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The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs
The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21. -
Italiani in Jugoslavia
10 febbraio 2008 Giornata del ricordo: italiani in Jugoslavia In occasione della quarta Giornata del ricordo, la Fondazione memoria della deportazione e l’Istituto nazionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione in Italia (Insmli) invitano a partecipare alla presentazione del libro L’occupazione allegra: gli italiani in Jugoslavia 1941-1943 (Carocci editore). Opera del giovane storico torinese Eric Gobetti, il volume ricostruisce la vicenda di un conflitto totale, guerra civile fra opposte fazioni e nazionalità jugoslave e guerra di liberazione contro gli occupanti. Tutt’altro che “allegra”, la presenza militare italiana fu caratterizzata da terribili stragi e violente rappresaglie contro i civili ma anche da un tentativo di mantenere il controllo del territorio attraverso la collaborazione di mediatori locali, sia serbi che croati. Gobetti ricostruisce questo quadro complesso attraverso lo studio di due realtà locali, le regioni di Knin e Mostar, facenti parte dello Stato collaborazionista croato. Da queste basi, utilizzando fonti documentarie sia italiane sia jugoslave, l’autore prova a rispondere ad alcuni interrogativi fondamentali che riguardano la debolezza del sistema d’occupazione italiano, la capacità dei partigiani jugoslavi di battere forze preponderanti, l’origine del mito degli italiani brava gente. Il libro sarà presentato giovedì 7 febbraio 2008 alle ore 17.30 presso la Fondazione memoria della deportazione, Biblioteca Archivio "Pina e Aldo Ravelli", via Dogana 3, Milano (02 87383240, [email protected]). Insieme all’autore saranno presenti il professor Luigi Ganapini (Università di Bologna, Fondazione Isec) e il professor Marco Cuzzi, autore di L'occupazione italiana della Slovenia 1941-1943 (SME Ufficio Storico). Istituto nazionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione in Italia viale Sarca 336, palazzina 15 - 20126 Milano, tel. -
FINE EUROPEAN CERAMICS Thursday 5 July 2018
FINE EUROPEAN CERAMICS Thursday 5 July 2018 SPECIALIST AND AUCTION ENQUIRIES EUROPEAN CERAMICS Sebastian Kuhn Nette Megens Sophie von der Goltz FINE EUROPEAN CERAMICS Thursday 5 July 2018 at 2pm New Bond Street, London VIEWING ENQUIRIES CUSTOMER SERVICES IMPORTANT INFORMATION Saturday 30 June 11am - 5pm Nette Megens Monday to Friday 8.30am The United States Government Sunday 1 July 11am - 5pm Head of Department to 6pm has banned the import of ivory Monday 2 July 9am - 4.30pm +44 (0) 20 7468 8348 +44 (0) 20 7447 7447 into the USA. Lots containing Tuesday 3 July 9am - 4.30pm [email protected] ivory are indicated by the Wednesday 4 July 9am - 4.30pm Please see page 2 for bidder symbol Ф printed beside the Thursday 5 July by appointment Sebastian Kuhn information including after-sale lot number in this catalogue. Department Director collection and shipment SALE NUMBER +44 (0) 20 7468 8384 REGISTRATION 24937 [email protected] PHYSICAL CONDITION OF IMPORTANT NOTICE LOTS IN THIS AUCTION Please note that all customers, CATALOGUE Sophie von der Goltz Please note that any reference in irrespective of any previous Specialist £25.00 this catalogue to the physical activity with Bonhams, are +44 (0) 20 7468 8349 condition of any lot is for general required to complete the [email protected] BIDS guidance only. Intending bidders Bidder Registration Form in +44 (0) 20 7447 7447 must satisfy themselves as to the advance of the sale. The form +44 (0) 20 7447 7401 fax International Director condition of any lot as specified in can be found at the back of To bid via the internet please European Ceramics & Glass clause 14 of the notice to bidders every catalogue and on our visit bonhams.com John Sandon contained at the end of this website at www.bonhams.com +44 (0) 20 7468 8244 catalogue. -
Il Fascismo in Italia Ha Perso Tra I Giovani La Sua Aura Romantica»
