Genetic Variation and Micro-Genetic Differentiation Among Tribal Populations of Jharkhand, India

Full Length Research Paper

Genetic variation and micro-genetic differentiation among tribal populations of Jharkhand, India

B. N. Pandey, Ranjana Kumari, Anita Mishra, Md. Jahangeer Kumar D. and A. K.Ojha*

Eco-Genetical Research Laboratory P.G. Department of Zoology Purnea College Purnia Bihar (India) *Department of Zoology Rajendra College, Bolangir,Odisha (India)

Accepted 14 July, 2012

Tribal populations provide a unique opportunity for understanding the process of genetic adaptation to varied environmental stresses and the role of natural selection and genetic drift in shaping their genetic structure. Such studies are not only important but also urgent. Since these tribes are fastly losing their identity due to opening of means of communication and advancing frontiers of mining, urbanization and industrialization. Some of the smaller groups are in fact vanishing as a result of migration and destructions of their habitats. Keeping this aim in mind, present work was undertaken which deals with genetic variation and micro-genetic differentiation among seven tribal groups of Jharkhand state. The present study, association between the population structure variables (ABO, Rh, PTC taste ability, Colour blindness, ADA, ACP, AK, GLO, GPI, PGM and EsD) was investigated among the seven endogamous tribal populations of Jharkhand state. The phenotypic and gene frequency of 11 common loci show wide differentiation between the populations. In general blood group B is predominant. Rh negative frequency is the highest in Santhal and non-taster frequency is highest among Ho. The frequency of colour blindness is highest among Munda. The average heterozygosity was found highest in Ho and least in Kharia. The genetic distance study reveal that Santhal, Ho and Oraon are close while Bhumij is far away from the rest. Kharia and Korwa populations fall in one cluster. In the seven tribal population group of present study, only a small fraction of the total gene diversity accounts for the inter population genetic variation whereas the major of total diversity is due to intra population variation. The coefficient of gene differentiation reveals that the populations are at an early stage of genetic differentiation. On the whole Bhumij shows the influence of large range of gene flow than that of others.

Keywords: Tribal Population, Gene diversity, Genetic distance, Heterozygosity, Endogamous, Jharkhand.

INTRODUCTION

Understanding the extent and pattern of genetic variation are in primary explanatory variables. Besides this other and explain the plausible causative factors among human associated population structure variables also play an population are the major objectives of anthropological important role. However, the relative importance of these genetics. Studies among Indian populations have shown explanatory variables vary between populations, so that wide genetic diversity characterized by gradients of gene to discern a general trend, studies on large scale frequencies of uneven distribution of very high or low covering many populations over a region and small scale frequencies of a few characters scattered in some local studies especially specific populations are populations (Malhotra and Vasulu, 1993; Majumdar and important. In this respect, regional level studies among to Mukharjee, 1993). Attempts to explain the causative discern the genetic diversity at the local population (e.g. factors of this uneven pattern distribution have shown tribal) is expected to reveal a better resolution of the that geographical contiguity and ethno-historical factors possible causative factors evolved. Indeed such regional studies in some specific populations have revealed the role of population structure in explaining the pattern of genetic variation, the results of which vary in different Corresponding Author E-mail:[email protected] populations (Jorde et al., 1982). For example, the pattern Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 148

