A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhumij People of India

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DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2015-026

Troy Bailey and Loren Maggard A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhumij People of India

Troy Bailey and Loren Maggard

Researchers: Troy Bailey Marshal Joshua Loren Maggard Chacko Mathew M. S. Rajeev

SIL International® 2015

Abstract

This sociolinguistic survey of the Bhumij people in the states of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal had as a goal to determine whether language development would be feasible in the languages of Bhumij and Mundari. Preliminary sociolinguistic research was carried out, and data collection took place between September and mid-December 1996. Language use patterns among the Bhumij were found to vary from region to region. In Bihar, the Bhumij speak Bhumij primarily in the home and family domains. In Orissa, it appears that in the northern part of Mayurbhanj district, the Bhumij are in the process of shifting to Oriya, while the Bhumij in the southern part of the district continue to speak Bhumij as the vernacular. In West Bengal, in only a few isolated spots do the people retain Bhumij as their mother tongue. The researchers found no indication of negative attitudes toward the Mundari people or language which might prevent the Bhumij from accepting Mundari literature. Consequently, it is recommended that a dialect adaptation for the Bhumij be considered low priority, and proposed that Mundari literature be utilised for the Bhumij-speaking community. Literacy rates among the Bhumij population are quite low (15%), although responses to the survey questionnaires appear to indicate a favourable attitude toward literacy. The choice of script is an important issue to be addressed. The maps in this report were created by author Troy Bailey.

(This survey report, written some time ago, deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions were such that it could not be published when originally written. Thus, the reader is cautioned that more recent research may be available. However, even if available, historical data is quite valuable as it provides a basis for a longitudinal analysis, and at the same time helps us understand both the trajectory and the pace of change as compared with more recent studies.—Editor)

Contents

Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 People 1.1.1 Geography and population 1.1.2 Historical background 1.1.3 Society and culture 1.2 Language 1.2.1 Classification 1.2.2 Nomenclature 1.2.3 Key sources 1.2.4 Sociolinguistic aspects of Bhumij speech 1.2.5 Linguistic aspects of Bhumij speech 1.2.6 Relationship between Bhumij and Mundari 1.3 Previous survey 1.4 Purpose and goals 2 Linguistic aspects of Bhumij speech found in this survey 2.1 Lexical similarity comparison 2.1.1 Procedures 2.1.2 Site selection 2.1.3 Results and analysis 2.2 Intelligibility testing 2.2.1 Procedures 2.2.2 Site selection 2.2.3 Results and analysis 3 Social aspects of Bhumij speech found in this survey 3.1 Language use 3.1.1 Language use in Bihar 3.1.2 Language use in Orissa 3.1.3 Language use in West Bengal 3.2 Language attitudes 3.2.1 Attitudes toward the mother tongue 3.2.2 Attitudes toward Mundari 3.2.3 Receptivity toward language development 3.3 Bilingualism 4 Recommendations Appendix A Appendix B1 Appendix B2 Appendix B3 Appendix C Appendix D References

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Preface

This sociolinguistic survey of the Bhumij people in the states of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal was sponsored by the Indian Institute for Cross Cultural Communication (IICCC). The primary interest of IICCC is in developing mother tongue literature and promoting literacy among the minority groups of India. To determine whether this type of work would be feasible in a particular language, preliminary sociolinguistic research is supported by the organisation. Data collection for this project took place between September and mid-December 1996. We are appreciative of the many Bhumij people who shared information about their society and language, answered questions, and participated in comprehension testing. The survey team trusts this sociolinguistic report accurately reflects our brief investigation and study among them.

December 1996 Visakhapatnam, INDIA

1 Introduction

1.1 People

1.1.1 Geography and population

The Bhumij people inhabit a three-state region in India – Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. The group is classified as a scheduled tribe in all three states (Singh 1993). According to the 1981 census, the Bhumij population in Bihar is 136,109, located primarily in the Ranchi, Paschim Singhbhum and Purba Singhbhum districts. In Orissa, the census returns give 157,614 Bhumij people (Singh 1994:170). About half of this total resides in Mayurbhanj district with smaller numbers in Balasore, Keonjhar and Sundargarh districts (Das Patnaik 1990:55). In West Bengal, 233,906 Bhumij individuals inhabit the districts of Medinapur, Purulia, Bankura and Twenty-four Parganas (Singh 1994:168). Adding these state-wide figures, the total Bhumij population amounts to approximately 528,000 people. It was found through previous documented research, as well as during the course of this investigation, that not all people who call themselves Bhumij speak Bhumij as their mother tongue, since language shift has occurred in several areas.1 Thus, no accurate information could be obtained for the number of Bhumij speakers, so the survey team gives the following estimated range of percentages in each state for Bhumij tribal people who speak Bhumij as their primary means of communication: Bihar, 80–90%; Orissa, 75–85%; and West Bengal, 15–25%. Much of the area that the Bhumij community inhabits is located in the Chotanagpur plateau, which rises an average of 2,000 feet above sea level (Dalton 1872:163). The region is home to several scheduled tribes such as the Munda, Ho and Santali. Maps 1 and 2 show the areas the Bhumij inhabit, and Map 3 indicates sites where data utilised for this survey was obtained.

1The Bhumij used here is referring to the speech variety found in the Munda language family. There were some language consultants in West Bengal who called their language “Bhumij,” but which was in their words, a mixture of non-standard Bengali and Oriya.

Map 1. India and states where Bhumij reside

Map 2. Concentration of Bhumij

Map 3. Survey data collection points

1.1.2 Historical background

The term Bhumij means ‘children of the soil’ (Dalton 1872:173), which likely was given to the community by Hindu immigrants who found them occupying the land in what is today West Bengal (Risley 1891, reprinted in 1981:118). Roy (1929:96) writes that Bhumijes in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa maintain are not the original settlers of that area, but instead came from Tamar Pargana in Ranchi district of Bihar, and are thus known as Tamarias, Tamaria Mundas or Tamaria Bhumijes. A verbal account given by a person in West Bengal, which seems plausible, though not confirmed by any written sources available to the researchers, explains the history of the Bhumij during the period of the British occupation. While the British held power in east India, they imposed a system of collecting taxes from settlers of the land. At first, Brahmins were appointed to collect these taxes, but this did not prove to be effective. The British then appointed people who could secure taxes by force. At that time, the Bhumij were the most assertive out of all other groups, and were therefore commissioned by the British to this role. To obtain respect and compliance from other tribal and caste groups, the Bhumij began to adopt the culture and language of the higher caste Brahmin Bengalis as well as the British. As they related with these classes of people, it had an impact on their society, culture and language with the result that the Bhumij in several areas gave up their traditional mother tongue for Bengali.

1.1.3 Society and culture

The Bhumij are mostly agricultural workers and cultivators. If they possess their own land, they grow rice as well as oil seeds, pulses and vegetables. After harvest in November and December, when there is no other work, the males labour in the mining quarries of southern Bihar and northern Orissa, as well as in the tea gardens of Assam. Hunting used to be a profitable profession, but due to deforestation and government restrictions this is no longer followed. Bhumij families are patrilineal, and most of them are nuclear, though extended families also exist. Polygyny occurs occasionally, particularly among the wealthier families, with the main reason being the barrenness of the first wife. Divorce is permitted only in cases of adultery by the woman (Das Patnaik 1990:57–58). The Bhumij are essentially animistic in their religious outlook, and the sun is their primary object of worship. They also serve a number of minor gods and spirits to which they sacrifice animals. In addition, the Bhumij believe in the power of white and black magic, consulting witch doctors found in the village. In addition, the community in various places has adopted Hindu beliefs and practices into their religion. People offer coconuts, plantains and sweetmeats to the gods, and visit Kali and Shiva temples during Hindu festivals (Das Patnaik 1990:59–60). The total literacy rate among the Bhumij population is about 15%, ranging from 12% in Orissa, to 15% in West Bengal, and 16% in Bihar. For males, the literacy rate is about one-quarter and for females only 4% (Singh 1994:169–171).

1.2 Language

The Munda languages have received a great deal of attention by linguists over the past two centuries, particularly with regard to their status in the Austro-Asiatic language family, as well as to the historical relationships within the various Munda language groups. Mundari and Santali in particular have been analysed by historical linguists, lexicographers and grammarians. Bhumij speech as a distinct subject, however, has received little attention.

1.2.1 Classification

Bhumij is a member of the Munda language family, and is classified under the Khewari sub-branch of Northern Munda. Zide (1991:412) in figure 1 illustrates the relationship between several of the Munda

6 languages. Capital letters at the nodes indicate the proposed proto-languages: Proto-Munda (M), Proto- South Munda (SM), Proto-Koraput Munda (KM), Proto-Sora-Gorum (SG), Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gta’ (GRG), Proto-Gutob-Remo (GR), Proto-Central Munda (CM), Proto-North Munda (NM), and Proto-Mundari-Ho (MH).

Figure 1. Zide’s taxonomy of Munda languages. Nigam and Dasgupta (1964:182) assess the position of Bhumij by writing, “It should be considered reasonable to suggest that the name Bhumij language as such should have no place in the inventory of speeches of the Munda group of languages, while the Mundari form of speech as preserved by a section of the Bhumij community should be known as ‘Bhumij Thar.’”

1.2.2 Nomenclature

As is often the case in minority languages that have not undergone standardisation, the Bhumij have no clear term for their indigenous speech variety. At times it is referred to by the occupational title of the speaker (i.e., “Sardar” or “Singh”). Other times it is referred to as “Thar”, an Indo-Aryan word which is sometimes used to refer to the speech of non-Indo-Aryan groups. “Thar” appears to be derived from the Bengali verb ‘to hint’, giving the idea that people use these non-Indo-Aryan languages to communicate things that others will not understand (Nigam and Dasgupta 1964:181). This term has been used for many groups including Kharia, Biraratis and Kurmalis. Varenkamp (1989:3) notes that the Bhumij refer to themselves as “Munda, Bhumij Munda, Sadar Bhumij, or just Bhumij.” This lack of specificity was also encountered during the course of this investigation. However, in this report, the term Bhumij will be used to refer to the speech of the Bhumij people.

1.2.3 Key sources

Though there is a general lack of linguistic information on the speech of the Bhumij community, two helpful sources were utilised for this study – Nigam and Dasgupta (1964) and Bhattacharya (1975). Beyond these works, the researchers could find no other sources pertaining to linguistic characteristics of Bhumij, either in various libraries or through interviews with local Munda scholars. The Nigam and Dasgupta study (1964) is probably the only work of its kind done among the Bhumij. In their investigation they examined both linguistic and sociolinguistic issues in order to ascertain the vitality of Bhumij speech and the degree of bilingualism with neighbouring languages. The research was undertaken by the Anthropological Survey of India, the purpose of which was to give “additional proof” that the language and culture of the Bhumij have been “progressively altered” (Nigam

7 and Dasgupta 1964:10). During their two-month study in 1959, Nigam and Dasgupta made recordings from which speech samples were taken, which they later analysed linguistically, and then carried out field interviews. At that time they did not feel the problem of Hindi influence on Bhumij/Mundari speech was as pertinent as the issue of their assimilation to Bengali forms. Bhattacharya endeavoured to make a descriptive account of the various Mundari languages, giving data from sixteen speeches (ten of which he calls “languages”, six “dialects”). However, his work was cut short before completion due to his unfortunate demise. The posthumously compiled work (Bhattacharya 1975) focuses mainly on the commonalties between the speeches, noting characteristic features of the various members, but it is not an attempt to delineate hard and fast distinguishing features that would be necessarily unique to one variety and not another.

1.2.4 Sociolinguistic aspects of Bhumij speech

Nigam and Dasgupta focused their work on three Bhumij regions: Bundu/Tamar in Ranchi district of Bihar; Balarampur in Purulia district, West Bengal; and Ichagarh Thana in Singhbhum district. Essentially, Nigam and Dasgupta characterised the area as three points on a triangle with Bundu/Tamar representing the most conservative corner (maintaining their mother tongue), Balarampur the most assimilated corner, and Ichagarh Thana representing elements of both conservatism and shift. A look at each of these locations follows.

Map 4. Regions investigated by Nigam and Dasgupta

Bundu/Tamar, Ranchi

It is not surprising that this region was considered to have the “purest” Bhumij, since it is closest to the Mundari heartland. Here the name “Bhumij Thar” was used more frequently than any other in referring to the Munda-form of their speech. Bhumij men in Purulia, where there is more assimilation to Bengali, get their wives from Bundu/Tamar. According to Nigam and Dasgupta’s analysis, Bhumij speech from this region is closer to Standard Mundari (as spoken in the area south of Ranchi) than is the Bhumij variety in Ichagarh. Here they also speak Tamaria (also known as Panch Pargania), an LWC of the region, and some speak “Khari Boli”, a Hindi derivative.

Balarampur, Purulia

In this area, Nigam and Dasgupta’s study describes the language shift as complete towards Bengali. The people are monolingual in the state language and some claim origins different from the Mundari people. The community was reported to have preferred an identity as caste people rather than as tribals, though officially the group is noted as a scheduled tribe in West Bengal.

Ichagarh, Singhbhum

The Bhumij of this region were said to speak their mother tongue at home and within the community, as well as a form of Bengali which the people called “Manbhum Bengali.” They were reported to use more borrowing from Bengali (state language of the area until only a few years before the study), when speaking their mother tongue compared to the Bhumij of Bundu and Tamar. However, at that time, they still maintained strong attitudes toward their mother tongue by declaring, “When we use Thar we use Thar only and cannot afford to be laughing stock of others by practising indiscriminate mixture of Bengali into our Thar” (Nigam and Dasgupta 1964:188). In addition, the authors report that nowhere was the shift toward Bengali in adopting forms so prevalent as to make Bhumij Thar imperceptible from Bengali. Elements of “purism” in terms of Bhumij pronunciation persist, especially with regard to the checked (unreleased) consonants word finally (d̚, b̚). Yet while the data seemed to indicate relative stability of the mother tongue, other signs indicative of shift were observed, such as the tendency of school children to avoid speaking their mother tongue in the schools for fear of ostracism by other children. It was not clear based on Nigam and Dasgupta’s evidence whether a stable diglossia or a tendency toward language shift was occurring. (The latter can truly only be addressed in a diachronic study.)

1.2.5 Linguistic aspects of Bhumij speech

In their research, Nigam and Dasgupta observed certain structural differences between the speech of the Bhumij and that of Standard Mundari with respect to 1) phonetics and phonology, 2) grammar and morphology, and 3) the lexicon. The following section contains a summary of their findings:

1. Phonetics and phonology

• [e] and [o] are articulated higher than in Standard Mundari in a manner that resembles Bengali. • [ɔ] as a phoneme seems to be adopted by the Bhumij. In some cases it has replaced the Mundari [o]. • The Mundari phoneme [ʔ] is often dropped in Bhumij speech while the preceding vowel is lengthened. • Checked stops (unreleased stops [d̚] and [b̚]) are used less often.

2. Grammar and morphology

• The animate vs. inanimate distinction prevalent in Munda languages seems to be relaxed in Bhumij. • Bhumij tends to use personal pronouns as free morphemes (in the manner of Indo-Aryan languages) rather than as a verbal affix (characteristic of Munda languages). • Bhumij tends to omit the dual marking (a Munda family feature) and uses the word for “two” instead. • Bhumij includes the use of the Hindi -ko postposition for accusative case and also uses the definite article ta. • Bhumij appears to make greater use of the Bengali number system than other Munda groups. • Bhumij uses -abu/bu suffix for future tense (borrowed from Oriya).

3. Lexicon

The researchers observed many borrowings from the neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages, more than what occurs in Standard Mundari. In summary, Nigam and Dasgupta describe Bhumij Thar as a variety of Mundari that was probably Mundari at one time, but has undergone some simplifications in grammar and phonology. It is their

9 subjective analysis that, since the Bhumij seem more willing to spread out and live among various groups, their speech has borrowed more heavily from regional languages (especially Bengali at the time of their study) than have other Mundari speeches.

1.2.6 Relationship between Bhumij and Mundari

The relationship between Bhumij and Mundari has been addressed progressively, since the time of Risley (1891, reprinted in 1981:117), who wrote, “There can be no doubt that the Bhumij are closely allied to, if not identical with, the Mundas; but there is little to show that they ever had a distinct language of their own.” In 1927 Grierson reported that the Bhumij tend to speak whatever Munda language is dominant in the area, and that his survey yielded no information to suggest the existence of a separate dialect: “The obvious reason is that Bhumij is not the name of a dialect but of a tribe” (Grierson 1927, reprinted in 1967:95). Evidence from more recent linguistic studies by Bhattacharya (1975) and Nigam and Dasgupta (1964) described dialectal differences between the two. It was the recommendation of Nigam and Dasgupta that further studies be done among the Bhumij from a triangular approach of the three major disciplines of “linguistics, psychology and anthropology” (1964:196) in order to round out understanding of Bhumij speech patterns. One such aspect, which the survey team felt was lacking, is an investigation of intelligibility. The subjective analysis that one group of people understand another group can have a range of interpretations that often have more to do with social issues than with linguistic or psychological issues. In addition, often linguistic descriptions alone give a false impression that two groups can understand each other, when actually the complexities of the spoken language make understanding difficult. As a result, it was felt necessary to test the hypothesis that Bhumij and Munda are mutually intelligible. Due to time constraints, only one direction of intelligibility was investigated: the intelligibility of Mundari by the Bhumij.

1.3 Previous survey

A sociolinguistic survey, similar in type to this current study, was carried out primarily among the Ho people between February and April of 1989. Additional research among various groups was conducted in Mayurbhanj district, Orissa, during September 1989. Reports were compiled by Bryan Varenkamp (1989, 1990). During the course of these investigations, researchers collected data from several Bhumij-speaking locations, including questionnaires, wordlists, a narrative story to test intelligibility, and other information that was of value to this project. Conclusions formulated as a result of those surveys recommended that it would be profitable to conduct an extensive survey among the Bhumij as soon as possible.

1.4 Purpose and goals

The purpose of this sociolinguistic survey among the Bhumij community was to assess the need for literature development and literacy in the vernacular. A secondary purpose of the project originally, but subsequently not pursued, was to ascertain the relationship between the languages of the Khewari sub- branch of the Northern Munda language family. In order to guide the course of the investigation, the following goals were devised. They are stated below as originally formulated and are listed in general order of importance to the project: • To evaluate comprehension of Mundari speech by Bhumij speakers. • To determine the number of Bhumij speakers and the geographical areas they inhabit. • To identify the domains of language use and ascertain the vitality of the Bhumij language. • To investigate attitudes of the Bhumij towards their mother tongue, other languages and different scripts.

• To study the differences, if any, among the various speech varieties spoken by the Bhumij population; and to determine if any particular variety is considered standard, central or pure. • To investigate the degree of intelligibility between Ho, Santali, Mundari and Bhumij. • To look into the extent and level of community bilingualism in Oriya, Hindi and Bengali.

2 Linguistic aspects of Bhumij speech found in this survey

2.1 Lexical similarity comparison

One method of gauging the relationship among speech varieties is to compare the degree of similarity in their vocabularies. This is referred to as lexical similarity. And logically, communities that communicate in a speech variety that has more terms in common with another—thus a higher percentage of lexical similarity—understand one another better than do those communities that speak a variety that has fewer terms in common with another. However, lexical similarity alone cannot indicate how well certain speech communities will understand one other, but it does help in gaining an initial view of relationships between languages, and often provides direction for further study.

2.1.1 Procedures

The tool used in determining lexical similarity in this survey was a 210-item2 wordlist, consisting of items of basic vocabulary, which has been standardised and contextualised for use in surveys of this type in South Asia. These wordlists were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is given in Appendix A, and the words collected are presented in Appendix B.3. Every wordlist was compared with each other wordlist, item by item, to determine whether each item was phonetically similar or not. Those words that were judged similar were grouped together. Once the entire wordlist was evaluated, the total number of word pair similarities was tallied. This amount was then divided by the total number of items compared, producing what is called the lexical similarity percentage. For example, if between two wordlist sites a total of 207 items were compared and 176 of these word pairs were deemed similar, then the lexical similarity percentage would be 176 ÷ 207 (x 100) = 85%. This process of evaluation was carried out according to standards set forth in Blair 1990:30–33 and facilitated through the use of a computer program called Wordsurv (Wimbish 1989). This program is designed to quickly perform the counting of word pair similarities and to calculate the lexical similarity percentage between each pair of wordlist sites (the geographical locations where the words were gathered). For a fuller description of counting procedures used in determining lexical similarity, refer to Appendix B.1.

2.1.2 Site selection

Many of the wordlists utilised in this survey were obtained from Varenkamp’s work (1989, 1990). This included seven Bhumij, two Mundari, a Bhumij Mundari wordlist, a Santali wordlist from a dictionary and an Oriya wordlist. One Bhumij, one Mundari, one Ho and a Santali wordlist were collected a couple of months before this project commenced. Finally, a Bhumij and a Mundari wordlist were elicited during the investigation. The sites of the wordlists used in the analysis are shown below in table 1, and can be located on map 3.

2The total number of vocabulary items compared is sometimes less than 210 for certain wordlists, usually because a particular item is not familiar to the language assistants or the proper word cannot be obtained.

Table 1. Sites from which wordlists were obtained

Language State District Village Bhumij Bihar Singhbhum Champi Bhumij Bihar Singhbhum Ladhiramsai Bhumij Bihar Singhbhum Munduy Bhumij Orissa Balasore Baigodia Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Dighinuasahi Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Dumadie Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Madhupur Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Mohuldiha Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Podadiha Mundari Bihar Ranchi Chalagi Mundari Orissa Mayurbhanj Dhungarisai Mundari Orissa Sundargarh Jharmunda Mundari Bihar Ranchi —— (Dictionary) Bhumij Mundari Orissa Mayurbhanj Udala Ho Orissa Mayurbhanj Dillisore Santali Orissa Mayurbhanj Nayarangamot ia Santali Bihar Santal Parganas —— (Dictionary) (?) Oriya Orissa Cuttack ——

2.1.3 Results and analysis

The lexical similarity percentages for the speech varieties investigated are calculated and presented in the following two tables The capital letter at the beginning of the sites refers to the speech variety; i.e., B – Bhumij, M – Mundari, B/M – Bhumij Mundari, H – Ho, and S – Santali. The first chart, in table 2, is ordered by percentages, with the highest percentage being placed nearer to the top.

Table 2. Lexical similarity organised by percentages within each speech variety B – Podadiha, Mayurbhanj 96 B – Madhupur, Mayurbhanj 94 91 B – Dumadie, Mayurbhanj 92 86 86 B – Champi, Singhbhum 86 83 83 82 B – Mohuldiha, Mayurbhanj Bhumij speech varieties 85 80 82 85 79 B – Munduy, Singhbhum 85 83 81 81 78 75 B/M – Udala, Mayurbhanj 84 82 81 81 80 76 89 B – Baigodia, Balasore 84 78 79 79 76 77 82 81 B – Ladhiramsai, Singhbhum 77 73 74 75 77 73 83 81 77 B – Dighinuasahi, Mayurbhanj 83 81 80 79 76 74 94 87 80 79 M – Dhungarisai, Mayurbhanj 78 72 76 74 72 73 78 74 83 73 75 M – Dictionary, Mundari speech variety 78 72 76 73 74 77 69 71 74 68 67 79 M – Jharmunda, Sundargarh 77 70 72 72 71 71 74 72 82 74 72 84 74 M – Chalagi, Ranchi 75 71 71 71 69 72 71 70 80 66 69 75 74 77 H – Dillisore, Mayurbhanj Ho 71 69 72 68 72 66 67 71 65 72 66 65 68 65 61 S – Nayarangamotia, Mayurbhanj 73 69 70 66 66 63 67 70 73 64 67 76 66 68 69 79 S – Dictionary Santali 20 20 17 20 20 19 18 21 13 18 21 13 12 10 15 18 17 Oriya (Cuttack)

The lexical similarity chart in table 3 is organised by geographic location, roughly from north to south, except in the case of Jharmunda (since it is further west) and the non-Bhumij and Mundari sites.

Table 3. Lexical similarity organised by geography within each speech variety B – Ladhiramsai, Singhbhum 79 B – Champi, Singhbhum 76 82 B – Mohuldiha, Mayurbhanj 78 86 83 B – Madhupur, Mayurbhanj 79 86 83 91 B – Dumadie, Mayurbhanj Bhumij speech varieties 84 92 86 96 94 B – Podadiha, Mayurbhanj 77 85 79 80 82 85 B – Munduy, Singhbhum 77 75 77 73 74 77 73 B – Dighinuasahi, Mayurbhanj 82 81 78 83 81 85 75 83 B/M – Udala, Mayurbhanj 81 81 80 82 81 84 76 81 89 B – Baigodia, Balasore 82 72 71 70 72 77 71 74 74 72 M – Chalagi, Ranchi 83 74 72 72 76 78 73 73 78 74 84 M – Dictionary, Mundari speech varieties 80 79 76 81 80 83 74 79 94 87 72 75 M – Dhungarisai, Mayurbhanj 74 73 74 72 76 78 77 68 69 71 74 79 67 M – Jharmunda, Sundargarh 80 71 69 71 71 75 72 66 71 70 77 75 69 74 H – Dillisore, Mayurbhanj Ho 73 66 66 69 70 73 63 64 67 70 68 76 67 66 69 S – Dictionary Santali 65 68 72 69 72 71 66 72 67 71 65 65 66 68 61 79 S – Nayarangamotia, Mayurbhanj 13 20 20 20 17 20 19 18 18 21 10 13 21 12 15 17 18 Oriya (Cuttack)

Bhumij and Mundari vocabulary

Typically for two speech varieties that have less than 60% lexical similarity, it can be concluded that the speech varieties are quite distinct and, with other supporting evidence, be classed as separate languages (Blair 1990:24). The Bhumij and Mundari wordlist sites, however, show higher percentages than this 60% threshold. Two-language comparisons from among Bhumij wordlist sites, including Bhumij Mundari from Udala, yield an average of 82% similarity (45 comparisons). Comparisons of Bhumij sites with Mundari sites (including the dictionary list which scored approximately equal to the speech sites in most cases, and excluding the Udala wordlist) yield an average of 76% (36 comparisons). This indicates that

some difference exists, but not sufficient enough to warrant a separate language classification, especially since Mundari wordlist sites in comparison with one other only average 77% similar (10 comparisons, including the Bhumij Mundari wordlist). Because of this, it is not possible to say from the data that Bhumij and Mundari are separate languages. One issue that should be investigated is the relative homogeneity of Mundari, especially in comparison with Bhumij. One might expect to find the Mundari sites to show higher scores when making Mundari-internal comparisons than the Bhumij sites in Bhumij-internal comparisons. This would be based on various descriptions of Bhumij, particularly of Risley (1891, reprinted in 1981), who says the Bhumij tend to adopt the speech forms of whatever place they are living. Many Bhumij communities in West Bengal have cut ties with the tribal groups and have assimilated to Bengali language and culture. If this view of the Bhumij as a non-conservative group is accurate, much greater variation would be expected between their wordlist sites than found in the more conservative Mundari locations. This question cannot be adequately addressed due to the lack of sufficient Mundari data (one of the wordlists is from a dictionary, and is therefore not strictly comparable). Nonetheless, it is interesting to note that the Bhumij wordlist points appear to show more homogeneity than the Mundari wordlist points. This might be evidence for a set of distinctly “Bhumij” vocabulary within Mundari (not separate since the Bhumij-Mundari comparisons are high). As it stands, however, it cannot be concluded whether the lower in-group scores for Mundari are a reflection of the wider geographic spread of the sites (bringing down the in-group average), or if indeed Mundari is a macro language subsuming Bhumij (as early research suggests). Additional Mundari wordlists could help clarify this issue. There is a large degree of variation (73–96%) when comparing Bhumij wordlists with each other, which does not seem explainable by geographical location. Both the southern Mayurbhanj district sites (Udala & Baigodia) have scores in the mid-70s to mid-80s when comparing with the sites clustered around the Bihar-Orissa border. The only exception to this may be Dighinuasahi which shows less similarity (mid-70s) with the border sites to the north. The Bhumij wordlist percentages appear to indicate no clear dialect groupings. One question raised in the Varenkamp report (1989) was whether the people of Udala considered their speech Bhumij or Mundari. As it turns out, this issue of ambiguous language identity became one of the motivating questions for this project. The lexical similarity percentages in the previous charts seem to indicate that the Udala wordlist is slightly closer to the vocabulary of Bhumij sites than to that of Mundari sites—if such a distinction can be made.

Comparison with neighbouring languages

While not central to the team’s research goals, two Santali wordlists and a Ho wordlist from Varenkamp’s reports were used in the lexical similarity comparison. If these lists can be taken as representing their respective languages, the lexical similarity percentages confirm the belief that Santali is more distinct (68% similar on average) from Bhumij and Mundari. Ho seems to share slightly more resemblance (72% average) with the Bhumij and Mundari wordlists. Oriya, the Indo-Aryan state language of Orissa, not surprisingly shares very little in common (10–21%) with the Munda family wordlists.

2.2 Intelligibility testing

Since only elicited words are being analysed (and in this survey, just 210), lexical similarity yields tentative results as to the relationship between various speech varieties. Lexical similarity comparisons cannot predict how well people in different areas understand the speech of one another. An intelligibility study is needed to obtain this type of information, which allows a look into the approximate comprehension of natural speech—not only isolated words and simple verb constructions, but sentences and discourse.

2.2.1 Procedures

Intelligibility of Mundari speech among Bhumij speakers was studied with the help of Recorded Text Tests (RTT). Mundari stories were recorded on cassette and were taken to various Bhumij-speaking sites for testing. Mother tongue Bhumij speakers listened to the recorded stories and were asked questions interspersed in the story to test their comprehension. Ten people were considered the minimum number to be given this test, and subjects’ responses to the story questions were noted down and scored. A person’s score is considered a reflection of his comprehension of the text, and the average score of all the subjects is indicative of the community’s intelligibility of the speech variety spoken in the location from where the story originated. Included with the test point’s average score is a calculation for the variation between individual subjects’ scores, or standard deviation, which helps in interpreting how representative those scores are. After each story, subjects were asked questions such as how different they felt the speech was and how much they could understand of it. These subjective post-RTT responses give an additional perspective in interpreting the objective test data. If a subject’s answers to these questions are comparable with his or her score, it gives more certainty to the results. If, however, the post-RTT responses and test score show some dissimilarity, then this discrepancy can be investigated. Bhumij speakers were permitted to take tests of the Mundari stories only if they could perform well on a test developed in their own dialect. This preliminary test, called a hometown test (HTT), eliminates people who essentially cannot understand the test-taking procedure. Hometown testing with mother tongue speakers of the same speech variety as that on the cassette also validates the text for use at other sites. Questions which appear to have not been adequately understood by hometown test subjects are eliminated from the final test version. For a fuller description of recorded text testing, refer to Appendix C.1 as well as to Casad 1974. Demographic profiles of the subjects at each site, their test scores on the HTT and RTTs, and post-RTT responses are presented in Appendix C.2. The stories and questions used in the testing appear in Appendix C.3.

2.2.2 Site selection

The Mundari speech spoken in Ranchi district of Bihar is considered to be the standard variety of that language. It is the variety in which radio programmes are broadcast and books are written. For testing, two forms of the speech were obtained. One was a personal-experience narrative, such as that described in Appendix C.1. The other was a passage read from the Mundari Bible, published in 1911. The text was the story of the lost son, taken from Luke 15:11–32, and selected because of its simplicity. The personal- experience story was given by a Mundari speaker living about 30 kilometres south of Ranchi, and the Lost Son text was read by a man living now in Ranchi who has been involved in Mundari radio broadcasts for about ten years. The Bhumij sites chosen for testing were areas that were reported to have a concentration of Bhumij speakers. It was also considered important to test in areas where there were few Mundari-speaking communities, so that theoretically, intelligibility acquired through contact would not overly influence subjects’ performance. The three sites that were selected were Dighinuasahi village in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa, Munduy village in Paschim Singhbhum district of Bihar, and Heseldipa village in Bihar’s Purba Singhbhum district. In Munduy and Heseldipa, proper hometown texts were not obtained and tested. Instead, a story developed on Varenkamp’s Ho survey in Dumadie village in northern Mayurbhanj district, Orissa, was used as the hometown test at these two locations. In Munduy, since its location from Dumadie is not excessive, it was felt that the Dumadie story could adequately be used as a control test. The distance between Heseldipa and Dumadie is greater, so it would have been best to develop a separate control test in Heseldipa. The lack of time prevented this, and the Dumadie story was used as the hometown test instead.

2.2.3 Results and analysis

The results of intelligibility testing of Mundari speech among Bhumij speakers in various sites are given in table 4. The columns of the table are the stories which were used for testing, called the reference point. The rows consist of the subjects at each site who took the tests, called the test point. The scores of each hometown test are shown with a double border.

Key: avg average score for all subjects sd standard deviation num number of subjects

Hometown test scores

Table 4. Results of Recorded Text Testing among Mundari and Bhumij-speaking sites Reference Point Test Mundari Mundari Bhumij Bhumij Point (Colloquial) (Literary) Dighinuasahi Dumadie “Ghost” “Lost Son” “Bear” “Punishment” Story Story Story Story Bhumij avg 90 76 98 no testing done Dighinuasahi sd 9.6 12.8 3.8 Subjects num 13 13 13 Bhumij avg 91 82 no testing done 97 Munduy sd 11.4 9.9 4.6 Subjects num 11 11 11 Bhumij avg 88 76 no testing done 97 Heseldipa sd 10.0 11.9 4.7 Subjects num 10 8 11 Mundari avg 99 99 no testing done no testing done Ranchi District sd 4.3 4.7 Subjects num 11 11

Results of the Mundari “Ghost” story

The Mundari Ghost story received high averages at the three Bhumij-speaking sites. The percentages of 88, 90 and 91 show good comprehension and understanding of the Mundari colloquial story. The low variation of scores between sites also gives indication that subjects in the three locations understood the narrative equally well. In Dighinuasahi, one subject scored 61 percent on the Ghost story, which increased the standard deviation significantly and decreased the average score slightly.3 The total number of vocabulary items compared is sometimes less than 210 for certain wordlists, usually because a particular item is not familiar to the language assistants or the proper word cannot be obtained. The fact that the subject was a 50 year old male with an undermatric education was not cause for his lower score, as there were other subjects, male and female, older and younger, educated and uneducated who performed well on the test.

3Eliminating this subject from the scoring, the results would be: avg = 93, sd = 3.9.

In addition, this subject passed the hometown test, demonstrating he was basically familiar with the testing procedure, and scored above the test average on the subsequent Lost Son story. In response to post-RTT questions, some subjects in Dighinuasahi either did not know, or were not sure where the Ghost story originated. Two subjects thought it was from Bihar, and a few felt the story was from a nearby place. While two subjects commented that the speech in the story “is our language,” most said it was slightly different, generally mentioning that it was mixed with Ho. Nine of the thirteen subjects said they understood the story fully, and the subject who scored 61 acknowledged that he understood about half. Interestingly, three subjects who said the speech of the story was “different” and “not same” and “understood only 50 percent” scored 89, 93, and 100 respectively. In Munduy, much the same situation as in Dighinuasahi occurred, as one subject scored 64 and another scored 75.4 Though both of these subjects were uneducated older females, two other subjects who were also uneducated older females each scored 93. These subjects not only passed the hometown test, but performed well on the Lost Son story. Why these subjects did relatively poorly on the Ghost story is not clear. In response to post-RTT questions in Munduy, four of the eleven subjects correctly identified the story as Mundari. All four of these subjects (including the subject who scored 75 percent) noted that the language in the story was a little different, but that everything was understandable. A few other subjects gave similar reviews. The subject who scored 64 percent said the speech on the recording was “very different” and that she could not understand everything. In Heseldipa, three subjects identified the narrative as Mundari, and said it was a little different. Several subjects thought it was Ho language from the Chaibasa area. More people at Heseldipa acknowledged a difference between the speech of the narrative and their speech, even though Heseldipa is closer to the story’s origin than the other two RTT sites. Four of the twelve5 subjects admitted they could not understand the story fully. It was at this village that a few subjects said they were confused during the testing since the speech was different between that of the story and that of the test questions (which were recorded in the subjects’ dialect).

Results of the Mundari “Lost Son” story

The “Lost Son” story from the Mundari New Testament averaged between 73 and 82 in the three Bhumij- speaking sites. The scores are lower than for the Ghost story, which probably reflects the fact that the text is a more archaic variety of speech. Even so, the averages indicate that the story was understandable to most Bhumij speakers. In Dighinuasahi, subjects had mixed impressions from listening to the recording regarding where they thought the story originated. Many believed it was from nearby areas, possibly because they felt the text was mixed with the Ho language. Most of the thirteen subjects said that the speech was a little different than theirs, though only five people reported that they fully understood the story. Three people identified the story as being from the Bible. Their scores – 75, 84, and 86 – were not significantly different from the average of 76 percent6 to make a difference in the overall score. In Munduy, many subjects had no idea where the story was from or precisely what language it was. Subjects gave varying reviews to the speech of the text, saying it was mixed with one or more of the following languages: Bhumij, Ho, Mundari and Santali. Almost all of the eleven subjects thought the

4Eliminating these subjects from the scoring, the results would be: avg = 96, sd = 4.3. 5Table 6 for the Ghost story at Heseldipa shows only 10 subjects taking the test. This is because one subject failed the hometown test and another did not complete the test. Both subjects, however, responded to the post-RTT questions. 6 There were two questions in the story that were missed by a majority of subjects. All subjects missed question 14, and all except two missed question 15. It is not clear whether either or both of these questions were translated incorrectly or had, for instance, touched lexical items which were not familiar to the subjects in that location. If these two questions were eliminated, the adjusted scores would be: avg = 86, sd = 14.0.

speech was only a little different than theirs, and everyone remarked that they understood everything of the story. In Heseldipa, as with the Ghost story, a few subjects said that they were confused with the change in languages during the testing, saying in effect, “the story is in a different language and the questions are in my language.” Three of nine7 subjects thought the story was Ho, while four subjects identified the speech in the story as Mundari, since they had heard the language before. Out of these four subjects, three remarked that they understood everything in the story in addition to two others. The remainder of the subjects commented they could not fully understand the story.

3 Social aspects of Bhumij speech found in this survey

This chapter describes more social aspects of the Bhumij people and their speech, exploring the topics of language use, language attitudes and bilingualism. A sociolinguistic questionnaire (SLQ) composed primarily of open-ended questions was used, along with observations of the researchers. The questionnaire was administered in only seven sites, usually to a small group. Needless to say, results and conclusions must be taken lightly and tentatively. The questionnaire is shown in Appendix D.1, while subjects’ responses to the questionnaire are presented in Appendix D.2.

3.1 Language use

A study of language use patterns attempts to describe which languages or speech varieties members of a community use in different social situations, referred to as domains. Domains are social contexts in which the choice to use a certain language variety is more apt to be appropriate than the use of another language variety (Fasold 1984:183). A look into language use patterns can indicate the language(s) used in certain domains and reveal the current status and strength of a language. Since language use patterns vary significantly among the Bhumij community in the three states where they reside, the discussion will describe the situation state by state.

3.1.1 Language use in Bihar

In the state of Bihar, it appears that the Bhumij are usually continuing to speak Bhumij. The questionnaire was asked in the RTT sites of Munduy and Heseldipa, in addition to a village near Heseldipa. Language assistants in all three sites responded that they speak Bhumij with family members in the home. Bhumij was reported by these respondents to be used with friends, children and leaders in the village, as well as for private prayer and religious discussions. Children are growing up speaking Bhumij as their first language. Respondents from Heseldipa, in particular, had quite strong feelings in continuing to speak Bhumij. The village headman stated, “We want to keep our language alive. That is why we are not mixing so much with other groups, and why there is a cultural office nearby.” It was asked what would happen if a Bengali-speaking family moved nearby – would his children be influenced to learn Bengali? The response was, “Our children will not do that.” Although this might appear to be more of a wish than reality, it does indicate strong attitudes in that village to maintain their language. During intelligibility testing in Heseldipa, time was taken out to record a group of men singing several Bhumij songs. The area around Nimdih, 20 kilometres north of Jamshedpur and near the West Bengal border, is an interesting area in terms of language use among the Bhumij. This location is near Ichagarh, site of linguistic studies carried out by Nigam and Dasgupta as discussed earlier, who found a situation of both language conservatism and shift. Nimdih was visited by two members of the survey team, who

7One subject who did not pass the hometown test (thus their score is not tabulated) responded to the post-RTT questions.

interviewed an educational worker who is running more than 100 schools and literacy programmes among tribals in West Singhbhum and adjacent districts. He stated that the Bhumij people in the area speak Bengali language as their mother tongue. Children who go to school are studying in Bengali medium, as the parents desired their children to learn in Bengali (though this area is in Bihar, Bengali is the LWC and medium of education). The team also talked with several Bhumij people from surrounding villages who were at his office for meetings. They all stated that their families and respective villages are not speaking Bhumij, but Bengali, and that is the language being passed along to the children.

