMSaf'k;y fjdkMZ % fdlh eqdíes esa dksbZ ,slh lwpuk tks vke turk dks miyC/k ugha gSA 113) dkSUQhMSaf'k;SfyVh % ftls futh ekudj izdkf'kr u djus ;ksX; ekuk tk,A 114) dfUQLdsV % futh laifÙk dks lkoZtfud iz;ksx ds fy, dCts esa ysukA 115) dfUQyDV vkWQ bUVªSLV % tc ,d gh le; vkids nks vyx&vyx fgr gksaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] og odhy tks ,d gh le; nksuksa i{kksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] mldk O;ogkj mfpr ugha gks ldrk gSA 116) dUQkSuZ dkSiht+ % ewy dkih ls feyrh&tqyrh udy rS;kj djuk] mnkgj.k ds fy, gLrk{kj rFkk fefr;ksa ds izfr:i lfgr udyA 117) dUÝUVs'ku jkbZV % ml iq:"k @ L=kh izfroknh dk vius f[kykQ xokgksa ds vkeus&lkeus gksu dk vf/kdkjA lk/kkj.kr% bleas xokgksa ls iz'u iwNus vkSj ,srjkt djus dk vf/kdkj] vkSj O;fDrxr :i ls xokgksa }kjk xokgh nsuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA 118) dUlSX;fuVh dksysVjy % mu nks O;fDr;ksa ds chp fj'rsnkjh tks ,d gh oa'k ls laca/k j[krs gSa] ijUrq ijLij iwoZt vFkok vxzt ugha gSaA tSls pkpk rFkk Hkrhts dk laca/kA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 53 119) dUlSaX;wfuVh yhfu;y % mu nks O;fDr;ksa ds chp fj'rsnkjh ftuesa ls ,d nwljs dk lh/kk vxzt gS tSls iq=k ,oa firk] nknk vkSj blh izdkj Åij dh vksj iwoZtksa ds lh/ks Øe esa] vFkok ikS=k] vkSj izikS=k ds chp vkSj bl izdkj uhps dh vksj vxztksa ds lh/ks Øe esa fj'rsnkjhA 120) dUtSfDVo lSaVSalst+ % nks ;k nks ls vf/kd vogsyukvksa ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dks nh xbZ nks mÙkjksÙkj ltk,a] tks ,d ds lekIr gksus ds ckn nwljh 'kq: gksrh gSA 121) dUt+josVh % og tks viuh ns[kHkky Lo;a ugha dj ldrk vkSj ftldh ns[kHkky vnkyr }kjk fu;qDr O;fDr dks djuh iM+rh gSA 122) dUt+josVj % vnkyr }kjk fu;qDr fd;k x;k og O;fDr tks fdlh ,sls O;fDr dh ns[kHkky djrk gS tks viuh ns[kHkky Lo;a ugha dj ldrk] vFkok tks mldh laifÙk vFkok nksuksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA 123) dUtjosVjf'ki % vnkyr dh og dk;Zokgh ftlds }kjk dksbZ tt fdlh ,sls O;fDr dh fu;qfDr djrk gS tks fdlh O;Ld dh O;fDrxr vko';drkvksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gS rFkk @ vFkok mlds /ku dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA 124) dUlSaV % fdlh fu.kZ; vFkok le>kSrs ds ikyu ds fy, nh xbZ fyf[kr lgefrA 125) dUlhMªs'ku % og dkj.k] dher vFkok izsfjr djus okyh uSfrd 'kfDr tks fdlh O;fDr dks le>kSrk djus ij et+cwj djrh gSA 126) dUlkSyhMs'ku vkQ % tc de ls de mu nks eqdíeksa dks ,d lkFk ,d lewg esa j[kk tk, ,sD'kul ftu esa nksuksa i{kksa ds yksx ,d leku gksaA 127) dUlkSfVZ;e] ykSl vkQ % ifr vkSj iRuh ds chp ;kSu&laca/k cukus dh vleFkZrk 128) dkSaLihjslh % tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr fdlh vijk/k dks djus ds fy, lger gksrs gSa vkSj og vijk/k djus dh fn'kk esa dk;Z djrs gSaA 129) dUlVªsfDVo