of affinity between the two neighboring populations of calculated along with other tribal of Jharkhand, utilizing Himachal Pradesh, especially Kamte and Kotis are due to previous data. admixture with the neighboring Tibetans (Papiha, 1985). Despite Dhangers a caste cluster of 23 endogamous groups widely distributed throughout the Maharashtra RESULTS AND DISCUSSION state, the extent of genetic differentiation ( based on 21 loci) between the local groups of Konda Doras of Andhra ABO blood groups Pradesh (Walter et al., 1981). These types of studies are limited and several regions have not been fully The frequency of blood group B was highest In the investigated. Bihar and Jharkhand are such regions, present investigation blood group A was found highest in where, due to several constraints, only very few studies Oraon followed by O and B. the quite interesting feature have been conducted (Pandey et al., 1993a, 1993b, is the absent of blood group AB in Oraon. Korwa 1994, 1995, 1999, 2002) and there is a dearth of such manifested highest frequency of blood group B followed studies in several endogamous population of this region. by A and O. Thus, in Oraon the frequency of blood group The present paper reports genetic structure of Oraon and is A>O>B>AB and in Korwa B>A>O>AB (Table -1). Korwa as well as their genetic relationship with the other However, previous studies done by Sarkar(1949), Kirk et tribals of Jharkhand, using various population genetic al., (1962) and Sharma (1976) on the Oraon of structure models, and utilizing gene frequency data from Chhotanagpur plateau have revealed the predominance eleven genetic loci. of blood group B. But Bhatia et al., (1986) have reported predominance of blood group A in the Oraon of Ambikapur (M.P.). Pandey et al., (1993a) have also Materials and Methods reported predominance of blood group A in the migrant Oroan of Purnia district. Piplai et al.,(1985) have found For the study of 11 genetic parameters 236 non related predominance of blood group B in the migrant Oraon of individuals were selected from two tribal group viz. Oraon Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. Lehman and Ikin (131) and Korwa (105), randomly from two study blocks (1953) have reported higher percentage of blood group B of Gumla district. PTC taste sensitivity was done on spot in the immigrant labourers of Andman(south). Highest to segregate the tasters and non-tasters by adopting the frequency of blood group B in the Korwa of Palamau has sorting methods of Harris et al., (1949) as described by been reported by Sarkar(1949), it has been reported that Das (1956a). The colour blindness taste were performed if the dispersal distance are very short, the mates born on male population only using a series of plates designed are very close to each other Smith (1989). Korwas of as a test for colour blindness (38 plate edition) by Gumla district are migrant of Palamau the distance from Ishihara (1964) and diagnosed according to instruction Gumla to Palamau is nearly 200 Km. the similarity in manual. The test was conducted on spot and when a blood group of Korwa of Palamau and Gumla may be due subject was detected colourblind, utmost care was taken to short dispersal distance. Such finding has been with repeating the reading by the same observed and reported by Pandey et al., (1993 and 1994), in the confirmation by another independent observer. Kharwar population of Bhagalpur and Kisan population of For blood grouping (ABO and Rh) and red cell enzyme Purnia district which are Migrant of Ranchi. Race and polymorphisms, blood samples were collected in Sanger (1958) also reported that isolated migrants sterilized vials containing ethyldiaminetetraacitic acid retained the ABO distribution of their place of origin for (EDTA) as the anticoagulant. Blood grouping were several centuries rather than conferring to that of performed by the slide agglutination method using surrounding populations. However, Majumdar (1943) has antisera A1 , A2 , B and D (anti- A1 , anti- A2 , anti-B and reported highest frequency of blood group A in the Korwa anti-D ). of U.P. which might be due to geographical isolation and The horizontal electrophoresis was carried out for the temporal variation. typing of red cell enzymes from haemolysates using techniques described by Harris and Hopkinson (1976) for AP and GPI; Scott and Fowler (1982) for GLO; Murch et Rh blood groups al., (1986) for ADA and AK Wraxall and Stolorow (1986) for PGM and EsD. According to Roy Choudhury (1983) the Rh (d) gene is The phenotypic and gene (allele) frequencies of all the the most lacking in some tribes of Bihar, Orissa and 11 traits were estimated as per methods proposed by South India, Roy Choudhury, (1992) have been reported Mourant et al., (1976); Harris and Kalmus (1950) and complete absence of ‘d’ gene in tribal populations of Ishihara (1964). Both Nei’s maximum genetic distance Bihar, Kirk et al.,(1962) found no Rh in the Oraon of (Nei, 1973) and R-matrix were calculated after Ranchi district. Piplai et al.,(1985) reported no case of Rh Harpending and Jenkins (1973). Gene diversity and in his survey of 119 Oraon of Jalpaiguri district. Bhatia et genetic distance of the present populations were al., (1986) have reported two cases of Rh in their survey Pandey et al. 149

Table 1: Frequency of blood groups, ptc and colourblindness among seven tribal populations