3.1.2 Language use in Orissa

The use of the Bhumij language appeared to be strong in Dighinuasahi. In this site, the main language assistant for the questionnaire stated he uses Bhumij with members of the family, with fellow villagers, and for private prayer and religious discussions. The researchers believe that the language assistant’s viewpoint also extended to the rest of the village. In the northern part of Mayurbhanj district, a different and somewhat surprising situation was encountered. In an area approximately 30 kilometres south of Rairangpur, the team talked briefly with a Bhumij man who related that he speaks Oriya in his home and it is the language spoken within his village. He also mentioned that people in the village have changed their titles to Nayak, an Oriya caste title. The survey team then met Bhumij people at a brick-making factory. Most of the people working there were from Podadiha village, around four kilometres away. A young man of about 25 said he speaks Oriya in the home with his parents as well as inside the village. He said they have always spoken Oriya, though it is a local version of Oriya – not a pure or standard variety. Another man remarked that he does not know any area where Bhumij people are speaking their original language. Another individual commented that though they still consider themselves a tribe, they have adopted the Nayak caste title. What is interesting is that information collected on the Mayurbhanj and Ho surveys (Varenkamp 1989, 1990) found the presence of Bhumij speakers in this area. A Bhumij wordlist was collected from Podadiha. Dumadie village, the origin of a Bhumij RTT story, appears from maps in Varenkamp’s reports to be only a short distance from Podadiha. Field notes about Dumadie record that the people claim to speak a mixture of Ho, Bhumij, and Oriya and are losing their language. However, no one with whom the team spoke had heard of the village nor of a nearby town, so it was not possible to visit the site to assess the actual situation.

3.1.3 Language use in West Bengal

In West Bengal, the situation appears to be a shift to Bengali as the mother tongue in nearly every section of the state. This phenomenon was documented over 100 years ago by Risley (1891, reprinted in 1981:117) who writes about the Bhumij living in what is now much of West Bengal. He states, “On the eastern side of the Ajodhya range, which forms a complete barrier to ordinary communication, all is changed. Both the Mundari language and the title of Munda have dropped out of use, and they… talk Bengali.” To confirm this occurrence, Bhumij villages in Purulia and Medinapur districts of the state were visited. In Purulia district, two villages declared they were speaking Bengali as their mother tongue, and it was the language the children were learning and speaking in the home. The people in these sites mentioned they had made this language shift two or three generations previously. Recorded texts of the Mundari Ghost story and Bhumij story from Dumadie were played for a few individuals. No one could understand any of the speech except for two older ladies who knew “Bhumij Thar.” However, they had grown up in the Bundu/Tamar area and had moved to Purulia district when they were married, and as a result learned Bengali. In Medinapur district, the situation is much the same, though not quite as advanced as in Purulia district. Full language shift toward Bengali did not seem to occur as far in the past (though certain areas made the switch to Bengali a few generations previously). Rather, language shift is currently in progress, and there are pockets where the Bhumij community is retaining Bhumij as their mother tongue. There

are, however, census reports of Bhumij people in Bankura, North and South Twenty-four Parganas, Hooghly and Nadia districts. The survey team did not visit these areas, partly because of time constraints and lack of contacts, and also because there did not appear to be convincing evidence that the Bhumij in those areas are speaking anything other than Bengali as their mother tongue. The numbers of Bhumij in those districts are relatively small and the areas are generally more urbanised and developed than the districts of Medinapur and Purulia. At a site near Keshiary, questionnaire language assistants called their language “diverted Bengali,” claiming their language is not Bengali, nor Oriya—at least the pure, standard varieties of those languages (Oriya was mentioned because their location is near the border of Orissa). Originally, their mother tongue was “Thar bhasha.” They still have marriage relationships with the Bhumij of Bundu/Tamar area, and will intermarry even if spouces don’t speak Bengali. When the Bhumij people of West Bengal travel to Bihar, they communicate in Hindi with the Bhumij people there. An interesting conversation with a Bhumij school administrator working near Keshiary revealed that his mother tongue is Bengali, but that he is actually trying to learn his traditional mother tongue, which he termed Mundari. He did not learn Mundari from his parents, and is now learning from older people, when he goes to their village and meets them in the market. He stated there are a couple of villages in the area where people are still speaking Bhumij/Mundari. He lamented that today children are becoming more modernised and are adopting new customs, “They are still speaking Bhumij in the home, but…the Munda are losing their mother tongue.” The reason given for this was because their language does not have a script. This gentleman went on to comment that nowhere are there any Bhumij people trying to preserve and hold on to their language like the Santalis, and that there has been no one to uplift and develop the Bhumij community. Again near Keshiary, the group met a Bhumij school teacher who related that when he was a university student in Medinapur district, he and nine other Bhumij students decided they wanted to preserve their language—just like the Santali people. So in 1989, they spent 2,500 rupees to produce a booklet in the Bhumij language (in Bengali script), and held meetings in various Bhumij locations to promote their language and literacy. These meetings failed, though, as the people said they could not understand the script. This teacher says he is speaking Mundari in the home, though his children are growing up speaking Bengali, since his wife does not speak Mundari well. However, he does encourage people in his village to continue to speak their language, but most of them are reluctant to do so. And when they do try to speak, they make mistakes and cannot speak at deep levels of conversation. In summary, language use patterns among the Bhumij vary from region to region. In Bihar, except for a section near the West Bengal border that has shifted to Bengali, the Bhumij are speaking Bhumij in the home and family domains. In Orissa, it appears that in the northern part of Mayurbhanj district, the Bhumij have either already shifted or are in the process of shifting to Oriya, while the Bhumij in the southern part of the district are continuing to speak Bhumij as the vernacular. In West Bengal, there are several areas where Bengali is used as the mother tongue, other areas in the state where the shift to Bengali is almost complete, and a few isolated spots where the people are retaining Bhumij as their mother tongue.

3.2 Language attitudes

A study of language attitudes in this particular survey attempts to describe people’s feelings and preferences towards their own language and other speech varieties around them, what value they place on those languages, and the impressions they have of the relative “purity” of their speech with regard to some nearby respected form of speech. Ultimately, these views, whether explicit or unexpressed, will influence the results of efforts toward literacy and the acceptability of literature development. This area was explored using the previously mentioned sociolinguistic questionnaire, as well as the post-RTT questions asked after each Mundari story. Again, the questionnaire was administered to a small group of people in only seven sites, though it is hoped that each of the sites presents an accurate picture of the area in regard to the topics investigated. In conjunction with the researcher’s impressions, it is felt the questionnaire results as well as post-RTT responses appear to present a valid picture of the attitudes encountered while speaking with Bhumij people throughout the region. The ranges of responses to the

questionnaire used in this survey tend to also correspond with the responses to the questionnaire used among Bhumij people during Varenkamp’s investigation.

3.2.1 Attitudes toward the mother tongue

While other indicators of vitality may not have seemed favourable (total language shift in much of West Bengal and partial shift in Orissa), the Bhumij generally responded positively when asked about the value of their mother tongue. (The true assessment of what value they place on its maintenance can only be measured through observations of language use.) This can be seen in the responses to questionnaires probing such issues as language purity and desirability of using Bhumij in the home. Responses to all of these questions were favourable with respect to the vitality of Bhumij speech. In none of the Bhumij- speaking places the team visited were negative attitudes toward their mother tongue found. Three additional attitudinal factors seem to be positive indicators of mother tongue vitality: 1) all subjects from the seven sites said they would not allow their children to marry someone who spoke another language, 2) all of the Bhumij-speaking people responded that they felt Bhumij was better than either Hindi or Oriya, and 3) most subjects commented that if found in conversation with fellow Bhumij- speakers, and an Oriya (or other LWC) speaker joins the group, they would not necessarily change to speaking the LWC for them.

3.2.2 Attitudes toward Mundari

Many people were asked whether they felt that Bhumij and Mundari were the same or different. Responses varied from place to place. For example, in Dighinuasahi people said Bhumij and Mundari are the same language, whereas those in Munduy responded that Bhumij and Mundari are very different, mainly with regard to word use, style of speech, and pronunciation. What may seem clear is that Bhumij and Mundari are not exactly the same and not exactly different. The variations in people’s responses might have to do with the level of specificity with which each was addressing the question (i.e., if respondents were thinking about intelligibility, they might respond that two speech varieties are the same, whereas if they were thinking of accent or regional characteristics, they might respond that the speech varieties are different). Many times Bhumij individuals responded that their mother tongue was Mundari, but, as is sometimes the case among non- standard languages throughout South Asia, people are accustomed to referring to their speech with the same title they use to describe their particular social group, i.e., “Bhumij.” Also, it is interesting that in response to the post-RTT questions, many people felt the stories were good but also mixed (with Ho or Santali, usually depending on which group was more dominant in the area). The stories that were chosen were from the “heart” of the Mundari-speaking area. The colloquial story came from villages where only Mundaris were living. The literary story also was based out of Ranchi district. That the various respondents from all of the sites were not able to agree that it was “pure” Mundari (they were not told what language was on the recording; some thought the speech was Bhumij) raises questions as to whether it is possible to actually find a Mundari speech sample which a group of Bhumij people could consider “pure.” Also, there were several Bhumij RTT subjects who thought or knew the stories they had listened to were Mundari, so it is profitable to look at their responses to the post-RTT questions. The responses of these individuals were generally similar to those subjects who could not identify the texts as Mundari, giving some indication of no negative attitudes toward Mundari simply because they knew it was the language on the recording.

3.2.3 Receptivity toward language development

An important component of the investigation was to learn about the Bhumij people’s opinions with regard to practicalities of language development, such as whether written materials would be well received in their mother tongue or if another speech variety would be better suited. For instance, there may be situations where people feel strongly that their mother tongue should not be used for literary

purposes, especially when religion dictates that certain languages are more suited for writing than others. It is vital to learn of such attitudes prior to beginning any kind of language development project. No such negative attitudes towards writing Bhumij were found among the people the team surveyed. Most respondents expressed interest in a Bhumij literacy program. Many said they would read Mundari texts if given a chance, although some commented they would read it but not take interest. Some felt their pronunciation would not be good. Another issue revolves around the “script and ethnic identity” belief discussed in K. S. Singh 1993. The Jharkhand region, where many Bhumij reside, has been a site of much argumentation over script issues. Some tribal political leaders feel that indigenous scripts are necessary for the preservation of their tribal identity. In an interview with Ram Dayal Munda, leading Munda scholar associated with Ranchi University, it was learned that up to nine indigenous scripts have been developed for writing Mundari, yet none of them has received widespread acceptance. The choice to use existing state language scripts, on the other hand, raises the issue as to which one, since the Bhumij people are distributed throughout three states. This is an important issue to be addressed should any literature development or literacy be undertaken.

3.3 Bilingualism

Bilingualism can be defined as the ability to speak two languages without regard to the level of fluency in the second language. Multilingualism refers to the ability to speak more than two languages. This process occurs either through formal learning and/or as a result of informal interaction with speakers of other languages. In this survey, since intelligibility testing was carried out using a language that already has literature, bilingualism of the Bhumij in the LWCs of the area (Hindi, Oriya and Bengali) was considered to be a secondary factor to investigate. More relevant in this situation would be to evaluate bilingualism of the Bhumij in other Munda languages, such as Ho and Santali. We already know that there is a foundation of linguistic similarity among these languages, and a significant amount of contact in certain places. Thus, due to the seemingly adaptive nature of the Bhumij people to different environments, it is speculated whether some Bhumij communities might show a high degree of proficiency in at least one other Munda language to comprehend literture in that language, possibly more so than in Mundari.

4 Recommendations

If anything certain emerges from this sociolinguistic survey, it is that from the point of view of this author a separate new language development project for the Bhumij is not necessary. Intelligibility testing indicates that most Bhumij understand colloquial Mundari speech well. Bhumij individuals had more difficulty comprehending The Lost Son story read from the Mundari literature. The older style of speech in this story likely contributed to the lower scores. Whether the averages on that story at the three sites tested are low enough so that adaptation from the Mundari literature is needed for the Bhumij, the numbers do not give full clarity. From a sociological perspective, the researchers feel that a separate language development project —albeit an adaptation—could codify linguistic differences that might not be significant. In addition, this could have the effect of creating unwanted distinctions between the two communities. Though acknowledging a degree of difference between the Bhumij and Mundari both in terms of their speech and identity as people groups, the researchers believe there seems to be no clear, marked difference between their speech varieties. It may be that a distinct or standard variety of Bhumij speech does not exist, and the language spoken by the Bhumij in different areas is simply various varieties of Mundari. Furthermore, the researchers found no indication of negative attitudes toward the Mundari people or language that might prevent the Bhumij from accepting Mundari literature. Consequently, it is recommended that a dialect adaptation for the Bhumij be considered low priority, and proposed that the Mundari language materials be utilised for the benefit of the Bhumij- speaking community. This judgement does not suggest that no type of work is needed. Literacy rates

22 among the Bhumij population are quite low (15%), and thus it would be profitable to implement vernacular literacy projects to teach reading and writing. Responses to questionnaires during the survey appeared to indicate a favourable attitude toward literacy, particularly in the village of Heseldipa, though it is not known whether Heseldipa is representative of the Bhumij villages in that area. As discussed previously, the choice of script is an important issue to be addressed.

Appendix A

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Consonants Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveo- Postal- Alveo- Retro- Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn- Glottal dental lar veolar palatal flex geal Plosive p b t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Affricate pɸ bβ t ̪s d̪z ts dz tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ Lateral l ɭ ʎ ʟ Lateral ɬ ɮ fric. Flap ɾ ɽ Trill ʙ r ʀ Approxi w ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ mant

Consonant Diacritics Aspirated h tʃh Labialised w bw Ejective ' p' Voiced ̬ k̬ Velar/ ̴ l̴ Palatalised j nj Unreleased ̚ ʈ̚ Voiceless ̥ d̥ Pharyngeal ised

Vowels8 Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɤ o Mid ə ɵ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ

Vowel Diacritics Nasalisation ̃ ẽ Long ː iː Centralised ̈ ö

8Wordlists and recorded text tests were transcribed using different phonetic systems, particularly in regard to vowels. For the purposes of the data in this report and its appendices, the symbols / /, / /, / /, and / are interchangable and no phonemic distinction is assumed. ə ɐ ʌ ɑ/

Appendix B1

Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures9

A standardised list of 210 vocabulary items was collected from speakers at key locations for each of the language varieties studied in this survey. In standard procedure, the 210 words are elicited from a person who has grown up in the target locality. Ideally, the list is then collected a second time from another speaker at the same site. Any differences in responses are examined in order to identify (1) inaccurate responses due to misunderstanding of the elicitation cue, (2) loan words offered in response to the language of elicitation, when indigenous terms are actually still in use; and (3) terms which are at different places along the generic-specific lexical scale. Normally, a single term is recorded for each item of the wordlist. However, more than one term is recorded for a single item when more than one specific term occupies the semantic area of a more generic item on the wordlist. The wordlists are compared to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar, if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1), and of the remaining segments at least half are similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar, if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two more are similar. The criteria applied are as follows:

Category 1

• Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly. • Vocoid (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory feature. • Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as allophones) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words.

Category 2

• All other phonetically similar non-vocalic pairs of segments which are not supported by at least three pairs of words. • Vowels which differ by two or more articulatory features.

Category 3

• Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar. • A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item and position.

Blair (1990:32) writes, “In contextualizing these rules to specific surveys in South Asia, the following differences between two items are ignored: (a) interconsonantal [ə], (b) word initial, word final, or intervocalic [h, ɦ], (c) any deletion which is shown to be the result of a regularly occurring process in a specific environment.”

9This description of lexical similarity counting procedures is partially adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (ed.) 1992.

The following table summarises lower threshold limits for considering words as phonetically similar with a specified length (number of segments or phones):

Word Category Category Category Length One Two Three 2 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 4 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 6 3 2 1 7 4 2 1 8 4 2 2 9 5 2 2 10 5 3 2 11 6 3 2 12 6 3 3

After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar or dissimilar according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. This procedure was repeated for all linguistic varieties under consideration in the survey. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated by use of the Wordsurv computer program. It should be noted that the wordlist data, as well as transcribed texts included in subsequent appendices are field transcriptions and have not undergone thorough phonological and grammatical analysis.

Appendix B2

Wordlist information and language assistant biodata

Title: B – Baigodia, Balasore Title: B – Dumadie, Mayurbhanj Language: Bhumij Language: Bhumij Village: Baigodia Village: Dumadie Tahsil: Opada Tahsil: Rairangpur District: Balasore District: Mayurbhanj State: Orissa State: Orissa Date elicited: 1 April 1989 Date elicited: 8 March 1989 Recorded by: PKD Recorded by: PKD Language Assistant: SS Language Assistant: US Sex: M Age: 60 Sex: M Age: 30

Title: B – Champi, Singhbhum Title: B – Ladhiramsai, Singhbhum Language: Bhumij Language: Bhumij Village: Champi Village: Ladhiramsai Tahsil: Ghatsila Tahsil: Bandgaon District: Singhbhum District: Singhbhum State: Bihar State: Bihar Date elicited: 17 April 1989 Date elicited: 16 March 1989 Recorded by: PKD Recorded by: Bruce Cain Language Assistant: NS Language Assistant: SS Sex: M Age: 50 Sex: M Age: 27

Title: B – Dighinuasahi, Mayurbhanj Title: B – Madhupur, Mayurbhanj Date elicited: 20 July 1996 Language: (Sardar) Bhumij Language Assistant: PS Village: Madhupur Mother tongue (MT): Bhumij Tahsil: Rairangpur Father’s MT: Bhumij District: Mayurbhanj Mother’s MT: Bhumij State: Orissa Name of tribe: Bhumij Date elicited: 21 September 1989 Birthplace: Dighinuasahi Recorded by: PKD Current residence: Dighinuasahi Language Assistant: SS Sex: M Age: 61 Sex: M Age: 65 Education: 3rd standard Occupation: Farmer Marital status: Married Other languages spoken: Oriya, Santali Travel to other locations: Ranchi, near Calcutta, Cuttack for working Transcribed by: MJ Elicited by: SR Language of elicitation: Oriya

Title: B – Mohuldiha, Mayurbhanj Title: M – Chalagi, Ranchi Date elicited: 26 July 1996 Date elicited: 30 September 1996 Language Assistant: NS Language Assistant: CKS Mother tongue (MT): Bhumij Mother tongue (MT): Mundari Father’s MT: Bhumij Father’s MT: Mundari Mother’s MT: Bhumij Mother’s MT: Mundari Name of tribe: Bhumij Spouse’s MT: Mundari Birthplace: Mohuldiha Name of tribe: Munda Current residence: Mohuldiha Birthplace: Chalagi Sex: M Age: 25 Current residence: Chalagi Education: 10th Sex: M Age: 36 Occupation: Cultivation Education: Non-matric Marital status: Married Occupation: Agriculture Other languages spoken: Oriya, Hindi, Bengali Other languages spoken: Mundari and Hindi Travel to other locations: Baripada, Karanjia Transcribed by: MSR, MJ Transcribed by: MJ Elicited by: MSR, MJ, Troy Bailey Elicited by: SB Recorded by: Troy Bailey Language of elicitation: Oriya Language of elicitation: Hindi and English

Title: B – Munduy, W Singhbhum Title: M – Dictionary Language: Bhumij Language: Mundari Village: Munduy Location: Ranchi, Bihar (?) Tahsil: Kulhani (Jaganathapur P.S.) From: Mundari-English Dictionary District: West Singhbhum Recorded by: B and B State: Bihar Date elicited: published 1928 Date elicited: 22 October 1996 Elicited by: SS Title: M – Dhungarisai, Mayurbhanj Transcribed by: MJ Village name: Dhungarisai Language Assistant: LS Taluk: Baldia Sex: M Age: 45 District: Mayurbhanj State: Orissa Title: B – Podadiha, Mayurbhanj Date elicited: 14 September 1989 Language: Bhumij Recorded by: BV Village: Podadiha Elicited by: mostly PD Tahsil: Rairangpur Language of elicitation: Oriya, some Mundari District: Mayurbhanj State: Orissa Title: M – Jharmunda, Sundargarh Date elicited: 19 April 1989 Date elicited: 25 August 1996 Recorded by: DB Language Assistant: JK Language Assistant: SS Mother tongue (MT): Munda Sex: M Age: 35 Father’s MT: Munda Mother’s MT: Munda Title: M/B – Udala, Mayurbhanj Name of tribe: Santali Munda Language: Mundari? Bhumij? Birthplace: Jharmunda Village: Joranota, Kisandai, Khaladi Current residence: Jharmunda Taluk: Udala Sex: M Age: 19 District: Mayurbhanj Education: Metric fail State: Orissa Occupation: Student Date elicited: 11 Sept, 1989 at Baripada Ashram Marital status: Single Elicited by: BV and PD Other languages spoken: Oriya, Hindi, Sadri Lg. of elicitation: Hindi & Oriya, some Mundari Travel to other locations: Cuttack, Delhi, Bihar Transcribed by: MJ Elicited by: GFA worker Language of elicitation: Oriya

Title: H – Dillisore, Mayurbhanj Title: S – Nayarangamotia, Mayurbhanj Date elicited: 8 August 1996 Date elicited: 18 July 1996 Language Assistant: GT Language Assistant: DMS Mother tongue (MT): Ho Mother tongue (MT): Santali Father’s MT: Ho Father’s MT: Santali Mother’s MT: Ho Mother’s MT: Santali Name of tribe: Ho (Tiria clan) Name of tribe: Santali Birthplace: Dillisore Birthplace: Nayarangamotia Current residence: Baripada (Leprosy Ashram) Current residence: Belpal village How long: 2 years, 6 months How long: 20 years Sex: M Age: 16 Sex: F Age: 35 Education: 4th class Education: 7th Marital status: Single Occupation: Housewife Other languages spoken: Oriya, Santali Marital status: Married Travel to other locations: No Other languages spoken: Oriya Transcribed by: MJ Travel to other locations: Baripada, Cuttack Elicited by: JM Transcribed by: MJ Language of elicitation: Oriya Elicited by: SR Language of elicitation: Oriya Title: S – Dictionary Language: Santali Title: Oriya (Cuttack) Location: Santal Parganas (?), (Standard Santali) Language: Oriya From: Santali-English Dictionary Location: Cuttack, Orissa Recorded by: RMM Date elicited: 3 and 29 March 1989 Date elicited: published 1933 Language Assistant: PKD (M, 28) and SS (M, 29)

Appendix B3

Wordlists Note: The capital letter before each site name refers to the speech variety: B – Bhumij, M – Mundari, B/M – Bhumij Mundari, H – Ho, and S – Santali.

1 up B – Dighinuasahi 1. body 1 boʔo uʔb B – Dumadie 1 hoɖomo B – Baigodias1 1 ubʔ B – Ladhiramsai hoɖomo B – Champi 1 uːb B – Madhupur 1 hɔɭmo B – Dighinuasahi 1 uʔp B – Mohuldiha 1 hoɾəmo B – Dumadie 1 uʔp B – Munduy 1 hoɾəmo B – Ladhiramsai 1 ub B – Podadiha 1 hoɖomo B – Madhupur 1 uʔp B/M – Udala 1 hɔɖmo B – Mohuldiha 3 uʔmɪm M – Chalagi 1 hɔɖmo B – Munduy 1 ub M – Dictionary 1 hoɖomo B – Podadiha 1 uʔp M – Dhungarisai 1 hoɖomo B/M – Udala 1 uʔp M – Jharmunda 1 hɔɖmo M – Chalagi 2 bɐle H – Dillisore 1 hɔɖmo M – Dictionary 1 uʔp S – Dictionary 1 hoɽmo 1 uʔp S –Nayarangamotia 2 bɑlə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hoɖomo M – Dhungarisai 1 hɔɖmo M – Jharmunda 4. face 1 hɔmo H – Dillisore 1 hoɾmo S – Dictionary 1 meʔt moɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 hɔɾmo S –Nayarangamotia 1 met mutɑ B – Champi 2 soɾiɾo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 menmuhɑ̃ʔ B Dighinuasahi 1 meʔd moʈe B – Dumadie 2. head 1 metʔn̩mũɑɳɑ B Ladhiramsai 1 boʔo B – Baigodia 1 met mute B – Madhupur 1 boʔ B – Champi 1 menmuhɑɖ B – Mohuldiha 1 bɔʔo B – Dighinuasahi 1 menmuʈɑ B – Munduy 1 boʔo B – Dumadie 1 met mute B – Podadiha 1 boʔo B – Ladhiramsai 1 meʔt mũɑ B/M – Udala 1 bohoʔ B – Madhupur 1 menmuɑ̃ɳ M – Chalagi 1 bɔho B – Mohuldiha 1 med muɑnɾɑ M –Dictionary 1 bo B – Munduy 1 boho B – Podadiha 1 meʔt motʃɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 boʔo B/M – Udala 2 tʃɐnkɑ M – Jharmunda 1 bɔʔo M – Chalagi 1 menmutʃɑ H – Dillisore 1 bo M – Dictionary 1 mẽtʔ ɑ̃hɑ̃ S – Dictionary 2 mund 1 mənhɑ̃ʔ S –Nayarangamotia 1 mũhə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 boʔo M – Dhungarisai 1 bɔho M – Jharmunda 5. eye 1 bo H – Dillisore 1 bohok S – Dictionary 1 meʔn B – Baigodia 1 bɔho S –Nayarangamotia 1 metʔ B – Champi 2 mũnɖɔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 meʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 metʔ B – Dumadie 3. hair 1 metʔn̩ B – Ladhiramsai 1 boʔo up B – Baigodia 1 met B – Madhupur 1 uʔp B – Champi 1 meʔn B – Mohuldiha

1 meʔn B – Munduy 8. mouth 1 metʔ B – Podadiha 1 meʔt̪ B/M – Udala 1 motʃɑ B – Baigodia 1 meʔ M – Chalagi 1 motʃʌŋ B – Champi 1 med M – Dictionary 1 mɔtʃɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 meʔt̪ M – Dhungarisai 1 motʃoŋ B – Dumadie 1 meʔt̪ M – Jharmunda 1 motʃɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 meʔn H – Dillisore 1 motʃoŋ B – Madhupur 1 mẽt S – Dictionary 3 luʈi B – Mohuldiha 1 meʔt̪ S –Nayarangamotia 1 mɔtʃɑ B – Munduy 2 ɑkhi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 motʃoŋ B – Podadiha 1 motʃɑ B/M – Udala 6. ear 1 mɔtʃɑ M – Chalagi 1 motʃɑ M – Dictionary 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Baigodia 4 thotnɑ 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Champi 1 motʃɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɔtʃɑ M – Jharmunda 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Dumadie 2 ɑʔ H – Dillisore 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Ladhiramsai 2 ɑ S – Dictionary 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Madhupur 1 mɔtʃɑ S –Nayarangamotia 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Mohuldiha 5 pɑʈːi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Munduy 1 lut ̪uɾ B – Podadiha 9. tooth 1 lut ̪uɾ B/M – Udala 1 lut ̪uɾ M – Chalagi 1 dɑtɑ B – Baigodia 1 lut ̪uɾ M – Dictionary 1 dɑtɑ B – Champi 1 lut ̪uɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɖɑʈɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 lut ̪uɾ M – Jharmunda 1 dɑtɑ B – Dumadie 1 lut ̪uɾ H – Dillisore 1 d̪ɑʔtɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lut ̪uɾ S – Dictionary 1 dɑtɑ B – Madhupur 1 lut ̪uɾ S –Nayarangamotia 1 ɖɑʈɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 kɑɳo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɖɑʈɑ B – Munduy 1 dɑtɑ B – Podadiha 7. nose 1 dɑtɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɖɐʈɑ M – Chalagi 1 muː B – Baigodia 1 ɖɑʈɑ M – Dictionary 1 muː B – Champi 1 dɑtɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 mu B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɖɑʈɑ M – Jharmunda 1 mũ B – Dumadie 1 ɖɐʈɑ H – Dillisore 1 mũ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɖɑʈɑ S – Dictionary 1 mu B – Madhupur 1 ɖɑʈɑ S –Nayarangamotia 1 mu B – Mohuldiha 1 d̪ɑnt ̪o Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mu B – Munduy 1 mu B – Podadiha 10. tongue 1 mũ B/M – Udala 1 mu M – Chalagi 1 ɑlɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 muhu M – Dictionary 1 ɑlʌŋ B – Champi 1 mũ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐlɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 muhũ M – Jharmunda 1 ɑlɑŋ B – Dumadie 1 muʈe H – Dillisore 2 leʔe B – Ladhiramsai 1 mũ S – Dictionary 1 ɑlɑŋ B – Madhupur 1 mu S –Nayarangamotia 1 ɐlɑŋ B – Mohuldiha 2 nɑkho Oriya (Cuttack) 2 lɛlej B – Munduy 1 ʌlɑŋ B – Podadiha 1 ɑlɑŋ B/M – Udala

2 lɛʔje M – Chalagi 13. arm 1 ɑlɑŋ M – Dictionary 2 leʔe 1 t ̪i B – Baigodia 1 ɑlɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 t ̪i B – Champi 1 ɐlɑŋ M – Jharmunda 1 t ̪i B – Dighinuasahi 2 lɛʔje H – Dillisore 2 supu B – Dumadie 1 ɑlɑŋ S – Dictionary 1 t ̪i B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɐlɑŋ S –Nayarangamotia 2 supu B – Madhupur 3 dʒibɦə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 t ̪i B – Mohuldiha 1 t ̪i B – Munduy 11. breast 2 supu B – Podadiha 2 ti supu B/M – Udala 0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 t ̪i ʔi M – Chalagi 3 t ̪uw ɑ B – Champi 1 t ̪i M – Dictionary 1 kuɭɐm B – Dighinuasahi 2 ti supu M – Dhungarisai 2 nunu B – Dumadie 1 t ̪i ʔi M – Jharmunda 2 nunu B – Ladhiramsai 1 t ̪i H – Dillisore 2 nunu B – Madhupur 1 t ̪i S – Dictionary 1 kuɖɑm B – Mohuldiha 2 sopo 0 no entry B – Munduy 1 t ̪i S – Nayarangamotia 2 nunu B – Podadiha 3 hɑʈo Oriya (Cuttack) 2 nunu B/M – Udala 1 kuɖɑm M – Chalagi 14. elbow 2 nunu M – Dictionary 2 nunu M – Dhungarisai 2 gonti B – Baigodia 2 nunu M – Jharmunda 1 ukɑʔ B – Champi 1 kujem H – Dillisore 1 uk B – Dighinuasahi 1 koɾɑm S – Dictionary 1 ukɑ 2 nunu 0 no entry 1 ukʌʔ B – Dumadie S–Nayarangamotia 1 ukːɑ B – Ladhiramsai 4 tʃɑt ̪i Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mukɑ B – Madhupur 1 uk B – Mohuldiha 12. belly 1 ukɑ B – Munduy 1 uke B – Podadiha 1 lɑi B – Baigodia 1 ukɑʔ B/M – Udala 1 lɑi B – Champi 1 ukɑ M – Chalagi 1 lɑʔi B – Dighinuasahi 1 ukɑ M – Dictionary 1 leʔ B – Dumadie 1 ukɑʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 lɑʔi B – Ladhiramsai 1 ukɑ M – Jharmunda 1 lɑi B – Madhupur 1 uke H – Dillisore 1 lɑi B – Mohuldiha 1 mokɑ S – Dictionary 1 lɑi B – Munduy 1 mukɑ S –Nayarangamotia 1 lei B – Podadiha 3 koini Oriya (Cuttack) 1 lɑiʔ B/M – Udala 1 lɑʔi M – Chalagi 15. palm 1 lɑi M – Dictionary 1 lɑiʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 t̪ɑlkɑ B – Baigodia 1 lɑheʔ M – Jharmunda 1 t̪ʌlkɑ B – Champi 1 lɑi H – Dillisore 1 t̪ɐlkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 lɑʔe S – Dictionary 1 t̪i t̪ɑlkɑ B – Dumadie 2 dodʒok 1 t̪i t̪ɛlkɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɑʔ S – Nayarangamotia 2 t ̪it ̪oph ɑ B – Madhupur 3 pet ̪t ̪o Oriya (Cuttack) 1 t̪ɐlkɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 t̪ɐlkɑ B – Munduy 1 t̪ʌlʌkɑ t ̪i B – Podadiha

1 t̪i t̪ɑlkɑ B/M – Udala 1 kɑtɑ B – Champi 1 t̪ɐlkɑ M – Chalagi 1 kɐʈɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 t̪i t̪ɑlkɑ M – Dictionary 1 kɑtɑ B – Dumadie 1 t̪i t̪ɑlkɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 kɑrʈɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 t̪ɐlkɑ M – Jharmunda 1 kɐʈɑ B – Madhupur 1 t̪ɐlkɑ H – Dillisore 1 kɐʈɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 t̪ɑlkɑ S – Dictionary 1 kɐʈɑ B – Munduy 1 t̪ɐlkɑ S –Nayarangamotia 1 kʌtɑ B – Podadiha 3 toɭohɑto Oriya (Cuttack) 1 kɑʈɑ B/M – Udala 4 pɑpuli 1 kɐʈɑ M – Chalagi

1 kɑʈɑ M – Dictionary 16. finger 1 kɑʈɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑŋguɭi B – Baigodia 1 kɐʈɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ɑŋguɖi B – Champi 1 kɐʈɑ H – Dillisore 3 ɖɑɖo B – Dighinuasahi 2 dʒɑŋgɑ S – Dictionary 1 ɑŋɭi B – Dumadie 2 dʒəŋgɑ S –Nayarangamotia 3 ɖɑd̪o B – Ladhiramsai 3 gudo Oriya (Cuttack)

1 ɑŋguɭi B – Madhupur 19. skin 1 ɐŋkiɖi B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑŋkuɽ B – Munduy 1 hɑɾtɑ B – Baigodia 1 ʌŋgiɖi B – Podadiha 2 ũɾ B – Champi 3 ɖɑɖo B/M – Udala 1 hɐɾt̪ɑ B – Dighinuasahi 2 kɐʈuʔu M – Chalagi 1 hɑɾt ̪ɑ B – Dumadie 2 kɑʈu M – Dictionary 2 ũɾ B – Ladhiramsai 3 ɖɑɖo M – Dhungarisai 1 hɑɾtɑ B – Madhupur 1 ɐŋkʈi M – Jharmunda 1 hɐɾt̪ɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɐŋkuɖi H – Dillisore 2 uɾ B – Munduy 2 kɑʈup S – Dictionary 1 hʌɾt̪ɑ B – Podadiha 2 kəʈuʔp S –Nayarangamotia 1 hɐɾt̪ɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɑŋguɭi Oriya (Cuttack) 2 uɾ M – Chalagi

1 hɑɾtɑ M – Dictionary 17. fingernail 2 ũɾ 3 nokhʌ B – Baigodia 1 hɐɾt̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 sɑɾsɑɾ B – Champi 2 uhuɾ M – Jharmunda 1 sɐɾseɾ B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry H – Dillisore 1 sɑɾsɑɾ B – Dumadie 1 hɑɾtɑ S – Dictionary 1 sɑɾsɑɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɐɾt̪ɑ S –Nayarangamotia 1 sɑɾsɑɾ B – Madhupur 3 tʃɑɾəmõ Oriya (Cuttack)

1 sɐɾɑɾ B – Mohuldiha 20. bone 1 sɐɾsɑɾ B – Munduy 1 sʌɾsʌɾ B – Podadiha 1 dʒɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 sɐɾsɐɾ B/M – Udala 1 dʒɑŋ B – Champi 1 sɐɾseɾ M – Chalagi 1 dʒɐŋ B – Dighinuasahi 2 ɾɑmɑ M – Dictionary 1 dʒɑŋ B – Dumadie 1 sɐɾsɐɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒɑŋ B – Ladhiramsai 2 ɾɑmɑ M – Jharmunda 1 dʒɑŋ B – Madhupur 1 sɐɾɑɾ H – Dillisore 1 dʒɑŋ B – Mohuldiha 2 t ̪i ɾɑmɑ S – Dictionary 1 dʒɑŋ B – Munduy 2 ɾəmɑ S –Nayarangamotia 1 dʒɑŋ B – Podadiha 3 noːkho Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒɑŋ B/M – Udala

1 dʒɐŋ M – Chalagi 18. leg 1 dʒɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 kɑtɑ B – Baigodia 1 dʒɑŋ M – Dhungarisai

1 dʒɑŋ M – Jharmunda 1 duki B – Ladhiramsai 0 no entry H – Dillisore 2 dɐdɐ B – Madhupur 1 dʒɑŋ S – Dictionary 2 ɖoɖo B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒɑŋ S Nayarangamotia 1 ɖuki B – Munduy 2 hɑːdo Oriya (Cuttack) 0 no entry B – Podadiha 21. heart 2 dɐɖo B/M – Udala

1 ɖuki M – Chalagi 0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 ɖuki M – Dictionary 2 mɑjʌm oɖɑʔ B – Champi 2 ɖoɖo 1 dʒibon B – Dighinuasahi 2 dɐɖo M – Dhungarisai 5 mʌjʌm kundi B – Dumadie 1 ɖukid̪ɑʔɑʔ M – Jharmunda 2 mɑjɑm oɽɑ B Ladhiramsai 1 ɖuki H – Dillisore 5 mɑjɐm kundi B – Madhupur 4 ɑɖoeɑk S – Dictionary 3 kɔldʒɑ B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry S –Nayarangamotia 3 kɔldʒɑ B – Munduy 5 mut ̪t ̪o Oriya (Cuttack) 2 mɑjɑm oɖɑʔ B – Podadiha 6 mɐjɐm bhundɑɾ B/M – Udala 24. feces 1 dʒibon M – Chalagi 1 dʒi M –Dictionary 2 dʒɦʌɖɑ B – Baigodia 4 bukɑ 1 iːiʔ B – Champi 6 mɐjɐm bhundɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 3 kɔldʒɑ M Jharmunda 1 eʔ B – Dumadie 1 dʒibɔn H – Dillisore 1 iʔi B – Ladhiramsai 4 boko S – Dictionary 1 iʔi B – Madhupur 7 ontoɾ 1 iʔ B – Mohuldiha 3 kɔldʒɑ S Nayarangamotia 0 no entry B – Munduy 8 həɾud̪ɑio Oriya (Cuttack) 1 iʔi B – Podadiha 1 iʔi B/M – Udala 22. blood 1 iʔ M – Chalagi 1 mɑjʌm B – Baigodia 1 eee M – Dictionary 1 mɑjʌm B – Champi 3 idʒɦ 1 mɐjɑm B – Dighinuasahi 1 iʔi M – Dhungarisai 1 mɑjʌm B – Dumadie 1 iʔ M – Jharmunda 1 mɑjʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 iʔiʔ H – Dillisore 1 mɑjɐm B – Madhupur 2 dʒidʒɑ S – Dictionary 1 mɐjɑm B – Mohuldiha 3 itʃʔ 1 mɐjɔm B – Munduy 0 no entry S –Nayarangamotia 2 dʒɑɽɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mʌjʌm B – Podadiha 1 mɑjɐm B/M – Udala 25. village 1 mɐjɔm M – Chalagi 1 mɑjom M – Dictionary 1 hɑt ̪u B – Baigodia 2 ɾokot 1 hʌt ̪u B – Champi 1 mɑjɐm M – Dhungarisai 1 hɐt ̪u B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɐjɔm M – Jharmunda 1 hʌt ̪u B – Dumadie 1 mɐjɐm H – Dillisore 1 hɑ̃t ̪u B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɑ̃jɑ̃m S – Dictionary 1 hɐt ̪u B – Madhupur 1 mɑjɑm S –Nayarangamotia 1 hɐt ̪u B – Mohuldiha 2 ɾɑkto Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hɐt ̪u B – Munduy 1 hʌt ̪u B – Podadiha 23. urine 1 hɑt ̪u B/M – Udala 1 duki B – Baigodia 1 hɐt ̪u M – Chalagi 2 dʌɖo B – Champi 1 hɑt ̪u M – Dictionary 3 nono B – Dighinuasahi 2 ɖi 2 dʌdʌ B – Dumadie 1 hɑt ̪u M – Dhungarisai