«IL FASCISMO IN ITALIA HA PERSO TRA I GIOVANI LA SUA AURA ROMANTICA». UN TESTO SULLA GUERRA DI SPAGNA DI GAETANO SALVEMINI Lorenzo Grilli Il testo che presentiamo è direttamente collegato al dialogo epistolare con Carlo Rosselli e all’Appello di “Giustizia e Libertà” agli italiani d’A- merica perché aiutino la lotta in Spagna e in Italia del febbraio 19371, do- vrebbe risalire alle settimane tra fine marzo e aprile2, e venne forse prepa- rato per uno di quegli interventi con i quali Salvemini integrava il suo in- segnamento alla Harvard University e i suoi studi alla biblioteca Widener, continuando così a svolgere quell’attività politica di resistenza all’egemo- nia fascista a cui si era dedicato3. Non, in piccolo, un Under the Axe of Fa- 1. L’Appello (in “Giustizia e Libertà”, Parigi, 5 febbraio 1937), era firmato da Libero Bastinelli, Alberto Cianca, Emilio Lussu, Carlo Rosselli e Silvio Trentin ma, per prudenza nei confronti delle autorità americane e della propria condizione di immigrato, non da Salvemini che ne scriveva a Carlo Rosselli in una lettera del 23 gennaio 1937 in questi termini: «La circolare dovrebbe chiarire i seguenti punti: 1. La colonna si formò subito mentre altri discuteva o tagliava la corda, e si trovò in Spagna a fine agosto, perdendo su- bito i suoi primi uomini a Huesca. 2. La colonna è formata di elementi tratti da tutti i par- titi italiani, ed ha esplicitamente dichiarato che è andata in Spagna a combattere il fasci- smo e non a partecipare alle lotte tra fascisti locali. 3. -
Fascist Italy's Aerial Defenses in the Second World War
Fascist Italy's Aerial Defenses in the Second World War CLAUDIA BALDOLI ABSTRACT This article focuses on Fascist Italy's active air defenses during the Second World War. It analyzes a number of crucial factors: mass production of anti- aircraft weapons and fighters; detection of enemy aircraft by deploying radar; coordination between the Air Ministry and the other ministries involved, as well as between the Air Force and the other armed services. The relationship between the government and industrialists, as well as that between the regime and its German ally, are also crucial elements of the story. The article argues that the history of Italian air defenses reflected many of the failures of the Fascist regime itself. Mussolini's strategy forced Italy to assume military responsibilities and economic commitments which it could not hope to meet. Moreover, industrial self-interest and inter-service rivalry combined to inhibit even more the efforts of the regime to protect its population, maintain adequate armaments output, and compete in technical terms with the Allies. KEYWORDS air defenses; Air Ministry; anti-aircraft weapons; bombing; Fascist Italy; Germany; radar; Second World War ____________________________ Introduction The political and ideological role of Italian air power worked as a metaphor for the regime as a whole, as recent historiography has shown. The champions of aviation, including fighter pilots who pursued and shot down enemy planes, represented the anthropological revolution at the heart of the totalitarian experiment.1 As the Fascist regime had practiced terrorist bombing on the civilian populations of Ethiopian and Spanish towns and villages before the Second World War, the Italian political and military leadership, press, and industrialists were all aware of the potential role of air 1. -
Sanela Schmid Deutsche Und Italienische Besatzung Im Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien Bibliotheks- Und Informationspraxis
Sanela Schmid Deutsche und italienische Besatzung im Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien Bibliotheks- und Informationspraxis Herausgegeben von Klaus Gantert und Ulrike Junger Band 66 Sanela Schmid Deutsche und italienische Besatzung im Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien 1941 bis 1943/45 Publiziert mit Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. ISBN 978-3-11-062031-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-062383-3 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-062036-8 Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Library of Congress Control Number: 2019952843 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110623833 © 2020 Sanela Schmid, publiziert von Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Dieses Buch ist als Open-Access-Publikation verfügbar über www.degruyter.com, https:// www.doabooks.org und https://www.oapen.org Einbandabbildung: © Znaci.net. Deutsche Einheiten, die im Juni 1943 von den Italienern das Kommando über die Stadt Mostar erhalten. Typesetting: bsix information exchange GmbH, Braunschweig Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Für meine Großeltern, Mina und Jusuf Bešlagić Vorwort Dieses Buch ist die überarbeitete Fassung meiner Dissertation, die im November 2011 von der Universität Bern angenommen wurde. Es konnte nur entstehen, weil mich sehr viele Personen dabei unterstützt haben. Ihnen allen gilt mein aufrichtiger Dank. Zu allererst ist meine Doktormutter, Marina Cattaruzza, zu nennen, die an mich und das Thema geglaubt und das ganze Projekt mit Klug- heit, Scharfsinn und Witz über die Jahre begleitet hat. -