SYSTEM ABO PTC SYSTEM Rh SYSTEM PTC COLOUR SENSITIVITY SENSITIVITY PHENOTYPES O A1 A2 A1B A2B B + - TASTER NON- + - TASTER TRIBES TOTAL NO. SANTHAL 193 30.57 24.87 3.11 6.74 1.04 33.68 98.45 1.55 69.08 30.92 98.45 1.55 HO 148 18.24 27.70 3.38 15.54 2.03 33.11 100.00 00 64.86 35.14 98.65 1.35 ORAON 131 34.35 34.35 2.29 0 0 29.01 100.00 00 80.15 98.85 97.71 2.29 MUNDA 125 27.20 32.00 4.80 8.00 4.00 24.00 100.00 00 79.20 20.80 96.00 4.00 BHUMIJ 118 15.29 10.17 6.78 13.56 23.73 30.51 100.00 00 81.36 18.64 98.31 1.69 KHARIA 84 21.43 9.52 4.76 4.76 00 42.86 100.00 00 80.95 19.05 98.81 1.19 KORWA 105 23.81 19.05 4.76 7.62 00 44.76 100.00 00 87.62 12.38 100.00 00

work of Oraon of Ambikapur district (M.P.). Pandey et al., the range from 78.6% 98.5%. Papiha et (1995) have reported complete absence of gene‘d’ in the al.,(1982)reported a comparatively lower frequency of Oraon of Purnia district. In the present study gene ‘d’ was ADA1 among Paliwal Brahmins (82.5% ) and Meena tribe completely absent in both tribal groups (Table 1) (81.5%) and higher frequency among Rajput, Oswal, Mahajan, Bhail and Meghwal (i.e, 88.4, 89.9, 89.0 and PTC taste ability 89.7% respectively) populations of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. The taste sensitivity of phenylthio-carbamide (PTC) was All the three common phenotypes of adenylate kinase found highest in Korwa (87.62). In Oraon the frequency of were present in both the populations. Its highest PTC taste ability was 80.15 (Table1). The frequency of frequency was observed in Oraon (0.9313). Among allele T among Indian population is 45.70% (varies from Indian population the frequency of allele AK1 is 92.4%. 10.80% among Munda of Ranchi, Bihar to 91.20% in the frequency is high among scheduled tribes (94.3%) as scheduled caste of Andhra Pradesh) (Bhasin et al., compared to other ethnic groups. However, in the present 1994). In the present study the frequency of allele T is investigation Korwa manifested somewhat lower 64.81 in Korwa while it is 55.45 in the Oraon (table-3). frequency of allele AK1 i.e, 0.8809%. Papiha et al., (1982) However, the frequency of allele T is quite low from the have also reported comparatively lower frequency of AK1 state of Bihar 0.2980 (Bhasin and Walter, 2000). among six ethnic groups of Udaipur district (Rajasthan). Sarin and Chahal (2002) have Himachal Pradesh (91.61 Colour blindness and 91.56respectively). As far as esterase D (ESD) enzyme system, the The frequency of colour blind males among Indian present Oraon and Korwa showed an EsD1 allele population on average is 36%which varies from complete frequency of 0.6870 and 0.5953 respectively (Table 4). absence to 23.01%.in the present investigation Oraon Saha et al., (1988) have reported frequency of EsD of manifested 2.29% cases of colourblind while in Korwa no 0.5984 and 0.6128 in the Oraon of Bihar and Jalpaiguri. case of colourblind was observed (Table1). Bhasin et The mongoloid population has been reported to have al.,(1994) categorized the studies available on the lower frequency of EsD1 as compared to various Indian population of India and concluded that the difference in populations (Papiha and Nahar, 1977). Among Indian incidence of colourblindness in primitive cultures populations the frequency of allele EsD1 is 72.9 (varies (scheduled tribes) is low as compared to castes, from 41.8 to 97.8%) (Bhasin et al., 1992, 1994). Papiha scheduled caste and communities. et al., (1982) reported lower frequency of EsD 1 among Bhil and Meena tribal groups (41.6% and 69.2% Red cell enzyme polymorphisms respectively) of Rajasthan. The average frequency of EsD1 in the tribal populations of Gumla is 64.11%. Table 2 shows that all the three common phenotypes of The frequency of allele PGM1 was found highest in adenosine deaminase (ADA) system were found present Korwa (0.7858) (Table 4). The allele PGM2 and PGM7 are both in Oraon and Korwa. The frequency of gene ADA1 absent in Korwa while in Oraon allele PGM3 is absent. allele showed a frequency of 0.9085 in Oraon and 0.8190 The average frequency of allele PGM1 is 70% among in Korwa. The frequency of ADA1 allele is 88.20% in populations of India (varies from 44.20 to 95.0%). Among various population groups of India which varies from the scheduled tribe frequency is low (69%) as compared 50.00 to 98.5% (Bhasin et al., 1992, 1994). However, it to other ethnic groups (Bhasin et al., 1992, 1994). In the has been observed that most of population groups fall in present investigation the average frequency of allele Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 150