1 hɐt ̪u M – Jharmunda 1 tɐti B – Madhupur 1 hɐt ̪u H – Dillisore 3 d̪uʋɑɾ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑto S – Dictionary 1 ʈɐʈi B – Munduy 1 ɑt ̪u S –Nayarangamotia 1 tɑti B – Podadiha 3 gɾɑːmõ Oriya (Cuttack) 3 duɑɾ B/M – Udala 26. house 3 d̪uʋɑɾ M – Chalagi 3 duɑɾ M – Dictionary 1 oɖɑʔɑ B – Baigodia 3 duɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 oɖɑʔ B – Champi 1 ʈɐʈɾɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ɔɽɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ʈɐʈi H – Dillisore 1 oɖʔɑ B – Dumadie 2 silpiŋ S – Dictionary 1 oɽɑ B – Ladhiramsai 4 kɑpɑt 1 oɖɑʔ B – Madhupur 2 silpiŋ S –Nayarangamotia 1 ɔɽɑ B – Mohuldiha 4 kɔbɑtɔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɔɽɑ B – Munduy 1 oɖɑʔɑ B – Podadiha 29. firewood 1 oɖɑʔ B/M – Udala 1 ɔɽɑ M – Chalagi 1 sɑːn B – Baigodia 1 oɽɑ M – Dictionary 1 sɑn B – Champi 1 oɖɑʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 sɑn B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɔɽɑ M – Jharmunda 1 sɑhʌn B – Dumadie 2 ʋɑɑʔ 1 sɑŋ B – Ladhiramsai 2 ʋɑɑʔ H – Dillisore 1 sɑhɑn B – Madhupur 1 oɾɑk S – Dictionary 1 dʒulsɐhɑn B – Mohuldiha 1 ɔɖɑ S –Nayarangamotia 1 sɑn B – Munduy 3 gɦoɽo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sɑn B – Podadiha 1 sɑhɑn B/M – Udala 27. roof 1 sɑn M – Chalagi 1 sɑhɑn M – Dictionary 4 d̪ɑbeɑ B – Baigodia 1 sɑhɑn M – Dhungarisai 1 sʌɖʌmi B – Champi 1 sɐhɐn M – Jharmunda 1 sɑɖimɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɑn H – Dillisore 3 d̪ɑlʌb B – Dumadie 1 sɑhɑn S – Dictionary 1 sɑɾimɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɐhɑn S –Nayarangamotia 1 sedmi B – Madhupur 2 kɑːto Oriya (Cuttack) 6 mut ̪uɭ B – Mohuldiha 2 tʃɐnt̪ɑi B – Munduy 30. broom 1 sʌɖimi t̪ed B – Podadiha 1 sɑɾimɑ B/M – Udala 1 dʒonoʔo B – Baigodia 1 sɑɽmi M – Chalagi 1 dʒonoʔ B – Champi 1 sɑɽɑmi M – Dictionary 1 dʒɔno B – Dighinuasahi 2 tʃɑt M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒonoʔ B – Dumadie 5 khɐpɾɑ M – Jharmunda 1 dʒonoʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 sidimɑ H – Dillisore 1 dʒɔno B – Madhupur 2 tʃɑl S – Dictionary 1 dʒɔno B – Mohuldiha 1 sɛɖim S –Nayarangamotia 1 dʒɔno B – Munduy 2 tʃhɑːto Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒonoʔo B – Podadiha 1 dʒonoʔ B/M – Udala 28. door 1 dʒɔnoʔ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 2 silipiŋ B – Baigodia 1 dʒonoʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 tɑti B – Champi 1 dʒɔnooʔ M – Jharmunda 2 silpiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒɔno H – Dillisore 1 tʌti B – Dumadie 1 dʒonok S – Dictionary 2 silpiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒəno S –Nayarangamotia

3 tʃɑntʃoni Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mɑɾt̪uɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɐɾt ̪ul B – Madhupur 31. mortar 1 mɑɾt̪ul B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 mɐɾt ̪ul B – Munduy 1 sʌsɑŋɾɪɖd̪iɾi B – Champi 1 mɑɾt̪ud B – Podadiha 2 tʃɐki B – Dighinuasahi 2 kutuɾi kotɑs B/M – Udala 1 sʌsɑŋɾɪɖd̪iɾi B – Dumadie 2 koʈɑsi M – Chalagi 1 sʌsɑŋɾɪɖd̪iɾi B Ladhiramsai 2 kuʈɑsi M – Dictionary 1 ɾiɾit d̪hiɾi B – Madhupur 3 hɑtɑoɽi 1 ɾiʔdiɾi B – Mohuldiha 2 kutuɾi kotɑs M – Dhungarisai 1 sɐsɑŋɾiʔd̪iɾi B – Munduy 1 mɑɾt ̪ul M – Jharmunda 1 ɾɪɖd̪iɾi B – Podadiha 1 mɐɾt ̪ul H – Dillisore 1 sʌsɑŋ 1 mɑɾt̪ul S – Dictionary 3 sil 2 kutɑsi 1 sɑsɑŋɾeʔd dhiɾi B/M – Udala 2 kuʈɛsi S –Nayarangamotia 3 hɑt ̪uɖi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sɐsɑŋɾiʔd̪iɾi M – Chalagi 0 no entry M –Dictionary 34. knife 1 sɑsɑŋɾeʔd dhiɾi M – Dhungarisai 2 tʃɐki M – Jharmunda 1 tʃhuɾi B – Baigodia 4 guɖgu H – Dillisore 1 tʃhuɾi B – Champi 5 kɑndi S – Dictionary 1 tʃuɾi B – Dighinuasahi 6 ukhuɾ 1 tʃhuɾi B – Dumadie 2 tʃɐki S –Nayarangamotia 1 tʃuɾi B – Ladhiramsai 3 siɭɔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 tʃhuɾi B – Madhupur 7 kot̪t̪uni 1 tʃuɾi B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃuɾi B – Munduy 32. pestle 1 tʃhuɾi B – Podadiha 1 gudgu B – Baigodia 3 puŋki 3 hone d̪iɾi B – Champi 1 tʃhuɾi B/M – Udala 2 tʃɐki B – Dighinuasahi 2 kɐt ̪u M – Chalagi 3 hone d̪ɦiɾi B – Dumadie 2 kʌt ̪u M – Dictionary 1 goɾgi d̪iɾi B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃhuɾi M – Dhungarisai 1 guɖgu d̪iɾi B – Madhupur 2 kɐt ̪u M – Jharmunda 1 guɖgud̪iɾi B – Mohuldiha 2 kɐt ̪u H – Dillisore 3 ɔne d̪iɾi B – Munduy 1 tʃhuɾi S – Dictionary 1 guɖugu d̪iɾi B – Podadiha 1 tʃuɾi S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃhuɾi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 gudgi dhiɾi B/M – Udala 1 guɖgud̪iɾi M – Chalagi 35. axe 0 no entry M –Dictionary 1 gudgi dhiɾi M – Dhungarisai 2 hɑke B – Baigodia 2 tʃɐki M – Jharmunda 3 boɖiɑ B – Champi 1 guɖgud̪iɾi H – Dillisore 2 hɐke (small) B – Dighinuasahi 4 tok S – Dictionary 3 boɖiɑ B – Dumadie 5 dɦusɾɑ 2 hɑke B – Ladhiramsai 2 tʃɐki S Nayarangamotia 3 boɖiɑ B – Madhupur 6 pothoɽo Oriya (Cuttack) 3 bɔɖɛjɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 hɐke (small) B – Munduy 33. hammer 3 boɖejɑ B – Podadiha 1 mɑɾt̪ul B – Baigodia 2 hɑke B/M – Udala 1 mɑɾt̪ul B – Champi 2 hɐke (small) M – Chalagi 2 koʈɑsi B – Dighinuasahi 2 hɔɽɑmhɑke (big) 1 mɑɾt̪ul B – Dumadie 4 kɑpi M – Dictionary 2 hɑke M – Dhungarisai

2 hɐke (small) M – Jharmunda 1 sui B – Dighinuasahi 2 hɐke (small) H – Dillisore 1 sui B – Dumadie 1 tɑŋgu S – Dictionary 1 sui B – Ladhiramsai 5 potɑm 1 sui B – Madhupur 1 ʈɐŋkɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 sui B – Mohuldiha 1 tɑŋgiːɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 susi B – Munduy 1 susi B – Podadiha 36. rope 1 sui B/M – Udala 1 bɑjɑɾ B – Baigodia 1 sui M – Chalagi 1 bɑjɑɾ B – Champi 1 sui M – Dictionary 2 bɐɾɑi B – Dighinuasahi 1 sui M – Dhungarisai 1 bɑbeɾ B – Dumadie 1 sui M – Jharmunda 1 bɑijɑɾ B – Ladhiramsai 2 sudʒe H – Dillisore 1 bɑbeɾ B – Madhupur 1 sui S – Dictionary 1 bɐbeɾ B – Mohuldiha 1 sui S – Nayarangamotia 2 sũnːtʃi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bɐjɛɾ B – Munduy 1 bɑbeɾ B – Podadiha 39. cloth 1 bɑjɑɾ B/M – Udala 1 bɑjɑɾ M – Chalagi 1 kitʃiɾi B – Baigodia 3 boɽ M – Dictionary 5 ulu B – Champi 1 bɑjɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 kitʃiɾ B – Dighinuasahi 1 bɑibɑɾ M – Jharmunda 4 tieŋ B – Dumadie 1 bɐjɛɾ H – Dillisore 1 kitʃɪɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɑhɑɾi S – Dictionary 4 tieŋ B – Madhupur 2 bɑhɑɾi 5 hulu B – Mohuldiha 3 boɽ 5 hulu B – Munduy 1 bɐbɛɾ S – Nayarangamotia 4 tijʌŋ B – Podadiha 4 dowudi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 kitʃiɾi B/M – Udala 2 lidʒɑʔ M – Chalagi 37. thread 1 kitʃɾi M – Dictionary 1 sut̪ɑm B – Baigodia 2 lidʒɑ 1 sut ̪em B – Champi 3 lugɑ 1 sut̪ɑm B – Dighinuasahi 1 kitʃiɾi M – Dhungarisai 1 sut ̪em B – Dumadie 2 lidʒɑ M – Jharmunda 1 sut̪ʌm B – Ladhiramsai 2 lidʒe H – Dillisore 1 sut ̪em B – Madhupur 1 kitʃɾitʃ S – Dictionary 1 sut̪ɑm B – Mohuldiha 3 lugɾi 1 sut̪ɑm B – Munduy 3 luguɖi S – Nayarangamotia 3 luːgɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sut ̪em B – Podadiha 1 sut̪ɑm B/M – Udala 40. ring 1 sut̪ɑm M – Chalagi 1 sut̪ɑm M – Dictionary 1 mud̪ɑm B – Baigodia 1 sut̪ɑm M – Dhungarisai 1 mud̪ʌm B – Champi 1 sut̪ɑm M – Jharmunda 3 pɔlɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sut̪ɛm H – Dillisore 1 mud̪em B – Dumadie 1 sut̪ɑm S – Dictionary 1 muld̪ʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 sut̪ɑm S – Nayarangamotia 1 mud̪em B – Madhupur 1 suːt̪ɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mud̪ɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 mud̪ɑm B – Munduy 38. needle 1 muɲd̪em B – Podadiha 1 sui B – Baigodia 3 polɑ B/M – Udala 1 susi B – Champi 1 mud̪ɑm M – Chalagi 3 polɑ M – Dictionary

3 polɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 siɾmɑ B – Dumadie 1 mud̪ɑm M – Jharmunda 1 siɾmɑ B – Ladhiramsai 3 pɔlɑ H – Dillisore 1 siɾmɑ B – Madhupur 1 mundɑm S – Dictionary 1 siɾmɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 mud̪ɐm S – Nayarangamotia 1 siɾmɑ B – Munduy 2 muɖi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 siɾmʌ B – Podadiha 1 siɾmɑ B/M – Udala 41. sun 1 siɾmɑ M – Chalagi 1 siŋgi B – Baigodia 1 siɾmɑ M – Dictionary 1 siŋgi B – Champi 1 siɾmɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 siŋki B – Dighinuasahi 1 siɾmɑ M – Jharmunda 1 siŋgi B – Dumadie 1 siɾme H – Dillisore 1 siŋgi B – Ladhiramsai 1 seɾmʌ S – Dictionary 1 siŋgi B – Madhupur 1 seɾmɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 ɑkɑsɑu Oriya (Cuttack) 1 siŋki B – Mohuldiha 1 siŋki B – Munduy 44. star 1 siŋgi B – Podadiha 1 siŋgi B/M – Udala 1 ipil B – Baigodia 1 siŋgi M – Chalagi 1 ipil B – Champi 1 siŋgi M – Dictionary 1 ipil B – Dighinuasahi 1 siŋgi M – Dhungarisai 1 ipil B – Dumadie 1 siŋki M – Jharmunda 1 ipil B – Ladhiramsai 0 no entry H – Dillisore 1 ipil B – Madhupur 2 sin tʃɑndo S – Dictionary 1 ipil B – Mohuldiha 2 tʃɑnt ̪o S – Nayarangamotia 1 ipil B – Munduy 4 beɭɑ 1 ipil B – Podadiha 3 sudʒo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ipil B/M – Udala 1 ipil M – Chalagi 42. moon 1 ipil M – Dictionary 1 tʃɑndu B – Baigodia 1 ipil M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃʌdup B – Champi 1 ipil M – Jharmunda 1 tʃɑnʈu B – Dighinuasahi 1 ipil H – Dillisore 1 tʃɑdub B – Dumadie 1 ipil S – Dictionary 1 tʃɑnd̪u B – Ladhiramsai 1 ipil S – Nayarangamotia 2 t̪ɑɾɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 tʃɑndu B – Madhupur 1 tʃɑnʈu B – Mohuldiha 45. rain 1 tʃɑnʈu B – Munduy 1 tʃɑndupʔ B – Podadiha 1 gɑmɑ B – Baigodia 1 tʃɑnd̪u B/M – Udala 1 gʌmɑ B – Champi 1 tʃɑnʈuuʔ M – Chalagi 1 gɑmɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃɑndu M – Dictionary 1 gɑmɑ B – Dumadie 1 tʃɑnd̪u M – Dhungarisai 1 gɔmʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃɑnʈu M – Jharmunda 1 gɐmɑ B – Madhupur 0 no entry H – Dillisore 1 gɑmɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 nɪndɑ tʃɑndo S – Dictionary 1 gɑmɑ B – Munduy 1 tʃɑnt ̪o S – Nayarangamotia 1 gʌmɑ B – Podadiha 2 dʒɑnhɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 d̪ɑʔɑʔ gɑmɑ B/M – Udala 2 d̪ɑʔɑʔ 43. sky 2 d̪ɑʔɑʔ gɑmɑ 0 no entry B – Baigodia 2 d̪ɑʔɑʔ M – Chalagi 1 siɾmɑ B – Champi 3 dʒɑɾgi M – Dictionary 1 siɾmɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 d̪ɑʔɑʔ gɑmɑ M Dhungarisai 2 d̪ɑʔɑʔ

2 d̪ɑʔɑʔ gɑmɑ 1 rɛmbʔɪl B – Ladhiramsai 2 d̪ɑʔɑʔ M – Jharmunda 1 ɾemil B – Madhupur 1 gɐmɑ H – Dillisore 1 ɾimbɪl B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 ɾimil B – Munduy 2 d̪ɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɾimil B – Podadiha 4 boɾosɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɾimil B/M – Udala 1 ɾimbil M – Chalagi 46. water 1 ɾimil M – Dictionary 1 d̪ɑʔɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɾimbil M – Dhungarisai 1 d̪ɑʔ B – Champi 1 ɾimil M – Jharmunda 1 d̪ɑʔɑʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾimil H – Dillisore 1 d̪ɑʔ B – Dumadie 1 ɾimil S – Dictionary 1 d̪ɑʔʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 lɑhɾɑ 1 dɑʔ B – Madhupur 3 ɾəblɑ S – Nayarangamotia 4 megɦo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 d̪ɑʔ B – Mohuldiha 1 d̪ɑ B – Munduy 49. lightning 1 d̪ɑʔɑ B – Podadiha 1 d̪ɑʔɑ B/M – Udala 3 gɦʌdɑgɑti B – Baigodia 1 d̪ɑʔɑʔ M – Chalagi 2 bidʒʌli B – Champi 1 d̪ɑ M – Dictionary 1 hitʃiɾ B Dighinuasahi 1 d̪ɑʔɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 bidʒili B – Dumadie 1 d̪ɑʔɑʔ M – Jharmunda 2 bidʒʌlɑu B – Ladhiramsai 1 d̪ɑɑʔ H – Dillisore 2 bidʒli B – Madhupur 1 dɑk S – Dictionary 2 bidʒili B – Mohuldiha 1 d̪ɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 bidʒili B – Munduy 2 pɑni Oriya (Cuttack) 1 itʃiɾ t̪ʌdɑ B – Podadiha 2 bidʒlo 47. river 1 hitʃiɾ B/M – Udala 1 gɑɖɑ B – Baigodia 1 hitʃiɾ M – Chalagi 1 gʌɖɑ B – Champi 1 hitʃiɾ M – Dictionary 1 gɐɖɑ B – Dighinuasahi 4 ʈheɾ 1 gɑɖɑ B – Dumadie 1 hitʃiɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 gɑɖʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 bidʒili M – Jharmunda 1 gɑɖɑ B – Madhupur 2 bidʒili H – Dillisore 1 gɐɖɑ B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 gɐɖɑ B – Munduy 2 bidʒili S – Nayarangamotia 2 bidʒuli Oriya (Cuttack) 1 gʌdɑ B – Podadiha 1 gɑɖɑ B/M – Udala 50. rainbow 1 gɑɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 gɑɖɑ M – Dictionary 0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 gɑɖɑ M – Dhungarisai 5 ɾɑm dɦʌnus B – Champi 2 nɑi M – Jharmunda 6 kɑlɖʊnɖʊki B – Dighinuasahi 1 gɐɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 ɾohoɖbiŋ B – Dumadie 1 gɑɖɑ S – Dictionary 2 bɑnd̪ɛlɛlɛʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 gɐɖɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 lite B – Madhupur 2 nəd̪i Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɾoɖbiŋ B – Mohuldiha 4 nud̪ubiŋ B – Munduy 48. cloud 4 luɲd̪ubiŋ B – Podadiha 0 no entry B – Baigodia 5 ɾɑm diluɑn B/M – Udala 1 ɾembil B – Champi 2 bɑnɖɑsike M – Chalagi 1 ɾimɑl B – Dighinuasahi 4 lʊhʊɾbiŋ 1 ɾemil B – Dumadie 2 bɑɳɖɑlele M – Dictionary 7 tʃɑndil M – Dhungarisai

4 lʊhʊɾbiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 hoɾeŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾuɭbiŋoŋ H – Dillisore 1 hoɾeŋ B – Munduy 3 liʈɑ ɑʔk S – Dictionary 1 hoɾen B – Podadiha 3 liʈə S – Nayarangamotia 1 hoɽɑ B/M – Udala 8 inɖɾoɖɑnɑsə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hɔɾɑ M – Chalagi

1 hoɾɑ M – Dictionary 51. wind 1 hoɽɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hʌjʌ B – Baigodia 1 hɔɾɑ M – Jharmunda 1 hʌjo B – Champi 1 hɔɾɑ H – Dillisore 1 hojo B – Dighinuasahi 1 hoɾ S – Dictionary 1 hʌjʌ B – Dumadie 2 sesɑ 1 hojo B – Ladhiramsai 1 hoɾ S – Nayarangamotia 1 hojo B – Madhupur 2 sesɑ 1 hojo B – Mohuldiha 3 rɑst ̪ɾɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hojo B – Munduy 4 bɑto

1 hojo B – Podadiha 54. sand 1 hojɑ B/M – Udala 1 hojo M – Chalagi 1 git̪il B – Baigodia 1 hojo M – Dictionary 1 git̪il B – Champi 1 hojɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 git̪il B – Dighinuasahi 1 hojo M – Jharmunda 1 git̪il B – Dumadie 1 ɔjo H – Dillisore 1 git̪il B – Ladhiramsai 1 hoe S – Dictionary 1 git̪il B – Madhupur 1 hoi S – Nayarangamotia 1 git̪il B – Mohuldiha 2 dʒɦoɾɑkɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 git̪il B – Munduy

52. stone 1 git̪il B – Podadiha 1 git̪il B/M – Udala 1 d̪iɾi B – Baigodia 1 git̪il M – Chalagi 1 d̪iɾi B – Champi 1 git̪il M – Dictionary 1 d̪iɾi B – Dighinuasahi 1 git̪il M – Dhungarisai 1 d̪ɦiɾi B – Dumadie 1 git̪il M – Jharmunda 1 d̪iɾi B – Ladhiramsai 1 git̪il H – Dillisore 1 d̪ɦiɾi B – Madhupur 1 git̪il S – Dictionary 1 d̪iɾi B – Mohuldiha 2 bɑli S – Nayarangamotia 1 d̪iɾi B – Munduy 2 bɑɭi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 d̪iɾi B – Podadiha 55. fire 1 d̪ɦiɾi B/M – Udala 1 d̪iɾi M – Chalagi 1 seŋgel B – Baigodia 1 d̪iɾi M – Dictionary 1 seŋgel B – Champi 1 d̪ɦiɾi M – Dhungarisai 1 sɛŋkel B – Dighinuasahi 1 d̪iɾi M – Jharmunda 1 seŋgel B – Dumadie 1 d̪iɾi H – Dillisore 1 sɪŋgel B – Ladhiramsai 1 d̪ɦiɾi S – Dictionary 1 seŋgel B – Madhupur 1 d̪iɾi S – Nayarangamotia 1 sɛŋkel B – Mohuldiha 2 pət ̪h əɾə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sɛŋkɛl B – Munduy 53. path 1 seŋgel B – Podadiha 1 seŋgel B/M – Udala 1 hoɾɑ B – Baigodia 1 sɛŋkel M – Chalagi 1 hoɾen B – Champi 1 seŋgel M – Dictionary 1 hoɾɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 seŋgel M – Dhungarisai 1 hoɾeŋ B – Dumadie 1 sɛŋkel M – Jharmunda 1 hoɾɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɛŋkɛl H – Dillisore 1 hoɾen B – Madhupur 1 seŋgel S – Dictionary

1 sɛŋkel S – Nayarangamotia 1 lɔsot ̪. B – Munduy 2 nĩːɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 losod B – Podadiha 56. smoke 2 kɑd̪om 1 losɐɐʔ B/M – Udala 1 sukul B – Baigodia 1 lɔsot ̪. M – Chalagi 1 sukul B – Champi 1 losod M – Dictionary 1 sukul B – Dighinuasahi 1 losɐɐʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 sukul B – Dumadie 1 lɔso M – Jharmunda 1 sukuɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɔsot ̪. H – Dillisore 1 sukul B – Madhupur 1 losot S – Dictionary 1 sukul B – Mohuldiha 3 hɐsɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 sukul B – Munduy 2 kɑd̪uə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sukul B – Podadiha 1 sukul B/M – Udala 59. dust 1 sukul M – Chalagi 1 sukul M – Dictionary 1 dɦuɽɑ B – Baigodia 3 dɦuŋgiɑ 1 dɦuɽɑ B – Champi 1 sukul M – Dhungarisai 1 d̪uɖɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sukul M – Jharmunda 1 d̪ɦuɭʌ B – Dumadie 4 mɔ̃ʔoʔ H – Dillisore 1 duɽɑʔ B – Ladhiramsai 2 dɦũɑ̃ S – Dictionary 1 d̪ɦule B – Madhupur 3 dɦuŋgiɑ 3 git̪il B – Mohuldiha 2 d̪ũɑ̃ S – Nayarangamotia 1 d̪uɖɑ B – Munduy 2 d̪ɦuɑ̃ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 d̪uɖe B – Podadiha 1 d̪hulɑ B/M – Udala 57. ash 1 d̪ɑuɖɑ M – Chalagi 2 gɑɾdɑ M – Dictionary 1 t̪ʌɾe B – Baigodia 1 d̪hulɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 t ̪o ɾetʔ B – Champi 2 gunɖɑ M – Jharmunda 1 t̪ɔɾoj B – Dighinuasahi 1 d̪uɭi H – Dillisore 1 t ̪o ɾʌʔt̪ B – Dumadie 1 dɦuɾi S – Dictionary 1 t ̪o ɾoʔɛ B – Ladhiramsai 1 d̪uɖi S – Nayarangamotia 1 t ̪o ɾɐt B – Madhupur 1 d̪ɦuɭi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 t̪ɔɾoj B – Mohuldiha 1 t̪ɔɾoj B – Munduy 60. gold 1 t ̪o ɾodʒʔ B – Podadiha 1 t̪ɐɾneʔ B/M – Udala 1 sonɑ B – Baigodia 1 t̪ɔɾoʔe M – Chalagi 1 sonɑ B – Champi 1 t ̪o ɾoe M – Dictionary 2 sɐmɔŋɔm B – Dighinuasahi 1 t̪ɐɾneʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 sonɑ B – Dumadie 1 t̪ɔɾe M – Jharmunda 2 sɑ̃məɽom B – Ladhiramsai 1 t̪ɔɾoj H – Dillisore 1 sonɑ B – Madhupur 1 t ̪o ɾotʃʔ S – Dictionary 1 sɔnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 t̪ɔɾoj S – Nayarangamotia 1 sɔnɑ B – Munduy 2 pɑ̃usə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sonɑ B – Podadiha 1 sunɑ B/M – Udala 58. mud 1 sɔnɑ M – Chalagi 2 sɑmɽom M – Dictionary 1 lʌsʌʔʌ B – Baigodia 1 sunɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 kɑd̪ʌm B – Champi 1 sɔnɑ M – Jharmunda 3 hɐsɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɔnɑ H – Dillisore 1 losoʔn B – Dumadie 1 sonɑ S – Dictionary 1 losʌdʔ B – Ladhiramsai 2 sɑmɑɾom 1 lɐsɐt B – Madhupur 1 sunɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 lɔso B – Mohuldiha 1 sunːɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

1 ɾeʔ M – Chalagi 61. tree 2 dʒeɾ M – Dictionary 1 d̪ɑɾu B – Baigodia 1 ɾeʔt M – Dhungarisai 1 d̪ɑɾu B – Champi 1 ɾeʔheʔ M – Jharmunda 1 d̪ɑɾu B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾeʔɽ 1 d̪ʌɾu B – Dumadie 2 tʃɛɾoɾeʔ H – Dillisore 1 d̪ɑɾu B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾehetʔ S – Dictionary 1 d̪ɐɾu B – Madhupur 1 ɾehet S – Nayarangamotia 2 tʃeɽo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 d̪ɐɾu B – Mohuldiha 1 d̪ɑɾu B – Munduy 64. thorn 1 d̪ɑɾi B – Podadiha 1 d̪ɑɾu B/M – Udala 1 dʒɑnum B – Baigodia 1 d̪ɑɾu M – Chalagi 1 dʒɑnum B – Champi 1 d̪ɑɾu M – Dictionary 1 dʒɐnum B – Dighinuasahi 1 d̪ɑɾu M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒʌnum B – Dumadie 1 d̪ɑɾu M – Jharmunda 1 dʒɑnum B – Ladhiramsai 1 d̪ɑɾu H – Dillisore 1 dʒɐnum B – Madhupur 1 d̪ɑɾe S – Dictionary 1 dʒɐnum B – Mohuldiha 1 d̪ɐɾe S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒɐnum B – Munduy 2 gətʃhə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒɑnum B – Podadiha 1 dʒɑnum B/M – Udala 62. leaf 1 dʒɑnum M – Chalagi 1 sɑkɑm B – Baigodia 1 dʒɑnum M – Dictionary 1 sikɑm B – Champi 1 dʒɑnum M – Dhungarisai 1 sɐkɑm B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒɐnum M – Jharmunda 1 sikɑm B – Dumadie 1 dʒɐnum H – Dillisore 1 sɑkʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒɑnum S – Dictionary 1 sekɑm B – Madhupur 1 dʒɛnum S – Nayarangamotia 2 kont̪ɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sikɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 sikɑm B – Munduy 65. flower 1 sikʌm B – Podadiha 1 sɑkɑm B/M – Udala 1 boʔɑ B – Baigodia 1 sɐkɑm M – Chalagi 1 bɑhɑ B – Champi 1 sɑkɑm M – Dictionary 1 bɑʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɑkɑm M – Dhungarisai 1 bʌhɑ B – Dumadie 1 sɐkɑm M – Jharmunda 1 bɑː B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɐkɐm H – Dillisore 1 bɑhɑ B – Madhupur 1 sɑkɑm S – Dictionary 1 bɐhɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 sɐkɑm S – Nayarangamotia 1 bɑ B – Munduy 2 potɾo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bɑhɑ B – Podadiha 1 bɑhɑ B/M – Udala 63. root 1 bɐhɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɾeʔn B – Baigodia 1 bɑhɑ M – Dictionary 1 ɾeʔt B – Champi 1 bɑhɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾeʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 bɐhɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ɾeheʔt B – Dumadie 1 bɑ H – Dillisore 1 rɛd̪ʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɑhɑ S – Dictionary 1 ɾehet B – Madhupur 1 bɐhɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 phulo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɾeʔ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾeʔɽ B – Munduy 66. fruit 1 ɾedʔ B – Podadiha 1 ɾeʔt B/M – Udala 1 dʒʌʔo B – Baigodia

1 dʒo B – Champi 1 kɐd̪ɐɭ H – Dillisore 1 dʒo B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 dʒʌ B – Dumadie 1 kɑiɾɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒo B – Ladhiramsai 1 kodoli Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒɐ B – Madhupur 69. wheat 1 dʒo B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒo B – Munduy 1 gʌm B – Baigodia 1 dʒo B – Podadiha 1 gʌhʌm B – Champi 1 dʒoʔ B/M – Udala 1 gɔhɔmo B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒo M – Chalagi 1 gʌhʌm B – Dumadie 1 dʒo M – Dictionary 1 gohom B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒoʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 gɐhɐm B – Madhupur 1 dʒo M – Jharmunda 1 gɔlɔm B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒo H – Dillisore 1 gom B – Munduy 1 dʒo S – Dictionary 1 gohom B – Podadiha 1 dʒo S – Nayarangamotia 1 gohom B/M – Udala 2 pholo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 gɔhɔm M – Chalagi 67. mango 1 gohom M – Dictionary 1 gohom M – Dhungarisai 1 uli B – Baigodia 1 gɔhɔmo M – Jharmunda 1 uli B – Champi 1 gom H – Dillisore 1 uli B – Dighinuasahi 1 guhum S – Dictionary 1 uli B – Dumadie 1 gomo S – Nayarangamotia 1 uli B – Ladhiramsai 1 gohomõ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 uli B – Madhupur 70. millet 1 uli B – Mohuldiha 1 uli B – Munduy 3 dʒʌndʒɑdɑ B – Baigodia 1 uli B – Podadiha 1 gʌŋgɑi B – Champi 1 uɭi B/M – Udala 6 t̪ɐɾbudʒ B Dighinuasahi 1 uli M – Chalagi 1 gʌŋgɑi B – Dumadie 1 uli M – Dictionary 1 gʌŋgɑi B Ladhiramsai 1 uɭi M – Dhungarisai 1 gʌŋgɑi B – Madhupur 1 uli M – Jharmunda 2 dʒɑne B – Mohuldiha 1 uli H – Dillisore 2 dʒɔnɑɾi B – Munduy 1 ul S – Dictionary 1 gʌŋgɑi B – Podadiha 1 uɭ S – Nayarangamotia 1 gɑngɑi B/M – Udala 2 ɑmbo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 gɐŋgɑ M – Chalagi 68. banana 5 kode M – Dictionary 1 gɑngɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 kɑd̪ɑlɑ B – Baigodia 2 dʒɔnehɐɾ M – Jharmunda 1 kɑd̪ɑl B – Champi 7 gɛlɛgengɛi H – Dillisore 1 kɐd̪ɑɭɑ B – Dighinuasahi 4 gundli S – Dictionary 1 kʌd̪ɑl B – Dumadie 0 no entry S – Nayarangamotia 1 kʌd̪ʌlɑ B – Ladhiramsai 0 no entry Oriya (Cuttack) 1 kɐd̪ɐɭ B – Madhupur 71. rice 1 kɐd̪ɐɭ B – Mohuldiha 1 kɐd̪ɐɭ B – Munduy 1 tʃʌuli B – Baigodia 1 kɑd̪ɑl B – Podadiha 1 tʃʌuli B – Champi 1 kɐd̪ɑɭɑ B/M – Udala 1 tʃɑʋuli B – Dighinuasahi 1 kɐd̪ɐɭ M – Chalagi 1 tʃʌuli B – Dumadie 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 tʃɑuli B – Ladhiramsai 1 kɐd̪ɑɭɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃɐuli B – Madhupur 1 kɑd̪ɛɭ M – Jharmunda

1 tʃɑuli B – Mohuldiha 74. groundnut 1 tʃɑuli B – Munduy 1 tʃɑuli B – Podadiha 1 bɑd̪ɑm B – Baigodia 2 mɑɳɖi B/M – Udala 1 bʌd̪ɑm B – Champi 1 tʃɑʋuli M – Chalagi 1 bɐd̪ɑm B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃɑuli M – Dictionary 1 bʌd̪ɑm B – Dumadie 2 mɑɳɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 bʌd̪ʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃɑuli M – Jharmunda 1 bɑd̪ɑm B – Madhupur 1 tʃɑuli H – Dillisore 1 bɐd̪ɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃɑoli S – Dictionary 1 bed̪ɑm B – Munduy 1 tʃɑʋele S – Nayarangamotia 1 bɑd̪ɑm B – Podadiha 1 tʃɑwuɭo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bɑd̪ɑm B/M – Udala 1 bɐd̪ɑm M – Chalagi 72. potato 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 bɑd̪ɑm M – Dhungarisai 2 sɑŋgɑ B – Baigodia 2 muɸuli M – Jharmunda 1 ɑlu B – Champi 1 bɐd̪ɐm H – Dillisore 2 sɐŋkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 bɑd̪ɑm S – Dictionary 1 golɑɭui B – Dumadie 1 bed̪ɑm S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɑlu B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃinbɑd̪ɑm Oriya (Cuttack) 2 sɑŋgɑ B – Madhupur 1 ɑlu B – Mohuldiha 75. chili 1 ɑlu B – Munduy 1 golɑɭu B – Podadiha 1 muɾtʃi B – Baigodia 2 sɑŋgɑ 1 muɾtʃi B – Champi 2 sɑŋgɑ B/M – Udala 1 muɾtʃi B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑlu M – Chalagi 1 muɾtʃi B – Dumadie 1 ɑlu M – Dictionary 1 muɾtʃi B – Ladhiramsai 2 sɑŋgɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 mɐɾtʃi B – Madhupur 1 ɑlu M – Jharmunda 1 muɾtʃi B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑlu H – Dillisore 1 muɾtʃi B – Munduy 1 ɑlu S – Dictionary 1 muɾtʃi B – Podadiha 1 ɑlu S – Nayarangamotia 1 moɽtʃi B/M – Udala 1 ɑɭu Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mɐɾtʃi M – Chalagi 1 mɑɾtʃi M – Dictionary 73. eggplant 1 moɽtʃi M – Dhungarisai 1 mɐɾtʃi M – Jharmunda 1 bejgɑdɑ B – Baigodia 1 mɐɾtʃi H – Dillisore 1 biŋgɑd B – Champi 1 mɑɾitʃ S – Dictionary 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɛɾitʃ S – Nayarangamotia 1 biŋgɑɭ B – Dumadie 1 məɾitʃə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 biŋgəɽɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 beŋgɑd B – Madhupur 76. turmeric 0 no entry B – Mohuldiha 1 bɛŋgɑɽ B – Munduy 1 sɑsɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 biŋgɑd B – Podadiha 1 sʌsɑŋ B – Champi 1 biŋgɑd B/M – Udala 1 sɐsɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 bɛŋgɑɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 sʌsʌŋ B – Dumadie 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 sʌsɑŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 biŋgɑd M – Dhungarisai 1 sɐsɐŋ B – Madhupur 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 sɐsɑŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 biŋkɑ H – Dillisore 1 sɐsɑn B – Munduy 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 sʌsɑŋ B – Podadiha 0 no entry S – Nayarangamotia 1 sɐsɑŋ B/M – Udala 1 bɑiŋgoɳõ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sɐsɑŋ M – Chalagi

1 sɑsɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 bɑhɑ kobi B – Dumadie 1 sɐsɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 bɑ kobi B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɐsɑŋ M – Jharmunda 1 bɑhu kobi B – Madhupur 1 sɐsɑŋ H – Dillisore 1 bɑhɑkobi B – Mohuldiha 1 sɑsɑŋ S – Dictionary 1 bɑkobi B – Munduy 1 sɐsɑn S – Nayarangamotia 1 bo kobi B – Podadiha 2 holidi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bɑ kobi B/M – Udala 1 bɑhɑkobi M – Chalagi 77. garlic 0 no entry M – Dictionary

1 bɑ kobi M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Baigodia 1 bɑhɑkobi M – Jharmunda 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Champi 1 bɑkobi H – Dillisore 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 ɾʌsuŋĩ B – Dumadie 1 bɑhɑkobi S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Ladhiramsai 2 phul kobi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Madhupur 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Mohuldiha 80. tomato 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Munduy 1 ɾʌsuni B – Podadiha 1 bilɑt̪i beŋgedɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɾɑsuɳi B/M – Udala 1 bilɑt ̪i B – Champi 1 ɾɑsuɳi M – Chalagi 1 bɛlɑt ̪i B Dighinuasahi 1 ɾɑsuni M – Dictionary 1 bilɑt ̪i B – Dumadie 1 ɾɑsuɳi M – Dhungarisai 1 bilɑt ̪i B Ladhiramsai 1 ɾɑsuɳi M – Jharmunda 1 bilɑt̪i beŋgɑd B – Madhupur 1 ɾɐsuiŋ H – Dillisore 1 bilɑt ̪i B – Mohuldiha 1 ɽɑsun S – Dictionary 1 bilɑt ̪i B – Munduy 1 ɾesuɳ S – Nayarangamotia 1 bilɑt ̪i B – Podadiha 1 rəsuɳə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bilɑt̪i beŋgɑd B/M – Udala 3 dʒolbɐʈɑ M – Chalagi 78. onion 1 bilɑit ̪i M –Dictionary

1 bilɑt̪i beŋgɑd M Dhungarisai 1 piɑdʒu B – Baigodia 1 bilɐt ̪i M Jharmunda 1 piɑdʒi B – Champi 2 pɐt̪ɐl 1 piɑdʒi B – Dighinuasahi 1 bilɐt ̪i H – Dillisore 1 piɑdʒ B – Dumadie 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 pjɑdʒi B – Ladhiramsai 1 bilɑt̪i bɛŋkɑɭ S – Nayarangamotia 1 piɑdʒ B – Madhupur 1 bilɑt ̪i Oriya (Cuttack) 1 piɑdʒi B – Mohuldiha 1 piɑdʒi B – Munduy 81. cabbage 1 pijɑdʒi B – Podadiha 1 piɑdʒi B/M – Udala 2 bondɑ kobi B – Baigodia 1 piɑdʒu M – Chalagi 1 potʌm kopi B – Champi 1 peɑdʒu M – Dictionary 1 pɔt̪ɔŋkobi B – Dighinuasahi 1 piɑdʒi M – Dhungarisai 1 pʌtʌr kobi B – Dumadie 1 piɑdʒ M – Jharmunda 1 pɐʈom kobi B – Ladhiramsai 1 piɑdʒi H – Dillisore 1 potom kobi B – Madhupur 1 peɑdʒ S – Dictionary 1 pɔt̪ɔŋkobi B – Mohuldiha 1 piɑdʒ S – Nayarangamotia 1 pɔt̪oŋkobi B – Munduy 1 piɑdʒo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 potom kobi B – Podadiha 1 potɐm kobi B/M – Udala 79. cauliflower 1 pɔt̪oŋkobi M – Chalagi 1 bɑ kobi B – Baigodia 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 bɑhɑ kobi B – Champi 1 potɐm kobi M – Dhungarisai 1 bɑkobi B Dighinuasahi 1 pɔt̪ɔŋkobi M – Jharmunda 1 pɔtɔm kobi H – Dillisore