Il Fascismo Da Movimento a Regime
1919 1926 IL FASCISMO DA MOVIMENTO A REGIME Edizioni Fondazione Anna Kuliscioff Collana “La memoria degli uomini” Con il contributo di 1919 1926 IL FASCISMO DA MOVIMENTO A REGIME Pubblicazione a cura di Edizioni Fondazione Anna Kuliscioff via Vallazze, 34 20131 Milano www.fondazioneannakuliscioff.it [email protected] Progetto grafico e impaginazione Antonio Garonzi [email protected] Stampa T&D Service srl Corso Roma, 116 20811 Cesano Maderno (MB) [email protected] DIFFUSIONE GRATUITA ISBN 9788894332094 Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Nessuna parte di questa pubblicazione può essere utilizzata, riprodotta o diffusa con un mezzo qualsiasi senza autorizzazione della casa editrice 1919 1926 IL FASCISMO DA MOVIMENTO A REGIME INTRODUZIONE on la pubblicazione di questa “cronologia ragionata” di un periodo cruciale della storia italiana, che accompagna la Mostra: “1919 - 1926. Il fascismo da movimento a regime”, la Fondazione Anna Kuliscioff intende offrire a chiunque ne sia interessato, in particolare ai giovani, una selezione Ctemporale degli eventi più significativi che accompagnarono il nascere e l’affermarsi del fascismo con il commento di protagonisti di quel tempo e con l’opinione di alcuni dei più importanti storici. Ci è sembrato utile presentare i materiali documentari che illustrano come il fascismo, da composito movimento rivoluzionario come appare evidente dal programma del marzo del 1919 di piazza San Sepolcro a Milano nel 1919, si trasformi definitivamente al congresso dell’Augusteo a Roma nel novembre 1922, in cui viene costituito il Partito Nazionale Fascista, in una forza conservatrice, non solo antisocialista ma anche antiproletaria. L’appoggio degli agrari e di una parte degli industriali, ma soprattutto il consenso di vasti settori dei ceti medi costituì la base sociale del fascismo su cui esercitò una notevole attrazione l’ideologia stessa dello stato totalitario che il fascismo andava costruendo. -
LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance 2012
Environment Policy & Governance LIFE PROJECTS 2012 LIFE Environment Environment Introduction to LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance 2012 LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance 2012: Commission funds 146 innovation projects in 18 countries with €136.8 million The European Commission has approved funding for 146 new environmental innovation projects in 18 countries under the LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance programme 2012. These projects will demon- strate new methods and techniques for dealing with a wide diversity of Europe’s environmental problems. The projects are led by ‘beneficiaries’, or project promoters, based in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slove- nia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. They represent a total investment of €298.5 million, of which the EU will provide some €136.8 million. LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance in LIFE has co-financed some 3 900 projects, contrib- 2012 uting approximately €3.1 billion to the protection of the environment. LIFE+ is the European financial in- The Environment Policy & Governance strand of LIFE+ strument for the environment with a total budget of supports pilot projects that contribute to the develop- €2 143 billion for the period 2007-2013. During this ment of innovative policy ideas, technologies, meth- period, the Commission is launching one call for LIFE+ ods and instruments. Of the 743 proposals received, project proposals per year. the Commission selected 146 projects for funding from a wide range of public and private sector organi- LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance is one of three sations. The winning projects, situated in 18 Member thematic components under the LIFE programme. -
Foreign News: Where Is Signor X?