Table 2: Frequency of red cell enzyme polymorphism among seven tribal populations of east singhbhum

SYSTEM PHENOTYPE TRIBES SANTHAL HO ORAON MUNDA BHUMIJ KHARIA KORWA TOTAL NO. 193 148 131 125 118 84 105 ADA 1-1 83.42 75.00 83.27 74.40 66.95 80.95 66.62 SYSTEM 1-2 15.03 24.32 15.27 25.60 29.66 14.29 28.57 2-2 1.55 0.68 1.52 0 3.39 4.76 3.81 AP A 5.18 10.81 9.92 8.00 3.40 19.05 23.81 SYSTEM AP 34.72 35.81 36.64 27.20 48.30 52.38 52.38 P 60.10 53.38 53.44 64.80 48.30 28.57 23.81 AK 1-1 72.54 82.43 87.79 83.20 81.36 95.24 76.19 SYSTEM 1-2 24.35 16.22 10.69 16.00 18.64 4.76 23.81 2-2 3.11 1.35 1.52 0.80 00 00 00 GLO 1-1 6.74 6.08 18.32 8.00 15.25 2.38 8.57 SYSTEM 1-2 33.68 38.51 27.48 40.80 38.14 19.05 30.48 2-2 59.58 55.41 54.20 51.20 46.61 78.57 60.95 GPI 1 99.48 100 100 98.40 100 95.24 94.29 SYSTEM 1-3 0.52 00 00 1.60 00 00 0.95 1-4 00 00 00 00 00 4.76 4.76 PGM 1-1 44.04 37.84 18.32 44.80 44.07 76.19 66.67 SYSTEM 1-2 37.31 47.97 52.67 40.80 37.29 23.81 23.81 2-2 18.13 14.19 28.24 14.40 18.64 00 9.52 1-3 0.52 00 00 00 00 00 00 1-7 00 00 0.76 00 00 00 00 EsD 1-1 44.04 35.81 41.22 40.00 35.59 14.29 28.57 SYSTEM 1-2 41.45 52.03 54.96 50.40 58.48 76.19 61.91 2-2 13.99 10.81 3.82 9.60 5.93 9.52 9.52 VARIANT 0.52 1.35 00 00 00 00 00

Table 3: Allele frequencies of blood group, ptc and colourblindness among seven tribal populations

LOCUS ABO Rh PTC COLOUR BLINDNESS

ALLELE O A1 A2 B D d T T C C SANTHA 0.5454 0.1823 0.0270 0.2453 0.8753 0.1247 0.4439 0.5561 0.8755 0.1245 L HO 0.4306 0.7393 0.0387 0.2919 1.0000 0.0000 0.4072 0.5928 0.8838 0.1162 ORAON 0.5117 0.2255 0.0182 0.2446 1.0000 0.0000 0.5545 0.4455 0.8487 0.1513 MUNDA 0.5247 0.2357 0.0444 0.1952 1.0000 0.0000 0.5439 0.4561 0.8000 0.1000 BHUMIJ 0.4576 0.1150 0.0923 0.3351 1.0000 0.0000 0.5683 0.4317 0.8700 0.1300 KHARIA 0.6134 0.0687 0.0372 0.2807 1.0000 0.0000 0.5635 0.4365 0.8909 0.1091 KORWA 0.4737 0.1510 0.0452 0.3301 1.0000 0.0000 0.6481 0.3519 1.0000 0.0000

PGM1 is 61.81.which is comparatively lower than the populations of India, the ADP is more (76.6%) varies from average frequency of India. The frequencies of PGM1 and 53.30% to 93.50% than APa (24.20%), ranges between PGM2 for the Oraons of Bihar were found to be 0.70 and 0.25 and 46.70%. Whereas allele APc occurs in very low 0.29 respectively by Saha et al., (1988). Mukharjee et al., frequency 0.02% varies from 0.0 to 5.6% (Bhasin et al., (1975) and Bhattacharya et al.,(1980) reported a PGM2 1992, 1994). frequency of 0.316 and 0.33 in their Oraon samples from All the three common phenotypes of GLOI locus All Ranchi and Andmans respectively. Papiha et al., (1982) were present in both the population groups. In India, The have reported slightly lower frequency (62.8%) of PGM1 average frequency of allele GLO1 is 22.75% (varies from in Meenas tribe of Rajasthan. 7.5 to 38.0 %) (Bhasin and Chahal. 1996). In the present The three common phenotypes of the acid investigation both Oraon and Korwa manifested lower phosphatase locus 1 (ACP) system were found in both frequency of GLO1 (0.3206 and 0.2381 respectively) the population groups. In Korwa population both the gene while the frequency of GLO2 allele is high in both the APa and APp are in equal proportion (Table - 4 ). In the populations. Saha et al., (1988) have also reported higher Pandey et al. 151