3 kubi ɑɽɑk S – Dictionary 1 dʒilu B – Mohuldiha 1 pɔt̪oŋkobi S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒilu B – Munduy 2 bənd̪ɦɑ kobi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒilu B – Podadiha 1 dʒilu B/M – Udala 82. oil 1 dʒilu M – Chalagi 1 sunum B – Baigodia 1 dʒilu M – Dictionary 1 sunum B – Champi 1 dʒilu M – Dhungarisai 1 sunum B – Dighinuasahi 3 mɑs M – Jharmunda 1 sunum B – Dumadie 1 dʒilu H – Dillisore 1 sunum B – Ladhiramsai 1 beɾel dʒel S – Dictionary 1 sunum B – Madhupur 1 dʒel 1 sunum B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒil S – Nayarangamotia 2 mɑŋtso Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sunum B – Munduy 1 sunum B – Podadiha 85. fat 1 sunum B/M – Udala 1 sunum M – Chalagi 1 it̪il B – Baigodia 1 sunum M – Dictionary 1 it̪il B – Champi 1 sunum M – Dhungarisai 1 it̪il B – Dighinuasahi 1 sunum M – Jharmunda 1 it ̪i l B – Dumadie 1 sunum H – Dillisore 1 it̪il B – Ladhiramsai 1 sunum S – Dictionary 1 it̪il B – Madhupur 1 sunum S – Nayarangamotia 1 it̪il B – Mohuldiha 2 t̪elo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 it̪il B – Munduy 1 it̪il B – Podadiha 83. salt 1 it̪il B/M – Udala 1 buluŋ B – Baigodia 1 it̪il M – Chalagi 1 buluŋ B – Champi 1 it̪il M – Dictionary 1 bulum B – Dighinuasahi 1 it̪il M – Dhungarisai 1 buluŋ B – Dumadie 1 it̪il M – Jharmunda 1 bʌluŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 it̪il H – Dillisore 1 buluŋ B – Madhupur 1 it̪il S – Dictionary 1 bulum B – Mohuldiha 1 it̪il S – Nayarangamotia 2 tʃəɾbi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 buluŋ B – Munduy 1 buluŋ B – Podadiha 86. fish 1 buluŋ B/M – Udala 1 buluŋ M – Chalagi 1 hɑi B – Baigodia 1 buluŋ M – Dictionary 1 hɑi B – Champi 1 buluŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 hɑi B – Dighinuasahi 1 buluŋ M – Jharmunda 1 hʌi B – Dumadie 1 buluŋ H – Dillisore 1 hɑi B – Ladhiramsai 1 buluŋ S – Dictionary 1 hɐi B – Madhupur 1 buluŋ S – Nayarangamotia 1 hɛi B – Mohuldiha 2 luɳə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hɑi B – Munduy 3 nũno 1 hei B – Podadiha 1 hɑi B/M – Udala 84. meat 1 hɑi M – Chalagi 1 tʃilu B – Baigodia 1 hɑi M – Dictionary 1 dʒilu B – Champi 1 hɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒilu B – Dighinuasahi 2 hʌku M – Jharmunda 1 dzilu B – Dumadie 2 hʌku H – Dillisore 1 dʒilu B – Ladhiramsai 2 hɑku S – Dictionary 1 dʒilu B – Madhupur 2 hɛku S – Nayarangamotia 3 mɑːtʃo Oriya (Cuttack)

87. chicken 1 gɑi B/M – Udala 1 gɑi M – Chalagi 1 sim B – Baigodia 1 gɑi M – Dictionary 1 sim B – Champi 2 gundi 1 sim B – Dighinuasahi 1 gɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 sim B – Dumadie 2 gunɖi M – Jharmunda 1 sim B – Ladhiramsai 3 uɾiiʔ H – Dillisore 1 sim B – Madhupur 1 gɑi S – Dictionary 1 sim B – Mohuldiha 4 dɑŋgɾi 1 sim B – Munduy 1 gej S – Nayarangamotia 1 sim B – Podadiha 1 gɑi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sim B/M – Udala 1 sim M – Chalagi 90. water buffalo 1 sim M – Dictionary 1 sim M – Dhungarisai 1 keɖɑ B – Baigodia 1 sim M – Jharmunda 1 kiɖɑ B – Champi 1 sim H – Dillisore 2 mõs 1 sim S – Dictionary 2 mũisi B – Dighinuasahi 1 sim S – Nayarangamotia 1 kiɖɑ B – Dumadie 2 kukudɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 kɛɖɑ B – Ladhiramsai 2 mõisi B – Madhupur 88. egg 2 mɔisi B – Mohuldiha 1 keɖɑ B – Munduy 1 pet̪ɑɭi B – Baigodia 1 keɖɑ B – Podadiha 5 pedʌo B – Champi 2 mõisi 1 pɛʈɑɖi B – Dighinuasahi 2 mõisi B/M – Udala 1 bitʃʌɭi B – Dumadie 1 keɖɑ M – Chalagi 4 ʌnd̪ʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 keɖɑ M – Dictionary 1 pitheɭu B – Madhupur 4 biɾkeɽɑ 1 pɛʈɑɭu B – Mohuldiha 1 keɖɑ M – Dhungarisai 3 bili B – Munduy 1 kɛɖɑ M – Jharmunda 1 bitʃɑɖi B – Podadiha 1 kɛɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 pet̪ɑɭi B/M – Udala 1 kɑɖɑ S – Dictionary 2 dʒɐɾɔm M – Chalagi 3 bitkil 2 dʒɑɾom M – Dictionary 1 kɐɖɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 bili 2 moiːʃɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 pet̪ɑɭi M – Dhungarisai 2 dʒɐɾɑm M – Jharmunda 91. milk 2 dʒɐɾɑm H – Dillisore 3 bele S – Dictionary 1 t ̪uw ɑ B – Baigodia 3 bili S – Nayarangamotia 1 t ̪uw ɑ B – Champi 4 oɳɖɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 t ̪ow ɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 t ̪uɑ B – Dumadie 89. cow 1 t ̪ow ʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 t ̪ow ɑ B – Madhupur 1 gɑi B – Baigodia 1 t̪ɔwɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gʌi B – Champi 1 t̪ɔwɑ B – Munduy 1 gɑj B – Dighinuasahi 1 t ̪ow ɑ B – Podadiha 1 gʌi B – Dumadie 1 t ̪ow ɑ B/M – Udala 2 gundi B – Ladhiramsai 1 t̪ɔwɑ M – Chalagi 1 gɐi B – Madhupur 1 t ̪o ɑ M – Dictionary 1 gej B – Mohuldiha 1 t ̪ow ɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 gunɖi B – Munduy 1 t̪ɔwɑ M – Jharmunda 1 gei B – Podadiha 1 t ̪uw ɑ H – Dillisore 3 uɾi 1 t ̪o ɑ S – Dictionary

1 t ̪ow ɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 mɛɾom B – Munduy 2 khiɾo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 meɾʌm B – Podadiha 1 mɛɾom B/M – Udala 92. horns 1 meɾɔm M – Chalagi 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Baigodia 1 meɾom M – Dictionary 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Champi 1 mɛɾom M – Dhungarisai 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 meɾɔm M – Jharmunda 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Dumadie 1 mɛɾɔm H – Dillisore 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 meɾom S – Dictionary 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Madhupur 1 mɛɾom S – Nayarangamotia 2 tʃheɭi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Munduy 95. dog 1 d̪iɾiŋ B – Podadiha 1 d̪iɾiŋ B/M – Udala 1 set̪ɑ B – Baigodia 1 d̪iɾiŋ M – Chalagi 1 set̪ɑ B – Champi 1 d̪iɾiŋ M – Dictionary 1 sɛt̪ɑʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 d̪iɾiŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 set̪ɑ B – Dumadie 1 d̪iɾiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 sɛt̪ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 d̪iɾiŋ H – Dillisore 1 set̪ɑ B – Madhupur 2 siŋgɑ S – Dictionary 1 sɛt̪ɑ B – Mohuldiha 3 ɖɑbe 1 sɛt̪ɑ B – Munduy 1 d̪ɛɾeɲ S – Nayarangamotia 1 sit̪ɑ B – Podadiha 2 siŋgə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 set̪ɑ B/M – Udala 1 set̪ɑ M – Chalagi 93. tail 1 set̪ɑ M – Dictionary 1 tʃɑʔtlɑm B – Baigodia 1 set̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃʌʔtlʌm B – Champi 1 sɛt̪ɑ M – Jharmunda 1 tʃʌʔlom B – Dighinuasahi 1 sit̪ɑ H – Dillisore 1 tʃʌʔlom B – Dumadie 1 set̪ɑ S – Dictionary 1 tʃɑlʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɛt̪ɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 kukuɾɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 tʃɑtlɐm B – Madhupur 1 tʃɑʔilom B – Mohuldiha 96. snake 1 tʃɐʔlom B – Munduy 1 tʃʌʔlom B – Podadiha 1 biŋ B – Baigodia 1 tʃɑtlɐm B/M – Udala 1 biŋ B – Champi 1 tʃɑʔlom M – Chalagi 1 biŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃɑʔlʌm M – Dictionary 1 biŋ B – Dumadie 1 tʃɑtlɐm M – Dhungarisai 1 biŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃɐʔlom M – Jharmunda 1 biŋ B – Madhupur 1 tʃɑʔlom H – Dillisore 1 biɲ B – Mohuldiha 2 tʃɑɳɖbol S – Dictionary 1 biɲ B – Munduy 1 tʃɑlom S – Nayarangamotia 1 biŋ B – Podadiha 3 lɑndʒo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 biŋ B/M – Udala 1 biŋ M – Chalagi 94. goat 1 biŋ M – Dictionary 1 meɾɑm B – Baigodia 1 biŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 meɾʌm B – Champi 1 biŋ M – Jharmunda 1 meɾɔm B – Dighinuasahi 1 biŋ H – Dillisore 1 meɾom B – Dumadie 1 bin S – Dictionary 1 meɾom B – Ladhiramsai 2 kɑl 1 mɛɾom B – Madhupur 1 biɲ S – Nayarangamotia 3 sɑpo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 meɾɔm B – Mohuldiha

97. monkey 1 muʔi M – Chalagi 1 mui M – Dictionary 1 gɑɭi B – Baigodia 1 muʔi M – Dhungarisai 1 gɑɖi B – Champi 1 mui M – Jharmunda 1 gɑɖi B – Dighinuasahi 1 mũi H – Dillisore 1 gʌɭi B – Dumadie 2 mutʃʔ S – Dictionary 1 gɑɖi B – Ladhiramsai 1 muɲ S – Nayarangamotia 2 hɑnumɑn 2 mɑtʃi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 gɐɖi B – Madhupur 2 hɑɳu B – Mohuldiha 100. spider 0 no entry B – Munduy 1 gɑɖi B – Podadiha 1 bind̪iɾi B – Baigodia 1 gɑɖi B/M – Udala 2 t̪ʌnt ̪ul ɑ B – Champi 1 gɑɖi M – Chalagi 1 bint̪iɾi B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 bind̪i B – Dumadie 1 gɑɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 biɲd̪iɾi B – Ladhiramsai 3 sɐɾɑ M – Jharmunda 2 t ̪ent ̪tulb ɑhɑ B – Madhupur 1 gɑi H – Dillisore 1 bint̪iɾɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 gɑ̃ɾĩ S – Dictionary 2 t̪ɐnt ̪ulɑ B – Munduy 2 heɳu S – Nayarangamotia 2 t̪ɑɲt̪ɑle B – Podadiha 4 mɑŋkəɽə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bindɾi B/M – Udala 1 bint̪iɾɑm M – Chalagi 98. mosquito 1 bindɾɑm M – Dictionary 1 bindɾi M – Dhungarisai 1 sikɳi B – Baigodia 1 bint̪iɾɑm M – Jharmunda 2 lut ̪i B – Champi 1 bint̪iɾɑm H – Dillisore 1 sikiɳi B – Dighinuasahi 1 bindi S – Dictionary 1 siknĩ B – Dumadie 1 bint̪I S – Nayarangamotia 1 sɪkəɳi B – Ladhiramsai 3 buɖɦiɑɳi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sikɳi B – Madhupur 2 luʈi B – Mohuldiha 101. name 2 luʈi B – Munduy 1 sikiɳi B – Podadiha 1 nut̪um B – Baigodia 1 sikiɳi B/M – Udala 2 numu B – Champi 1 sikiɳi M – Chalagi 1 lut̪um B – Dighinuasahi 4 bɦusɽi M – Dictionary 2 numu B – Dumadie 1 sikiɳi M – Dhungarisai 1 nut̪um B – Ladhiramsai 1 sikɳi M – Jharmunda 2 numu B – Madhupur 1 sikiŋ H – Dillisore 1 nut̪um B – Mohuldiha 1 sikɽĩtʃ S – Dictionary 2 numu B – Munduy 3 guɖu S – Nayarangamotia 2 numu B – Podadiha 5 motʃhɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 lut̪um B/M – Udala 1 nut̪um M – Chalagi 99. ant 1 nut̪um M – Dictionary 2 num 1 mũʔi B – Baigodia 1 lut̪um M – Dhungarisai 1 muːi B – Champi 1 nut̪um M – Jharmunda 1 mui B – Dighinuasahi 1 nut̪um H – Dillisore 1 moʔt B – Dumadie 1 nut̪um S – Dictionary 1 mũi B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɲut̪um S – Nayarangamotia 1 muit B – Madhupur 2 nɑːmɔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mui B – Mohuldiha 1 mui B – Munduy 1 muiʔ B – Podadiha 1 muʔi B/M – Udala

102. man 1 hõn M – Chalagi 1 hon M – Dictionary 1 hɔɽo B – Baigodia 1 hon M – Dhungarisai 1 hoɖo B – Champi 1 hõn M – Jharmunda 2 koɖɑhõn B – Dighinuasahi 1 hõn H – Dillisore 1 hʌɖʌ B – Dumadie 2 gidɾɑ S – Dictionary 1 hoɽo B – Ladhiramsai 2 gɪd̪ɾə S – Nayarangamotia 1 hoɖo B – Madhupur 4 pilːɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hɔɖo B – Mohuldiha 1 hɔɖo B – Munduy 105. father 1 hoɖo B – Podadiha 1 hoɖo B/M – Udala 1 ɑbɑ B – Baigodia 2 koɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 bɑbu B – Champi 1 hoɾo M – Dictionary 1 ɑbɑ B – Dighinuasahi 2 koɾɑ 1 bɑ B – Dumadie 1 hoɖo M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑbɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɔɖo M – Jharmunda 1 bɐbu B – Madhupur 1 ho H – Dillisore 1 bɑbu B – Mohuldiha 1 hoɾ S – Dictionary 1 bɑbu B – Munduy 1 hoɖ S – Nayarangamotia 1 bɑbu B – Podadiha 3 moniʃo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɑbɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɑbɑ M – Chalagi 103. woman 1 ɑbɑ M – Dictionary 1 ɑpu 1 kuɖi hon B – Baigodia 1 ɑbɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 iɾɑ B – Champi 1 ɑbɑ M – Jharmunda 1 kuɖihõn B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑpuŋ H – Dillisore 1 kuɖi B – Dumadie 1 ɑpɑ S – Dictionary 1 kuɽi B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɑ 2 iɾɑ B – Madhupur 1 bɑbɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 kuɖiʔjɛɾɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 bɑpɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 2 jɛɾɑ B – Munduy 2 iɾɑ B – Podadiha 106. mother 1 kuɖi hoɖo B/M – Udala 1 kuɖi M – Chalagi 1 mɑ B – Baigodia 1 kuɾi M – Dictionary 1 mɑɳ B – Champi 1 kuɖi hon M – Dhungarisai 1 mɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 kuɖi M – Jharmunda 1 mɑɲ B – Dumadie 2 jɛɾɑ H – Dillisore 1 mɑː B – Ladhiramsai 3 mɑedʒiu S – Dictionary 1 mɑ B – Madhupur 1 kuɖiɑpon S – Nayarangamotia 1 mɑɲ B – Mohuldiha 4 st̪ɾi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mɑɲ B – Munduy 1 mɑɲ B – Podadiha 104. child 1 mɑ B/M – Udala 3 ɪŋgɑ M – Chalagi 1 hon B – Baigodia 3 eŋgɑ M – Dictionary 1 hone B – Champi 1 mɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hõn B – Dighinuasahi 2 ummɑ M – Jharmunda 3 koɖɑ B – Dumadie 3 ɪŋkɑ H – Dillisore 1 hɔn B – Ladhiramsai 3 eŋgɑ S – Dictionary 3 koɖɑ B – Madhupur 4 ɑyo 1 hɔne B – Mohuldiha 4 ɑjo S – Nayarangamotia 1 hɔne B – Munduy 1 mɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hone B – Podadiha 1 hon B/M – Udala

107. older brother 2 nɑnɑ M – Dictionary 1 meɾɑŋd̪ɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 mɑɾɑŋd̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Baigodia 2 nɐnɑ M – Jharmunda 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Champi 1 d̪ɑi H – Dillisore 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 d̪ɑi S – Dictionary 1 mɑɾɑŋd̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Dumadie 4 ɑdʒi 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 məɾɐm d̪ɑi S – Nayarangamotia 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Madhupur 2 nɑnːi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mɐɾɑŋd̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Mohuldiha 3 d̪id̪i 1 mɐɾɑŋd̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Munduy 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ B – Podadiha 110. younger sister 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ B/M – Udala 1 mɐɾɑŋd̪ɑd̪ɑ M – Chalagi 2 buɖi B – Baigodia 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 hon misi B – Champi 1 mɑɾɑŋhɑgɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 misi B Dighinuasahi 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ M – Jharmunda 1 misi iɾɑ B – Dumadie 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ H – Dillisore 1 uɾɪŋmisi B Ladhiramsai 1 d̪ɑd̪ɑ S – Dictionary 1 huɾɪŋni B – Madhupur 1 məɾɑŋd̪ɑd̪ɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 misi B – Mohuldiha 2 nõnɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hon misi B – Munduy 1 misi ɪɾɑ B – Podadiha 108. younger brother 2 huɾin buɖi B/M – Udala 1 misi M – Chalagi 6 bɑbu B – Baigodia 1 misi M – Dictionary 1 hon hʌgɑ B – Champi 2 huɾin buɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 huɖiŋhɑgɑ B.Dighinuasahi 1 misi M – Jharmunda 4 huɖiŋboko B – Dumadie 4 ɐdʒin H – Dillisore 2 boko B – Ladhiramsai 5 bokot kuɾi S – Dictionary 5 huɖiŋɳi B – Madhupur 3 hɐpɔn mɑi S – Nayarangamotia 3 huɖiɲbhɑi B – Mohuldiha 6 sɑnəbɦouni Oriya (Cuttack) 3 huɖiɲbhɑi B – Munduy 2 boko B – Podadiha 111. son 7 hudiɳd̪ɑd̪ɑ B/M – Udala 1 huɖiŋhɑgɑ M – Chalagi 1 koɽɑ hon B – Baigodia 1 hɑgɑ M – Dictionary 1 hon hɛrel B – Champi 1 huɖiŋhɑgɑ M Dhungarisai 1 hɔn koɭɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 hɐgɑ M Jharmunda 1 hone B – Dumadie 5 uɳɖi H – Dillisore 1 koɾɑ hɔn B – Ladhiramsai 2 bokot koɽɑ S – Dictionary 1 koɽɑ hon heɾel B –Madhupur 6 hɐpɐn bɑbu S – Nayarangamotia 1 kɔɖɑ hɔne B – Mohuldiha 3 tʃhoʈɑ bɦɑi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hone B – Munduy 1 kuɖɑ hone B – Podadiha 109. older sister 1 koɖɑ hõn B/M – Udala 1 koɖɑ hõn M – Chalagi 1 d̪ɑi B – Baigodia 1 hon M – Dictionary 3 d̪id̪i B – Champi 1 koɖɑ hõn M Dhungarisai 1 d̪ɑi B – Dighinuasahi 1 kũɑ̃ M Jharmunda 2 nɑnɑ B – Dumadie 1 hon H – Dillisore 1 d̪ɑi B – Ladhiramsai 1 hon S – Dictionary 2 nɑnɑ B – Madhupur 1 koɽɑ hopon 3 d̪id̪i B – Mohuldiha 1 kɔɖɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 nɐnɑ B – Munduy 2 puːo Oriya (Cuttack) 2 nɑnɑ B – Podadiha 1 meɾɑŋd̪ɑi B/M – Udala 1 meɾɑŋd̪ɑi M – Chalagi

112. daughter 3 iɾɑ 1 buɖi B/M – Udala 1 kuɽi hon B – Baigodia 1 kuɖi M – Chalagi 1 hon eɾɑ B – Champi 1 kuɽi M – Dictionary 1 hon kuɖi B – Dighinuasahi 4 oɽɑ hoɽo 1 kudi hone B – Dumadie 1 buɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 kuɾi hɔn B – Ladhiramsai 1 kuɖi 1 kuɖihoniɾɑ B – Madhupur 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 kuɖi hɔne B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry H – Dillisore 1 honeɾɑ B – Munduy 2 bɑhu S – Dictionary 1 kuɖi hone B – Podadiha 4 oɽɑk hoɽ 1 kuɖi hon B/M – Udala 2 bɛhu S – Nayarangamotia 1 kuɖi hõn M – Chalagi 6 st̪ɾi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 kuɾi hon M –Dictionary 1 kuɖi hon M – Dhungarisai 115. boy 1 kuɖi M – Jharmunda 2 mɑi H – Dillisore 1 hon koɖɑ B – Baigodia 1 hopon eɾɑ S – Dictionary 1 koɖɑ hone B – Champi 1 kuɖi S – Nayarangamotia 1 huɖiŋhõn B Dighinuasahi 3 dʒiːo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 kodɑ hone B – Dumadie 1 koɾɑ hɔn B – Ladhiramsai 113. husband 1 kodɑ hon B – Madhupur 1 huɖiŋkoɖɑ B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 koɖɑhõn B – Munduy 1 koɖɑ B – Champi 1 kuɖɑ hon B – Podadiha 2 kisɑn B – Dighinuasahi 1 kodɑ hon B/M – Udala 1 koɖɑ B – Dumadie 2 dhəŋgəɽɑ M – Chalagi 2 kisɑɲ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hon M – Dictionary 1 kodɑ B – Madhupur 1 kodɑ hon M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐjɑkoɖɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 koɖɑhõn M – Jharmunda 1 koɖɑ B – Munduy 1 kɔwɑhõn H – Dillisore 1 kuɖɑ B – Podadiha 1 koɽɑ S – Dictionary 1 koɖɑ B/M – Udala 3 gɪɖɾə S – Nayarangamotia 1 koɖɑ M – Chalagi 4 pilɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 koɽɑ M – Dictionary 5 puɾus 116. girl 1 koɖɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 koɖɑ M – Jharmunda 1 kui hon B – Baigodia 0 no entry H – Dillisore 1 kuɖi hone B – Champi 3 dʒɑ̃wɑ̃e S – Dictionary 4 huɖiŋkuɖijon B – Dighinuasahi 4 heɾel 1 kudi hone B – Dumadie 3 dʒɛwɑi S – Nayarangamotia 1 kuɾi hon B – Ladhiramsai 6 suɑmi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 kudi hon B – Madhupur 1 kuɖihɔne B – Mohuldiha 114. wife 1 kuɖihõn B – Munduy 1 kuɖi hon B – Podadiha 1 hɑdɑm buɖi B – Baigodia 1 kudi hon B/M – Udala 3 iɾɑ B – Champi 2 dhɑŋgiɽi M – Chalagi 5 t ̪i ɾi B – Dighinuasahi 1 kuɽi hon M – Dictionary 3 eɾɑ B – Dumadie 1 kudi hon M – Dhungarisai 1 kuɽi B – Ladhiramsai 1 kuɖihõn M – Jharmunda 1 kuɖi B – Madhupur 1 kuihõn H – Dillisore 1 kuɖi B – Mohuldiha 1 kuɽi S – Dictionary 2 bɑhu B – Munduy 3 kuɖigɪɖɾə S – Nayarangamotia 1 buɖi B – Podadiha 5 dʒio pilɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

117. day 1 set̪ɑʔ B/M – Udala 1 sɑt̪ɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 siŋgi B – Baigodia 1 setɑ M – Dictionary 1 siŋgi B – Champi 2 idɑŋ 1 siŋki B – Dighinuasahi 1 set̪ɑʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 siŋgi B – Dumadie 1 sit̪ɑɑʔ M – Jharmunda 1 siŋgi B – Ladhiramsai 1 sit̪ɑɑʔ H – Dillisore 1 siŋgi B – Madhupur 1 setɑk S – Dictionary 2 d̪in B – Mohuldiha 1 sɛt̪ɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 siŋki B – Munduy 3 səkɑɭə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 siŋgi B – Podadiha 1 siŋgi B/M – Udala 120. noon 1 siŋgi M – Chalagi 2 d̪in M – Dictionary 1 t ̪iki n B – Baigodia 3 hulɑŋ 2 dɦupʌɾ B – Champi 1 siŋgi M – Dhungarisai 1 t ̪iki n B – Dighinuasahi 1 siŋki M – Jharmunda 1 t ̪iki n B – Dumadie 1 siŋki H – Dillisore 1 t ̪iki n B – Ladhiramsai 4 hilok S – Dictionary 1 t ̪iki n B – Madhupur 1 siɲ S – Nayarangamotia 1 t ̪iki n B – Mohuldiha 2 d̪ino Oriya (Cuttack) 3 t̪ɑɾɑsiŋki B – Munduy 1 t ̪iki n B – Podadiha 118. night 1 t ̪iki n B/M – Udala 1 t ̪iki n M – Chalagi 1 nid̪e B – Baigodia 1 t ̪iki n M – Dictionary 1 nid̪ɑ B – Champi 1 t ̪iki n M – Dhungarisai 3 ɐjub B – Dighinuasahi 1 t ̪iki n M – Jharmunda 1 nĩd̪e B – Dumadie 1 t ̪iki n H – Dillisore 1 nid̪ʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 t ̪iki n S – Dictionary 1 nid̪e B – Madhupur 1 t ̪iki n S – Nayarangamotia 3 ɐjub B – Mohuldiha 4 məd̪ɦjɑnːə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 nid̪ɑ B – Munduy 1 nid̪e B – Podadiha 121. evening/afternoon 1 nid̪ɑ B/M – Udala 1 nid̪ə M – Chalagi 1 ɑjub B – Baigodia 1 nid̪ɑ M – Dictionary 3 siŋgʌd B – Champi 1 nid̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 t̪ɑɾɑsiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 3 ɐjub M – Jharmunda 1 ɑjub B – Dumadie 1 nid̪e H – Dillisore 1 ɑijupsɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 nindɑ S – Dictionary 1 ɑjub B – Madhupur 2 nindɑ 2 t̪ɑɾɑsiŋ B – Mohuldiha 2 ɲint ̪i ɾ S – Nayarangamotia 2 t̪ɑɾsiŋ B – Munduy 4 ɾɑt ̪i Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ʌub siŋgi B – Podadiha 3 ʌub siŋgi 119. morning 1 ɑjub B/M – Udala 2 t̪ɑɾsiŋ M – Chalagi 1 set̪ɑʔɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɑjub M – Dictionary 1 sitɑʔ B – Champi 1 ɑjub M – Dhungarisai 1 sɛt̪ɑ B – Dighinuasahi 2 t̪ɑɾɑsiŋki M – Jharmunda 1 sit̪ɑʔɑ B – Dumadie 2 t̪ɑɾɑsiŋki H – Dillisore 1 sɪt ̪ːɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑjup S – Dictionary 1 set̪ɑʔ B – Madhupur 2 t̪ɑɾɑsiŋ S – Nayarangamotia 1 sɛt̪ɑ B – Mohuldiha 4 sənd̪ɦjɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 sɛt̪ɑ B – Munduy 1 sit̪ɑʔɑ B – Podadiha

122. yesterday 124. tomorrow

1 holɑ B – Baigodia 1 gɑpɑ B – Baigodia 1 holɑ B – Champi 1 gʌpɑ B – Champi 1 hɔlɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 gɐpɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 holɑ B – Dumadie 1 gʌpɑ B – Dumadie 1 holɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 gɔpɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 holɑ B – Madhupur 1 gɐpɑ B – Madhupur 1 hɔlɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gɑpɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 hɔlɑ B – Munduy 1 gɐpɑ B – Munduy 1 holɑ B – Podadiha 1 gʌpɑ B – Podadiha 1 holo B/M – Udala 1 gɐpɑ B/M – Udala 1 hoɭɑ M – Chalagi 1 gɑppɑ M – Chalagi 1 holɑ M – Dictionary 1 gɑpɑ M – Dictionary 1 holɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 gɐpɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hɔlɑ M – Jharmunda 1 gɑpɑ M – Jharmunda 1 hɔlɑ H – Dillisore 1 gɐpɑ H – Dillisore 1 holɑ S – Dictionary 1 gɑpɑ S – Dictionary 1 hɔlɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 gɐpɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 kɑli Oriya (Cuttack) 2 ɑsont̪ɑ kɑli Oriya (Cuttack)

123. today 125. week

1 t̪isiŋ B – Baigodia 1 hʌpt̪ɑ B – Baigodia 2 t̪isiŋ 1 hʌpt̪ɑ B – Champi 1 t̪isiŋ B – Champi 3 ɐʈəʋɑɾi B – Dighinuasahi 2 t̪isiŋ 2 hɑt B – Dumadie 1 t̪isiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 hɑpt ̪ʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 t̪isiŋ 1 mot hɐpt̪ɑ B – Madhupur 1 t̪isiŋ B – Dumadie 1 hɐpt̪ɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 t̪isiŋ 2 moɽhɑt B – Munduy 1 t̪isiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɑpt ̪ɑ B – Podadiha 2 t̪isiŋ 2 hɑt 1 t̪isiŋ B – Madhupur 1 sɐpt̪ɑ B/M – Udala 2 t̪isiŋ 2 hɑt 1 t̪isiŋ B – Mohuldiha 3 ɐʈɑuɾi M – Chalagi 2 t̪isiŋ 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 t̪isiŋ B – Munduy 1 sɐpt̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 t̪isiŋ 2 hɑt 1 t̪isiŋ B – Podadiha 1 hɐpt̪ɑ M – Jharmunda 2 t̪isiŋ 1 sɐpt̪ɑ H – Dillisore 1 t̪isiŋ B/M – Udala 1 hɑpt ̪ɑ S – Dictionary 2 t̪isiŋ 1 sɐpt̪ɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 t̪isiŋ M – Chalagi 1 səpt̪ɑhə Oriya (Cuttack) 2 t̪isiŋ 1 t̪isiŋ M – Dictionary 126. month 2 t̪isiŋ 1 t̪isiŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃɑndu B – Baigodia 2 t̪isiŋ 1 tʃʌndup B – Champi 2 isiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 moʔtʃɑʈu B – Dighinuasahi 1 t̪isiŋ H – Dillisore 1 tʃʌndu B – Dumadie 2 t̪isiŋ 1 tʃɑnd̪uʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 t̪ehen S – Dictionary 1 mot tʃɐndu B – Madhupur 1 t̪ɛheŋ S – Nayarangamotia 1 moʔtʃɑʈu B – Mohuldiha 3 ɑdʒi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mɔʔtʃɑnʈu B – Munduy

1 tʃɑndu B – Podadiha 129. new 1 tʃɑndu B/M – Udala 1 mid̪tʃɑɳɖuʔu M – Chalagi 1 nɑmɑ B – Baigodia 1 tʃɑɳɖu M – Dictionary 1 nɑmɑ B – Champi 1 tʃɑndu M – Dhungarisai 1 nɑ̃uɑ̃ B – Dighinuasahi 3 mɐbinɑ M – Jharmunda 1 nɑmɑ B – Dumadie 1 mitʃɑnʈu H – Dillisore 1 nɑuwʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃɑndo S – Dictionary 1 nɑmɑhɑ B – Madhupur 1 tʃɑnt ̪o S – Nayarangamotia 1 nɐmɑ B – Mohuldiha 4 mɑsoʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 nɐmɑ B – Munduy 1 nʌmɑ B – Podadiha 127. year 1 nɑwɑ B/M – Udala 1 nɑʋɑ̃ M – Chalagi 1 siɾmɑ B – Baigodia 1 nɑwɑ M – Dictionary 1 siɾmɑ B – Champi 1 nɑmɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 mɔsiɾmɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 nɑwɑ 1 siɾmɑ B – Dumadie 1 nɐʋɑ̃ M – Jharmunda 1 siɾmɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 nɐmɑ H – Dillisore 1 mot siɾmɑ B – Madhupur 1 nɑwɑ S – Dictionary 1 mɔsiɾmɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 nɐʋɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 mɔsiɾmɑ B – Munduy 1 nuːɑ̃ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 siɾumʌ B – Podadiha 1 siɾmɑ B/M – Udala 130. good 1 siɾmɑ M – Chalagi 1 siɾmɑ M – Dictionary 1 bes B – Baigodia 1 siɾmɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 bes B – Champi 2 bɛɾɑs M – Jharmunda 2 bɔgi B – Dighinuasahi 2 bɔɾso H – Dillisore 1 bes B – Dumadie 1 seɾmɑ S – Dictionary 2 bogin B – Ladhiramsai 3 botʃhoɾ 1 bes B – Madhupur 1 siɾmɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 bes B – Mohuldiha 2 bəɾsə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bes B – Munduy 1 bes B – Podadiha 128. old 1 bes B/M – Udala 2 bigi 1 puɾnɑ B – Baigodia 1 bes M – Chalagi 1 puɾnɑ B – Champi 2 bugin 1 puɾuɳɑ B – Dighinuasahi 2 bugin M – Dictionary 1 puɾnɑ B – Dumadie 1 bes M – Dhungarisai 1 puɾnːɑ B – Ladhiramsai 2 bugin 1 puɾnɑhɑ B – Madhupur 1 bes M – Jharmunda 1 puɾuɳɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 bugin H – Dillisore 1 puɾuɳɑ B – Munduy 1 bes S – Dictionary 1 puɾne B – Podadiha 2 boge 1 puɾnɑ B/M – Udala 1 bes S – Nayarangamotia 1 puɾɳɑ M – Chalagi 3 bɦolo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 puɾɑnɑ M – Dictionary 1 puɾnɑ M – Dhungarisai 131. bad 2 mɑɾi M – Jharmunda 3 pɑpɑɾi H – Dillisore 1 khɑɾɑp B – Baigodia 2 mɑɾe S – Dictionary 1 khʌɾɑp B – Champi 2 mɑɾe S – Nayarangamotia 4 dʒud̪ɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 poɾuɳɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 khʌɾʌp B – Dumadie 1 khʌɾɑb B – Ladhiramsai 1 khɐɾɑp B – Madhupur

1 khɐɾɑb B – Mohuldiha 7 tʃuʈtʃɑʈ 1 khɐɾɑb B – Munduy 2 ɾohol S – Nayarangamotia 1 koɾɑb B – Podadiha 8 sukhilɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 khɑɾɑp B/M – Udala 2 eʔt ̪kɑ M – Chalagi 134. long

2 eʈkɑn M – Dictionary 1 dʒiliŋ B – Baigodia 1 khɑɾɑp M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒiliŋ B – Champi 5 sit̪ɾu M – Jharmunda 1 dʒiliŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 kɐɾɑb H – Dillisore 1 dʒiliŋ B – Dumadie 1 kɑɾɑp S – Dictionary 1 dʒiliŋ B – Ladhiramsai 3 bɑɾitʃʔ 1 dʒiliŋ B – Madhupur 1 khɐɾɑb S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒiliŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 kɑɾɑpo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒiliŋ B – Munduy 132. wet 1 dʒiliŋ B – Podadiha 1 dʒiliŋ B/M – Udala 2 ɑd̪ɑʔt B – Baigodia 1 dʒiliŋ M – Chalagi 1 lum B – Champi 1 dʒiliŋ M – Dictionary 1 lum B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒiliŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 lum B – Dumadie 1 dʒiliŋ M – Jharmunda 1 lum B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒiliŋ H – Dillisore 2 od̪ɑd̪ B – Madhupur 1 dʒelen S – Dictionary 2 ɔd̪ɑʔ B – Mohuldiha 2 dʒɦɑɭ 1 lum B – Munduy 1 dʒibel S – Nayarangamotia 1 lumdʒ B – Podadiha 3 lombɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 2 od̪ɑd̪ 4 lɐjɐɾ B/M – Udala 135. short

1 lum M – Chalagi 3 huɖiŋ B – Baigodia 1 lum M – Dictionary 1 khɑtʌ B – Champi 2 ɑd̪ɑt M – Dhungarisai 3 huɖiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 lum M – Jharmunda 1 khʌto B – Dumadie 1 lum H – Dillisore 1 kʌʈo B – Ladhiramsai 2 odɑ S – Dictionary 1 khɑto B – Madhupur 3 lohot 3 huɖiŋ B – Mohuldiha 2 ɔd̪ɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 huɖiŋ B – Munduy 2 od̪ɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 kʌto B – Podadiha 133. dry 2 khɑ̃diɑ B/M – Udala 5 diŋgɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɾoʔlo B – Baigodia 3 huɾiŋ M – Dictionary 1 ɾoɖo B – Champi 6 ʈum 1 ɾoɭo B – Dighinuasahi 2 khɑndiɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 ɾʌhoɖ B – Dumadie 3 huɖiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 roɽo B – Ladhiramsai 4 d̪uŋkui H – Dillisore 2 ɾɐhɐd B – Madhupur 1 khɑʈo S – Dictionary 1 ɾoɖ B – Mohuldiha 7 geɖɑ 1 ɾoɖ B – Munduy 3 buɖiɲ S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɾoɖu B – Podadiha 8 tsot̪iɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɾoɖ B/M – Udala 136. hot 1 ɾoɖɔ M – Chalagi 1 ɾoɽ M – Dictionary 1 lolo B – Baigodia 1 ɾoɖ M – Dhungarisai 1 lʌlʌ B – Champi 3 ɾoboɽ M – Jharmunda 1 lɔlo B – Dighinuasahi 5 ɾo H – Dillisore 1 lʌlʌ B – Dumadie 6 hindʒit S – Dictionary

1 lolo B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒo dʒom S – Dictionary 1 lɐlɐ B – Madhupur 1 dʒɑ dʒɔm S – Nayarangamotia 1 lɔlo B – Mohuldiha 3 d̪ɑhɑno Oriya (Cuttack) 1 lɔlo B – Munduy 139. left 1 lolo B – Podadiha 1 lɐlɐ B/M – Udala 1 leŋgɑ t ̪i B – Baigodia 1 lɔlo M – Chalagi 1 liŋgɑ kut̪i B – Champi 1 lolo M – Dictionary 1 lɛkɑ sɑi B – Dighinuasahi 2 dʒeʈe 1 liŋgɑ B – Dumadie 1 lɐlɐ M – Dhungarisai 1 liŋgɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɔlo M – Jharmunda 1 leŋgɑt ̪i B – Madhupur 1 lɔlo H – Dillisore 1 lɛŋkɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 lolo S – Dictionary 1 lɛŋkɑt ̪i B – Munduy 1 lɔlo S – Nayarangamotia 1 liŋgɑ kuti B – Podadiha 3 goɾɑmo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 leŋgɑ sɑi B/M – Udala 137. cold 1 lɛŋgɑ M – Chalagi 1 leŋgɑ M – Dictionary 1 ɾejɑɽɑ B – Baigodia 1 leŋgɑ sɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾijʌd B – Champi 1 lɛŋkɑ t ̪i M – Jharmunda 1 ɾeɭɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 liŋɐt ̪i H – Dillisore 1 ɾejɑɖɑ B – Dumadie 1 leŋgɑ S – Dictionary 1 reɭɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɛŋkɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɾijɐd B – Madhupur 2 bɑːmo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɾejɑɽ B – Mohuldiha 140. near 1 ɾɛjɑɽ B – Munduy 1 ɾijʌd B – Podadiha 1 dʒʌpɑ B – Baigodia 2 ɾʌbʌn 2 sube B – Champi 1 ɾijɑd B/M – Udala 1 dʒɛbɑʔ B – Dighinuasahi 4 t ̪ut ̪ukuɳ M – Chalagi 2 subʌ B – Dumadie 2 ɾɑbɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 dʒʌpɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾijɑd M – Dhungarisai 2 sube B – Madhupur 2 ɾɑbɑŋ M – Jharmunda 2 subɑɾe B – Mohuldiha 3 sɑsɑ H – Dillisore 1 dʒɛbɑʔ B – Munduy 2 ɾɑbɑn S – Dictionary 2 sube B – Podadiha 1 ɾijɑɽ S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒopɑ B/M – Udala 5 t ̪həndɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 4 nɑɳe M – Chalagi 138. right 5 nipɑʈ M – Dictionary 1 dʒopɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒʌm t ̪i B – Baigodia 4 nɑɳe M – Jharmunda 2 mɑndi kut̪i B – Champi 1 dʒɛbɑʔ H – Dillisore 1 dʒɔm sɑi B – Dighinuasahi 3 soɾ S – Dictionary 1 dʒʌdʒoŋ B – Dumadie 3 suɾ S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒom B – Ladhiramsai 7 pɑkːo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒodʒɐmkuti B – Madhupur 141. far 1 dʒɛ dʒɔm B – Mohuldiha 2 mɑnɖit̪i B – Munduy 1 sɑŋgi B – Baigodia 1 dʒo dʒom kuti B – Podadiha 1 sɑŋgin B – Champi 1 dʒɔm sɑi B/M – Udala 2 pɐɾkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒom M – Chalagi 1 sɑŋgiŋ B – Dumadie 1 dʒom t ̪i M – Dictionary 1 sʌŋgɪn B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒɔm sɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 sɐŋgin B – Madhupur 1 dʒom t ̪iʔ M – Jharmunda 1 sɑŋkiŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒom t ̪i H – Dillisore