ikst+S'ku % tc dksbZ oLrq okLrfod :i ls fdlh ds ikl ugha gksrh ijUrq og tkucw> dj bl ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA 130) dkaLVhV~;w'ku % gekjs ns'k dk og dsUnzh; dkuwu tks bldh lÙkk dh jpuk] Lo:i rFkk laxBu dks LFkkfir djrk gS vkSj ml lRrk dk iz;ksx dSls fd;k English/Hindi Legal Glossary 54 tkrk gS] ;g Hkh fuf'pr djrk gSA blesa fu;eksa] fl)karksa] ljdkjh lÙkk dk o.kZu rFkk fdlh jk"Vª vFkok jkT; ds yksxksa ds eq[; vf/kdkj 'kkfey gksrs gSaA 131) dkaLVhV~;w'ku jkbZV % la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds lafo/kku esa xkjaVh izkIr vf/kdkj] ftudh O;k[;k la?kh; vnkyrksa }kjk dh tkrh gS] fdlh vU; lafo/kku esa xkjaVh izkIr vf/kdkj Hkh blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA 132) dUVSéj % og ftlus vnkyr ds fdlh vkns'k dh vogsyuk dh gksA 133) dUVSaizsjh dE;wfuVh % tks laiw.kZ leqnk; dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa Lohdk;Z gksA blds ekin.M dh LVSaMMZ tkap vko';d :i ls ml fo"k;&oLrq ds fu"i{k fu/kkZj.k ij vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg, tks laiw.kZ leqnk; dks vLohdk;Z gksA bl ekeys esa lfEefyr fo"k;&oLrq ds ckjs esa vkids O;fDrxr] lkekftd vFkok uSfrd fopkjksa ij /;ku ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSA 134) dUVSEiV vkQ dksVZ % vnkyr ds fdlh vkns'k dh voekuuk] ftldh ltk tqekZuk ;k tsy gks ldrh gSA 135) dUVhU;w,sal % fdlh eqdíes dh lquokbZ dks vxyh is'kh dh ferh rd VkyukA 136) daVhU;wbe ,sDlDywflo % og fl)kar ftlds vuqlkj ,d leku O;fDr;ksa esa ,d gh le; twfjfLMD'ku vkfFkZd lgk;rk dk dsoy ,d gh vkns'k oS| gksrk gSA vkSj tc dksbZ vnkyr fdlh cPps ds fy, lgk;rk jkf'k ds eqdíes dh lquokbZ djrh gS rks ;g ml vkns'k esa dqN dj ldrh gS ;k mls cny ldrh gSA fujarj ,dkf/kdkj okyh vnkyr lgk;rk&jkf'k okys eqdíes ij rc rd bl ij fu;a=k.k j[krh gS tc rd dksbZ nwljh vnkyr bls vius ikl u ys tk,A bldh ifjHkk"kk ;wuhQkseZ baVj&LVsV QSfeyh liksVZ ,sDV esa nh xbZ gSA 137) dUVªDV % ¼1½ nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds chp fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z dks djus ;k u djus dh lgefr] ¼2½ nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds chp og lgefr ftlds }kjk fdlh oS/kkfud laca/k dks cuk;k] cnyk ;k English/Hindi Legal Glossary 55 lekIr fd;k tkrk gSA 138) dUVªhC;wVjh uSXyhtSal % og oS/kkfud fl)kar tks ;g crkrk gS fd ;fn ykijokgh ds nhokuh eqdíeksa esa oknh Hkh fdlh izdkj ykijokg Fkk rks og iq:"k @ L=kh izfroknh dh ykijokgh ds fy, izfroknh ls gtkZuk olwy ugha dj ldrk gSA 139) daVªksYM lClVkalst+ % dkuwu }kjk igpkuh xbZ dksbZ ,slh nok ftldh miyC/krk lhfer gksA ;fn dksbZ vU;Fkk mYys[k u gks rks og nok] inkFkZ vFkok rkRdkfyd iwoZxkeh tks gSYFk ,s.M ls¶Vh dksM ds lSD'kut 11054] 11055] 11056] 11057 vFkok 11058 dh fdlh lwph esa 'kkfey gksA 140) dUo'kZu % fdlh nwljs ds