Table 4: Allele frequency of red cell enzyme polymorphism among seven tribal populations

LOCUS ALLELE SANTHAL HO ORAON MUNDA BHUMIJ KHARIA KORWA ADA 1 0.9094 0.8716 0.9085 0.8720 0.8178 0.8809 0.8190 2 0.0906 0.1284 0.0915 0.1280 0.1822 0.1191 0.1810 ACP A 0.2254 0.2872 0.2824 0.2160 0.2754 0.4524 0.5000 P 0.7746 0.7128 0.7176 0.7840 0.7246 0.5476 0.5000 AK 1 0.8471 0.9054 0.9393 0.9120 0.9068 0.9762 0.8809 2 0.1529 0.0946 0.0687 0.0880 0.0932 0.0238 0.1191 GLO 1 0.2388 0.2533 0.3226 0.2840 0.3432 0.1191 0.2382 2 0.7643 0.7467 0.6794 0.7160 0.6558 0.8809 0.7619 PGI 1 0.9974 1.0000 1.0000 0.9920 1.0000 0.9562 0.9715 3 0.0026 0.0000 0.0000 0.0080 0.0000 0. 0000 0.0048 4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0238 0.0238 PGM 1 0.6296 0.6183 0.4504 0.6520 0.6272 0.8809 0.7858 2 0.3678 0.3817 0.5458 0.5480 0.3728 0.1191 0.2142 3 0.0025 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0. 0000 0.0000 4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0038 0.0000 0.0000 0. 0000 0. 0000 EsD 1 0.6476 0.6182 0.6870 0.6520 0.6483 0.5238 0.5953 2 0.3472 0.3683 0.3130 0.3480 0.3517 0.4762 0.4047 VARIANT 0.0052 0.0135 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0. 0000 0. 0000

Table 5: Averge heterozygosity per locus among seven tribal population

LOCUS ABO Rh CB PTC ADA ACP AK GLO PGI PGM EsD SANTHAL 0.1141 0.0153 0.2136 0.0461 0.1718 0.1378 0.1757 0.1757 0.0034 0.1268 0.1536 HO 0.1258 - 0.0113 0.2279 0.1261 0.1917 0.0980 0.1803 - 0.1213 0.1473 ORAON 0.1133 - 0.0224 0.1591 0.0947 0.1901 0.0726 0.1990 - 0.1218 0.1316 MUNDA 0.1260 - 0.0384 0.1647 0.1270 0.1665 0.0914 0.1833 0.0105 0.1224 0.1442 BHUMIJ 0.1323 - 0.0166 0.1517 0.1542 0.1774 0.1011 0.2047 - 0.1264 0.1319 KHARIA 0.1096 - 0.0118 0.1542 0.1073 0.2026 0.0302 0.1153 0.0302 0.0726 0.0975 KORWA 0.1164 - 0.0000 0.1085 0.1532 0.2041 0.1209 0.1761 0.0362 0.0979 0.1315 AVERAGE 0.1196 0.0153 0.0196 0.1685 0.1748 0.1863 0.931 0.1771 0.0201 0.1127 0.1339

frequency of GLO2 in the Oraon population of Bihar and more or less homozygous. Much of this genetic similarity Jalpaiguri. Essentially the red cell enzyme glucose among the present populations primarily derives in their phosphate isomerase (GPI) does not show much ethnic background, environmental condition and variation in any population of the world including India. geographical isolation. However, differences in certain Only rare varients are encountered, which sometime genetical parameters may be attributed to marriage of reach polymorphic proportions,especially in some Asion tribal with non- tribal which involves the flow of genes. populations (Papiha and Chahal, 1984 ). In Oraons the allele GPI1 is 100% . In Korwa besides GPI1 ,GPI3 and Heterozygosity GPI4 are also present. Among Indian population the frequency of GPI1 varies from 98.6 to 100% (Bhasin and Heterozygosity (H) is a measure of genetic variability. It is Chahal, 1996). intended to give a compound value of variation from the The variability observed in the distribution of various observed gene frequencies of a population. Average genetical parameters (such as ABO and Rh blood heterozygosity is the average proportion of groups, PTC, colourblindness and red cell enzyme heterozygosity is the average proportion of heterozygotes polymorphism) in the present rural and suburban per locus in a randomly mating population. It is also equal population group of Gumla district suggest that the to the expected proportion of heterozygous loci in a genetic composition of the investigated tribal groups is randomly chosen individual. The H-value calculated for Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 152