1 sɑŋkiŋ B – Munduy 144. heavy 1 sʌŋgiŋ B – Podadiha 1 sɑŋgin B/M – Udala 1 hɑmbɑl B – Baigodia 1 sɑŋgiŋ M – Chalagi 1 hʌmbɑl B – Champi 1 sɑŋin M – Dictionary 1 hɐmbɐl B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɑŋgin M – Dhungarisai 1 hʌmbɑl B – Dumadie 1 sɑŋkiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 hɑmbʌl B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɑɳiŋ H – Dillisore 1 hɐmbɑlɑ B – Madhupur 1 sɑŋgin S – Dictionary 2 t̪ɐgɑɖɑ B – Mohuldiha 3 dʒel S – Nayarangamotia 1 hɐmbɐl B – Munduy 4 ɖuɽo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hʌmbɑlɑ B – Podadiha 1 hɑmbɑl B/M – Udala 142. big 1 hɐmbɑl M – Chalagi 1 hɑmbɑl M – Dictionary 1 mɑɾɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 hɑmbɑl M – Dhungarisai 1 mʌɾʌŋ B – Champi 1 hɐmbɑl M – Jharmunda 1 mɐɾɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 hɐmbɑl H – Dillisore 1 mɑɾɑŋ B – Dumadie 1 hɑmɑl S – Dictionary 1 mʌɾɑŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɐmɑl S – Nayarangamotia 1 mɑɾɑŋ B – Madhupur 3 bɦɑɽi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mɐɾɑŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 mɐɾɑŋ B – Munduy 145. light 1 mʌɾʌŋ B – Podadiha 1 mɑɾɑŋ B/M – Udala 1 ɾʌbɑl B – Baigodia 1 mɐɾɑŋ M – Chalagi 1 ɾʌbɑl B – Champi 1 mɑɾɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 ɾɐbɑl B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɑɾɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾʌbɑl B – Dumadie 1 mɐɾɑŋ M – Jharmunda 1 ɾʌbɑl B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɐɾɑŋ H – Dillisore 1 ɾɐbɑl B – Madhupur 1 mɑɾɑn S – Dictionary 1 ɾɐbɑl B – Mohuldiha 1 mɐɾɑŋ S – Nayarangamotia 2 lɑisɑ B – Munduy 2 boɽo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 lʌbɑɾ B – Podadiha 1 ɾʌbɑl 143. small 1 ɾɐbɑl B/M – Udala 1 ɾɐbɑl M – Chalagi 1 huɖiŋ B – Baigodia 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 huɖiŋ B – Champi 1 ɾɐbɑl M – Dhungarisai 1 huɽiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 3 huɖiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 huɖiŋ B – Dumadie 2 lɐsɑ H – Dillisore 1 hoɾiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾɑwɑl S – Dictionary 1 huɖiŋ B – Madhupur 4 mɑɾsɑl 1 hunʈiɲ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾɐʋɑl S – Nayarangamotia 1 huɾiŋ B – Munduy 5 hɑlukɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 huɖiŋ B – Podadiha 1 huɖiŋ B/M – Udala 146. above 1 huɽiŋ M – Chalagi 1 huɾiŋ M – Dictionary 1 tʃet̪ɑn B – Baigodia 1 huɖiŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃit̪ɑn B – Champi 1 huɽiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 tʃɛt ̪n B – Dighinuasahi 1 huɽiŋ H – Dillisore 1 tʃilʌn B – Dumadie 1 huɖin S – Dictionary 1 tʃit̪ɑn B – Ladhiramsai 2 kɑʈitʃʔ 1 tʃit̪ɑn B – Madhupur 1 hɔpon S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃɛt ̪n B – Mohuldiha 3 sɑnõ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 tʃɛt ̪n B – Munduy 1 tʃit̪ɑn B – Podadiha

1 tʃet̪ɑn B/M – Udala 149. black 1 tʃɛt ̪n M – Chalagi 1 tʃet̪ɑn M – Dictionary 1 hend̪e B – Baigodia 1 tʃet̪ɑn M – Dhungarisai 1 hend̪e B – Champi 1 tʃɛt ̪n M – Jharmunda 1 hɛnt ̪e B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃɛt ̪n H – Dillisore 1 hend̪e B – Dumadie 1 tʃet̪ɑn S – Dictionary 1 heɲd̪ɛ B – Ladhiramsai 2 tʃot 1 hend̪e B – Madhupur 1 tʃɛt ̪n S – Nayarangamotia 1 hɛnt ̪e B – Mohuldiha 3 upoɽo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hɛnt ̪e B – Munduy 1 heɲd̪e B – Podadiha 147. below 1 hend̪e B/M – Udala 1 hɛnd̪e M – Chalagi 1 lʌt̪ɑɾ B – Baigodia 1 hend̪e M – Dictionary 1 lʌt̪ɑɾ B – Champi 1 hend̪e M – Dhungarisai 1 lɛt̪ɐɾ B – Dighinuasahi 1 hɛnt ̪e M – Jharmunda 1 lʌt̪ɑɾ B – Dumadie 1 hɛnt ̪e H – Dillisore 1 lɑt̪ɑɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hend̪e S – Dictionary 1 lɐt̪ɑɾ B – Madhupur 1 hɛnt ̪e S – Nayarangamotia 1 lɐt̪ɑɾ B – Mohuldiha 2 koɭɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 lɐt̪ɑɾ B – Munduy 1 lʌt̪ɑɾ B – Podadiha 150. red 1 lɐt̪ɑɾ B/M – Udala 1 lɑt̪ɑɾ M – Chalagi 2 ɾɑŋgɑ B – Baigodia 1 lɑt̪ɑɾ M – Dictionary 2 ɾɑŋgɑ B – Champi 1 lɐt̪ɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 2 ɾenkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 lɐt̪ɑɾ M – Jharmunda 1 ɑɾɑʔɑ B – Dumadie 1 lɐt̪ɑɾ H – Dillisore 1 ɑɾɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɑt̪ɑɾ S – Dictionary 1 ɑɾɑʔ B – Madhupur 2 phed 1 ɐɾɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 lɐt̪ɑɾ S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɾenkɑ B – Munduy 3 t̪əɭə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ʌɾɑʔɑ B – Podadiha 2 ɾɑŋgɑ B/M – Udala 148. white 1 ɑɾɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɑɾɑ M – Dictionary 1 pundi B – Baigodia 2 ɾɑŋgɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 pundi B – Champi 1 ɐɾɑɑʔ M – Jharmunda 1 phuɳɖi B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɐɾɑ H – Dillisore 1 pundi B – Dumadie 1 ɑɾɑk S – Dictionary 1 pundi B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɐɾɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 pundi B – Madhupur 2 ɾoŋgo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 puɳɖi B – Mohuldiha 3 nɑli 1 phuɳɖi B – Munduy 1 pundi B – Podadiha 151. one 1 pundi B/M – Udala 1 puɳɖi M – Chalagi 1 mien B – Baigodia 1 puɳɖi M – Dictionary 1 mõe B – Champi 1 phuɳɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 mɔjõ B – Dighinuasahi 1 puɳɖi M – Jharmunda 2 mudʒeʔd B – Dumadie 1 puɳɖi H – Dillisore 1 mijʌnd̪ʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 poɳɖ S – Dictionary 2 mudʒet B – Madhupur 1 puɳɖ S – Nayarangamotia 2 mudʒit̪ B – Mohuldiha 2 d̪holɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 moʔj B – Munduy 2 mudʒed B – Podadiha 1 mojɐt B/M – Udala

1 mojɔn M – Chalagi 154. four 1 miɑɖ M – Dictionary 4 ek M – Dhungarisai 1 upunie B – Baigodia 1 mijɑn M – Jharmunda 1 upunijɑ B – Champi 1 mijɛn H – Dillisore 1 upəɳijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 3 mit S – Dictionary 1 upunie B – Dumadie 3 mit̪ɑŋ S – Nayarangamotia 1 upuniɛ B – Ladhiramsai 4 eko Oriya (Cuttack) 1 upunije B – Madhupur 1 upənijə B – Mohuldiha 152. two 1 upunijə B – Munduy 1 upunie B – Podadiha 1 bɑɾie B – Baigodia 1 upuniɑ B/M – Udala 1 bɑɾie B – Champi 1 opuɳie M – Chalagi 1 bɐɾijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 upun M – Dictionary 1 bɑɾie B – Dumadie 3 tʃɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 bɑɾiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 upəɳijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 bɑɾijɑ B – Madhupur 1 upunijə H – Dillisore 1 bɑɾijə B – Mohuldiha 2 pon S – Dictionary 1 bɐɾijɑ B – Munduy 2 ponijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 bɑɾie B – Podadiha 3 tʃɑɽi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bɑɾiɑ B/M – Udala 1 bɑɾije M – Chalagi 155. five 1 bɑɾ M – Dictionary 1 bɑɾiɑ 1 moɳejɑ B – Baigodia 2 duːi M – Dhungarisai 1 mõɳojɑ B – Champi 1 bɐɾijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 mɔ̃ɳəjɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 bɑɾijə H – Dillisore 1 mõnẽɑ B – Dumadie 1 bɑɾ S – Dictionary 1 moniʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɐɾijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 moɳeɑ B – Madhupur 2 duːi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mɔ̃ɳɔjɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 mɔ̃ɳɔjɑ B – Munduy 153. three 1 moɳejɑ B – Podadiha 1 moɳeɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɑpie B – Baigodia 1 moɳejɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɑpie B – Champi 1 monɽeɑ M – Dictionary 1 ɐpijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 2 pɑ̃tʃ M – Dhungarisai 1 ʌpie B – Dumadie 1 mɔ̃ɳɔjɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ʌpiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mũjə H – Dillisore 1 ɐpije B – Madhupur 1 mõɾẽ S – Dictionary 1 əpijə B – Mohuldiha 1 mone S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɐpijɑ B – Munduy 2 pɑntʃə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ʌpie B – Podadiha 1 ɑpijɑ B/M – Udala 156. six 1 ɑpije M – Chalagi 1 ɑpie M – Dictionary 2 tʃo B – Baigodia 2 t ̪in M – Dhungarisai 1 t ̪uɾɪjɑ B – Champi 1 ɐpijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 t ̪uɾijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɐpijə H – Dillisore 1 t ̪uɾie B – Dumadie 1 peɑ S – Dictionary 1 t ̪uɾiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 pijɑ S –Nayarangamotia 2 tʃɐ B – Madhupur 2 t ̪ini Oriya (Cuttack) 1 t ̪uɾijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 t ̪uɾijɑ B – Munduy 1 t ̪uɾie B – Podadiha 2 tʃhɐ B/M – Udala 1 t ̪uɾijɑ M – Chalagi

1 t ̪uɾiɑ M – Dictionary 159. nine 1 t ̪uɾuiɑ 2 tʃhɐ M – Dhungarisai 2 no B – Baigodia 1 t ̪uɾijɑ M – Jharmunda 2 no B – Champi 1 t ̪uɾiɑ H – Dillisore 2 nõ B – Dighinuasahi 1 t ̪uɾui S – Dictionary 2 nʌ B – Dumadie 1 t ̪uɾuj S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɑɾijʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 tʃhə Oriya (Cuttack) 2 no B – Madhupur 2 no B – Mohuldiha 157. seven 2 noʈɑ B – Munduy 2 no B – Podadiha 2 sɑt̪ B – Baigodia 2 nɐ B/M – Udala 2 sɑt̪ B – Champi 1 ɑɾeje M – Chalagi 2 sɑt̪ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑɾeɑ M – Dictionary 2 sʌt̪ B – Dumadie 2 nɐ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑjɛ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑɾeje M – Jharmunda 2 sɑt̪ B – Madhupur 1 ɐɾijɑ H – Dillisore 2 sɑt̪ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑɾe S – Dictionary 2 sɑt̪ B – Munduy 2 nõ S – Nayarangamotia 2 sɑt̪ B – Podadiha 2 nɑo Oriya (Cuttack) 2 sɑt̪ B/M – Udala 1 ejeː M – Chalagi 160. ten 1 eɑ M – Dictionary 2 sɑt̪ M – Dhungarisai 2 d̪ɑs B – Baigodia 2 sɑt̪ M – Jharmunda 2 d̪ɑs B – Champi 1 ɑje H – Dillisore 2 d̪ɔs B – Dighinuasahi 1 eɑe S – Dictionary 2 d̪ʌs B – Dumadie 2 sɑt̪ S – Nayarangamotia 1 gɛlijʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 sɑt ̪o Oriya (Cuttack) 2 d̪ɐs B – Madhupur 2 d̪ɔs B – Mohuldiha 158. eight 2 d̪ɔsʈɑ B – Munduy 2 d̪os B – Podadiha 2 ɑʈ B – Baigodia 2 d̪ɐs B/M – Udala 2 ɑʈ B – Champi 1 geleje M – Chalagi 2 ɑto B – Dighinuasahi 1 gel M – Dictionary 2 ɑʈ B – Dumadie 1 geleɑ 1 ɪlijʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 d̪ɐs M – Dhungarisai 2 ɑʈ B – Madhupur 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 2 ɑtɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gɛlijɑ H – Dillisore 2 ɑʈɑ B – Munduy 1 gel S – Dictionary 2 ɑʈ B – Podadiha 2 d̪ɔso S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɑʈ B/M – Udala 2 d̪ɑso Oriya (Cuttack) 1 iɾɑlije M – Chalagi 1 iɾɑliɑ M – Dictionary 161. eleven 1 iɾiliɑ 2 ɑʈ M – Dhungarisai 2 egɑɾ B – Baigodia 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 2 gʌɾɑ B – Champi 1 iɾlijə H – Dillisore 2 ɛgɑɾo B – Dighinuasahi 1 iɾɑɭ S – Dictionary 2 egɑɾ B – Dumadie 2 ɑto S – Nayarangamotia 1 gel mijʌd̪ʔ B Ladhiramsai 2 ɑʈho Oriya (Cuttack) 2 egɑɾ B – Madhupur 2 ɛgɑɾo B – Mohuldiha 2 ɛgɑɾoʈɑ B – Munduy 2 eg gɑɾo B – Podadiha 2 egɑɾ B/M – Udala

1 gelbɑɾijɑ M – Chalagi 164. one hundred 0 no entry M – Dictionary 2 egɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 mitʔ sɔ B – Baigodia 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 mot sʌ B – Champi 1 gɛlmiɑ H – Dillisore 2 soj B – Dighinuasahi 1 gel mit S – Dictionary 1 mod sʌ B – Dumadie 2 ɛgɑɾo S – Nayarangamotia 1 monʔɛ hɛsi B – Ladhiramsai 2 egɑɽo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 mot so B – Madhupur 1 mɔʔso B – Mohuldiha 162. twelve 1 moneisi B – Munduy 1 mod so B – Podadiha 2 bɑɾ B – Baigodia 1 moʔt sɑ B/M – Udala 2 bɑɾɑ B – Champi 1 moɖehisi M – Chalagi 2 bɑɾo B – Dighinuasahi 1 mid sɑe M – Dictionary 2 bɑɾ B – Dumadie 1 moʔt sɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 gɛl bɑɾiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 miʔsou M – Jharmunda 2 bɑɾ B – Madhupur 1 miʔso H – Dillisore 2 bɑɾo B – Mohuldiha 2 sɑe S – Dictionary 2 bɑɾoʈɑ B – Munduy 2 soje S – Nayarangamotia 2 bɑɾo B – Podadiha 2 eko sɑho Oriya (Cuttack) 2 bɑɾ B/M – Udala 1 gelbɑɾijɑ M – Chalagi 165. who? 0 no entry M – Dictionary 2 bɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 okoe B – Baigodia 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 okoe B – Champi 1 gɛlbɑɾijə H – Dillisore 1 ɔkɑje B – Dighinuasahi 1 gel bɑɾeɑ S – Dictionary 1 okoe B – Dumadie 2 bɑɾo S – Nayarangamotia 1 okoe B – Ladhiramsai 2 bɑɽo Oriya (Cuttack) 1 okoe B – Madhupur 1 ɔkɑj B – Mohuldiha 163. twenty 1 ɔkoje B – Munduy 1 okojɑ B – Podadiha 2 kudie B – Baigodia 1 okoe B/M – Udala 3 bis B – Champi 1 ɔkoj M – Chalagi 2 kudije B – Dighinuasahi 1 okoe M – Dictionary 2 kodie B – Dumadie 1 okoe M – Dhungarisai 1 hɛsi B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɔkɑje M – Jharmunda 1 mot hisi B – Madhupur 1 ɔkɑj H – Dillisore 2 kudije B – Mohuldiha 1 okoe S – Dictionary 3 bis 1 ɔkɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 monisi B – Munduy 1 kie Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hisi B – Podadiha 1 mot hisi B/M – Udala 166. what? 2 kodi 1 mid̪isi M – Chalagi 2 kɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 hisi M – Dictionary 1 tʃikɑnɑ B – Champi 1 mot hisi M – Dhungarisai 2 kɐnɑ B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 tʃiɑ B – Dumadie 1 hisi H – Dillisore 2 kɑɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 isi S – Dictionary 1 tʃikɑnɑ B – Madhupur 2 kudije S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃikɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 koɽiːe Oriya (Cuttack) 1 tʃijɑ B – Munduy 1 tʃiem B – Podadiha 2 kɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 tʃɑnɑʔɑ M – Chalagi

1 tʃinɑ M – Dictionary 169. how many? 2 kɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃinɑ M – Jharmunda 1 tʃinɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 tʃinɑ H – Dillisore 1 tʃimɑʔ B – Champi 1 tʃeʔt S – Dictionary 1 tʃiminɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃeɾ S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃimɑʔ B – Dumadie 2 kɔɳɔʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 tʃiminʌŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃimu B – Madhupur 167. where? 1 tʃimu B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃimu B – Munduy 1 oko t ̪e B – Baigodia 1 tʃimin B – Podadiha 1 okɑ B – Champi 1 tʃimnɑŋ B/M – Udala 1 ɔkuɑɾe B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃiminɑŋ M – Chalagi 1 okosɑ B – Dumadie 1 tʃimin M – Dictionary 1 okonɾe B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃimnɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 oko t ̪e B – Madhupur 1 tʃiminɑŋgi M – Jharmunda 1 ɔkɔʈɑɾe B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃiminɑŋ H – Dillisore 1 ɔkowɑ B – Munduy 2 tinɑk S – Dictionary 1 okosɑ B – Podadiha 2 t ̪in ɐŋ S – Nayarangamotia 1 oksɑi B/M – Udala 3 ket ̪e Oriya (Cuttack) 1 okot̪ɑʔ M – Chalagi 1 okonɾeko M – Dictionary 170. what kind? 1 oksɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 ɔkot ̪e M – Jharmunda 0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 ɔkonpɑ H – Dillisore 1 tʃilikɑnɑ B – Champi 1 okɑ S – Dictionary 1 tʃilkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɔkɑɾe S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃilekʌn B – Dumadie 2 keuntɑɾe Oriya (Cuttack) 1 tʃɪlkɑ B – Ladhiramsai 2 kuɑde 2 tʃimin pɾɑkɑɾ B – Madhupur 1 tʃiləkɑ B – Mohuldiha 168. when? 1 tʃilkɑ B – Munduy 1 tʃilikɑnɑ B – Podadiha 1 tʃimt ̪em B – Baigodia 2 tʃiminpɾɑkɑɾ 1 tʃumt̪ɑ B – Champi 3 kɑnɑlekɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 tʃimt̪ɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃilkɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry B – Dumadie 0 no entry M –Dictionary 1 tʃɪmt̪ʌŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃilikɑ pɾɑkɑɾ M Dhungarisai 1 tʃimt ̪e B – Madhupur 1 tʃilkɑ M Jharmunda 1 tʃimt̪ɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃilke H – Dillisore 1 tʃimt ̪u B – Munduy 1 tʃekɑn lekɑn S – Dictionary 1 tʃimt ̪e B – Podadiha 1 tʃɛʔlɛkɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃimt̪ɑŋ B/M – Udala 4 kemit ̪i Oriya (Cuttack) 1 tʃimt̪ɑŋ M – Chalagi 1 tʃimt̪ɑ M – Dictionary 171. this 1 tʃimt̪ɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃimtɑn M – Jharmunda 1 niɑ B – Baigodia 2 tʃuile H – Dillisore 1 niɑ B – Champi 3 tisɾe S – Dictionary 1 nijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 4 khɑn 1 neɑ̃ B – Dumadie 3 t ̪iso S – Nayarangamotia 1 nijɑ B – Ladhiramsai 5 kebe Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ine B – Madhupur 1 nijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 nijɑ B – Munduy 1 nijɑ t ̪ed B – Podadiha 1 niɑtɑ B/M – Udala

1 nejɑ M – Chalagi 174. those 1 neɑ M – Dictionary 1 niɑtɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hɑnɑko B – Baigodia 1 nijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 hɑnɑko B – Champi 1 nijɑ H – Dillisore 1 hɐnɑko B – Dighinuasahi 1 niɑ S – Dictionary 1 hʌːeko B – Dumadie 2 noɑ 1 hɑnʌko B – Ladhiramsai 2 nuʋɑ̃ S – Nayarangamotia 1 hɑneko B – Madhupur 3 eiʈɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 hɐnɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 hɑɳʈɑi B – Munduy 172. that 1 hʌnɑko B – Podadiha 1 hɑnɑko B/M – Udala 1 hɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 hɑnɑko M – Chalagi 1 hɑnɑ B – Champi 3 einko M – Dictionary 1 inɑ 1 hɑnɑko M – Dhungarisai 1 hɐnɑ B – Dighinuasahi 4 hen M – Jharmunda 1 hʌːe B – Dumadie 1 hɐnɑ H – Dillisore 1 hɪnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 onko S – Dictionary 1 hɑne B – Madhupur 1 hɐnɑko S – Nayarangamotia 1 hɑnɑ B – Mohuldiha 5 seisɑbu Oriya (Cuttack) 1 inɑ B – Munduy 1 hɑnɑ B – Podadiha 175. same 1 hɑnɑtɑ B/M – Udala 1 hɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 sʌmɑn B – Baigodia 1 enɑ M – Dictionary 1 sʌmɑn B – Champi 1 hɑnɑtɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 sɐmɑn B – Dighinuasahi 1 hɑnɑ M – Jharmunda 1 sɔmɑn 1 ɪnenɑ H – Dillisore 2 modʔgeɑ B – Dumadie 1 onɑ S – Dictionary 6 bɑɾɑ bʌɾi B – Ladhiramsai 1 one 1 sɐmɑn B – Madhupur 1 ɔnɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 sɔmɑn B – Mohuldiha 2 seiʈɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 2 motgɛjɑ B – Munduy 1 sʌmɑn B – Podadiha 173. these 2 motgiɑ 1 sɐmɑn B/M – Udala 1 niɑko B – Baigodia 5 enlikɑ M – Chalagi 1 niko B – Champi 2 midge M – Dictionary 1 nɛʔnijɑko B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɐmɑn M – Dhungarisai 1 nẽʔeko B – Dumadie 2 mit ̪gi M – Jharmunda 1 nijɑko B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɔmɑn H – Dillisore 1 inekoː B – Madhupur 3 ɔnkɑ 1 nijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 somɑn S – Dictionary 2 niɳʈɑi B – Munduy 4 inɑ 1 nijɑko B – Podadiha 3 ɔnkɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 niɑko B/M – Udala 1 səmɑn Oriya (Cuttack) 1 nejɑko M – Chalagi 1 neɑko M – Dictionary 176. different 1 niku 1 niɑko M – Dhungarisai 1 biŋgɑ biŋgɑ B – Baigodia 1 nijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 benɑ benɑ B – Champi 1 nijɑ H – Dillisore 1 binkɑ B.Dighinuasahi 1 noɑko S – Dictionary 2 vegʌɾ vegʌɾ B – Dumadie 1 noko 1 biŋgʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 nuɑko S – Nayarangamotia 1 bɦinɑ B – Madhupur 3 eisɑbu Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bɛnɑbini B – Mohuldiha

1 binɑ benɑ B – Munduy 3 kɑtʃɑ 1 bɦenɑ bɦenɑ B – Podadiha 4 ʈuʈɑ 2 begɑɾ begɑɾ 1 ɾɑpu S – Nayarangamotia 1 bhiŋgɑ bhiŋgɑ B/M – Udala 2 bɑŋgilɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 3 eʈɑ eʈɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 179. few 3 eʈɑ M –Dictionary 5 kilimili 1 hudiʔ B – Baigodia 1 bhiŋgɑ bhiŋgɑ M – Dhungarisai 3 ɑŋgɑ B – Champi 3 ɛʈɐɑʔ ɛʈɐɑʔ M Jharmunda 4 kuɖi B – Dighinuasahi 4 ɔɭgɑ ɔɭgɑ H – Dillisore 1 hudiŋ B – Dumadie 6 dʒudɑ S – Dictionary 1 uɾiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 2 bɛgɑɾ S – Nayarangamotia 3 ɑŋgɑno B – Madhupur 1 bɦino bɦino Oriya (Cuttack) 5 kom B – Mohuldiha 4 ələgɑ 3 hɐŋkɑ B – Munduy 177. whole 3 hʌŋgɑ B – Podadiha 1 huɖi B/M – Udala 1 gotɑ B – Baigodia 4 kɐʈi M – Chalagi 1 gotɑ B – Champi 1 huɖuɽiŋ M – Dictionary 2 dʒɔt ̪o B – Dighinuasahi 1 huɖi M – Dhungarisai 3 best ̪iɑ B – Dumadie 4 kɐʈi M – Jharmunda 1 gotɑ B – Ladhiramsai 6 dʒɔkɑ H – Dillisore 3 bes B – Madhupur 7 thoɽɑ gɑn S – Dictionary 2 dʒɔt ̪o B – Mohuldiha 8 ekɑ 2 dʒɔt ̪o B – Munduy 9 dukɑ 1 gotɑ B – Podadiha 4 kɐʈi S – Nayarangamotia 1 gotɑ B/M – Udala 5 kom Oriya (Cuttack) 1 gɔʈɑ M – Chalagi 4 soben 180. many

1 goʈɑ M – Dictionary 7 dʒɑtkɑ B – Baigodia 5 buginɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 bedʒɑjŋ B – Champi 1 gɔʈɑ M – Jharmunda 2 sɑŋki B – Dighinuasahi 1 gɔʈɑ H – Dillisore 1 bedʒʌŋ B – Dumadie 1 goʈɑɾ S – Dictionary 4 ɖeheɾ 2 dʒɔt ̪o S – Nayarangamotia 2 sɑŋgi B – Ladhiramsai 6 puɾɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 bidʒeŋ B – Madhupur 178. broken 5 tʃimin B – Mohuldiha 1 bidʒɑɲ B – Munduy 1 ɾɑpudʔ B – Baigodia 1 bidʒen B – Podadiha 1 ɾɑpud B – Champi 3 puɾe 1 ɾɑpuʔ B – Dighinuasahi 2 sɑŋgi B/M – Udala 1 ɾɑpud B – Dumadie 3 puɾɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɾɑpʌ̃tʔn̩ B – Ladhiramsai 4 ɖɦeɾ M – Dictionary 1 ɾɑpud B – Madhupur 9 ɑn hut 1 ɾɑpuʔ B – Mohuldiha 10 isu 1 ɾɑpuʔ B – Munduy 2 sɑŋgi M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾʌpud B – Podadiha 6 t ̪himb ɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ɾɑpud B/M – Udala 3 puɾejə H – Dillisore 1 ɾɑpud̪ M – Chalagi 11 ɑemɑ S – Dictionary 0 no entry M – Dictionary 12 ɑdi 1 ɾɑpud M – Dhungarisai 4 dhɛheɾ S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɾɑpuʔ M – Jharmunda 13 bohut Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɾɑpuʔd H – Dillisore 2 bɦɑŋgɑ S – Dictionary

181. all 1 huwɑgiʔime, huwɑkijɑ B/M – Udala 1 huɑʔɑ, huɑʔɑ kɛd̪ɑ M – Chalagi 1 dʒʌt̪ɔ B – Baigodia 4 hɑb M – Dictionary 1 dʒʌt̪ʌ B – Champi 1 huwɑgiʔime, huwɑkijɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒot ̪o B – Dighinuasahi 3 t̪ɑgoj, t̪ɑgoj lɑʔjɑ M – Jharmunda 1 dʒʌt ̪o B – Dumadie 1 huʔjəjɛm, hujɛkiɖɑ H – Dillisore 2 sʌbɪn B – Ladhiramsai 2 geɾ S – Dictionary 1 dʒʌnt ̪o B – Madhupur 5 lɑsok 1 dʒɔt ̪uʋɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 germe, gɛɾkijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒot ̪o B – Munduy 6 tsubɑilɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒet ̪e B – Podadiha 1 dʒot ̪o B/M – Udala 184. he is, he was hungry 2 sobenɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 2 soben M – Dictionary 1 ɾeŋget̪e tɑikenɑ B – Baigodia 1 dʒot ̪o M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾeŋget̪ege t̪ɑikenɑ B – Champi 3 t ̪himb ɑgi M – Jharmunda 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 2 sɐbɛn H – Dillisore 1 ɾeŋge t̪ɑikenɑ B – Dumadie 1 dʒot ̪o S – Dictionary 1 ɾɛŋgɛʔi tɑikɪng B – Ladhiramsai 4 sɑnɑm 1 ɾeŋget̪e tɑikenɑ B – Madhupur 1 dʒɔt ̪o S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɾɛŋkedʒɐkɑnɑ, 2 sobu Oriya (Cuttack) ɾɛŋkedʒɑkɑnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾeŋkɛt̪ɑdʒije, 182. eat!, he ate ɾeŋkɛt̪ɑdʒije B – Munduy 1 ɾeŋgekieɲ B – Podadiha 1 dʒʌmeme, dʒʌmlɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɾeŋgege t̪ɑikenɑ B/M – Udala 1 dʒomeme, dʒomkijɑ B – Champi 1 ɾeŋge dʒɑʔɑjə, 1 dʒʌmem, dzʌmkeɑj ɾeŋgeʔelijə M – Chalagi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾeŋge M – Dictionary 1 dʒʌmeme, dʒomlijɑ B – Dumadie 1 ɾeŋgege t̪ɑikenɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒomʌm, dʒomled̪ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾɛŋkekgi mɛnɛdʒɑ, 1 dʒomeme, dʒomkijɑ B – Madhupur ɾɛŋkekgi t̪ɑin kɑnɑi M – Jharmunda 1 dʒomem, dʒɔmle B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾɛŋkejt̪inɑ, ɾɛŋkelije H – Dillisore 1 dʒomem, nukuɖe B – Munduy 1 ɾeŋgetʃ S – Dictionary 1 dʒomeme, dʒomlijɑ B – Podadiha 1 ɾɛɳke mɛnɑjɑ, 1 dʒommem, dʒomkid̪ɑ B/M – Udala ɾɛŋket̪et̪ɑhinkinɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒomkid̪e, dʒomtɑnɑ M – Chalagi 2 bɦoko helɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒom M – Dictionary 1 dʒommem, dʒomkid̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 185. drink!, he drank 1 dʒomem, dʒɔmle M – Jharmunda 1 dʒomem, dʒɔɳkiɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 nuːlɑ, nuimɑ B – Baigodia 1 dʒom S – Dictionary 1 nuiʔne, nukijɑ B – Champi 1 dʒompe, dʒomkijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 2 kɑibə Oriya (Cuttack) 1 nuiẽme, nulijɑ B – Dumadie 1 nuʔĩme, nuled̪ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 183. bite!, he bit 1 nuitme, nukijɑt̪ B – Madhupur 1 nu, nulɛjɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 huɑme, huɑliɑ B – Baigodia 1 nuime, nukiɖɑ B – Munduy 1 huɑgijẽ, huekijɑe B – Champi 1 nuʔme, nuiliʌɲ B – Podadiha 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 nuge mijɑ, nukidɑ B/M – Udala 1 huegidʒiʔme, hueligït̪ B – Dumadie 1 nu, nukiɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 huwʌgiʔme, huwɑkiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 nu M – Dictionary 1 huegidʒme, huekidie B – Madhupur 1 nuge mijɑ, nukidɑ M – Dhungarisai 3 t̪ɔgɔdʒ, t̪ɔgɔdʒlɛjɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 nuem, nukɛke M – Jharmunda 1 huwɑ, huwɑkidʒije B – Munduy 1 nu, nukiɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 hueegʔme, hueʔkidʒijɑʔ B – Podadiha 1 nũ S – Dictionary

1 nupe, ɲukije S – Nayarangamotia 1 git̪ipe, 2 piːbɑ Oriya (Cuttack) git̪ikinɑj S – Nayarangamotia 4 nido Oriya (Cuttack) 186. he is, he was thirsty 188. lie down!, he lay down 1 t̪it̪ɑŋt ̪ɑ iken B – Baigodia 1 t̪it̪ɑŋt̪ɑdʒi t̪ɑikenɑ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Baigodia 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 git̪ikene, git̪iʔɳe B – Champi 1 t̪it̪ɑŋt ̪e t ̪ɑi kenɑ B – Dumadie 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 t̪ɛt̪ɑŋtɑikɪnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 git ̪iʔt ̪me, git ̪iʔt ̪linɑ B – Dumadie 1 t̪it̪ɑŋt ̪e t ̪ɑi kenɑ B – Madhupur 1 gɪt ̪ime, git ̪iɑkʌn 1 t̪ɛt̪ɑŋt̪ɐdʒijɑ, tɑikɪnʌ B – Ladhiramsai hɔlɑ t̪ɛt̪ɑŋt̪ɐdʒijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 git ̪it ̪me, git ̪itdʒɑnɑe B – Madhupur 1 t̪ɛt̪ɑŋt̪ɑdʒijɑ, 3 dʒiɾɑwo, dʒiɾolenɑ B – Mohuldiha t̪ɛt̪ɑŋt̪ɑikenɑ B – Munduy 1 git ̪iʔme, git ̪iʔdʒɛnɑ B – Munduy 1 t̪it̪ɑŋt̪ɑdʒie B – Podadiha 1 git ̪it ̪me, git ̪itdʒɑnɑe 1 tit̪ɑŋt̪ɑikenɑ B/M – Udala 1 git ̪iʔmeʔ, git̪id̪linɑ B – Podadiha 1 t̪et̪ɑŋdʒɑʔɑje, 1 gidime, gidijɑnɑ B/M – Udala t̪et̪ɑŋliʔɑ M – Chalagi 2 bɑʈin, bɑʈindʒene M – Chalagi 1 t̪et̪ɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 git ̪i M – Dictionary 1 tit̪ɑŋt̪ɑikenɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 bɑʈin 1 t̪ɛt̪ɑŋoɔt̪ɛne, 5 buɾum t̪ɛt̪ɑŋot̪ɛine M – Jharmunda 1 gidime, gidijɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 t̪ɛt̪ɑŋit̪ɛnɑ, 1 d̪ugme, git̪ignɐnɑj M – Jharmunda t̪ɛt̪ɑŋlije H – Dillisore 1 git̪ime, git̪ijɛne H – Dillisore 1 t̪et̪ɑn S – Dictionary 1 git̪itʃ S – Dictionary 1 t̪ɛt̪ɑŋikɑnɑ, 4 guɖt ̪o hɐnt̪ɑɖope, t̪ɛt̪ɑŋlid̪ijɑ S – Nayarangamotia guɖt̪owenɑj S – Nayarangamotia 2 soso həlɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 6 poɽigolɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

187. sleep!, he slept 189. sit down!, he sat down

1 giʔime, git̪ikenɑ B – Baigodia 1 d̪upme, d̪upkenɑ B – Baigodia 1 git̪itʔme, git̪ilinɑ B – Champi 1 d̪upme, d̪upkene B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 git ̪iʔt ̪me, 1 d̪upme, d̪ublinɑ B – Dumadie git ̪iʔt ̪lin ɑ B – Dumadie 1 d̪ubʔmeʔ, 2 duɾʌmmeʔ, d̪uβɑkɑn tɑikɪnʌ B – Ladhiramsai duɾʌmlɛɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 d̪uɖupme, 1 git̪itme, git̪itdʒɑnɑe B – Madhupur d̪uɖup dʒɑnɑe B – Madhupur 2 d̪uɖumke, 1 d̪uɖuʔme, edʒ d̪ud̪uɖumlenɑ B – Mohuldiha edʒd̪ɖuʔlenɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 git̪igme, 1 d̪uʔme, d̪ugdʒenɑ B – Munduy duduʔmedʒene B – Munduy 1 duɖupme, duɖuplinɑ B – Podadiha 1 git̪itʔme, git̪ilinɑ B – Podadiha 1 dubme, dubjɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 git ̪iʔime, git̪ijɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 d̪ubʔme, d̪ubkinɑ M – Chalagi 1 git ̪iʔi, gi t ̪iʔidʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 d̪ubʔ M – Dictionary 1 git ̪i M – Dictionary 1 dubme, dubjɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 git ̪iʔime, 1 d̪uʔme, d̪upnɐnɑj M – Jharmunda git̪ijɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 d̪uʔme, d̪ubijɑnɑ H – Dillisore 1 git̪igme, git̪ignɐnɑj M – Jharmunda 1 duɽupʔ S – Dictionary 2 d̪uʔme, d̪umiɑnɑ H – Dillisore 1 d̪uɭuʔme, d̪uɭuʔjɛnɑi S – Nayarangamotia 1 git̪itʃʔ S – Dictionary 2 bosibɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

3 dʒɑpit

190. give!, he gave 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 godʒoʔme, goeʔlinɑ B – Dumadie 1 imɑɳme, emɑlinɑ B – Baigodia 1 godʒome, goedʒɑnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 emddʒɑnɑe, imɑene B – Champi 1 godʒuʔme, 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi godʒʔdʒɑnɑ B – Madhupur 1 omɑɲme, omliɑʔɑ B – Dumadie 1 gɔdʒuwɑ, gɔdʒɑnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 umɑɲmeʔ, omlɛd̪ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 gɔdʒoɑ, goʔdʒenɑ B – Munduy 1 dɑ imɑɳme, 1 godʒuʔme, omɑ dʒiɑt B – Madhupur godʒʔdʒɑnɑ B – Podadiha 2 dɑ imɑɳme, omɑ dʒiɑt 1 goejɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɔmem, mɑdʒije B – Mohuldiha 1 goʔedʒenɑ, 2 d̪ɑi, omɑdʒiŋe B – Munduy goʔedʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 umɑɳme, omoʔdʒiet B – Podadiha 1 godʒo M – Dictionary 1 d̪e emonme, omkid̪ɑ B/M – Udala 1 goejɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 d̪e emonme, omkid̪ɑ 1 godʒijɑ, gojnɐnɑj M – Jharmunda 1 om, omɑʔɑije M – Chalagi 1 gɔdʒo, gɔʔjɛnɑ H – Dillisore 1 em M – Dictionary 1 gudʒuk, gotʃʔ S – Dictionary 1 om 1 gudʒuwɑ, godʒinɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 d̪e emonme, omkid̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 moɽonõ Oriya (Cuttack) 2 d̪e emonme, omkid̪ɑ 2 d̪ɑ, ɛmedʒe M – Jharmunda 193. don’t kill!, he killed