lkeku vFkok futh laifÙk ij xyr English/Hindi Legal Glossary 56 fuf'pr pksV vFkok gkfu igqaph gS vkSj ml fo'ks"k pksV vFkokgkfu dk lzksr og vkijkf/kd gR;k gh FkkA 147) dksjkscksjsV % izek.k nsdj iqf"V djuk] vf/kd fuf'pr cukukA 148) dksjkscksjsfVax ,sohMSal % os vuqiwjd izek.k tks izkFkfed izek.k dh iqf"V djrs gSaA 149) dksjkscksjs'ku % fdlh izR;{kn'khZ xokg ds c;ku ds leFkZu vFkok fdlh rF; }kjk izek.k dh iqf"VA 150) djIVyh % csbZekuh lsA 151) dkSLVl~ % ¼1½ dksbZ eqdíek nk;j djus ds fy, vFkok fdlh fu.kZ; dks ykxw djokus ds fy, fdlh i{k }kjk pqdkbZ tkus okyhQhl vFkok [kpsZA ¼2½ fdlh nhokuh eqdíes esa thrus okys dks [kpks± ds Hkqxrku ds fy, fnyokbZ xbZ jkf'kA 152) dkavly % eqofDdy dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okys @ okys odhyA bldk vFkZ dkuwuh lykg Hkh gSA 153) dkÅaly Vscy % og LFkku tgka eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku nksuksa i{kksa ds odhy vkSj vfHk;kstu i{k ds odhy cSBrs gSaA 154) dkÅaV % fdlh vkijkf/kd eqdíes esa izR;sd fHké&fHké vkjksi ¼vFkok C;ku½ 155) dkÅaVj&Dyse % fdlh eqdíes esa oknh vFkok izfroknh }kjk yxk;k x;k og vkjksi tks nwljs i{k ds nkos ds fo:) tkrk gSA 156) dkÅaVj QhV % vuf/kd`r :i ls udy rS;kj djuk vkSj udy dks vly ds :i esa pykdj /kks[kk/kM+h ds mís'; ls tkylkth djukA 157) dkÅaVh tsy % LFkkfud vijk/k&{ks=k ds rFkkdfFkr vijkf/k;ksa vkSj ltk izkIr vijkf/k;ksa dks fgjklr esa j[kus ds fy, cuh bekjrA 158) dksVZ % tt vFkok ttksa dk og lewg ftudk dke eqdíeksa dh lquokbZ dj yksxksa dks U;k; iznku djuk gSA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 57 159) dksVZ vikSbaVsM LiS'ky % ;s os Lo;alsoh gksrs gSa tks viekfur vkSj v.kgsfyr cPpksa dk ,sMoksdsV izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA 160) dksVZ vVSUMSaV % ;s pqfuUnk vnkyrksa esa lhfer lqj{kk&laca/kh rFkk DySjhdy lsokvksa rFkk fu.kkZ;d e.Myksa] xokgksa] odhyksa rFkk vke yksxksa ds chp lEidZ }kjk vnkyr ds dkedkt esa lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA 161) dksVZ ,sMfefuLVªsVj % vnkyr }kjk fu;qDr fd;k x;k vFkok p;u fd;k x;k og vf/kdkjh ¼dksVZ DydZ½ tks vnkyr ds iz'kklfud rFkk xSj&U;kf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ij /;ku nsrk gksA 162) dksVZ ,sikSbafVM % vnkyr ds }kjk fdlh ,sls izfroknh dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy, dkÅaly fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k odhy tks odhy dh lsok,a ysus dk [kpZ ogu ugha dj ldrk gksA 163) dksVZ dkSLVl % odhy dh Qhl dks NksM+dj fdlh ij eqdíek pykus vFkok vius cpko ij vkus okyk [kpZA thrus okys O;fDr dks vius [kpks± dh iwfrZ ds fy, dqN jkf'k eatwj dh tk ldrh gS tks gkjus okys i{k ls olwy dh tk ldrh gSA 164) dksVZ vkQ fjdkMZ % og vnkyr tgka eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh dks fjdkMZ fd;k tkrk gS] mldk vuqokn fd;k tkrk gS rFkk