Table 6: Expected and observed heterozygosity values among seven tribal populations

Population Expected heterozygosity Observed heterozygosity SANTHAL 0.0636 0.1067 HO 0.0755 0.1120 ORAON 0.0363 0.1004 MUNDA 0.0860 0.1072 BHUMIJ 0.0167 0.1088 KHARIA 0.0035 0.0847 KORWA 0.0449 0.1041

Table 7: Gene diversity measures among seven tribal populations

Locu Gene diversity in the total Intra-populational Inter-populational Coefficient of gene s population (ht) gene diversity (hs) gene diversity (dst) differentiation (gst) ABO 0.8561 0.7235 0.1326 0.1549 PTC 0.6265 0.3371 0.2894 0.4620 CB 0.4479 0.0337 0.4143 0.9249 ADA 0.6424 0.3670 0.2754 0.4287 ACP 0.7649 0.5590 0.2060 0.2692 AK 0.5934 0.2806 0.3128 0.5272 GLO 0.8017 0.5312 0.2706 0.3375 PGM 0.7746 0.5638 0.2109 0.2722 EsD 0.7429 0.5359 0.2970 0.2786 MEAN 0.6945 0.4369 0.2577 0.4061

each locus among seven population groups of Jharkhand the Ho being the most heterozygous and the Kharia the is listed in Table 5. There is great variation in least heterozygous. The average heterozygosity for the heterozygosity values over loci (range 0.0153 – 0.1863). present sample has been found to be 10.34% which is ACP is the most heterozygous locus and Rh is the least near to the value recorded by Nei and Roy choudhury heterozygous. Table – 6 clearly reveals that the (1974) for various ethnic groups. heterozygosity values vary from 0.0847 in Kharia to a According to the harpending and Ward (1982) mdel, maximum of 0.1120 in the Ho. The GLO locus shows under and equilibrium between gene flow and genetic heterozygosity value (0.1771), next to the ACP locus, drift, heterozygosity and distance from centre are maximum value being in Bhumij (0.2044) and minimum in expected to be literally related i.e, Kharia (0.1153). The third locus having a high heterozygous value is recorded in Ho (0.2279) and the E [H1] = Hr (1- rii ) minimum in Korwa (0.1085). for the GPI locus, the average heterozygosity is 0.0201 in which there is no When Hr is the average total of observed heterozygosity value recorded for Ho , Oraon and Bhumij populations for all the seven populations and for all the loci , and rii is while the maximum heterozygosity is observed in Korwa be diagonal elements from the R matrix (Table 8) (0.0362) and the minimum in Santhal (0.0034). (Harpending and Jenkins, 1973). rii is also equivalent to Concerning the colourblindness locus, the Korwa Wright’s Fst’ a measure of genetic differentiation. population shows no heterozygosity and the values range Structure, especially the long range gene flow. A from 0.0113 in Ho to a maximum of 0.0384 in Munda. For population, which shows greater deviation from the ‘Rh’ locus, the heterozygosity value is absent except linearity (or greater the distance from the centroid ), Santhal, in which it is 0.0153 (table 5). This heterogeneity suggests that the genetic differentiation can be attributed in heterozygous values would simply be a genetic to long range gene flow and inversely lesser the deviation consequence of the population structure or it may , lesser the influence of genetic differentiation and show indicate the effect of natural selection operating among lesser heterozygosity level. However, this interpretation is the population groups of the present study. The average based on the assumption on the model, especially (a) heterozygosity value calculated for each of the seven constant effective size of the population, (b) constant population groups over 11 loci are presented in Table 6 inter- population migration over time and (c) symmetric showing a little variation from one population to another, number of migrants between populations. Pandey et al. 153