2 d̪ɑ, ɛmɑɖiɲe H – Dillisore 1 goeʔme, goʔeliɑ B – Baigodia 1 em S – Dictionary 1 godʒidʒime, 1 iɲimɛɲpe, ɛmɑd̪iɲɑj S – Nayarangamotia goelidijɑe B – Champi 2 d̪ebɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 191. it burns, it burned 1 godʒidʒme, goelidʒiɑ B – Dumadie 3 sɑl gɑeme, 1 goime, goikijʌ B – Ladhiramsai sɑl gookidɑ B – Baigodia 1 goet̪kijɑe B – Madhupur 1 dʒulime, dʒulijɑe B – Champi 1 gudʒije, gɔdʒt ̪edʒije B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 5 ɾujje, goʔdʒenɑ B – Munduy 1 dʒullem, dʒulliɑ B – Dumadie 1 godʒidʒme, 2 lot̪ʔn̩me, loleɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai goeletʔdʒie B – Podadiha 1 dʒulkijɑe B – Madhupur 1 getkijɑ B/M – Udala 1 dʒuluwɑ, dʒuʔlɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 3 d̪ɑlie, d̪elkie M – Chalagi 1 dʒult̪ɐnɑ, hɐt̪ɑɾdʒɑnɑ B – Munduy 1 goe M – Dictionary 1 dʒulem, dʒullinɑ B – Podadiha 1 getkijɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒulkidɑ B/M – Udala 1 gudʒije, gojt̪ɛdʒe M – Jharmunda 2 lot̪ɑnɑ, lodʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 gɔdʒijɑ, goʔjkɛdɛjɑj H – Dillisore 2 lo M – Dictionary 1 gotʃʔ S – Dictionary 5 ɑtɑɽ 2 mɑɾɑo 1 dʒulkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 gɔdʒijɑ, goʔjkɛdɛjɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒulem, dʒulnenɑ M – Jharmunda 2 mɑɽibɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 dʒuɭt ̪inɑ, dʒuɭkiɖɑ H – Dillisore 2 lo S – Dictionary 194. fly!, it flew

4 dʒeɾet 1 oʈɑŋme, oʈɑŋjɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 dʒulukɑnɑ, dʒulenɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 uɖʌɾenme, uɖɑedʒɑnɑe B – Champi 1 dʒolibɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 192. don’t die!, he died 1 uɖoʔlinɑe, uɖoʔene B – Dumadie 2 ɑpiɾme, ɑpiɾdʒɛɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 godʒʌʔme, goejɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 oɖome, oɖodʒɑnɑe B – Madhupur 1 gudʒuʔme, 1 uɖow, uɖowlɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha godʒʔdʒɑnɑe B – Champi 2 ɑpiɾenme, ɐpiɾdʒɑnɑi B – Munduy

1 udodʒɑnɑe, udou B – Podadiha 1 niɾ S – Dictionary 2 ɑpiɾme, ɑpiɾjɑnɑ B/M – Udala 2 dɑɽ 2 ɑpiɾ, ɑpiɾdʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 3 d̪ɛɖpee, d̪ɛɖkijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɑpiɾ M – Dictionary 2 doudibɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 2 ɑpiɾme, ɑpiɾjɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 biɾit̪me, ɔʈɑŋnɐnɑj M – Jharmunda 197. go!, he went

2 ɐpəɾeme, ɑpəɾiɑnɑ H – Dillisore 1 senem, senojɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 uɖɑu S – Dictionary 1 senoʔme, senlinɑje B – Champi 3 phɑɾkɑo 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 uɖoʔpe, uɖojenɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 senoʔme, senlinɑ B – Dumadie 1 udutʃi Oriya (Cuttack) 1 senoʔome, senodʒɑnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 195. walk!, he walked 1 senome, senjɑnɑe B – Madhupur 1 senom, sendʒenɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 send̪ogome, senkid̪ɑ B – Baigodia 1 d̪ɔlɑ, sindʒenɑ B – Munduy 1 senoʔme, senlinɑjɑ B – Champi 1 senme, sendʒɑnɑ B – Podadiha 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 senoʔme, senoʔjɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 senoʔme, senlene B – Dumadie 1 sen, senoʔodʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 sɛnodʒɑnʌ, dolɑ (?) B – Ladhiramsai 1 sen M – Dictionary 1 seneme, senkijɐt̪ B – Madhupur 1 senoʔme, senoʔjɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 sen, edʒ senlɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒu, sɛnojɛnɑ M – Jharmunda 1 d̪ɔlɑŋ, sentʃenɑ B – Munduy 1 dʒu, sɛnojɛnɑ H – Dillisore 2 d̪ɔlɑŋ, sentʃenɑ 1 sen S – Dictionary 1 senem, sendʒɑnɑ B – Podadiha 2 tʃɑlɑkʔ 1 senem, ɑeʔ senkid̪ɑ B/M – Udala 2 tʃɛlɑinɑj, tʃɛlɑpe S – Nayarangamotia 4 ʈɑhɑlne, 3 dʒibɑ Oriya (Cuttack) honoɾt ̪idʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 198. come!, he came

1 senem, ɑeʔ senkid̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hidʒuʔme, hiːlenɑ B – Baigodia 1 d̪ɔlɑ, senkɛt̪eɾ M – Jharmunda 1 hidʒume, hidʒlinɑje B – Champi 2 d̪ɔlɑ, senkɛt̪eɾ 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 senime, senojinɑ H – Dillisore 1 hidʒiʔme, hidʒlinɑ B – Dumadie 3 dɑɽɑ S – Dictionary 1 hɪdʒuʔme, hɪdʒuleɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 3 tɑɽɑm 1 hidʒume, hidʒujɑnɑe B – Madhupur 2 d̪ɛlɑŋ, tʃɛlɑwenɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 hidʒuʔne, hilɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 5 tʃɑlibɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɛlɑ, hidʒenɑ B – Munduy 196. run!, he ran 1 hidʒuʔme, hidʒlinɑe B – Podadiha 1 hidʒume, hidʒujɑnɑ B/M – Udala 2 dɦɑuɖem, dɦɑukid̪ɑ B – Baigodia 1 hidʒuʔu, 1 niɾeme, niɾlejɑe B – Champi hidʒuʔudʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 hidʒu M – Dictionary 1 niɾeme, niɾlinɑ B – Dumadie 1 hidʒume, hidʒujɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 nɪɾʌme, niɾled̪ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hudʒuʔme, hudʒuine M – Jharmunda 1 niɾeme, niɾkijɐt B – Madhupur 1 hudʒuʔme, hudʒuine H – Dillisore 1 niɾme, niɾkijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 hidʒuk S – Dictionary 1 d̪iɾime, niɾkiɖɑi B – Munduy 1 hɐdʒime, hɛʔjɛnɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 niɾem, niɾlidɑ B – Podadiha 2 ɑːso Oriya (Cuttack) 2 dhɑodum, dhɑodkidɑ B/M – Udala 1 niɾ, niɾdʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 199. speak!, he spoke

1 niɾ M – Dictionary 3 dʒɑɾem, dʒɑgɑɾlɑ B – Baigodia 2 dɑuɾi 1 kɑdʒilijɑe B – Champi 2 dhɑodum, dhɑodkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 menkejʌe 1 niɾkɛɖɑi, niɾəme M – Jharmunda 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 niɾme, niɾkiɖɑ H – Dillisore

1 kɑdʒidʒme, kɑdʒiluiɑ B – Dumadie 1 lelem, lelkid̪ɑ B/M – Udala 1 kɑdʒiʔme, kɑdʒilɛd̪ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lel, lelkid̪ɑi M – Chalagi 1 kɐdʒidʒme, kɐdʒikijɑ B – Madhupur 1 lel, nel M – Dictionary 1 kɐdʒiʔɲe, kɐdʒilɛʔjɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 lelem, lelkid̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 kɐdʒidʒɲe, kɑdʒikedɑ B – Munduy 1 lɛlɛjeʔ, lɛlket ̪e M – Jharmunda 1 kɑdʒidʒme, kɑdʒikie B – Podadiha 1 nɛlt̪ɛnɑ, nɛlkidɑ H – Dillisore 2 menem, menkid̪ɑ B/M – Udala 1 nel S – Dictionary 3 dʒɑgɑɾ, dʒɑgɑɾ kid̪ɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɲɛɲelkɐnɑj, ɲelkijɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 kɑdʒi M – Dictionary 2 dekho Oriya (Cuttack) 2 men 2 menem, menkid̪ɑ M – Dhungarisai 202. I (1st sg)

1 kɐdʒime, kɐdʒikidɑ M – Jharmunda 2 ɑɲ B – Baigodia 1 kɐdʒime, kɐdʒikidɑ H – Dillisore 1 iɲ B – Champi 2 men S – Dictionary 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 5 ɾoɽ 1 iɲ B – Dumadie 2 menme, menkijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɑɲ B – Ladhiramsai 6 kɔhilɑ, kuhɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 iɲ B – Madhupur 200. listen!, he heard 1 iɲ B – Mohuldiha 1 iɲ B – Munduy 1 ɑjʌlem, ɑjumkedɑ B – Baigodia 1 iɲ B – Podadiha 1 ɑjuməjɑi, ɑjumkɛɖɑʔi B – Champi 2 ɑn B/M – Udala 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumlijɑe 1 ɑiɲ M – Chalagi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 2 ɑiɲ 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumleɑ B – Dumadie 1 ɑiŋ M – Dictionary 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumledɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 iŋ 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumkijɑt̪ B – Madhupur 2 ɑiŋ 1 ɑjɑmt̪ɑ, ɐjɑmkejɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 ɑn M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑjomet̪ənɑ, 1 iɲ M – Jharmunda ɑjumkeɖɑi B – Munduy 2 ɑɲ H – Dillisore 1 ɑjumem, ɑjulejɑɳ B – Podadiha 1 in S – Dictionary 1 ɑjʌlem, ɑjumkedɑ B/M – Udala 1 iɲ S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumkidɑ 3 mũ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɑjum, ɑjumkidɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɑium M – Dictionary 203. you (2nd sg, informal)

1 ɑjʌlem, ɑjumkedɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑm B – Baigodia 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumkidɑ 1 ɑm B – Champi 1 ɑjumt̪ɐnɑj, ɑjumkeɖe M – Jharmunda 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑjɑmt̪ɑnɑ, ɑjɑmkiɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 ɑm B – Dumadie 2 ɑndʒom S – Dictionary 1 ɑmː B – Ladhiramsai 2 ɑndʒɔmeejɑj, 1 ɑm B – Madhupur ɑndʒomkijɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɑm B – Mohuldiha 3 suno Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɑm B – Munduy 201. look!, he saw 1 ɑm B – Podadiha 1 ɑm B/M – Udala 1 lelim, lelkiɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɑm M – Chalagi 1 nelem, nellejɑm B – Champi 1 ɑm M – Dictionary 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑm M – Dhungarisai 1 nelem, nellejɑ B – Dumadie 1 ɑm M – Jharmunda 1 lelːime, lelːid̪ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑm H – Dillisore 1 nelit̪me, nelkijɑt B – Madhupur 1 ɑm S – Dictionary 1 nenelɑ, nelɛijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑm S – Nayarangamotia 1 nelt̪enɑ, ɑinelkiɖɑi B – Munduy 2 t ̪u Oriya (Cuttack) 1 nelem, nellejɑe B – Podadiha

204. you (2nd sg, formal) 0 no entry M – Dictionary 2 ɑeʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑben B – Baigodia 1 ini M – Jharmunda 1 ɑben B – Champi 1 ini H – Dillisore 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 uni S – Dictionary 1 ɑben B – Dumadie 1 uni S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɑbɛn B – Ladhiramsai 3 se Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɑben B – Madhupur 1 ɑben B – Mohuldiha 207. we (1st pl, inclusive) 1 ɑben B – Munduy 1 ʌben B – Podadiha 1 ɑbu B – Baigodia 1 ɑbin B/M – Udala 1 ɑbu B – Champi 2 ɑm M – Chalagi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 ɑbu B – Dumadie 1 ɑbin M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑbu B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑben M – Jharmunda 1 ɑbu B – Madhupur 1 ɑben H – Dillisore 2 ɐle B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑben S – Dictionary 1 ɐbu B – Munduy 1 ɑbiŋ S – Nayarangamotia 1 ʌbu B – Podadiha 3 ɑponõ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ɑbu B/M – Udala 2 ɑle M – Chalagi 205. he (3rd sg, masculine) 1 ɑbu M – Dictionary 1 ɑbu M – Dhungarisai 2 ɑʔe B – Baigodia 1 ɐbu M – Jharmunda 2 ɑʔʈ B – Champi 1 ɐbu H – Dillisore 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑbo S – Dictionary 1 iniʔi B – Dumadie 2 ɐle S – Nayarangamotia 1 iniʔ B – Ladhiramsai 3 ɑme Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ini B – Madhupur 3 ɑmpe 1 ini B – Mohuldiha 1 ini B – Munduy 208. we (1st pl, exclusive) 1 ini B – Podadiha 2 ɑe B/M – Udala 1 ɑle B – Baigodia 1 ini M – Chalagi 1 ɑle B – Champi 2 ɑe M – Dictionary 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 2 ɑe M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑle B – Dumadie 1 ini M – Jharmunda 1 ɑlːe B – Ladhiramsai 1 ini H – Dillisore 1 ɑle B – Madhupur 1 uni S – Dictionary 1 ɐle B – Mohuldiha 1 uni S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɐpe B – Munduy 3 se Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ʌle B – Podadiha 1 ɑle B/M – Udala 206. she (3rd sg, feminine) 1 ɑle M – Chalagi 1 ɑle M – Dictionary 2 ɑʔe B – Baigodia 1 ɑle M – Dhungarisai 2 ɑʈʔ B – Champi 1 ɐle M – Jharmunda 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɐle H – Dillisore 1 iniʔi B – Dumadie 1 ɑle S – Dictionary 1 iniʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɐlɐge S – Nayarangamotia 1 ini B – Madhupur 2 ɑme Oriya (Cuttack) 1 ini B – Mohuldiha 2 ɑmpe 1 ini B – Munduy 1 ini B – Podadiha 2 ɑeʔ B/M – Udala 1 iniʔi M – Chalagi

209. you (2nd pl) 210. they (3rd pl)

1 ɑpe B – Baigodia 1 ɑko B – Baigodia 1 ɑpe B – Champi 1 ɑko B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑpe B – Dumadie 1 inku B – Dumadie 1 ɑpeʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑko B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑpe B – Madhupur 1 ɑko B – Madhupur 1 ɐpe B – Mohuldiha 1 inku B – Mohuldiha 2 ɑnku B – Munduy 1 ɐko B – Munduy 1 ʌpe B – Podadiha 1 ʌko B – Podadiha 1 ɑpe B/M – Udala 1 ɑko B/M – Udala 1 ɑpe M – Chalagi 1 inku M – Chalagi 1 ɑpeɑ M – Dictionary 1 ɑkiŋ M – Dictionary 1 ɑpe M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑko 1 ɐpe M – Jharmunda 1 ɑko M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐpe H – Dillisore 1 hɑnku M – Jharmunda 1 ɑpe S – Dictionary 1 ɐko H – Dillisore 1 ɐpe S – Nayarangamotia 1 onko S – Dictionary 3 ɑponõ Oriya (Cuttack) 1 unkin 1 uŋkuʔko S – Nayarangamotia 2 se mɑnːe Oriya (Cuttack)

Appendix C

Appendix C1: Recorded Text Test Procedures10

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of tape recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an index of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad 1974 and Blair 1990. Short, personal experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material thought to be widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. Normally, a set of fifteen or more questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable—perhaps because the answer is not in focus in the text, or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on subjects’ understanding of the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT at each test location. In the RTTs used in this study, test subjects heard the complete story text once, after which the story was repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question, such that memory limitations exert a negligible effect and indirect inference based on the content is not required. Thus the RTT aims to be a close reflection of a subject’s comprehension of the language itself, not of his or her memory, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialects represented. In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test. The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition, hometown testing ensures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the comprehension questions used to assess understanding of the text in non-native dialect areas. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated. It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly simply because he or she does not understand what is expected. This is especially true with unsophisticated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore a very short pre-test story with four questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of this pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that he or she would serve as a suitable subject. Each subject then participates in the hometown test in his or her native variety before participating in RTTs in non-native varieties.

10This description of recorded text test procedures is adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (ed.) 1992.

Occasionally, even after the pre-test, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing such test results. In this study, subjects performing at levels of less than 80% on their hometown test were eliminated from further testing. When speakers of one linguistic variety have had no previous contact with that represented by the recorded text, test scores of the subjects from the test point tend to be more similar—especially when the scores are in the higher ranges. Such consistent scores are often interpreted to be closer reflections of the inherent intelligibility between speech forms. If the sample of subjects (a minimum of ten) accurately represents the speech community being tested in terms of the variables affecting intelligibility, and the RTT scores show such consistency, increasing the number of subjects should not significantly increase the range of variation of the scores. However, when some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion, which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean—the standard deviation. On an RTT with 100 possible points (that is, 100 percent), a standard deviation of more than 12 to 15 is considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively low, say 10 and below, and the mean score for subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well, either because the variety in the RTT is inherently intelligible or because the variety has been acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency which results from learning through contact. The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in the following table: Standard Deviation High Low Situation 1 Situation 2

Many people understand the Most people understand the High story on the test tape well, but story on the test tape. some have difficulty. Situation 3 Situation 4 Many people cannot Few people are able to under-

Average ScoreAverage Low understand the story, but a few stand the story on the test tape. are able to answer correctly.

High standard deviations can result from other causes such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring, or differences in attentiveness or intelligence of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration. Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact that facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur. In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty and complexity, or of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds,

but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

Appendix C.2: RTT Subject Biodata, Test Scores, and Post-RTT Responses

The following information was obtained for each subject who took an RTT (designated with a subject ID number). Sex Language now spoken in home Age Father’s mother tongue Education Mother’s mother tongue Birthplace Spouse’s mother tongue Place brought up Lived or stayed in another place Current residence Travelled outside area Mother tongue

Key for RTT scoring charts: Q1 – Q10: Score for each question of the story 10 = fully correct 5 = partially correct 0 = incorrect TTL: Total score for each subject PCT: Percentage for each subject

Average score: Average score of all subjects on test Standard deviation: Statistical measurement for variation between scores 12 and above = high below 10 = low Number: Number of subjects who took the test

Abbreviations used: QNA Question not asked NR No response

Questions asked after the Hometown Test (HTT):

1 Where do you think the person who told this story is from? 2a Is the speech good? 2b What is good/not so good about it? 3 Is this the way people talk in your village? 4 Did you hear any mixing with another language?

Questions asked after the Recorded Text Test (RTT):

1a Where do you think the person who told this story is from? 1b What helps you know he/she is from that place? 2a Is the speech good? 2b What is good/not so good about it? 3. Is the speech pure? 3b Is the speech mixed? If so, how much? 4a Is the storyteller’s speech a little different or very different from your speech? 4b How is it different? 5 How much of the story did you understand?

Mundari Recorded Text Tests

Subject Biodata SubjID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Current Mother Lg now in residence tongue home MUN 01 M 36 matrica here* here here Mundari Mundari MUN 02 M 40 nil here here here Mundari Mundari MUN 03 M 32 9th here here here Mundari Mundari MUN 04 M 75 nil here here here Mundari Mundari MUN 05 M 35 nil Assam here here Mundari Mundari MUN 06 M 45 B.A. 45 km away here here Mundari Mundari & Hindi MUN 07 F 34 7th Assam 30 km away here Mundari Mundari MUN 08 F 45 6th 20 km away same place here Mundari Mundari MUN 09 F 30 matric >100 km same place here Mundari Mundari away MUN 10 F 25 nil 20 km away same place here Mundari Mundari MUN 11 F 23 9th 20 km away same place here Mundari Mundari a “here” refers to the village where testing was done.

SubjID Father’s Mother’s Spouse’s Lived/stayed in another MT MT MT place MUN 01 Mundari Mundari QNA military service for 6 yrs MUN 02 Mundari Mundari QNA coal mines for work MUN 03 Mundari Mundari QNA no MUN 04 Mundari Mundari QNA no MUN 05 Mundari Mundari QNA 5 yrs in Assam MUN 06 Mundari Mundari Mundari 5 yrs working in Rourkela MUN 07 Mundari Mundari QNA Assam when born MUN 08 Mundari Mundari Mundari QNA MUN 09 Mundari Mundari Mundari QNA MUN 10 Mundari Mundari Mundari QNA MUN11 Mundari Mundari Mundari QNA

Mundari “ghost” story

Hometown Test Scores

Subj Sex Age Educ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q TTL PCT ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 MUN M 36 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 01 MUN M 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 02 MUN M 32 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 03 MUN M 75 nil 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 120 86 04 MUN M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 05

MUN M 45 B.A. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 06 MUN F 34 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 07 MUN F 45 6th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 08 MUN F 30 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 09 MUN F 25 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 10 MUN F 23 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 11

Average score: 99 Standard deviation: 4.3 Number: 11

Note: Post-HTT questions for this story were not asked to subjects because the person who told the story was present for much of the testing.

Mundari “lost son” story

Hometown Test Scores

Subj Sex Age Educ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q TTL PCT ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 MUN M 36 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 01 MUN M 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 02 MUN M 32 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 03 MUN M 75 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 10 135 84 04 MUN M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 05 MUN M 45 B.A. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 06 MUN F 34 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 07 MUN F 45 6th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 08 MUN F 30 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 09 MUN F 25 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 10 MUN F 23 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100 11

Average score: 99 Standard deviation: 4.7 Number: 11

Note: Post-HTT questions for this story were not asked to subjects because the person who told the story was assisting the researchers in the testing.

Recorded Text Tests at Munduy

Subject Biodata SubjID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Current Mother Lg now in residence tongue home MDY01 M 37 BCom here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY02 M 50 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY03 M 23 BA-2 here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY04 M 60 matric here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY05 M 35 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY06 M 22 BA-1 here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY07 M 18 2nd 10 km away here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY08 F 40 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY09 F 35 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY10 F 37 nil 10 km away same place here Bhumij Bhumij MDY11 F 50 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij

SubjID Father’s Mother’s Spouse’s Lived/stayed in MT MT MT another place MDY01 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA MDY02 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij nearby places MDY03 Bhumij Bhumij —— Chaibasa MDY04 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Orissa, 6 years MDY05 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA MDY06 Bhumij Bhumij —— QNA MDY07 Bhumij Bhumij —— Orissa, 3 years MDY08 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no MDY09 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tatanagar, 6 years MDY10 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Joshipur MDY11 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no

Munduy Hometown Test Scoresa

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 PCT MDY01 M 37 BCom 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 MDY02 M 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY03 M 23 BA-2 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 95 MDY04 M 60 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY05 M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY06 M 22 BA-1 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 90 MDY07 M 18 2nd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY08 F 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY09 F 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY10 F 37 nil 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 MDY11 F 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

a A story obtained on an earlier survey in Dumadie village, about 40 kilometres from Munduy, was used for hometown testing at Munduy.

Average score: 97 Standard deviation: 4.6 Number: 11

Munduy Post–Hometown Responses

SubjID 1. Where is 2a. 2b. What is 3. Is it the way 4. Any mixing with storyteller Good good/not good people talk in your another language from speech about it village MDY01 QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA MDY02 QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA MDY03 QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA MDY04 this village good, QNA same no pure MDY05 Chaibasa area mixed mixed with Ho, this speech is mixed with Bhumij Bhumij Mundari, but… MDY06 QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA MDY07 no idea good it is same as our yes little mixed with lg Santali, Ho, Bengali MDY08 no idea good, it is our lg yes, but… there are some Ho & but little Mundari words mix MDY9 Hata area good good story same, but little some mixing with Ho different & Santali MDY10 not here; good good story almost same some mixing with Ho maybe Santali & Santali area MDY11 Tatanagar good good story, but no, a little different mixing with Ho & area mixed Santali

Mundari “ghost” story at Munduy

RTT scores

Subj Sex Age Educ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q TTL PCT ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 MDY M 37 BCom 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 01 MDY M 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 02 MDY M 23 BA-2 0 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 125 89 03 MDY M 60 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 130 93 04 MDY M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 05 MDY M 22 BA-1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 06 MDY M 18 2nd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93 07

MDY F 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 130 93 08 MDY F 35 nil 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93 09 MDY F 37 nil 10 5 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 105 75 10 MDY F 50 nil 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 0 10 0 90 64 11

Average score: 91 Standard deviation: 11.4 Number: 11

Mundari “ghost” story at Munduy post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. Where is 1b. What helps you 2a. 2b. What is 3a. Speech pure storyteller know Speech good/not good from good about it MDY01 Khunti area have gone there, 5–8 good story & his speech no, it is not times are good Bhumij, it is Mundari MDY02 no idea lg is little different good, little different NR but… MDY03 near met some people who good, first story is best mixed Tatanagar speak that lg but… MDY04 this area storyteller is a friend good it is Ho lg very little mixed MDY05 no idea —— good, mixed with little different but… Mundari, Bhumij & Ho MDY06 no idea —— good, but mixed NR MDY07 Tamar area has heard lg before, good story is nice no but hasn’t gone to area MDY08 nearby village lg is little different good story is good not pure MDY09 nearby area —— good, there’s some mixing no but… MDY10 Tatanagar heard lg when went good this is Tamaria lg pure Tamar lg area there (2–3 times to only (lg of Tamar (Munda) visit relatives) area people) MDY11 Mayurbhanj people there talk this good, mixed with Ho no area way but…

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is 4a. Speech a little or 4b. How is it different 5. How much did you speech mixed very different from understand yours MDY01 15% mix w/ Bhumij; little different little bit different full some Ho words are in the story MDY02 mixed story is Tamar bhasa little different full MDY03 Mundari & Santali little little full MDY04 QNA little different QNA full, b/c I know Ho lg

MDY05 QNA little different QNA full MDY06 little mix different, this is Mundari few words I cannot all follow MDY07 mixed with Ho & Bhumij little different mixed with our lg about 90% MDY08 mixed with Bhumij, Ho, little different QNA mostly understood Santali MDY09 mixed with Ho not same little different some understood, some not understood MDY10 no mixing different some difference not our lg, but understood everything MDY11 little mixed with Ho very different mixture of Ho & Santali not everything

Mundari “lost son” story at Munduy

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 MDY01 M 37 BCom 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 155 97 MDY02 M 50 nil 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 140 88 MDY03 M 23 BA-2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 145 91 MDY04 M 60 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 140 88 MDY05 M 35 nil 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 130 81 MDY06 M 22 BA-1 0 10 10 0 5 10 10 5 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 110 69 MDY07 M 18 2nd 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 135 84 MDY08 F 40 nil 10 10 10 0 0 10 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 105 66 MDY09 F 35 nil 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 10 120 75 MDY10 F 37 nil 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 145 91 MDY11 F 50 nil 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 10 120 75

Average score: 82 Standard deviation: 9.9 Number: 11

Mundari “lost son” story at Munduy

post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. Where is 1b. What helps you 2a. Speech 2b. What is good/not 3a. Speech pure storyteller from know good good about it MDY01 Tamar area those people come to good QNA 40% Bhumij market & speak this lg MDY02 no idea —— good, but… some difference no MDY03 no idea —— not pure mixed w/ Ho and a no little bit Santali & Mundari MDY04 this village Mundari people are good, but… it is Mundari lg; some QNA near my village Bhumij words are there

MDY05 no idea —— good, but… mixed no MDY06 no idea —— mixed, but QNA not Bhumij good MDY07 no idea —— good story is good no MDY08 Tamar area b/c of the lg good story is good not pure MDY09 not here; maybe QNA QNA —— QNA from Santali place MDY10 Keonjhar area heard this lg when in good this is also Tamaria pure, but some Orissa language Ho & Santali words MDY11 no idea QNA QNA —— QNA

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is 4a. Speech a little or very 4b. How is it 5. How much did you speech mixed different from yours different understand MDY01 QNA little different little different all, except for a few words MDY02 mixed little different QNA everything MDY03 mixed different very different everything MDY04 mixed with Bhumij & Ho QNA QNA QNA MDY05 mixed little different QNA everything MDY06 mixed it is not Bhumij QNA QNA MDY07 mixed with Ho & Bhumij little different QNA all MDY08 mixed with Bhumij & Ho little different QNA almost all MDY09 —— QNA —— QNA MDY10 little mix this is not the same as our lg QNA everything MDY11 —— QNA —— QNA

Recorded Text Tests at Dighinuasahi

Subject Biodata

SubjID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Current Mother Lg now in residence tongue home DGN01 M 28 10th here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN02 M 20 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN03 F 55 nil 15 km away same place here Bhumij Bhumij DGN04 M 40 2nd Koduputudi Kodiyabasa here Bhumij Bhumij DGN05 M 18 9th here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN06 M 50 undermatric 4 km away same place same place Bhumij Bhumij DGN07 M 34 nil here 4 km away here Bhumij Bhumij DGN08 F 30 nil 15 km away same place here Bhumij Bhumij DGN09 M 29 7th here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN10 M 40 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN11 F 60 nil 10 km away same place here Bhumij Bhumij DGN12 M 20 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN13 F 15 10th here here here Bhumij Bhumij

SubjID Father’s Mother’s Spouse’s Lived/stayed in Travel outside area MT MT MT another place DGN01 Bhumij Bhumij Mahanto no nearby places DGN02 Bhumij Bhumij —— QNA QNA DGN03 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA QNA DGN04 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no DGN05 Bhumij Bhumij —— no no DGN06 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no DGN07 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij nearby Bhubaneshwar, Cuttack once/year DGN08 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no DGN09 Bhumij Bhumij —— no Kendrapoda twice a year for work DGN10 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no Balasore infrequently DGN11 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no DGN12 Bhumij Bhumij —— no Balasore for work DGN13 Bhumij Bhumij —— no no

Dighinuasahi Hometown Test Scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 PCT DGN01 M 28 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN02 M 20 nil 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 90 DGN03 F 55 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 90 DGN04 M 40 2nd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN05 M 18 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN06 M 50 underm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 atric DGN07 M 34 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN08 F 30 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN09 M 29 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN10 M 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN11 F 60 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN12 M 20 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN13 F 15 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

Average score: 98 Standard deviation: 3.8 Number: 13

Note: Post-HTT questions for this story were not asked to subjects.

Mundari “ghost” story at Dighinuasahi

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q Q Q Q Q TTL PCT 10 11 12 13 14 DGN01 M 28 10th 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 125 89 DGN02 M 20 nil 10 5 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93 DGN03 F 55 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 120 86 DGN04 M 40 2nd 10 10 5 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 125 89 DGN05 M 18 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 DGN06 M 50 under 0 0 0 10 0 10 10 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 85 61 matric DGN07 M 34 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 130 93 DGN08 F 30 nil 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 125 89 DGN09 M 29 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 130 93 DGN10 M 40 nil 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93 DGN11 F 60 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 130 93 DGN12 M 20 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 135 96 DGN13 F 15 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 135 96

Average score: 90 Standard deviation: 9.6 Number: 13

Mundari “ghost” story at Dighinuasahi post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. Where is 1b. What helps you 2a. Speech 2b. What is good/not 3a. Speech storyteller from know good good about it pure DGN01 Bihar side already heard this lg, good QNA —— but haven’t been to area DGN02 no idea —— good story is good pure DGN03 this side it is our lg good fully good pure DGN04 another place b/c of the lg good fully good pure, but… DGN05 maybe Bihar side don’t know good fully good not pure DGN06 maybe Karanjia b/c of the lg not good to them it is good, but for different us it is not good DGN07 nearby area related with my lg good because it’s my lg mixture DGN08 don’t know —— good because I understood fully mixing DGN09 this same village because I understood good speech is good mixing fully DGN10 don’t know —— good voice is good mixing DGN11 Bangriposi has gone there once good QNA mixing DGN12 don’t know —— good QNA mixing DGN13 Bangriposi they cultivate so much good style is good mixing sweet potato

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) 4a. Speech a little or very 4b. How is it 5. How much did you is speech mixed different from yours different understand DGN01 little mix with Ho different 50% different fully DGN02 QNA not same 50/50 mix with Ho fully DGN03 QNA same as here —— fully DGN04 little mix with Ho little different QNA yes DGN05 mix with Ho little different QNA 50% understood DGN06 little mix with Ho little different some words 50% understood DGN07 mixing with Ho same as my lg —— fully DGN08 mixing with Ho little different tune is different more than 50% DGN09 little mixing with Ho little different some words only fully understood DGN10 mix with Ho little different way of speaking little understood (not fully) DGN11 don’t know which lg is little different QNA fully understood mixing with Bhumij DGN12 mix with Santali little different tune is different fully understood DGN13 mix with Santali little different words are different fully understood

Mundari “lost son” story at Dighinuasahi

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q TTL PCT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 DGN01 M 28 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 135 84 DGN02 M 20 nil 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 125 78 DGN03 F 55 nil 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 90 56 DGN04 M 40 2nd 0 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 0 0 90 56 DGN05 M 18 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 5 10 10 0 0 10 125 78 DGN06 M 50 under 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 0 0 0 10 125 78 matric DGN07 M 34 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 135 84 DGN08 F 30 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 135 84 DGN09 M 29 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 150 94 DGN10 M 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 5 10 0 0 10 10 125 78 DGN11 F 60 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 0 0 10 120 75 DGN12 M 20 nil 10 10 0 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 85 53 DGN13 F 15 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 140 88

Average score: 76 Standard deviation: 12.8 Number: 13

Mundari “lost son” story at Dighinuasahi post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. Where is 1b. What helps you 2a. Speech 2b. What is 3a. Speech storyteller from know good good/not good pure about it DGN01 Orissa side little Oriya mix good QNA not pure DGN02 no idea —— good QNA no DGN03 no idea —— good fully good pure DGN04 Bangriposi (50 km those people speak like good lg is good pure, but… away) this DGN05 maybe West Bengal side we don’t have this kind of good all good pure lg DGN06 Surat side (35 km away) b/c so many Ho people are to them it …for us it is difficult no there is good… DGN07 out of India b/c this is a Bible story good QNA mixing DGN08 don’t know —— good b/c I understood mixing DGN09 nearby village b/c I understood fully good speech is good mixing DGN10 Bangriposi this style is not ours, but is good story is good mixing found there DGN11 story from Bible —— QNA —— QNA DGN12 this area NR good story is very good mixing DGN13 Ranchi side has heard storyteller on good pronunciation & original FEBA radio words are very good Bhumij

SubjID 3b. Is (& how 4a. Speech a little or 4b. How is it different 5. How much did you much) is speech very different from understand mixed yours DGN01 Oriya mix little different QNA 50% only DGN02 QNA very different QNA 25% understood DGN03 QNA NR QNA everything understood, but not able to answer all questions DGN04 little mix with Ho different from our lg QNA half DGN05 QNA different from our lg very much fully understood DGN06 mix with Ho little different words are different 25% understood DGN07 mix with Ho little different QNA fully DGN08 mix with Ho little different way of speaking fully understood DGN09 little mixing with little different some words only fully understood Ho DGN10 mix with Ho little different some words are different little understood DGN11 —— very similar with Bhumij QNA fully understood DGN12 mix with Ho very different lg different little difficult to understand DGN13 no mixing little different way of speaking is good not fully understood

Recorded Text Tests at Heseldipa

Subject Biodata

SubjID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought Current Mother Lg now in up residence tongue home HSL01 M 30 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij HSL02 M 30 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij HSL03 M 45 1st nearby same place here Bhumij Bhumij HSL04 M 35 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij HSL05 M ~40 QNA QNA —— —— —— —— HSL06 F 50 nil nearby same place here Bhumij Bhumij HSL07 M 50 nil 3 km away same place same place Bhumij Bhumij HSL08 M 63 3rd 3 km away same place same place Bhumij Bhumij HSL09 M 35 non- here here here Bhumij Bhumij matric HSL10 F 30 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij HSL11 M 50 nil 2 km away same place same place Bhumij Bhumij HSL12 M 30 8th here here here Bhumij Bhumij

SubjID Father’s Mother’s Spouse’s Lived/stayed in another Travel outside area MT MT MT place HSL01 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Dhenkanal, Orissa, 5 years no HSL02 Bhumij Bhumij —— no no HSL03 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tata, 1 year a few places for a few days HSL04 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tata, 1 year; Nalco, 6 months nowhere else besides places mentioned HSL05 —— —— —— —— —— HSL06 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no HSL07 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tata, 20 yrs for work (has been QNA back in village for 10 yrs) HSL08 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA QNA HSL09 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA QNA HSL10 Bhumij Bhumij —— QNA QNA HSL11 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tata, 5 yrs no HSL12 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no

Heseldipa Hometown Test Scores11

SubjI Sex Age Educ Q Q2 Q Q Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q1 PCT D 1 3 4 0 HSL01 M 30 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL02 M 30 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL03 M 45 1st 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL04 M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 HSL05 M ~40 QNA 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL06 F 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL07 M 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 HSL08 M 63 3rd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL09 M 35 non- 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 matric HSL10 F 30 nil did not pass hometown test — HSL11 M 50 nil 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 0 HSL12 M 30 8th 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 0

Average score: 97 Standard deviation: 4.7 Number: 11

Heseldipa Post–Hometown Responses12

SubjID 1a. What lg is the 1b. Where is 1c. What helps you 2a. Speech 2b. What is 3a. storyteller’s it from know good good/ not good Speech speech about it pure HSL01 Tamaria Bhumij nearby QNA little QNA mixed village different, but good HSL02 Bhumij with a don’t know some words are similar good NR pure little Santali HSL03 our lg, but mixed Rairangpur QNA good, but… mixed not pure with Santali area, Orissa HSL04 Tamdia lg QNA a village 2–3 km away good QNA —— (Mundari) speaks like this HSL05 Bhumij lg, but can’t say QNA good QNA —— mixed with Santali words HSL06 our lg mixed with QNA QNA good QNA not pure Santali HSL07 our lg mixed with Potka block QNA good QNA all pure a little Santali (nearby) except… HSL08 QNA Ranchi side heard it before there good QNA not pure

11The Dumadie story was also used as the hometown test at Heseldipa. 12Since the Dumadie story was already judged to be a valid hometown test, post-RTT questions were asked instead to subjects.

HSL09 our lg, but mixed QNA QNA good QNA not pure with Tamaria (Mundari) HSL10 QNA Tamar area has heard the lg many good QNA not pure times HSL11 QNA Orissa side heard this lg while in good, but… little mix not pure Orissa HSL12 QNA no idea —— good, but… mixed no

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is 4a. Speech a little or 4b. How is it 5. How much did you speech mixed very different from different understand yours HSL01 mixed with Tamaria lg 50% similar QNA fully understood HSL02 little mix with Santali different there are Santali fully understood words HSL03 a few words are Santali, little different different words understood all not ours HSL04 mixed with our lg little different QNA can understand, but cannot speak this lg HSL05 mixed with some Santali little different, but style of speech fully understood words okay HSL06 mix of some Santali words little different QNA fully understood HSL07 …for two Santali words little different QNA QNA HSL08 mix with Bhumij & QNA —— fully understood Mundari HSL09 a few Mundari words are little different a few words only QNA mixed in HSL10 little mixing with Ho little different QNA most of the story understood HSL11 little mixing with Santali same Bhumij QNA fully understood HSL12 little mix with Mundari little different QNA not fully and Ho

Mundari “ghost” story at Heseldipa RTT scores SubjID Sex Age Educ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 HSL01 M 30 nil 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 5 95 68 HSL02 M 30 nil 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 135 96 HSL03 M 45 1st 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 HSL04 M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 120 86 HSL05 M ~4 QNA did not complete test — — 0 HSL06 F 50 nil 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 0 10 10 10 10 115 82 HSL07 M 50 nil 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 120 86 HSL08 M 63 3rd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 HSL09 M 35 non- 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93 matric HSL10 F 30 nil did not pass hometown test — — HSL11 M 50 nil 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 110 79 HSL12 M 30 8th 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 120 86

Average score: 88 Standard deviation: 10.0 Number: 10

Mundari “ghost” story at Heseldipa

post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. What lg is 1b. Where is it 1c. What helps you know 2a. Speech 2b. What is 3a. Speech the storyteller’s from good good/ not pure speech good about it HSL01 Ho Chaibasa side heard this lg while living near good because my no mixing Tata friends speak this lg HSL02 Ho Chaibasa QNA good QNA pure HSL03 Mundari Ranchi a village 2–3 km away is Munda; good, but… a little different pure they come here for business13 Mundari HSL04 Mundari can’t say QNA good QNA pure HSL05 Tamdia lg Bundu-Tamar QNA good QNA QNA HSL06 a little our lg, a QNA I grew up with these people & QNA —— QNA little Santali, & a learned their lg little Ho HSL07 Ho near Chaibasa learned this lg while living in good QNA not pure Tata HSL08 25% Bhumij, rest W. Singhbhum used to talk with these people good story is good not pure Mundari side HSL09 Ho Chaibasa b/c Ho people live there good QNA pure Ho HSL10 Ho QNA it is like Ho good QNA no HSL11 Ho Chaibasa side this lg is spoken there good, but… mixing no HSL12 like Ho, mixed can’t say have never heard this lg good QNA no with Mundari

SubjID 3b. Is (& how 4a. Speech a little 4b. How is it different 5. How much did much) is speech or very different you understand mixed from yours HSL01 —— QNA QNA fully14 HSL02 QNA not same 50/50 mix with Ho fully HSL03 no mixing little different our speech is a little fast, Mundari understood fully is a little more slow; some words are different HSL04 not mixed with any little different different speech & speed can understand, but lg cannot speak HSL05 QNA QNA QNA QNA HSL06 —— QNA —— could not understand fully

13The subject said that only after mixing with them, he could understand their language, but it was not that difficult to learn. 14When asked why several questions in the story were not answered correctly, the subject replied, “The story is Ho language and the questions are in my language, so I could not answer all the questions since I was confused.”