Da “Time”, 24 maggio 1943 Foreign News: Where is Signor X? Almost 21 years of Fascism has taught Benito Mussolini to be shrewd as well as ruthless. Last week he toughened the will of his people to fight, by appeals to their patriotism, and by propaganda which made the most of their fierce resentment of British and U.S. bombings. He also sought to reduce the small number pf Italians who might try to cut his throat by independent deals with the Allies. The military conquest of Italy may be no easy task. After the Duce finished his week's activities, political warfare against Italy looked just as difficult, and it was hard to find an alternative to Mussolini for peace or postwar negotiations. No Dorlans. The Duce began by ticking off King Vittorio Emanuele, presumably as insurance against the unlikely prospect that the sour-faced little monarch decides either to abdicate or convert his House of Savoy into a bargain basement for peace terms. Mussolini pointedly recalled a decree of May 10, 1936, which elevated him to rank jointly with the King as "first marshal of Italy." Thus the King (constitutionally Commander in Chief of all armed forces) can legally make overtures to the Allies only with the consent and participation of the Duce. Italy has six other marshals. Mussolini last week recalled five of them to active service.* Most of these men had been disgraced previously to cover up Italian defeats. Some of them have the backing of financial and industrial groups which might desert Mussolini if they could make a better deal. -
World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C. -
Environment Policy & Governance
Environment Policy & Governance LIFE PROJECTS 2012 LIFE Environment Environment Introduction to LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance 2012 LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance 2012: Commission funds 146 innovation projects in 18 countries with €136.8 million The European Commission has approved funding for 146 new environmental innovation projects in 18 countries under the LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance programme 2012. These projects will demon- strate new methods and techniques for dealing with a wide diversity of Europe’s environmental problems. The projects are led by ‘beneficiaries’, or project promoters, based in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slove- nia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. They represent a total investment of €298.5 million, of which the EU will provide some €136.8 million. LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance in LIFE has co-financed some 3 900 projects, contrib- 2012 uting approximately €3.1 billion to the protection of the environment. LIFE+ is the European financial in- The Environment Policy & Governance strand of LIFE+ strument for the environment with a total budget of supports pilot projects that contribute to the develop- €2 143 billion for the period 2007-2013. During this ment of innovative policy ideas, technologies, meth- period, the Commission is launching one call for LIFE+ ods and instruments. Of the 743 proposals received, project proposals per year. the Commission selected 146 projects for funding from a wide range of public and private sector organi- LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance is one of three sations. The winning projects, situated in 18 Member thematic components under the LIFE programme. -
Fondo Lasagni
FONDO GUERRINO LASAGNI BL B 1 ANT *Viaggio nei Bogos / O. Antinori ; con prefazione del march. prof. Giacomo Antinori. - Roma : Societa' Geografica Italiana, 1887. - 162 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. ((Estr. da: Boll. della società geografica italiana (1887), giugno e segg. N.Inv: LAS 207 BL B 1 APP La *sfinge nera : dal Marocco al Madagascar / Mario Appelius. - Milano : Alpes, 1926. - 414 p. ; 20 cm. N.Inv: LAS 250 1 AFRICA - Descrizioni e viaggi BL B 1 ARC *Quando ero medico in Africa / Gaetano Arcoleo. - Bologna : L. Cappelli, 1936. - 180 p., [8] c. di tav. : ill. ; 20 cm. ((L. 10. N.Inv: LAS 191 BL B 1 BEL La *cittadella di Allah : viaggio nell'Arabia Saudita / Felice Bellotti. - Milano : Cino del Duca, [1960]. - 235 p., [24] c.di tav. : ill. ; 21 cm . N.Inv: LAS 160 1 Arabia Saudita - Descrizioni e viaggi BL B 1 BIA *Esplorazioni in Africa di Gustavo Bianchi / memorie ordinate e pubblicate dal dottor Dino Pesci. - Milano etc.! : F. Vallardi, 1886?!. - VIII, 323 p., 1! c. di tav., 1! c. di tav. ripieg. : ritr., c. geogr. color. ; 19 cm. ((Data dalla prefaz. N.Inv: LAS 226 BL B 1 BIA *Mungo Park alla ricerca del Niger / Natale Bianchi. - Torino etc.! : Paravia, stampa 1926. - 262 p., 12! c. di tav. : ill. ; 19 cm. (I *grandi viaggi di esplorazione) N.Inv: LAS 242 1 NIGER <FIUME> - Esplorazioni - 1795-1805 2 PARK, MUNGO BL B 1 BOU L'*aventure Abyssine / Emmanuel Bourcier. - Paris : Librarie des Champs-Elysees, c1936. - 250 p. ; 19 cm. N.Inv: LAS 153 BL B 1 BOV *Dal Mar Rosso al Nilo azzurro / Renato Bova-Scoppa.