LFkk;h fjdkMZ j[kk tkrk gSA 165) dksVZ vkMZj % fdlh U;kf;d vf/kdkjh }kjk fy;k x;k og fu.kZ; ftlds vUrxZr fdlh O;fDr dks dqN vf/kdkj fn, tkrs gSa vFkok fdlh dks dqN djus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA 166) dksVZ fjiksVZj % og O;fDr tks vnkyr esa dgh x;h gj ckr dks Dyecn djrk gSA fjdkMZ dh xbZ lkexzh dks VªkalfØIV dgk tkrk gSA 167) dksVZ Vªk;y % fu.kkZ;d e.My dh vuqifLFkfr esa eqdíes dh lquokbZA eqdíes dk fu.kZ; ,d tt }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA 168) dksVZ] vihyl % dqN izkarksa esa mPpre vihyh; vnkyr gh bl ckr dk fu.kZ; djrh gS fd eqdíes dh lquokbZ dh tk;s ;k ughaA 169) dksVZ] fMfLVªDV % ¼1½ la?kh; & og Vªk;y dksVZ ftls la?kh; vf/kdkj {ks=k izkIr gSA ¼2½ izkar & fHké&fHké izkarksa esa bldk vFkZ fHké&fHké gSA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 58 170) dksVZ tqoSukbZy % og vnkyr ftls ,d fo'ks"k vk;q] vDlj 18 o"kZ ds cPpksa ls lacaf/kr eqdíeksa dh lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA bu eqdíeksa esa lekt&fojks/kh] vkfJr rFkk vogsfyr cPpksa ds eqdíes 'kkfey gksrs gSaA 171) dksVZ] ukbZV % og fo'ks"kr vnkyr tks nsj 'kke rd rFkk lqcg&losjs eqdíeksa dh lquokbZ djrh gSA 172) dksVZ] lqihfj;j % Vªk;y dksVZ] fHké&fHké jkT;ksa esa bldk vFkZ fHké&fHké gSA 173) dksVZ] VªSfQd % og fo'ks"kr vnkyr tks VªSfQd laca/kh vijk/kksa ds eqdíeksa dh lquokbZ djrh gSA 174) dVZlh % dEI;wVj }kjk tkjh og uksfVl tks vkerkSj ij izfroknh dks VªSfQd fu;eksa ds mYya?ku ds ckn vnkyr esa is'kh dh ferh rFkk tekur vkfn ds ckjs esa lwfpr djus ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gSA 175) dksVZ:e % vnkyr Hkpu dk og Hkkx tgka tt cSBdj eqdíeksa dh lquokbZ djrk gSA 176) dksVZ :i DydZ % vnkyr ds dejs esa fu;qDr deZpkjh tks vnkyrh dk;Zokgh esa mifLFkr jg dj dkuwuh] uhfr;ksa vkSj tt ds funsZ'kkuqlkj vnkyrh dk;Zokgh dk fjdkMZ rS;kj djrk gS] xokgksa rFkk fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lnL;ksa dks 'kiFk xzg.k djokrk gS rFkk xokgh ds rkSj ij is'k fd, nLrkostksa dks laHkky dj j[krk gSA 177) ØSfMfcfyVh % fdlh iq:"k @ L=kh izR;{kn'khZ dk og xq.k tks mldh xokgh dks fo'oluh;rk iznku djrk gSA 178) ØSfMV % pSd tkjh djus okys vkSj fdlh ,sls O;fDr vFkok laLFkk ftlds [kkrs ij og pSd tkjh fd;k x;k gks ds chp ,slk izca/k vFkok le>kSrk fd pSd izLrqr djus ij mldh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku dj fn;k tk,xkA 179) ØkbZe % vki ds }kjk fy;k x;k vFkok u fd;k x;k og dk;Z ftlds dkj.k futh dkuwu dk mYya?ku gksrk gSA ;fn vki nks"kh ik, tkrs gSa rks English/Hindi Legal Glossary 59 vkidks e`R;qnaM fn;k tk ldrk gS] tsy tkus dh ltk nh tk ldrh gS] tqekZuk fd;k tk ldrk gS] ukSdjh ls fudkyk tk ldrk gS] fdlh lEekutud in vFkok ykHk ds in ds fy, v;ksX; ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA 180) fØfeuy % dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr ftls fdlh vijk/k vFkok dqdeZ ds fy, ltk feyh gksA 181) fØehuy dsl % og vnkyrh eqdíek tks fdlh vijk/k ds dkj.k vkjaHk gksrk gSA 182) fØfeuy dUMDV % vkijkf/kd LoHkko vFkok ftlesa vijk/k lfEefyr gksA 183) fØfeuy bulsfuVh % fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z dks djus vFkok mls djus ls cpus ds fy, ekufld lkeF;Z dh dehA lgh vkSj xyr esa varj djus dh vleFkZrkA 184) fØfeuy uSXyhtSal % os d`R; tks mxzrkiw.kZ] nqLlkglh vkSj yTtktud gks vkSj tks leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d lk/kkj.k le>nkj] lko/kku O;fDr ds O;ogkj ls esy u [kkrs gksa vkSj tks ekuo thou ds izfr mfpr lEeku ds foijhr gks vFkok mu d`R;ksa ds ifj.kke ds izfr ykijokgh izdV djrs gksaA 185) fØfeuy fjdkMZ % ¼1½ fxj¶rkjh dk fjdkMZ & ftruh ckj fdlh O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh gqbZ gks] mu lcdk fyf[kr ys[kk&tks[kk ¼2½ fdlh O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh ds le; fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk Hkjk tkus okyk QkeZA 186) fØfeuy LVªhV xSax % ,slk dksbZ laxBu] laLFkk vFkok rhu ;k rhu ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dk lewg ftldh izkFkfed xfrfof/k;ksa esa ,d ;k vf/kd vkijkf/kd dk;Z djuk 'kkfey gS] ftudk ,d lkewfgd uke vFkok igpku fpUg gksrk gS vkSj ftlds lnL; O;fDrxr vFkok lkewfgd :i ls vkijkf/kd fxjksg dh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs gksa ;k fy;k gksA 187) fØfeuy lEeul % og vkns'k ftlds }kjk fdlh vkjksih dks vnkyr esa mifLFkr gksus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 60 188) ØkSl&Dyse % oknh ¼okfn;ksa½ rFkk izfroknh ¼izfrokfn;ksa½ }kjk&,d nwljhs ds fo:) nk;j fd, x, nkosA 189) ØkSl&,sXtkfeus'ku % tc fojks/kh i{k dk odhy lquokbZ vFkok eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku fdlh xokg ls iz'u iwNrk gSA 190) D;wewysfVo lSaVSlst+ % os nks ;k nks ls vf/kd tsy tkus dh ltk,a tks lkFk&lkFk Hkqxrus dh vis{kk ,d ds ckn nwljh Hkqxruh iM+rh gSaA 191) dLVksfM;jy isjsaV % og ekrk ;k firk tks cPpksa dh izkFkfed ns[kHkky] fgQktr rFkk fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA 192) dLVMh % ¼1½ tc dksbZ 'kkjhfjd :i ls vnkyr ds fu;a=k.k esa gks rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd og O;fDr] tc vko';d gks] vnkyr esa mifLFkfr gks lds] ¼2½ tc dksbZ tt fdlh O;fDr dks vijk/k dk nks"kh ik, tkus ds ckn tsy Hkst nsrk gS] ¼3½ cPpksa dh ns[kjs[k vkSj mu ij fu;a=k.kA 193) dLVMh vkMZj % vnkyr dk og vkns'k ftlesa crk;k tkrk gS fd cPpk fdlds lkFk jgsxk vkSj mlds LokLF; dh ns[k&js[k] f'k{kk rFkk vU; egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; fdldks ysuk pkfg,A 194) dLVe % yksxksa dk og jhfr&fjokt+ vFkok ijaijk tks muds }kjk lkewfgd Lohd`fr ls viuk;s tkus ds dkj.k vfuok;Z cu x, gSaA English/Hindi Legal Glossary 61