HSL07 a little of our lg is very different words can understand fully, mixed with the lg but cannot speak of the story HSL08 mixed with very different QNA fully understood Mundari & Ho HSL09 no mixing different very different not fully understood HSL10 mix with Ho, very different (50%) QNA not fully Mundari, & Bhumij HSL11 mixed QNA —— fully understood HSL12 mixed very different QNA 50% understood

Mundari “lost son” story at Heseldipa

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 HSL01 M 30 nil did not complete test — — HSL02 M 30 nil 10 10 10 0 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 125 78 HSL03 M 45 1st 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 130 81 HSL04 M 35 nil 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 5 0 10 10 0 10 10 115 72 HSL05 M ~40 QNA did not complete test — — HSL06 F 50 nil did not complete test — — HSL07 M 50 nil 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 130 81 HSL08 M 63 3rd 10 10 10 0 5 10 10 10 10 5 0 10 10 0 10 10 120 75 HSL09 M 35 non- 0 10 0 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 0 0 85 53 matric HSL10 F 30 nil did not pass hometown test — — HSL11 M 50 nil 10 10 1 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 125 78 0 HSL12 M 30 8th 0 10 1 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 105 66 0

Average score: 76 Standard deviation: 11.9 Number: 8

Question #4 was likely translated incorrectly as all subjects answered it incorrectly. The results reflect this question being eliminated from the tabulations.

Mundari “lost son” story at Heseldipa post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. What lg is the 1b. Where is 1c. What helps 2a. 2b. What is 3a. Speech storyteller’s it from you know Speech good/ not good pure speech good about it HSL01 did not complete —— —— —— —— —— test HSL02 not sure; maybe Ho —— QNA good QNA pure Ho HSL03 Mundari Ranchi can understand good QNA pure their lg Mundari HSL04 Tamudia (Bhumij QNA there’s a village good QNA pure, but… name for Mundari) nearby with these people HSL05 did not complete —— —— —— —— —— test HSL06 did not complete —— —— —— —— —— test HSL07 Ho Chaibasa QNA good QNA pure Ho HSL08 Ho W I’ve heard this lg good Ho NR pure Ho Singhbhum many times side HSL09 QNA Chaibasa QNA QNA —— QNA HSL10 Tamaria lg QNA QNA good, mixed no but… HSL11 Tamaria language Tamar area – this is their lg good QNA pure Ranchi Mundari HSL12 QNA no idea —— good QNA QNA

SubjID 3b. Is (& how 4a. Speech a little or 4b. How is it 5. How much did you much) is speech very different from different understand mixed yours HSL01 —— —— —— —— HSL02 QNA this story & the one before this story is more fully understood are a little different literal HSL03 no mixing different words are different fully understood HSL04 mixed with our lg no different between this QNA not full understanding; story & the one before cannot speak HSL05 —— —— —— —— HSL06 —— —— —— —— HSL07 1 or 2 Santali very different; this story is words all understood, but cannot words; 1 or 2 words more literal than the speak from our lg previous one HSL08 QNA very different QNA fully understood HSL09 —— QNA —— QNA HSL10 mixed with Bhumij QNA —— not fully understood & Tamaria HSL11 —— very different QNA fully understood HSL12 —— little different QNA not fully

Appendix C3

RTT Stories Codes used in the transcription of RTT stories: \n Sentence number \p Phonetic transcription of text or question \g Word-by-word gloss into English \f Free (natural) English translation of text

QUESTION Question number \q Free English translation of question \a Expected answer for question

?? Unattainable gloss [rhyme] Rhyming word with the previous word [vulgar] Indecent word

past past tense cont continuous tense pl plural

Mundari RTT Story: “Ghost”15

This story was told by C. K. S., a 45 year old Hasdagya Mundari speaker who has completed undermatric education. He was born in a village about 30 kilometres from Ranchi, Bihar, and currently resides in Hutar village, Ranchi district. Sentence 1 was eliminated from the final test tape

\n 1 \p ɑiŋɑ n̪ut̪um […] nɑ ɑiŋ tʃəʈʈi-kənɑɖiɽe t ̪eiŋ dʒɛgəɾt̪ɑnɑi \g my name [personal name] now I [village name] by telling-am \f My name is C. K. S. and I am speaking from Chatti Kanadire village.

\n 2 \p ɑiŋən tʃɪnt̪əŋ d̪əŋgəɽɑ kənt̪ɑikenɑ skul hokə dʒɑnt ̪e \g I-am when young was school stop going \f When I was young, I stopped going to school.

QUESTION 1 \p okod̪ɪpɪɾe ɪnɪ skul hokə dʒɑnɑ \g when he school stop past \f When did he stop going to school? \a when he was young

\n 3 \p ɛnt̪əjomt ̪e əle d̪əŋgəɽɑ gɑt ̪t ̪ɪko lo net̪ɑhənt̪e ɪnuŋ kot ̪e sɛnot̪əngod̪e t̪ənt̪ɑi hɪnɑ \g that-after we young friend-pl with here-and-there play whatever go-cont kept on were \f After that, I and my young friends were going all around playing.

15This story was transcribed first into Devanagiri script and from that into IPA, with occasional checking with the taped story and a mother tongue Mundari speaker. Devanagiri transliterations were used, and, like the Lost Son story, there are IPA representations for phonemes which appear not to be found in Mundari.

QUESTION 2 \p ɪnɪ skul senoʔe bɑgeked̪t̪e ɪnɪ ɑɾ ɪnɪʔɑ soŋgeko tʃenɑʔko tʃɪkɑ t̪ɑikenɑ \g he school go-he stop he and his friend-pl doing-pl what was \f After he stopped going to school, what were he and his friends doing? \a going around playing

\n 4 \p en lekən səməjə ɾɑʔ ɑiŋ d̪əŋgəɽɑ səməjə ɾɑʔ ghəʈnɑ ɑiŋ t̪ɪsɪŋ \g this like time that I young time that event I today

\p ud̪uʋei sənənt̪ənɑ ɪnəd̪o nelekən hoʋɑdʒɑnɑ \g telling wants thus like happen-past \f At that time when I was young, an event happened that I am telling you about today.

\n 5 \p musɪŋ ɑiŋ ɑiŋɑ soŋgeko lo bəhut̪ səŋgɪn losono dʒɑnɑ \g one day I my friend-pl with many distance travel past \f One day I and my friends travelled a long distance.

\n 6 \p oɽo ɑiŋ hət ̪uʋət ̪e eskɑɾ ɑiŋ t̪ɑikenɑ \g and I village-from only I was \f I was the only one among my friends from my village.

\n 7 \p ɛʈɑ hət ̪uɾən soŋgeko lot ̪e əle senodʒɑnɑ \g other village-from friend-pl with-to we go-past \f My friends came from other villages.

QUESTION 3 \p ɪnɪʔɑ soŋgeko kot̪ɑʔɾenko t̪ɑikenɑ \g his friend-pl where-from was \f Where were his friends from? \a other villages

\n 8 \p ent̪ɑɾɛŋke sɪŋgɪ d̪ubui dʒɑnɑ oɽo hɪdʒu lot̪od̪o puɾʋɑgəle nubɑ dʒɑnɑ \g there-?? sun set past and come back much-became dark past \f The sun was setting and as we came back, it became very dark.

QUESTION 4 \p oko ɪmt̪ɑ ɪnɪ ɾuʋəɽt̪ən t̪ɑikenɑ ɪmt̪ɑ tʃɪlkɑ t̪ɑikenɑ \g anything when he returning was when how was \f When returning, what happened? \a became very dark

\n 916 \p ɑiŋɑ oɽɑ sent ̪e t ̪ebɑlot̪ed̪o t̪əlɑ nɪd̪ɑ həlɑdʒolɑ hoʋɑ dʒɑnɑ \g my house go-to reach-if mid night about happen past \f If I were to reach my house, it would be about midnight.

16The final two words of this sentence were cut from the test tape as it altered the answer to the question.

QUESTION 5 \p okon səməjəɾe ɪnɪ ɑjɑ oɽɑʔe t ̪ebɑjət ̪e \g what time-in he his house reached \f What time would it be if he reached his home? \a midnight

\n 10 \p d̪o ɑuɾɪŋ t ̪ebɑiɾege dʒəɪnkuɑ hət ̪u t ̪ebɑ sɪd̪e dʒɑnɑ \g then not reaching their village reach earlier past \f I then reached my friend’s village earlier than midnight.

\n 11 \p ɪŋkuko mənt̪əiŋ t̪ənɑ tʃɪ ɑlom senɑ hət ̪ut ̪e \g they-pl telling cont that do-not go village-to \f All my friends are telling me not to go to my village.

QUESTION 6 \p ɪnɪʔke soŋgeko tʃenɑʔko ment̪ɑʔɪjɑ \g him-to friend-pl what told \f What did his friends tell him? \a don’t go to his village

\n 12 \p net̪ɑ ɾege t̪ɑikome kupul kome \g here stay please guest kindly \f My friends said, “Please stay here as our guest.”

QUESTION 7 \p ɪnɪʔke tʃenɑ ɾɪkɑe ment̪eko kɑdʒijɑ t̪ənɑ \g him-to what asking for said cont \f What were they asking him to do? \a stay here as a guest

\n 13 \p tʃɪɑtʃɪ nɪd̪ɑ nubɑɾe kot̪ɑɾe tʃɪkɑɳɑ hubɑkoʋɑ əle menejɑ tʃɪ ɪnɪ senodʒɑnɑ \g because night dark-in where-in what happen-will we tell-will that he go-past \f They said to me, “Because it is dark, we will say, ‘What will happen and where did he go?’”

\n 14 \p oɽo oɽɑ ɾenko menejɑ tʃɪ kot̪ɑɾ ɑjɑ soŋge kot̪ɑɾ senɑ kɑnɑ \g and house belong-pl tell-will that where his friend where go past \f “And our family would also ask where our friend went.”

\n 15 \p bɪtʃɪ dʒen t̪əlɑ hoɾɑ koɾe dʒɑnɑ hoʋɑ dʒɑnɑɾe dʒet̪ɑ kɑko nelmɑ \g if any mid way there whatever happen past-in anyone not see \f “If on the way something happened to you, no one would see you.”

\n 16 \p nelekən ko kɑdʒijɑ ɑit ̪ənɑ \g this-like they said me-cont \f They were saying this to me.

\n 17 \p mend̪o ɑiŋɪnkuʋɑ kɑdʒɪ kɑiŋ mənɑt ̪ɪŋ dʒɑnɑ \g but I-their say not accept past \f But I did not accept what they said.

QUESTION 8 \p ɪnɪ tʃɪkɑ kəjɑ dʒɑnɑ \g he what not-do past \f What did he not do? \a not accept their words

Sentences #18 through #21 were eliminated from the final test tape

\n 18 \p ɪŋkoiŋ met̪əd̪ koʋɑtʃɪ ɑbu sobenɑ koʋɑ gupɪnɪd̪o eskɑɾ tʃet̪ən ɾeni menɑijɑ \g I told will-that our all-of will shepherd only heaven belong remaining \f I told them that our Shepherd is remaining in heaven.

\n 19 \p ɪnɪge əbuke sobent̪ɑɾe hoɾo guʋe dʒogɑʋkoʋɑ \g he-only for-us everywhere protect will keep-will \f He only will keep and protect us everywhere.

\n 20 \p en lekɑt ̪e okö ɑgɑɾ ɑiŋekɑtʃɛt̪ɑnɾe hoʋɑɾɑ menɑ enɑ d̪o əppe oɽɑɑiŋ \g this like-to anything if my-?? happen remaining that then your house-I

\p t̪ɑinɾe tʃəjɑ ɑiŋɑ oɽɑəɾeiŋ hoʋɑ hogəjɑ \g will-live on my house- happen will-be belonging \f In this way if anything happens to me, it will happen whether I am at your house or my house.

\n 21 \p ɪnɑment ̪e ɑiŋ entʃet̪ən ɾenɪɾe əsɑɾɑ bisʋɑs ket ̪e ɑiŋ senhoɾeiŋ ɛʈe ked̪ɑ \g therefore I that-heaven belong-in trust believe did I go-journey-my start did \f Therefore, trusting and believing in heaven, I started the journey. ______

\n 22 \p səikəl t ̪eiŋ sen hoɾɑ t̪ənt̪ɑikenɑ \g cycle by go way cont-was \f I was going by cycle.

\n 23 \p oɽo əlejɑne d̪ɪsuŋge sobenko ɪnuʋənɑ tʃɪ mɪjəd̪ boŋkɑ buɾuɾɑ ɪsu tʃələnko menɑ \g and our place all-pl know that one mountain god many custom-pl remaining \f And everyone in our place knew that ghost worship is still existing.

QUESTION 9 \p tʃɪkɑ tʃələnko nɑʔsənt̪e menɑ \g what custom-pl existing remaining \f What is still existing? \a ghost worship

\n 24 \p ɑjub səməjəɾe hent̪ɑɾe oko sukuɾɪ lekən leloʋɑ hent̪ɑɾe t ̪oju hoʋɑ hent̪ɑɾe kulɑ lekən \g night time-in there-in anything pig like see-will there-in fox happen there-in tiger like

\p leloʋɑ hent̪ɑɾe səd̪om lekən nelekən nelekən kɑdʒɪ ko ne d̪ɪsuŋge ɪsu puɾɑ menɑ \g see-will there-in horse like this-like this-like say pl this place many more remaining \f It is believed that at night time a ghost looks like a pig, a fox, a tiger or a horse, especially in this place.

\n 25 \p həlɑkɪ ɪŋku dʒɪt̪ənɑ kɑko ɾɪgɑ mend̪o sɪɾ hoɽo bəiɾɪko bot̪oŋgɑ \g though they anything not doing but only man only frighten \f However, these appearances do nothing but frighten people.

\n 26 \p en lekɑt ̪e dʒebtʃɪ eskɑɾke senokoɾe dʒɑnɑ nel t̪ɑinɾe nɪd̪ɑ nubɑ səməjəɾe boɾo d̪o hɪdʒu gejɑ \g this like-to when-that alone go-if past you will-live night dark time-in fear then come definite \f If you go out alone in the dark, you will definitely be frightened.

QUESTION 10 \p ɑm nɪd̪ɑ nubɑɾe eskɑɾ gjəm senoɾe d̪o tʃɪkɑ hoʋɑ \g if night dark-in alone do go-in then what happen \f What will happen if you go out alone in the dark? \a fear will come

\n 27 \p d̪o en lekən dʒɑgəgəko ɑiŋ mɑɳɪ mɑɳɪt̪e sen pəɾom dʒet̪əiŋ \g then this like place I slowly slowly-to go cross doing \f Then I was going very slowly across the place.

QUESTION 11 \p tʃɪlkɑ ɪnɪ hoɾɑ pəɾomt̪ən t̪ɑikenɑ \g how he way crossing was \f How was he going across? \a slowly

\n 28 \p nɑ d̪o ɑiŋɑ hət ̪u tʃe oɽɑ t ̪enɛbɑɾeŋ t ̪ebɑ dʒɑnɑ \g now then my village or house nearer reach past \f I now reached nearer to my village house.

\n 29 \p en ɑiŋ senɑkɑd̪ hoɾɑ ɾege hoɾɑ dʒəpɑɾe lɪŋkɑsɑ dʒenɑɾe səŋgɑ koɾoʋəkəd̪ t̪ɑikenɑ \g this I going on way stay way near left side sweet potato lying was \f As I was going on my way, on the left side was lying a sweet potato.

QUESTION 12 \p səŋgɑ kot̪ɑɾe koʋɑkən t̪ɑikenɑ \g sweet potato where-in lying was \f Where was the sweet potato lying? \a on the left side

\n 30 \p d̪o ɑjub d̪o t̪əlɑ nɪd̪ɑ həlɑdʒolɑ hoʋɑ t̪ənt̪ɑikenɑ \g then night then mid night about happen cont-was \f This was happening at about midnight.

\n 31 \p səikəl t ̪eiŋ hɪdʒu t̪ənt̪ɑikenɑ \g cycle by come cont-was \f I was coming by cycle.

\n 32 \p d̪o en səŋgɑ dʒom nəgent ̪e mɪjəd̪ əle hət ̪uɾeŋgeko əsulə kəɾ t̪ɑikenɑ \g then this sweet potato eat for one our village-in keep do was

\p bod̪e-məɾɑŋ sukuɾɪ ɑɾ ɪnɪ puɖɪge t̪ɑikenɑ \g big-big pig and he white was \f In our village we were keeping a big, white pig which was eating the sweet potato.

QUESTION 13 \p sukuɾɪ tʃɪlkɑ t̪ɑikenɑ \g pig how was \f What was the pig like? \a big and white

\n 33 \p nɑ d̪o ɑjub tʃɪlkɑt ̪e ɪnɪ d̪uʋei gunɑt ̪e ud̪um dʒɑnɑ tʃɪkɑko ɑd̪eɾ t̪əɪjɑ nɑd̪oɪnɪ \g now then night how-to he why shed-to come out past what-not enter unable now-then-he

\p d̪ɑnɑ d̪ɑnɑ lot ̪e t̪ɑge səŋgɑ dʒome senɑ kɑnɑ \g searching searching with-to that-place sweet potato eat go past \f I wondered why the pig came out of the shed, and how it was searching for that place where the sweet potato was.

\n 34 \p ɑjɑ mone mət̪əlɑb ɪnɪ t ̪on ɑne dʒomt̪ənɑ bonə enlod̪ɑ ɑiŋ səikəl t ̪eiŋ hɪdʒu lenɑ \g his will that is he freely eat-cont yes this-time I cycle by come past \f The pig was freely eating as I came by cycle.

\n 35 \p səikəl t ̪eiŋ hɪdʒu lenɑ səikəlɾe ɑʋɑdʒ dʒəb ɑjum ked̪ɑ ɪnɪjo kɪʈɪl dʒɑnɑ \g cycle by come past cycle-from voice when hear did he startle past \f As I came by cycle, the pig heard the sound of the cycle and was startled.

QUESTION 14 \p tʃɪnt̪əŋ sukuɾɪ sɑɽɪʔe ɑjumlɑ tʃɪlkɑ dʒɑnɑ \g when pig sound heard how past \f When the pig heard the sound, how did it react? \a it was startled

\n 36 \p kɪʈɪl dʒɑnɑ ɑiŋɑ emt̪əŋge nɪlot ̪e lepel hoʋɑ dʒɑnɑ \g startle past my that-time her-with-to see-each other happen past \f At that time it was startled and we saw one another.

\n 37 \p ɑmne-sɑmne nɑ d̪o lɪŋ əpəɾɪd̪ t̪ənɑ ɑiŋ d̪oiŋ mendʒəd̪ tʃɪ nɪd̪o boŋgəge t̪ɑne \g face to face now then each other looking cont I am saying that this ghost be

\p t̪ɪsɪŋ d̪o nɪd̪o kəjɑ bəndʒ oŋgəjɑ \g today then this not-do survive will \f We are now looking at each other face to face; I was thinking that this pig must be a ghost and I would not survive.

\n 38 \p həɾe ɪnɪ d̪o dʒəbdʒɪnəd̪ɑ nuʋɑɾeoko hoɽo hɪdʒuʋe ɑiŋke nokɑm bot̪oŋgɑ enɑ dʒɑs \g and he then while dark-in man come-will I like frighten that suppose

\p uɳu t̪ənɑ mɑne bɑɾɑkɪŋ boɾo d̪o lɪŋ boɾo t̪ənt̪ɑikenɑ \g thinking cont means both fear then each other fear cont-was \f In this darkness we were both frightened, I kept on thinking.

\n 39 \p mend̪o ɑiŋ sɑhɑs ked̪eŋ tʃɪ ɑkɪɾ d̪oneʋo ɑiŋ hət ̪uʋɪsun oɽɑ ɑiŋ t ̪ebɑ ked̪ɑ gejɑ \g but I dare stood that last so now I village house I reach did definite \f But I was bold and at last I reached my village house.

\n 40 \p dʒɑnɑ hoʋɑʋɑ dʒet̪ənɑ hoʋeo \g whatever happen-will that-cont happen-will \f Whatever will happen, will happen.

\n 41 \p lele ɑiŋɑ d̪o puɾɑut̪t̪əɾ d̪o hɑn tʃet̪ən ɾeni ɑsɑɾɑ bɪsʋɑs ket ̪e nɑ d̪o \g see my then moreover then look heaven belong trust believe did now then

\p mɑɳɪt̪e ɑiŋt̪ekɑɪŋ ugud̪et̪e dʒɑnɑ ɑɾ hent̪ɑ d̪ɪɾɪkoɖo t̪ɑikenɑ sɪ goɽɑ lekənɑʔ \g slowly-to I-?? bend past and there stone-pl was plough dry field like down

\p ɑgɪt̪ɑnɑ d̪ɪɾɪ goɽɑ ge ent̪ɑt ̪ɪke mɪjəd̪ d̪ɪɾɪ mɑɳɪt̪e hɑlɑŋ ked̪ɑ \g cont stone dry field full there-from one stone slowly-to take did \f Moreover, in heaven I will trust and believe; then I slowly bent down and out of a dry field full of stones, I slowly picked up one stone.

\n 42 \p hɑlɑŋ ked̪ɑ tʃɪ end̪ɪɾɪt ̪ege kot̪ɑɾe en sukuɾɪ səŋgɑ dʒom t̪ɑnɪt̪ɑikene hɑpejɑ \g take did that this-stone-by where-in this pig sweet potato eat had been quite

\p kɑnɑɖo boɾot ̪e ɪnɪ keiŋ heɾ lɪɑ \g calm fear-to he to throw did \f The pig who had been eating the sweet potato was now quite calm, yet still afraid; I took and threw the stone at him.

\n 43 \p heɾ lɪɑ ɪd̪u ʈo lenɑ tʃɪkɑ mend̪o en d̪ɪɾɪɾɑʔ sɑɽɪ ɑjum ket ̪e ɑjɑ dʒəpɑɾe \g throw did but hit past what but this stone-of sound hear did his near

\p uju lenɑ enɑt ̪e ɑjo boɾo ked̪ɑ \g fall past this-to he fear did \f I threw the stone, and didn’t know whether it hit the pig; but the stone fell near the pig and the sound scared it.

\n 44 \p ɑɾ ent̪ɑt ̪e d̪oɖo d̪oɖo d̪oɖo t̪ənɑ dʒunut̪e nɪɾ dʒɑnɑ \g and there-from [pig sound] cont bush-to run past \f From there, the pig ran into a bush making a sound.

Mundari RTT Story “The Lost Son”17

This story was taken from Luke 15:11–31 of the Mundari Bible published in 1911 in Ranchi, Bihar. The passage was read by S. M. T., a 50 year old Hasdagya Mundari speaker who has earned an M.A. degree. He was born in a village about 40 kilometres southwest of Ranchi, and currently resides in Ranchi. He has been involved with radio broadcasts in Mundari for about 10 years.

\n 1 \p dʒet̪ɑ hoɽoɑn bəɾ hoɽo koɽɑhonkɪŋ t̪ɑikenɑ \g any man two man male-child-both was \f There was a man who had two sons.

\n 2 \p ɪnkɪnet ̪e lɪʈɑ hon e ɑbbɑ menɑʔ t ̪eɑʔet̪e ɑiŋɑ hɑnɑʈɪŋ omɑiŋ me met̪ɑɪɑ \g from-then youngest son hey father from belonging-to my own-share give me told \f The younger one said to his father, “Father, give me my share of the estate.”

QUESTION 1 \p hont ̪e koɽɑ ɑput ̪eke tʃenɑʔe met̪ɑije \g son-to male father-to what told \f What did he ask of his father? (v12a) \a his share of the estate

\n 3 \p ent ̪e ɪnɪ ɑjɑʔ ɑsuloʔt̪eɑje hɑʈɪŋɑkɪŋ \g then he his inheritance divided-both \f So he divided his property between them.

QUESTION 2 \p ɑput ̪e tʃənɑʔe tʃɪkɑ ked̪ɑ \g father-to what do did \f What did the father do? (v12b) \a divided all of the property

\n 4 \p huɽɪŋ mɑ tɑjomt ̪e lɪʈɑ hon sobenɑ huɳɖɪket ̪e səŋgɪŋ d̪ɪsumt̪ɪenɑ oɽo ent̪ɑɾe \g small day often youngest son all collected distant country-went and there

\p et ̪kɑno kɑmɪkoɾe ɑjɑʔ menɑʔt̪eɑjɑ tʃɪt̪ɪbɪt̪ɪ ked̪ɑ \g bad work his from-belonging squander did \f Not long after that, the younger son got together all he had, set off for a distant country, and there squandered his wealth in wild living.

QUESTION 3 \p səŋgɪn d̪ɪsum senɑ dʒɑnɑ tʃɪ huɽɪŋ hont ̪e koɽɑ tʃɪlkɑ ɑjɑʔ dʒɪd̪əne uɽo ked̪ɑ \g distant country go past that small son-to male how his life spent did \f When the son went to the distant country, how did he live? (v13) \a he squandered his wealth

17This story was transcribed into IPA directly from Devanagiri, the script used in the Mundari Bible. This IPA transliteration used Devanagiri conventions and was not checked against actual speech (except for questions). Thus there are IPA representations for phonemes which appear not to be found in Mundari. The most prominent of these is / /. ɪ

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\n 5 \p sobenɑ tʃɑbɑked̪tʃɪ en d̪ɪsumɾe puɾɑ ɾɪŋkɑjɑnɑ \g all finished-then that country-in many famine-happened \f After he had spent everything, there was a severe famine in that whole country.

QUESTION 4 \p səŋgɪn d̪ɪsumɾe tʃenɑʔe honɑ dʒɑnɑ \g distant country-in what happen past \f What happened in the distant country? (v14) \a there was a severe famine

\n 6 \p oɽo ɪnɪʔe ɾogeʔjənɑ \g and him hunger-felt \f And he began to feel hungry.

\n 7 \p ent ̪e ɪnɪ senodʒent ̪e en d̪ɪsumɾe mɪjɑd̪ hoɽot̪ɑʔɾe t̪ɑikenɑ \g then he go-past that country-in one men-with was \f So he went and hired himself out to a citizen of that country…

QUESTION 5 \p en hon ɑjɑʔ menɑʔt̪ejɑʔe uɽo tʃəbɑked̪ tʃɪ okoet̪ɑɾeʔ d̪əsɪn dʒɑnɑ \g that son his from-belonging spent after that whom-to hire past \f When the son had spent all of his money, to whom did he hire himself out? (v15b) \a citizen of the country

\p ɪnɪ ɑjɑʔ ot ̪e ɾe sukuɾɪ gupɪt ̪e ɪnɪʔe kulkɪɑ \g he his land pig pasture-to him sent \f …who sent him to his fields to feed pigs.

QUESTION 6 \p tʃɪləkən kəmɪ ɪnɪʔe nəməked̪ɑʔ \g what kind work him find-did \f What kind of work did he find? (v15b) \a feeding pigs

\n 8 \p oɽo ɪnɪ sukuɾɪ dʒomdʒɑt ̪e luput̪e ɑjɑʔ leɪ bɪje sənɑŋt̪ənei t̪ɑikenɑ \g and he pig eating-from pod-from his stomach fill willing was

\p oɽo dʒet ̪e ɪnɪ kɑko omɑɪt̪ɑn t̪ɑikenɑ \g and no one he not giving was \f He longed to fill his stomach with the pods that the pigs were eating, but no one gave him anything.

QUESTION 7 \p dʒɪmət̪əŋ ɪnɪ ɾeŋge kɪjə d̪o tʃenɑʔe dʒomeʔɑe sənɑŋ dʒɑnɑ \g when he hunger was then what eat willing past \f When he got hungry, what food did he want to eat? (v16) \a pig’s food

\n 9 \p ent ̪e ɪnɪ sut̪ɪɑnt ̪eje kedʒɪked̪ɑ puɾɑ hege sɑɾeut̪əɾolekɑ dʒomeɑ ɑpuɪŋ ɑ tʃɪmɪn \g then he awakened say-did many yes abundant food father’s my how many

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\p nəlɑkot̪ɑɾeɑ ɑɽɑ ɑiŋ neɾe ɾeŋget̪eŋ godʒot ̪enɑ \g labourers has I here hunger-from dying \f When he came to his senses he said, “How many of my father’s hired men have food to spare, and here I am starving to death!”

\n 10 \p ɑiŋ bɪɾɪd̪əkoʔt ̪e ɑpuɪŋ t̪ɑʔɪŋ senoʔɑ oɽo e ɑbbɑ ɑiŋ sɪɾmɑɾeɑʔ oɽo ɑmɑ ɑjəɾɾeŋ pɑpɑkəd̪ɑ \g I arose-to father’s to-my go-will and hey father I in-heaven and your in-front sin-did \f “I will set out and go back to my father and say to him: ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.’

\n 11 \p ɑiŋ ɑjɑɾt̪e ɑmɑ hon kɑdʒɪoʔlekɑnɪ kɑ t̪ənɪŋ ɑm nəlɑkot̪əmɑt̪e mɪjɑʔnɪ lekɑ d̪oiŋ meɪŋ met̪ɑɪɑ \g I father your son calling-like not am you labourer-pl-from one-that like keep me told \f ‘I am no longer worthy to be called your son; make me like one of your hired men.’”

\n 12 \p oɽo ɪnɪ bɪɾɪd̪əjɑnt ̪e ɑput̪et̪ɑʔe senodʒənɑ \g and he arose father-to-his go-past \f So he got up and went to his father.

\n 13 \p oɽo ɪnɪsəŋgɪnɾege t̪ɑikenɑ ɪmt̪ɑŋ ɑput ̪e ɪnɪ nelkɪt ̪e lɪbujɑjɑʔ \g and he-distance-long was that-time father-to he saw mercy-showed

\p oɽoe nɪɾd̪əɾomkɪɑ oɽo hɑmbud̪kɪʔt̪e tʃomkɪɑ \g and-he ran-welcome-did and embracing kiss-did \f But while he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was filled with compassion for him; he ran to his son, threw his arms around him and kissed him.

QUESTION 8 \p dʒɪmt̪əŋ ɑput ̪e ɪnɪʔe nelkɪt ̪e tʃɪlkɑ əʈkəɾked̪ɑ \g when father-to him saw how response-did \f When his father saw his son, what was his response? (v20b) \a mercy

\n 14 \p oɽo hon e ɑbbɑ ɑiŋ sɪɾmɑɾeɑʔ oɽo ɑmɑʔ ɑjəɾɾeŋ pɑpɑkəd̪ɑ \g and son hey father I heaven and your in front sin-did \f The son said to him, “Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.”

QUESTION 9 \p dʒɪmt̪əŋ hon oɽɑʔt ̪e t ̪ebɑʔlɑʔ ɪnɪ ɑjɑʔ ɑput ̪eke tʃenɑʔe met̪ɑɪjɑ \g when son house-to arrived he his father-to what told \f When the son reached home, what did he say to his father? (v21) \a I have sinned

\n 15 \p ɑiŋ ɑjɑɾt̪e ɑmɑʔ hon kɑdʒɪoʔtʃlekɑnɪ kɑ t̪ənɪŋe mɪt̪ɑɪɑ \g I father your son calling-like not am told \f “I am no longer worthy to be called your son.”

\n 16 \p mend̪o ɑpuɑjɑ d̪əsɪko kədʒɪɑd̪əkoɑ bod̪ege sobenet̪e bugɪn lɪdʒɑ oɽoŋepe \g but father-his servant-pl-to say-did let-us all-from fine clothes and-bring \f But the father said to his servants, “Quick! Bring the best robe and put it on him.”

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QUESTION 10 \p ɑput ̪e d̪əsɪko tʃenɑʔe oepe ment ̪e kədʒɪɑd̪əkoɑ \g father-to servant-pl what bring order say-did \f What did the father tell the servants to bring? (v22) \a best robe

\n 17 \p oɽo ɪnɪ t ̪us ɪŋɪpe ɪnɪjɑʔ t̪ɪɾe mud̪əm oɽo kəʈɑɾe dʒut̪ɑ t ̪us ɪŋɪpe \g and he put his hand ring and leg shoe put \f “Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet.”

\n 18 \p oɽo kɪɾɪɑkən mɪju okɪt ̪e godʒɪpe oɽo ɑbu dʒomket̪ebu ɾɑsɪkɑo \g and fat one calf bring kill and we eat-we celebrate \f “Bring the fattened calf and kill it. Let’s have a feast and celebrate.”

\n 19 \p ne honɪŋ koɽɑd̪o goekəne t̪ɑikenɑ oɽoe dʒɪd̪ɾuɑɽəkənɑ ɪnɪ ɑd̪əkənɑ t̪ɑikenɑ oɽoe nɑməɾuɑɽ əkənɑ \g this son-my male-this died-like was and-he life-again-got he lost-got was and-he find-again got \f “For this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found.”

\n 20 \p oɽo ɪnku ɾɑsɪkɑoko eɽeked̪ɑ \g and they celebrate began \f So they began to celebrate.

\n 21 \p oɽo ɪnɪjɑʔ mut̪kul hon pɪɖɪɾe t̪ɑikenɑ \g and his first born son field-on was \f Meanwhile, the older son was in the field.

QUESTION 11 \p mut̪kul hon kot̪ɑʔɾe t̪ɑikenɑ \g first born son where was \f Where was the elder son? (v25a) \a in the fields

\n 22 \p oɽo hɪdʒu t̪ɑnlo oɽɑʔt̪ɑ seʈeɾjɑnt ̪e ɾut̪ut̪ɑn susunt̪ɑnkoe sɑɽɪe ɑpumked̪e \g and come coming house-to reached flute-playing dancers boys heard-did \f When he came near the house, he heard music and dancing.

QUESTION 12 \p dʒɪmt̪əŋ ɪnɪ oɽɑ jəpɑʔe hɪdʒuʔlenɑ tʃenɑʔe ɑpumked̪ɑ \g when he house near come-past what hear-did \f What did he hear when he came near the house? (v25b) \a flute playing and dancing

\n 23 \p ent ̪e ɪnɪ d̪əsɪkoet ̪e mɪjɑʔnɪ ɑjɑʔt̪e keɽɑkɪʔt ̪e ne tʃɪkɑnɑʔ t̪ɪɑnɑʔ ment ̪e kulɪkɪɑ \g then he labourer-pl-from one-that his-to called-to this what was say-to asked \f So he called one of the servants and asked him what was going on.

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QUESTION 13 \p bɑut ̪e okoe keɽɑkɪʔt ̪e \g elder brother whom call-did \f Whom did the elder brother call? (v26) \a a servant

\n 24 \p ɪnɪ uɳɖɪməe hɪdʒuɑkɑn oɽo ɑpum ɪnɪ bugɪ bugɪgeje nɑmɑkɑʔɪɑ \g he small brother came and hear he fine fine-definite found

\p ment ̪e kɪɾɪɑkən mɪjuje gojəkɑʔjɑje mnɾuɑɽʔɑjɑ \g order fat one calf killed told-again \f “Your brother has come,” he replied, “and your father has killed the fattened calf because he has come back safe and sound.”

\n 25 \p mend̪o ɪnɪje esed̪ɪɑnɑ \g but he-from angry \f But the older brother became angry.

QUESTION 14 \p tʃɪlkɑ bɑut ̪e ɾɪkɑ ked̪ɑ \g how elder brother react did \f How did the elder brother react? (v28a) \a became angry

\n 26 \p oɖo belo kɑe sənɑŋ dʒɑnɑ oɖo ɑput ̪e oɽoŋ dʒɑnɑ ɪnɪje bɪnt̪ɪkɪɑ \g and enter not willing past and father-to come out past he-from prayed \f He refused to go in. So his father went out and pleaded with him.

QUESTION 15 \p ɑput ̪e oɽeŋəjənt ̪e tʃenɑʔe tʃɪkɑ ked̪ɑ \g father-to coming out what do did \f When the father went out to the son, what did he do? (v28b) \a pleaded/requested him to come in

\n 27 \p oɽo ɪnɪ ɑput̪eje kɑdʒɪɾuɑɽʔeiɑ neleme nɪmiŋ sɪɾməjət ̪e ɑmɑiŋ kɑmɪt̪ənɑ oɽo \g and he father-to say-again see so many years-from you-I work-cont and

\p tʃɪulɑo ɑmɑʔ dʒet̪ɑ ɑnətʃu kɑjɪŋ ʈoʈɑked̪ɑ oɽo ɑm ɑiŋ ɑŋɑ get̪ɪkolo \g never your any order not broke-did and you I me-to friend-pl-with

\p ɾɑsɪkɑo nɑgent ̪e tʃɪulɑo mɪjɑd̪ mɪɳɖɪ hon kem omɑiŋɑ \g celebrate for never one sheep son not give-to-me \f But he answered his father, “Look! All these years I’ve been slaving for you and never disobeyed your orders. Yet you never gave me even a young sheep so I could celebrate with my friends.”

\n 28 \p mend̪o besɪɑkolo ɑmɑʔ ɑsuloʔt̪eɑ dʒomtʃɑbɑt̪ət̪ ne hont̪ɑm hɪdʒuɑkɑn \g but prostitute-pl-with your inheritance eat-finished this son-your came

\p ɪmt̪ɑge ɑm ɪnɪjɑʔ mɑgent ̪e kɪɾɪɑkən mɪju gojəkəjɑ \g this-time you his for-to fat one calf killed \f “But when this son of yours who has squandered your property with prostitutes comes home, you kill the fattened calf for him!”

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\n 29 \p mend̪o ɑput ̪e e hon ɑm dʒenɑo ɑiŋ lom t ̪eint ̪ene oɽo ɑŋɑ sobenɑ ɑmɑge tɑnɑ \g but father-to hey son you every I with me leaving and me-to all your-this belonging \f “My son,” the father said, “you are always with me, and everything I have is yours.”

\n 30 \p mend̪o ɾɑsɪkɑo oɽo sukuo legɑt ̪ɪŋ t̪ɑikenɑ ne uɳɖɪmd̪o gɑjɑkəne t̪ɑikenɑ oɽoe \g but celebrate and pleasing should was this small brother die-like was and-he

\p dʒɪd̪ɾuɑɽəkənɑ oɽo ɪnɪ ɑd̪əkənɑ t̪ɑikenɑ oɽoe nɑməɾuɑɽ ɑkənɑe met̪ɑijɑ \g life-again-got and he lost-got was and-he find-again was told \f “But we had to celebrate and be glad, because this brother of yours was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is again found.”

QUESTION 16 \p tʃɪnɑʔ nəgenteko ɾɑsɪkɑdʒɑnɑ \g why for celebrate-past \f Why were they celebrating? (v32) \a the son came home

Dighinuasahi Bhumij RTT Story

“The Scratching Bear”

\n 1 \p mɑnhoɽo set̪ɑɾe piɖit ̪e senkenɑ \g one-man morning latrine went \f One morning a person went to the latrine.

QUESTION 1 \q Where did the person go in the morning? \a to the latrine

\n 2 \p dʒodʒitʃo senkenɑ ɖuŋguɾi let̪ɑɾ sɑit ̪e senkenɑ \g afterwards went small hill under beside went \f Afterwards he went beside a small hill.

