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The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs

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The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21. bis 23. März 2013 im Historischen Kolleg gehalten. Die Ergebnisse des Kolloquiums werden in diesem Band veröffentlicht. Das Historische Kolleg wird seit dem Kollegjahr 2000/2001 – im Sinne einer „public private part- nership“ – in seiner Grundausstattung vom Freistaat Bayern finanziert, die Mittel für die Stipendien kamen bislang unter anderem von der Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, dem Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank, der Gerda Henkel Stiftung und dem Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft. Träger des His- torischen Kollegs, das vom Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank und vom Stifterverband errichtet und zunächst allein finanziert wurde, ist die „Stiftung zur Förderung der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und des Historischen Kollegs“. Holger Afflerbach wurde im Kollegjahr 2012/2013 vom Freundeskreis des Historischen Kollegs gefördert. www.historischeskolleg.de Kaulbachstraße 15, D-80539 München Tel.:+49 (0) 89 2866 380 Fax:+49 (0) 89 2866 3863 Email: [email protected] ISBN 978-3-11-034622-0 e-ISBN (PDF): 978-3-11-044348-6 e-ISBN (EPUB): 978-3-11-043599-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbiblio- grafie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Umschlagbild: World War I recruitment poster of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, Lon- don 1915, poster no. 87, printed by Jowett & Sowry, Leeds; University of Leeds, Special Collec- tions of the University Library, Liddle Collection: LIDDLE/MUS/AW/115. Original: lithograph, color; 76 x 50 cm. Druck und Bindung: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ♾ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Table of Content Danksagung ...................................................... VII List of Abbreviations .............................................. IX Introduction Holger Afflerbach What Was the Great War about? War Aims, Military Strategies and Political Justifications during the First World War ...................... 3 Hew Strachan Military Operations and National Policies, 1914–1918 ................... 7 War Aims and Strategies of the Entente Powers of 1914 Georges-Henri Soutou French War Aims and Strategy ...................................... 29 Keith Jeffery British Strategy and War Aims in the First World War ................... 45 Boris Kolonitskii War as Legitimisation of Revolution, Revolution as Justification of War. Political Mobilisations in Russia, 1914–1917 ............................ 61 Dušan T. Bataković Serbian War Aims and Military Strategy, 1914–1918 ..................... 79 War Aims and Strategies of the Central Powers of 1914 Roger Chickering Strategy, Politics, and the Quest for a Negotiated Peace. The German Case, 1914–1918 ....................................... 97 VI Table of Content Marvin Benjamin Fried “A Live and Death Question”: Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the First World War ................................................... 117 Reflection Lothar Höbelt Mourir pour Liège? World War I War Aims in a Long-Term Perspective .... 143 War Aims and Strategies of Powers Entering the Conflict Later than August 1914 Mesut Uyar Ottoman Strategy and War Aims during the First World War ............. 163 John Gooch “An Act of Madness”? Italy’s War Aims and Strategy, 1915–1918 .......... 187 Klaus Schwabe President Wilson and the War Aims of the United States ................. 209 Conclusion Holger Afflerbach “… eine Internationale der Kriegsverschärfung und der Kriegsverlänge- rung …” War Aims and the Chances for a Compromise Peace during the First World War ............................................... 237 List of Authors ................................................... 255 Danksagung Dieses Buch ist ganz auf Englisch – aber zumindest die Danksagung soll auf Deutsch sein. Schließlich ist dieser Band ein Produkt meines einjährigen Aufenthalts am Historischen Kolleg in München. Ich war im akademischen Jahr 2012/13 Senior Fellow an diesem fabelhaften Institut und ich möchte dem Kolleg für diese mich sehr ehrende Auszeichnung und allen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern herzlich für ihre Freundlichkeit, Hilfsbereitschaft und ihre Professionalität danken. Ich bin dem Kuratorium des Historischen Kollegs sehr verpflichtet und nenne hier stell- vertretend die Vorsitzenden, Prof. Dr. Lothar Gall, und seinen Nachfolger, Prof. Dr. Andreas Wirsching. Ich danke auch dem Geschäftsführer des Historischen Kollegs, Dr. Karl-Ulrich Gelberg, stellvertretend für alle Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter seines Hauses. Mein ganz besonderer Dank gebührt Frau Dr. Elisabeth Hüls. Mit großer Sach- kenntnis hat sie mir bei der Ausrichtung der diesem Band vorangehenden Konfe- renz und dann bei der Erstellung und der Herausgabe des Buches geholfen. Ihre freundliche und humorvolle Art machte unsere Zusammenarbeit für mich zu einem wirklichen Vergnügen, und noch nie verlief die Herausgabe eines Sammelbandes für mich so reibungslos und erfreulich. Die University of Leeds, die mich im Akademischen Jahr 2012/13 freundlicher- weise beurlaubte, steuerte einen Beitrag zu den Druckkosten bei. Für beides möchte ich ebenfalls sehr herzlich danken. Professor Francis Roy Bridge von der University of Leeds hat das Manuskript redigiert und dabei eine ganz ausgezeichnete Arbeit geleistet, die weit über die sprachliche Anpassung hinausging. Auch ihm bin ich sehr zu Dank verpflichtet. Im Historischen Kolleg haben mich Herr Conrad Gminder bei der Vorbereitung der Konferenz und Frau Regina Meyer bei der Bearbeitung des Bandes sehr unter- stützt; auch ihnen möchte ich an dieser Stelle herzlich danken. Princeton, im Februar 2015 Holger Afflerbach List of Abbreviations AHR American Historical Review ANZAC Australian and New Zealand Army Corps AOK Armeeoberkommando AUSSME Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito BEF British Expeditionary Force CD Constitutional Democratic Party CID Committee of Imperial Defence CUP Committee of Union and Progress D.D.I. I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani DORA Defence of the Realm Act EHR English Historical Review GMR Gemeinsamer Ministerrat GWU Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht HHStA Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Wien HJ The Historical Journal IHR International History Review JAfrH The Journal of African History JModH The Journal of Modern History KA Kriegsarchiv MdÄ Ministerium des Äußeren MGM Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen MKSM Militärkanzlei Seiner Majestät NARA National Archives Records Administration, USA NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO Non-commissioned Officer OHL Oberste Heeresleitung REZL Magyarországi Réformátus Egyház Zsinati Levéltar (Hungarian Reformed Church Synodal Archives, Budapest) RH Revue historique RHDipl Revue d’histoire diplomatique Arhiv SANU Archives of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts RSDLP Russian Socialist-Democratic Labour Party SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands SR Socialist Revolutionary Party SR Slavic Review TNA The National Archives, UK X List of Abbreviations TOE Théâtres d’Opérations Extérieures UK United Kingdom USA United States of America VfZ Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte Introduction Holger Afflerbach What Was the Great War about? War Aims, Military
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