Table 8 : Harpending and jenkins rii matrix values for seven tribal populations

POPULATIONS SANTHAL HO ORAON MUNDA BHUMIJ KHARIA KORWA SANTHAL 0.41749 HO 0.10181 0.30889 ORAON 0.07285 0.02713 0.66723 MUNDA 0.07016 0.07111 0.08374 0.26100 BHUMIJ 0.21969 0.07746 0.22111 0.02234 1.15284 KHARIA 0.24042 0.22009 0.31166 0.27517 0.37779 0.96789 KORWA 0.20220 0.15713 0.26392 0.18851 0.23443 0.45725 0.58894

Table 9: Harpending and jenkins genetic distance among seven tribal populations

POPULATIONS SANTHAL HO ORAON MUNDA BHUMIJ KHARIA KORWA SANTHAL 417.49 HO 522.76 308.87 ORAON 939.01 1030.37 667.23 MUNDA 538.17 427.66 760.75 261.00 BHUMIJ 2009.73 1616.64 2262.28 1458.52 1152.84 KHARIA 1166.23 1716.97 2258.44 1779.23 2876.33 967.89 KORWA 1410.84 1212.09 1784.01 1226.96 2210.65 642.33 588.94

Though it is difficult to test whether the above present population groups are at an early stage of assumptions in the present study, but supposing that they genetic differentiation. hold in good in seven population of Jharkhand. According to the model, the relationships between observed and Genetic distance expected heterozygosities are disturbed in Table 6. It can be observed from the diagram that the distribution of Genetic distance is simply a tool to investigate the seven populations shows close similarity with the pattern relationship among a set of populations (Balkrishnan, obtained from the clustering pattern or dendogram 1988). It may not necessary establish any exact (Figure 1). Especially Santhal, Munda, Ho and Oraon are phylogenetic relationship between them. In the present close, to each other while Bhumij is far away and distant study, the lowest genetic distance (427.66)has been from the rest. observed between Munda and Ho, while the highest Overall, under which assumption, it can be said that the distance (1458.52) was to and between Bhumij and Munda population structure has least deviation from the Munda.the genetic distance between the seven original population stock, Whereas Ho and Oraon shows population is shown in Table 9 and Figure1. From the the maximum deviation suggesting a large gene flow. In dendrogram, it is quite clear that case of the rest populations, the extent of large gene flow is less than that of Bhumij population. (i). Bhumij separated from the main stock at an early stage of microgenetic differentiation. Gene diversity (ii). Oraon also separated from the common cluster of the five groups at an early stage. In the present study, the total gene diversity (HT) is (ii). Munda, Ho and Santhal form one cluster, though 0.6945 among the seven population groups, which have Munda and Ho manifest the lowest genetic distance. been analyzed. The two intra population gene diversity (iv). Korwa and Kharia form one cluster. (HS) is 0.4369and inter population gene diversity (DST) is 0.2577 (Table 7). This shows that gene diversity between It has been reported that in spite of geographical population groups is much more than the gene diversity proximity of tribes with caste populations, the tribes within the population group. In other words, only a small remain isolated in most of the regions with reference to fraction of total gene diversity is due to the differences historical, soci-cultural and genetic perspective (Kapoor, between population groups, while a large part of gene 2000). The tribes living in different regions are not diversity is attributed to the individual variation within the genetically similar .there gene tic differentiation is population groups. Furthermore, it also suggests that the influenced more by geographical proximity than the other Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 154

Figure 1. Observed and Expected Heterozygosity values in seven tribal populations

Figure 2.Dendrogram showing the affinity between seven tribal populations of east Singhbhum (Jamshedpur) base on harpending and Jenkins genetic distance Pandey et al. 155

factors. The tribes who are geographically close have Harris, H, Kalmus, H (1949a). The measurement of taste sensitivity to small genetic distances than those living apart. Same PTC. Ann. Eugen., 15 : 24-31. Harris, H, Kalmus, H (1949b). Genetical differences in taste sensitivity thing can be said about the tribal population of the to phenyl thiourea and to Anti-thyroid substances. Nature, Lond., 763 present study. Side by side, the genetic diversity among : 878-879. tribal population of the present study do reflect Isihara, S (1964). Taste for colourblindness. 38 plates edition. H. K. differences at individual locus. Lewis and Co., London. Jorde, LB, Workman, PL, Erickson, AW (1982). Genetic microevolution Thus it may be concluded that all these population in Aland Island in Finland In: Current developments in groups arose through a common ancestor and changed Anthropological Genetics. Vol. 2 (eds.) M.H. Crawford and J.H. 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