\n 3 \p enɖe piɖit ̪e d̪ubʌkɑnlo mɔjoʔt̪ bɑnɑ \g there latrine sitting-while one bear \f While he was sitting in the latrine, a bear…

QUESTION 2 \q What appeared while he was sitting in the latrine? \a a bear

\p en d̪iɾeko lɑʈɑt̪eɑd̪ uɽum dʒɑnɑ \g that stone-pl from bush came out past \f …came out from behind a bush and some stones.

QUESTION 3 \q From where did the bear come out? \a stones and a bush

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\n 4 \p dʒe uɽum dʒɑnɑ piɖit ̪e kɑnɑ d̪ubɑ en bɑnɑ sodʒe d̪ɑuɖ \g while came out past latrine what sit that bear straight ran

\p id̪iked̪ɑ en hoɽot̪ɑʔt ̪e geɾkiɑ \g toward that man-towards bit \f As the man was coming out from the latrine, the bear ran straight towards him and bit him.

QUESTION 4 \q What did the bear do to him? \a bit him

\n 5 \p lɑnɖi boʔ goʈɑ tʃiɖɑ tʃɑbɑ kedʒiɑ goʈɑ sɑɾɑ tʃiɖɑ tʃɑbɑkiɑ \g buttocks head all clawed finish past all all claw finished \f The bear clawed and clawed all the way from the man’s head to his buttocks.

QUESTION 5 \q Where did the bear scratch the man? \a from his head to his buttocks

\n 6 \p dʒet̪ebeɽe geɾkiɑ huʋe pɑpɑ ɾɑʔked̪ɑ \g after bit [exclamation] shouted \f After it bit him, he shouted.

QUESTION 6 \q When the bear bit him, what did the man do? \a shouted

\n 7 \p end̪ipilɑ hɑt ̪u hoɽokoko uɽum dʒɑnɑ \g that-time village man-pl came out past \f At that time, all the village people came out.

QUESTION 7 \q After he shouted, who came out? \a people of the village

\n 8 \p hɑt̪uɾin hoɽoko uɽum dʒɑntʃiko en bɑnɑ niɾked̪ɑ puɾɑ ekd̪ɑm hɑnɑ boɽɽɑɖi mulit ̪e \g village man-pl came out did-coming that bear ran all all that [place straight-to name] \f When the village people came out, the bear ran straight to Borradi.

\n 9 \p boɽɽɑɖi t ̪eɑʔd̪ enɖe oɽo kɑkɑlɑbɑɽɑ kiʔtʃiko oɽo hɑnɑ muɾtʃi \g [place name] village people there and yelled-big because of and that [place name]

\p dʒet̪ebeɽe muɾtʃi hɑt ̪u senodʒɑnɑ \g after [place name] village went \f The people of Borradi village also shouted, so the bear went to Murchi village.

\n 10 \p enɖe mɔjoʔt̪ oɽɑ enɖe d̪ɑulu ɑd̪ɑɾked̪ɑ \g there one house there running entered \f There it ran and entered a house.

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\n 11 \p ɑɾ d̪uɑɾ niʈikiɑ kɑn t̪ɑikenɑ end̪uɑɾe niɾ ɑd̪ɑɾ ked̪ɑ \g and door opened already was that-door run entered did \f The door was already open, so the bear ran right in.

QUESTION 8 \q Why did the bear easily enter the house? \a the door was open

\n 12 \p niɾ ɑd̪ɑɾ ked̪ɑ dʒet̪ebeɽe ent ̪e d̪ipilɑ ko huɑ pɑpɑ ko ɾɑʔked̪ɑ kɑnɑlekɑbu \g run entered did after that-to time people [exclamation] people shouted what-we

\p tʃikɑgiɑ en bɑnɑ okoi hɑɾuɽumgiɑ \g did that bear who chase out \f After the bear entered the house, the people were exclaiming, “What can we do to the bear and who will chase it out?”

\n 13 \p okoi sobo uɽumkiɑ eiɾokom bohut ̪ko kɑkɑlɑ en kɑkɑlɑ dʒɑt ̪o sɑmɑjɑɾe \g who hit came out-past like this very much-pl yelled that yelled all time

\p kohit̪e gole hoɽokoko hunɖiŋ dʒɑnɑ \g speak-to past man-pl together past \f All the people were yelling and saying together, “Who will hit it and make it come out?”

QUESTION 9 \q What were the people saying? \a who will hit the bear and make it come out

\n 14 \p ɑɾko mendʒɑd̪ɑ ko hɑnɑ tʃit̪ɑnɾe ʈuiɾe bhuʔ gepe \g and-people decide people that above-to roof hole make \f The people decided to make a hole in the roof.

QUESTION 10 \q What did the people decide? \a to make a hole in the roof

\n 15 \p ʈui tʃit̪ɑnɾe bhuʔgepe bɑnɑbu sobo uɽumkiɑ \g roof above-to hole-made bear-we hit came out-past \f They made a hole in the roof to hit the bear and it came out.

\n 16 \p ɑɾko ʈuiɾe ko bhuʔ ked̪ɑ sɑɽimɑ tʃit̪ɑn ʈuiɾe ɑɾko ɾɑgoɽo kedʒiɑ \g and-people roof-to people hole did high above roof and-people hit past \f And the people who made the hole in the roof hit the bear.

QUESTION 11 \q After making the hole, what did they do? \a hit the bear

\n 17 \p ɾɑgoɽo uɽumkiɑ dʒekodʒeko ɾɑgoɽo uɽumkiɑ set ̪o d̪ɑuɖu ked̪ɑ hoɽo t̪ɑʔt̪eke \g hit came out-past how hit came out-past it ran did man towards

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\p ekd̪ɑm okoi t ̪i ɾe huɑkiɑ okoi kɑʈɑɾe huɑkiɑ okoi lɑnɖiɾe gɑd̪uɾkiɑ okoi d̪iɑɾe \g all who hand bit who leg bit who buttocks-to scratched who backside

\p gɑd̪uɾkiɑ not̪ilɑ ɾekɑ ked̪koʋɑ \g scratched not-there did everything \f After it was hit, the bear came out and ran towards everyone, and bit people’s hands and legs, and scratched their backs and buttocks.

\n 18 \p oɽo en bɑnɑ d̪ɑuɖu ɑd̪ɑɾked̪ɑ en oɽɑ ɾege d̪ɑuɖ ɑd̪ɑɾked̪ɑ bolo dʒɑnɑ \g and that bear ran entered that house inside ran entered enter past \f Then the bear entered and ran inside the house.

\n 19 \p dʒet̪ebeɽe oɽo oɽɑɾe bolodʒenɑ upɑj nɑst ̪i t̪ɑhɑne kɑnɑ bu tʃikɑgiɑ en bɑnɑ tʃekɑlikɑ \g after and house-in entered way not then what we do that bear how

\p tʃikɑgiɑ hoɽoko ot ̪i biɑt̪ibest̪on dʒɑnɑ ko dʒɑhɑkitʃi huɑ kiɑ enko dʒɑt ̪o ɖɑkʈəɾ \g do man-pl so worried past people how many bit past that-people all doctor

\p kiɑnɑ ko senodʒɑnɑ \g hospital people went \f After the bear was in the house, the ones who were injured went to the doctor at the hospital. The others were concerned what to do about the bear.

QUESTION 12 \q Where did the injured people go? \a to the hospital

\n 20 \p ɖɑkʈəɾ kiɑnɑ dʒet̪ebeɽe ko senodʒɑnɑ ɑɾko mendʒɑd̪ɑ koko khɑɖɑbɑsɑ ɾen hoɽoko \g doctor hospital after people went and-people talk people [place of man-pl name]

\p ɾɑʋkope \g call-them \f After being at the hospital, the people went to talk with the people of Khadabasa village.

\n 21 \p kɑnɑt̪e ɑɾko bhuɾu dʒɑpɑɾen hoɽoko ɑɾko d̪ɑl d̪ɑlt ̪e bɑnɑ d̪ɑlt ̪e obəjɑs tʃɑbɑ \g what-to and-people hill near man-pl and-people beat beat-to bear beat-to habit finish

\p kɑnɑko \g what-then \f Those people live near a hill and are accustomed to beating and finishing off bears.

QUESTION 13 \q What were the Khadabasa people accustomed to doing? \a killing bears

\n 22 \p en hoɽoko ɾɑʋu keko ɾeko bɑnɑ ko goidʒiɑ kɑɾd̪o upɑj bɑnɑ ɑɾ inku dʒoɾuɾge \g that man-pl call them [rhyme] bear people kill otherwise way bear and them certainly

\p d̪oɾkɑɾ ɑnɑ \g need cont \f They called those people because they were really needed; there was no other way to kill the bear.

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\n 23 \p ɑɾ inku ɾɑʋkope ɑɾ ɾɑʋu kekuɑ dʒet̪ebeɽe kohit̪e gole oɽo d̪ohoɽɑ en bɑnɑ t̪ɑʔt̪eko \g and them call-them and call while after speak-to past and house that bear towards-people

\p hinɑm kidʒiɑ \g find past \f They called the people of Khadabasa village, and after a while they came and found the bear in the house.

\n 24 \p en khɑɖɑbɑsɑ ɾen hoɽoko hidʒukɑd̪e oɽɑɾe ko bolo dʒɑnɑ oɽɑɾeko bolo \g that [place name] of man-pl came house-in people enter past house-in-people enter

\p dʒɑnɑ okoʋɑɾe bolo dʒɑnɑ kɑge heʔ inɑʔ oɽɑɾe bolo kɑnɑ t̪ɑhɑne senodʒɑnɑ en bɑnɑ \g past where enter past no that in house-to enter what then went that bear

\p oɽɑ t̪ɑʔt̪eʔ sodʒe ɑɾko bolo dʒɑnɑ ɑɾko sobo uɽum kedʒiɑ \g house towards straight and-people enter past and-they hit came out past \f The people came, entered the house, and went straight towards the bear and began to hit it.

\n 25 \p sobo uɽum kedʒiɑke dʒet̪ebeɽe honkodʒum ɸuʈbɑɭ dʒeɾokomkeko inumɑ ko sebhoɽiɑ \g hit came out past after child-pl-how football how play people like-that

\p t̪ɑ mɑne puɾɑ hɑnsɑit̪e d̪ɑuɖ dʒɑɾe hɑni t ̪oked ʒiɑ nɑike huɑ d̪ɑuɖ dʒɑɾe \g that means all that-side ran while other hit past that bit ran while

\p nɑi d̪ɑliɑ hɑnɑke huɑ dʒɑɾe hɑni d̪ɑliɑ enkɑ enkɑt̪ɑi bohut̪ sɑmɑjɑɾe ko d̪ɑl goi kedʒiɑ \g that beat that bit while other beat like like that so much time people beat kill past

\p ot ̪i komɾe d̪osubɑɾo dʒoɳo hoɽoko dʒɑt ̪o kɑnko t̪ɑikenɑ \g very less ten-to-twelve persons man-pl all gather was \f There were no less than ten to twelve people, some of whom were running here and there as the bear tried to bite them, while others were beating the bear. My, they were beating that bear like children playing football.

\n 26 \p niɾgɑt ̪iɑ d̪ɑl kedʒiɑko d̪ɑl d̪ɑlt ̪e oɽo d̪ɑl goi t̪ɑɾ kedʒiɑko \g ran beat past beat beat-to and beat kill completely past \f They ran and beat, and again beat the bear and killed it completely.

QUESTION 14 \q At last, what happened to the bear? \a it was killed

\n 27 \p dʒet̪ebeɽe d̪ɑl goi kedʒiɑko oɽo kɑnɑ bud̪iɑ t̪ɑhɑne ko hoɽokoko hidʒudʒɑnɑ bohut̪ soŋkjɑɾe ɾen \g after beat kill past and what way then people man-pl came so much number of

\p hoɽokoko hidʒudʒɑnɑ piɑj ɑkepɑke tʃo sɑt ̪o mudʒɑɾen hoɽoko hidʒudʒɑnɑ lɑl dʒiɑko soɖɑ bɑnɑ \g man-pl came about nearby six seven village man-pl came saw past [vulgar] bear \f After the bear was beaten and killed, so many people came from about six or seven nearby villages and saw the bear.

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QUESTION 15 \q Who came after the bear was killed? \a people from six or seven villages

\n 28 \p ekd̪ɑm bɑnɑ lɑl kɑd̪e biɾɑɖ bɑnɑ ekd̪ɑm piɑj mɑɾɑŋ d̪uɑɾ bɑnɑ ko minɑjɑ kɑge \g all bear saw they big bear all about big door bear people told no

\p inkɑn bɑnɑ ko goi t̪ɑt̪dʒiɑko ɑɳɖiɑ bɑnɑ ʈɑko goi kedʒiɑ \g like this bear people kill completely male bear to kill past \f Everyone saw the bear and said it was about as big as the door and could easily kill people.

\n 29 \p inkɑn bɑnɑ goid̪o dʒet̪ɑɾe kɑge ɑɾ dʒit̪ɑi kɑko sɑhɑsjɑ t̪isiŋ dʒɑhu khɑɖɑbɑsɑ ko \g like this bear killed nowhere no and nobody they courage today anyhow [place name] people

\p hidʒukɑd̪e d̪onnu ɑɾko kedʒiɑ bohut̪ koʃt̪ə kɑt ̪e ko goi kedʒiɑ \g came thanks and-people past so much differently with people kill past \f So the bear did not kill anybody, anywhere, and we thanked the Khadabasa people who came and courageously killed the bear.

\n 30 \p ene kɑdʒi hoidʒɑnɑ \g this story finished \f This story is finished.

Dumadie Bhumij RTT Story “Punishment”

\n 1 \p ɑliɳ bɑɾ hɑgɑliɳ t̪ɑikenɑ \g we two brothers was \f He and I were two brothers.

QUESTION 1 \q How many brothers were there? \a two

\n 2 \p hɑgɑ miet̪ kud̪ihon t̪ɑikenɑ \g brothers one wife was \f Of the two brothers, one had a wife.

\n 3 \p ɑliɳ sijut ̪i ɳ hɑɾkoʋɑ sijuhɑkojeɾe bɑsiɑ mɑnd̪i kɑʔt̪ id̪iɑliɳɑ \g we plowing leaving after-leaving-plowing ten a.m. rice not-she take-for-both \f After I left for plowing, at ten a.m. she did not bring rice for the two of us.

QUESTION 2 \q What did she not bring? \a rice

\n 4 \p bɑsiɑ mɑnd̪i kɑ id̪iɑliɳɾed̪ʌ \g ten a.m. rice not for-both \f She didn’t bring the rice at ten a.m.

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\n 5 \p siju ɾɑɽɑt ̪e oɽɑʔɑ liɳhidʒuʋɑ oɽɑʔɑ hiʔkɑt ̪e \g leaving place house both-came house return \f So, leaving the plowing, we both returned to the house.

\n 6 \p ɑliɳɑ kuɽuhoɽ sigeɖiɾed̪ʌ \g we wife scolding \f We scolded her for not bringing rice.

QUESTION 3 \q What did they do to his wife? \a got angry with her

\n 7 \p he mit̪ɑliɳɑ mɑnd̪i nui isinijɑ tʃijɑɳ id̪ijɑʔɑ \g she said-to-us rice not-get cooked what-I will-take \f She said to them, “I didn’t cook rice, so what will I take?”

QUESTION 4 \q What did she say? \a rice is not cooked

\n 8 \p inɑjet ̪e ɑlele siged̪iɾe d̪ʌ niɾe ɑko oɽɑʔɑ ɑko oɽɑʔɑ niɾ dʒɑnɾe \g then we-two scolding-in while ran their house their house ran away

\p t̪ɑm ɑliɳmɑ pɑɳɑt̪e hudʒuʋɑ \g then we following went \f Then while we were scolding her, she ran away from the house.

QUESTION 5 \q When they scolded her, what did she do? \a ran away

\n 9 \p pɑɳɑt̪e hujuʋɑʔ pɑɳt ̪e \g following went followed \f He and I followed her.

QUESTION 6 \q What did the brothers do? \a followed her

\n 10 \p ɑliɳ senoɾed̪ʌ ɑʔeʔ senkoʋɑ ɑjɑ bʌbu oɽɑʔɑ \g we went she went-there her father house \f She went to her father’s house.

QUESTION 7 \q Where did she go? \a father and mother’s house

\n 11 \p inɑjet ̪e ɑliɳliɳ senoʋɾe ɑko oɽɑʔut ̪e siget̪ liɳ sʌkt ̪o \g then we-two going-for their house-to scold we so much \f Then we went to their house and scolded her a lot.

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\n 12 \p inɑjet ̪e siged̪liɳ ɾed̪oko kult̪ɑliɳɑ heʔ ɑbengeben d̪ost̪ʌd̪ɑ inkɑnikɑben mit̪ɑjɑ \g then scolding-we-two to asking-we-two reach you-two guilt you-two said

\p hʌɾt̪ɑjemt ̪e \g after-that \f Then when we reached there, they were scolding us and were saying, “It is your fault.”

\n 13 \p d̪ɑ ɑlejɑ hon iɾɑben d̪ost̪ijɑ \g that our child you-two guilt \f “Our child is not having any fault.”

\n 14 \p t̪ɑjom ɑko end̪ɾed̪o lembeɾkoʋɑko poɾɖhɑnkoʋɑko t̪ʌjʌm d̪ʌɾbɑɾ liɳɑko \g after that their then village men headmen then meeting did-for-us \f After that they called the village men and headmen and had a meeting for us.

\n 15 \p t ̪e d̪ʌɾbɑɾ ɑliɳsɑʔt̪ge ɑɲtʃnuɾuʋɑʔɑ \g then meeting our-side they-faulted \f Then at the meeting they found fault on our side.

QUESTION 8 \q At the meeting, whose side did they fault? \a with the brothers’ side

\n 16 \p inɑjet ̪e ɑliɳsɑʔt̪ nuɾuʋɑɾed̪ʌ t̪ɑjʌm ɖɑd̪ʌm keʔt ̪li ɳeko ek d̪uisɑ t̪ɑkɑ \g then our-side fined then fine both-of-us one two hundred \f Then on our side they fined us both one to two hundred rupees.

QUESTION 9 \q What did the village headmen do to the two brothers? \a fined them 100 – 200 rupees

\n 17 \p ɖɑd̪ʌmkɑt ̪e ɑko mit̪ɑmt̪ɑnɑ dʒuʔ ɾuɽʌd̪ \g fine-after their tell-did go back \f After the fine, they told us to go back.

\n 18 \p ben boɾi hoɖodʒɑke ɑɾni pʌit̪iko ɑlʌben iʌit̪ie \g you two today-onward this work you-two don’t-work \f They said, “From this day on, don’t do this kind of thing.”

QUESTION 10 \q What did they tell the brothers? \a go back; don’t do this again

Appendix D

Appendix D1: Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ)

Interview information

Place (Village, Tahsil, District, State) Description to locate place Date Subject’s name Sex Age Education Mother tongue How long resident of village

General language information

What tribe are you a part of? What do others call your tribe? What clan are you a part of? What do others call your clan? What other clans are there? What do you call your language (mother tongue)? Are there any other names for your language? What do others call your language? Do other places where Bhumij is spoken have a different name for the language? How many other groups are living in your village? What is the population of each group?

Language variation

How far away from your village before your language changes? (Can you name a specific place? How far is that away?) Where do people speak Bhumij exactly the way you speak here? Where do people speak Bhumij so differently that it is hard for you to understand everything? Where do people speak Bhumij like you, but a little differently than the way you speak here? Where do people speak Bhumij more differently than the way you speak here?

Relationship with other languages

When you speak Mundari and the language is not coming properly, do you have to be quiet? If you make a mistake while speaking Mundari, do people laugh? If two men are discussing in Mundari about a land boundary, can you follow the discussion? If Mundari-speaking people argue with your people, can you return hard words in Mundari? Do you ever make a mistake when you speak Mundari?

Which villages nearby speak a What do you call those What do you call their different language? people? language?

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Use people/languages mentioned above [X] to ask the following: People/language People/language People/language [X1] [X2] [X3] If you are speaking with [X] a. b. c. people, do you understand their language? If you speak Bhumij, do they a. b. c. understand you? In what language do they answer a. b. c. if you speak in Bhumij? Do you sometimes have to use a. b. c. [LWC] or some other language because they can’t understand you? Can a Bhumij woman under- a. b. c. stand [X] people the first time she meets them? Can Bhumij children understand a. b. c. [X] people?

Language attitudes

a. Where is the best or purest Bhumij spoken? Where is the next best Bhumij spoken? Why do you say this is the best Bhumij? b. What language should Bhumij children learn first? What language is best for a Bhumij mother to use when speaking to her young child? c. There are books available in Ho, Santali, and Mundari. Would you like it if books were written in Bhumij? If you were given a book written in the Mundari language, would you read it? Have you seen anything written in your mother tongue? What script was it in? What would be this village’s interest if there were classes learning how to read? Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who spoke another language? If a group of Bhumij people are talking among themselves and a person came along who spoke [LWC], would the group switch to speaking [LWC]? Do the young people feel good about your language? d. Is your language as good as [LWC]? Is it better than [LWC]? What are your feelings about a unified script for all Munda people? e. Are Bhumij and Mundari the same language? If different, how are they different?

Bilingualism

Is there anyone in your village who speaks only [LWC] and doesn’t (or rarely) use Bhumij? a. Is there anyone in your village who does not speak any [LWC]? What kind of people are they [men or women, young or old, educated or uneducated]? How many in this village? When you travel outside of this area and have to use [LWC], do people sometimes not understand your [LWC]? If someone comes from outside and speaks [LWC], can you understand everything they say?

114 b. Do you ever listen to radio programs in [LWC]? If so, how much can you understand? Which language feels most comfortable to you? When was the first school started in your area? From your village, how far away is the nearest school beyond 5th class? The nearest high school? How many children in your village go to the nearest school? How many children attend regularly? How many people in your village 35 years old and older are educated? How many between 16 and 35 years old are educated?

Language use

What language do children in your village learn first? What language do you use… with your parents? with your brothers and sisters? with your children? with village friends? with village children? with village leaders? in the market? with government officials? for private prayer? for religious discussion with friends? with other groups like Ho, Santali, Mundari? What language is used by village children at play? Do young people in your village speak Bhumij well—the same as old people? If a young person speaks [LWC] in the home, would an older person be happy or unhappy about it? a. When the children of this village grow up and have their own children, do you think those children will speak your language? Is that good or bad?

Other general information about people and language

What is the approximate population (people or houses) in this village? When men marry women from a different village, which village(s) do they come from? Do Bhumij men ever marry women who aren’t Bhumij? a. Do outsiders come to your village often? Where do they come from? How long do they stay? b. Where do Bhumij people travel to most frequently? How often?

Appendix D.2

Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ) responses

Key to abbreviations & symbols: QNA Question not asked N/A Not applicable NR No response … Subject not present for question

Note: Refer to maps in the report body for locations of places; distances have been given when known.

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1. Village information

Code Place (Village, Tahsil, District, Description to locate Date of State) place interview 1 PIA Pialsol, Manbazar, Purulia, West Police station: 12 Oct 1996 Bengal Manbazar, Block 1 2 MDY Munduy, Kulhani, West Police station: 25 Oct 1996 Singhbhum, Bihar Jaganathapur 3 GOB Gobragaria, Keshiary, Police station: 6 Nov 1996 Medinapur, West Bengal Keshiary 4 DGN Dighinuasahi, Udala, Police station: 13 Nov 1996 Mayurbhanj, Orissa Jaganathapur 5 HSL Heseldipa, Potka, East 6 km east of 22 Nov 1996 Singhbhum, Bihar Haludpukhur 6 GMS Gomiasai, Potka, East 2 km east of 22 Nov 1996 Singhbhum, Bihar Haludpukhur 7 KAN Kanchanpur, Keshiary, on the edge of 2 Dec 1996 Medinapur, West Bengal Keshiary town

2. Subject information

Code 1.2 Sex 1.3 Age 1.4 Educ 1.5 Mother tongue 1.6 How long resident? 1 PIA M 36 7th QNA QNA 2 MDY M 45 8th Bhumij life 3 GOB M 45 3rd Munda Bhumij life 4 DGN M 62 3rd Bhumij life 5 HSL M 45 matric Bhumij life 6 GMS M 45 6th Bhumij 2 generations 7 KAN M 31 B.Com Bhumij life

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3. General language information

Code 2.1 What tribe 2.2 What do 2.3 What 2.4 What do 2.5 What other are you part of? others call your clan are you others call your clans are there? tribe? part of? clan? 1 PIA Bhumij Bhumij Singh QNA QNA 2 MDY Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Hasta, Habrom, QNA Saman, Bharda, Donda 3 GOB Munda Munda Bhumij Munda Singh QNA QNA 4 DGN Bhumij Munda Bhumij, Singh Bhumij QNA Bhumij, Singh 5 HSL Bhumij Sardar Bharda, QNA Hasta, Saman, Hemron Gandria 6 GMS Bhumij Sardar Bharda QNA Pachari, Donda, Hemron, Kawri, Saman, Sani, Jhadu, Karma 7 KAN Bhumij Bhumij Singh (Jhadu) Singh 17 clans, each divided into 4 sub- clans

Code 2.6 What 2.7 Other 2.8 What do 2.9 Do other 2.10a How many 2.10b Population of do you names for others call places have a other groups are each group call your your lg your lg? different name living in your lg? for lg? village? 1 PIA QNA QNA QNA QNA Bawri, Kasto QNA 2 MDY Bhumij Thar bhasha Bhumij no Mahanto, Pradhan 4 families, 50 houses 3 GOB Mundari Mundari Mundari no Santali, Mundari 25, 35 4 DGN Bhumij Mundari Bhumij no Santali, Oriya, 100 persons, 10–12 Bhumij Binthani persons, 8 persons 5 HSL Bhumjali or Sardar Thar bhasha no idea Santali, Sundi QNA Horo bhasha (Mondol), Gowda, Jyoti, Brahmin 6 GMS Bhumij Thar bhasha Thar bhasha no Lohar only 1 family (Thar bhasha) 7 KAN Bengali Thar bhasha Thar bhasha Tamar Mundari, Koda, QNA (Thar means Kharia, Lodha, “to make Santali hints”)

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4. Language variation

Code 3.1 Distance 3.2 Where is lg 3.3 Where is lg 3.4 Where is lg a 3.5 Where is lg before lg changes exactly same? much different? little different? more different? 1 PIA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 2 MDY West Bengal & villages 2–3 km Bengal area QNA Bengal area Orissa area away 3 GOB after 3 km, lg villages 15–25 km nowhere QNA QNA changes away 4 DGN after 1.5 km, lg is near Baripada, Bengal & Bihar in Bihar & Orissa Haludpukhur, near little different Rongamatia, side border areas Rairangpur Bansbila 5 HSL Chaibasa, Tata, Joshipur, Balasore QNA Chaibasa (mix with Tata (mix with Rairangpur, district Ho there) Bengali there) Baripada 6 GMS Rairangpur, Tata & Potka area Baripada (more QNA QNA north Oriya mix) 7 KAN beyond our village, nearby villages Tamar area nearby villages Tamar area people speak pure Bengali

5. Other nearby languages

Code 4.1 When you 4.2 If mistake 4.3 If discussion 4.4 If Mundari- 4.5 Do you ever speak Mundari, do while speaking in Mundari about speakers argue with make a mistake when you have to be Mundari, do people land boundary, your people, can you speak Mundari? quiet? laugh? can you follow? you return hard words in Mundari? 1 PIA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 2 MDY Mundari & Bhumij no yes, certainly no no are not the same. When Munda people speak in Munda, we respond in Munda b/c we can understand Munda. But they don’t understand our lg 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN keep quiet if not clear, they yes, follow yes if we make a mistake, laugh we speak in Oriya 5 HSL can understand, if not clear, they they cannot no, automatically yes but can’t speak laugh follow we use our lg Mundari fluently 6 GMS can’t speak QNA yes yes, understand yes, we make Mundari fluently; mistakes keep quiet 7 KAN can’t speak N/A can understand, no N/A Mundari but cannot speak

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Code 4.6 Which villages 4.7 What do you call those 4.8 What do you call their lg? nearby speak a people? different lg? 1 PIA QNA QNA QNA 2 MDY Gumriya, Lakipai Ho, Mahanto Ho, Mahanto 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN Kalimeki, Santal, Ho Santali, Kol Kenthuvakonda 5 HSL Mundari village 2–3 Tamaria Munda, Santal Tamaria bhasha (there is a km away difference between that lg & ours in the words), Santali 6 GMS NR Santal QNA 7 KAN NR Santal, Mahanto, Kharia, Lodha QNA

Code People/Lg 4.9 Do you 4.10 If you speak 4.11 In what lg do they answer if [X] understand [X] Bhumij, do they you speak Bhumij? people’s lg? understand you? 1 PIA Santali no QNA QNA 2 MDY Ho/ yes/yes nearby people can Ho/Mahanto Mahanto understand (for both) 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN Santali/ Ho QNA some /some understand their lg/their lg 5 HSL Santali can understand Santalis can understand very few answer in Bhumij; the rest Bhumij only in Santali 6 GMS Santali yes QNA Bhumij only 7 KAN Santali/ no/understand, no/no QNA Kharia but cannot speak

Code People/ 4.12 Do you 4.13 Can a Bhumij 4.14 Can a small Bhumij child Lg [X] sometimes have to woman understand understand [X] people? use LWC with [X] [X] people the first people? time she meets? 1 PIA Santali QNA QNA QNA 2 MDY Ho/ Ho only/Oriya & QNA no/QNA Mahanto Hindi 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN Santal/ Ho yes/ yes no/ no no/ no 5 HSL Santali yes, Oriya & Hindi can understand yes 6 GMS Santali NR can understand, but no cannot speak 7 KAN Santali/ use the local dialect QNA QNA Kharia of Bengali to communicate

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6. Language attitudes

Code Biodata 5.1a Where is 5.1b Where is 5.1c Why? 5.2a What lg should best or most next best children learn first? pure Bhumij? Bhumij? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, Hata, Potka block Joshipur area our birthplace is our lg (when they go to 8th there school, they should learn Hindi) 3 GOB M, 45, Bikranpur, QNA QNA Mundari 3rd Dravarajpur 4 DGN M, 62, Rongamatia Dighinuasahi those people came Bhumij 3rd village (near from Tamar area, Baripada) Bihar, where pure Bhumij is spoken 5 HSL M, 45, Potka block QNA in other places, Bhumij matric Bhumij live among other people groups, so their lg is mixed 6 GMS M, 45, nowhere; no idea QNA Bhumij 6th everywhere mixes, incl. our speech with Bengali 7 KAN M, 31, nowhere in West QNA QNA our “house lg” (a B.Com Bengal; best is in “diverted” Bengali) Ranchi

Code Biodata 5.2b What lg 5.3a Would you 5.3b If given a book 5.3c Seen anything is best for like books in written in Mundari, written in MT; in what mother to use Bhumij? would you read it? script? to child? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, Bhumij we like it; will wouldn’t like b/c our no 8th study it pro-nunciation won’t be good 3 GOB M, 45, QNA like it QNA no 3rd 4 DGN M, 62, Bhumij like it yes no 3rd 5 HSL M, 45, Bhumij “we are very we will read, but will no; there was a script matric eager to have not take interest previously, but the author books in our lg, died but until now no one has produced any.”

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6 GMS M, 45, Bhumij yes, like to read if it is in Hindi script, no 6th we can read 7 KAN M, 31, our lg (in like it, definitely no no B.Com school, pure Bengali)

Code Biodata 5.3d Interest 5.4 Allow 5.5 If a LWC 5.6 Do 5.7a Is Bhumij in literacy your children person came into young as good as programme to marry a group of Bhumij people feel LWC? in Bhumij? person who talking among good about spoke another themselves, will your lg? lg? you switch lg? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, yes, but we no, only we will continue in yes Bhumij is good 8th don’t have a Bhumij Bhumij script 3 GOB M, 45, yes won’t allow QNA QNA QNA 3rd 4 DGN M, 62, some people no if he speaks in yes good 3rd interested Oriya, the group will speak in Oriya 5 HSL M, 45, yes, no we will speak feel good Bhumij is good matric interested; Bhumij and will interested in not immediately history, switch to Oriya poetry, drama 6 GMS M, 45, interested no no, will not switch young people Bhumij is good 6th like 7 KAN M, 31, yes, it is good no no, will not switch feel good MT is good B.Com about It

Code Biodata 5.7b Is 5.8 Feelings about 5.9a Are Bhumij and 5.9b If different, Bhumij better unified script for Mundari same how are they than LWC? all Munda people? language? different? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, yes, it is better we want our own different lgs very different 8th than Hindi for script ourselves 3 GOB M, 45, QNA QNA QNA QNA 3rd 4 DGN M, 62, better than not good, b/c we same —— 3rd Oriya will not understand all people 5 HSL M, 45, better than it is very good no, little different words are different matric Hindi & Oriya

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6 GMS M, 45, yes it will be good same, but… …pronunciation is 6th very different 7 KAN M, 31, QNA it will be good different lgs style & words B.Com

7. Bilingualism

Code Biodata 6.1 Are there 6.2a Is there 6.2b What 6.2c How 6.3 Do others people who anyone who kind of many? sometimes not only speak doesn’t speak people? understand your LWC, not any LWC? LWC? Bhumij? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, no yes, they can uneducated 2000 understand 8th understand but women cannot speak 3 GOB M, 45, those who stay yes, they can older a few they understand 3rd outside the understand village (e.g. Oriya but students) cannot speak fluently 4 DGN M, 62, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 3rd 5 HSL M, 45, no one no —— —— can understand matric 6 GMS M, 45, no one yes old ladies 35% can understand 6th 7 KAN M, 31, no yes old people some sometimes not B.Com understand

Code Biodata 6.4 Can you 6.5a Do you 6.5b How 6.6 Which 6.7 When was understand listen to much do you language feels first school in everything of radio in understand? most area started? LWC speech? LWC? comfortable to you? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, not yes all Bhumij 20 years back 8th understand everything clearly 3 GOB M, 45, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 3rd 4 DGN M, 62, yes yes all Bhumij 30–40 years back 3rd 5 HSL M, 45, yes, Bengali, yes, like Hindi QNA Bengali & Hindi 1884 matric Hindi, Oriya

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6 GMS M, 45, yes yes fully Bengali 1884 6th understand 7 KAN M, 31, yes yes QNA Bengali over 100 years B.Com ago

Code Biodata 6.8 Where is 6.9 How 6.10 How 6.11 How 6.12 How many nearest school many many children many >35 between 16 & 35 beyond 5th children go attend school are are educated? class; nearest to nearest regularly? educated? high school? school? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, 5 km away 200 about 100 about 50 about 100 8th 3 GOB M, 45, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 3rd 4 DGN M, 62, 2 km away 50–60 (75%) all 40% 70% 3rd 5 HSL M, 45, Haludpukhur, 20–25% half of these 7 persons 5 persons matric 6 km away 6 GMS M, 45, Haludpukhur, 50 most of them no one 25 persons 6th 2 km away 7 KAN M, 31, ½ km away everyone all 4% 7–8% B.Com

8. Language use

Code Biodata 7.1 What lg 7.2a What lg 7.2b with 7.2c with 7.2d with 7.2e with do children is used with brothers & your village village learn first? parents? sisters? children? friends? children? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij 8th 3 GOB M, 45, Bengali QNA Mundari Mundari & Bengali Bengali 3rd Bengali 4 DGN M, 62, Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij 3rd 5 HSL M, 45, Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij matric 6 GMS M, 45, Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij 6th 7 KAN M, 31, Bhumij in our lg our lg our lg our lg our lg B.Com home (“diverted” Bengali)

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Code Biodata 7.2f with 7.2g in the 7.2h with 7.2i for 7.2j for 7.2k with other village market? gov’t private religious groups like Ho, leaders? officials? prayer? discussion Santali, Mundari? with friends? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, Bhumij Ho, Hindi & Hindi, Oriya Bhumij Bhumij Ho with Ho people, 8th Oriya Mundari with Mundas 3 GOB M, 45, Bengali Bengali, Bengali QNA QNA commonly Bengali 3rd except when meeting their people, then Mundari 4 DGN M, 62, Bhumij Oriya Oriya Bhumij Bhumij if know their lg, will 3rd speak in their lg; otherwise Oriya 5 HSL M, 45, Bhumij Hindi, Hindi, Bhumij Bhumij broken Ho with Ho matric Bengali, Bengali people, with Santalis Oriya can manage in Santali 6 GMS M, 45, Bhumij Hindi, Hindi Bhumij Bhumij first speak Bhumij; if 6th Bengali, they don’t understand, Oriya then switch to their lg 7 KAN M, 31, regional Bengali Bengali own our lg if know their lg, will B.Com lg dialect speak in their lg; otherwise Bengali

Code Biodata 7.3 What lg 7.4 Do young 7.5 If a young 7.6a Will 7.6b Is that is used by people speak person speaks grandchildren good or bad? children at Bhumij well – LWC in home, continue to play? same as older would an older speak your lg? people? person be happy or unhappy? 1 PIA M, 36, QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 7th 2 MDY M, 45, Bhumij yes NR they will good 8th speak; we can’t forget it 3 GOB M, 45, Bengali yes not unhappy they will speak good 3rd 4 DGN M, 62, Bhumij no, they mix if they don’t they will speak good 3rd with Oriya understand, they will not be happy 5 HSL M, 45, Bhumij same not happy if they stay in it will be good matric the village, they will speak our lg

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6 GMS M, 45, Bhumij same will be unhappy if they stay good 6th here, they will speak; if they go into city area, they won’t speak 7 KAN M, 31, Bhumij same feel unhappy if they stay good B.Com here, they will speak

9. Other general information about people and language

Code 8.1 What is 8.2 Where do unmarried 8.3 Do Bhumij men 8.4a Do outsiders approx. women come from? ever marry non- come to village population of Bhumijes? often? village? 1 PIA 300 houses nearby villages from only no yes their own people 2 MDY QNA QNA QNA QNA 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN 110 houses, some from nearby villages, yes yes above 500 some from distant places persons (Balasore, Baripada) 5 HSL 22 houses nearby villages; also distant no yes, for business places (Chaibasa, Baripada) 6 GMS 130 houses distant places (Musabani, don’t agree yes, for business Chaibasa, Tata) 7 KAN 25 houses, 175 nearby villages no QNA persons

Code 8.4b Where do 8.4c How long 8.5a Where do Bhumij people 8.5b How often? they come from? do they stay? travel to most frequently? 1 PIA QNA QNA nearby areas; Putka, Joshipur QNA 2 MDY QNA QNA QNA QNA 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN Udala, Baripada, 3–4 days Cuttack, Bhubaneshwar, 2–3 months for labour Cuttack Balasore 5 HSL nearby places only 1–2 hours Tata rarely 6 GMS Haludpukhur 2–3 hours Haludpukhur, Tata if necessary; not often 7 KAN QNA QNA QNA QNA

References

Bhattacharya, Sudhibhushan. 1975. Studies in comparative Munda linguistics. Simla, India: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Blair, Frank. 1990. Survey on a shoestring: A manual for small-scale language surveys. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Casad, Eugene. 1974. Dialect intelligibility testing. Norman, Oklahoma: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Dalton, Edward Tuite. 1872. Descriptive ethnology of Bengal. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Das Patnaik, P. S. 1990. Bhumij in Tribes of Orissa, 55–60. Bhubaneshwar, India: Tribal and Harijan Research-cum-Training Institute. Fasold, Ralph. 1984. The sociolinguistics of society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. Grierson, G. A. 1967. Linguistic survey of India. vol. IV. reprint of Munda and Dravidian languages. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Nigam, R. C., and D. Dasgupta. 1964. Mundari and the speech of the Bhumij – a study in bilingualism. Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India 8, no. 3–4 (July–December): 164–198. Risley, H. H. 1981. The tribes and castes of Bengal. vol. I. Reprint of 1891 Ethnographic glossary. Calcutta: Firma Mukhopadhyay. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. Roy, Sarat Chadra, ed. 1929. Man in India. A quarterly record of anthropology, science with special reference to India 9:95ff. Singh, K. S. 1994. The scheduled tribes. People of India national series vol. III. Delhi: Oxford University Press. (Anthropological Survey of India). Singh, K. S., and S. Manoharan. 1993. Languages and scripts. People of India national series,vol. IX. Delhi: Oxford University Press. (Anthropological Survey of India). Varenkamp, Bryan. 1989. A summary of the 1989 Mayurbhanj survey. Unpublished ms. Varenkamp, Bryan, comp. 1990. A study of Ho dialects. Unpublished ms. Wimbish, John S. 1989. Wordsurv: A program for analyzing language survey word lists. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Zide, Norman H. n.d. Munda and Non-Munda Austroasiatic languages. Unpublished ms.

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