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World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C. Tucker, PhD, graduated from the Virginia Military Institute and was a Fulbright scholar in France. He was a U.S. Army captain and intelligence analyst in the Pentagon during the Vietnam War, then taught for 30 years at Texas Christian University and was chairman of the History Department for 5 years before returning to his alma mater for 6 years as the holder of the John Biggs Chair of Military His- tory. He retired from teaching in 2003. He is now senior fellow of military history at ABC-CLIO. Tucker has written or edited 40 books and encyclopedias, includ- ing ABC-CLIO’s award-winning The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict and The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, as well as the comprehensive A Global Chronology of Conflict. ix This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea Editorial Advisory Board Paul E. Fontenoy Capt. Carl Otis Schuster North Carolina Maritime U.S. Navy (Ret.) Museum Adjunct Professor Curator of Maritime Research Hawaii Pacific University Gordon E. Hogg Dirk Steffen Director, Special Collections Director, AEGIR Security Library Solutions Ltd University of Kentucky Tohmatsu Haruo Malcolm Muir Jr. Professor Director, John A. Adams Tamagawa University ’71 Center for Military Japan History and Strategic Analysis H. P. Willmott Virginia Military Institute Independent Scholar xi This page intentionally left blank List of Entries ABDA Command ARCHERY, Operation (Vågsøy Abe Hiroaki (1890–1949) Island Raid, December 27, 1941) Abe Koso (1892–1947) Arctic Convoys Arima Masafumi (1895–1949) Abrial, Jean Marie Charles (1879–1962) Ark Royal, British Aircraft Carrier Adriatic, Naval Operations in Arnauld de la Perière, Lothar von (1886–1942) Aegean Sea, Naval Operations in Aruga Kosaku (1897–1945) Ainsworth, Walden Lee “Pug” Athenia, SS, Sinking of (September 3, (1886–1960) 1939) Aircraft, Naval Atlantic, Battle of the Aircraft Carriers Atlantis, German Armed Merchant Air-Sea Rescue Cruiser Aleutian Islands Campaign Auboyneau, Philippe Marie Joseph (1942–1943) Raymond (1899–1961) ALPHABET, Operation (June 5–8, Auphan, Paul Gabriel (1894–1982) 1940) Australia, Navy Altmark Incident (February 16, 1940) Automedon, Sinking of (November 11, Amphibious Warfare 1940) Anglo-German Naval Agreement Auxiliary Vessels (June 18, 1935) AVALANCHE, Operation (September 9, 1943) Antiaircraft Defense of Surface Ships Aviation, Naval Antishipping Campaign off Norway AntisubmarineWarfare Bab el Mandeb Strait Anzio, Amphibious Operation. See Balikpapan (Makassar Strait), Battle SHINGLE, Operation of (January 24, 1942) xiii xiv | List of Entries Baltic Sea, Area of Operations Brown, Wilson Jr. (1882–1957) Bandar Shahpur, Battle of (August 25, Bruneval Raid. See BITING, 1941) Operation Barbey, Daniel Edward (1889–1969) Bulgaria, Navy Barrage Balloons Burke, Arleigh Albert (1901–1996) Battle Cruisers Calabria, Battle of (July 9, 1940) Battleships Callaghan, Daniel Judson Bay of Biscay, Battle of (December (1890–1942) 28, 1943) CAM (Catapult Assisted Bay of Biscay Offensive (February– Merchantman) Ships August 1943) Camouflage, Naval Bergamini, Carlo (1888–1943) Campioni, Inigo (1878–1944) Beta Convoy Battle (November 9, Canada, Navy 1941) Canaris, Wilhelm Franz (1887–1945) Bey, Eric (1898–1943) Cape Bon, Battle of (December 13, Biak, Battle of (June 8–9, 1944) 1941) Bismarck, Sortie and Sinking of (May Cape Esperance, Battle of (October 1941) 11–12, 1942) Bismarck and Tirpitz, German Cape Matapan, Battle of (March 28, Battleships 1941) Bismarck Sea, Battle of (March 2–5, Cape Passero, Action off (October 12, 1943) 1940) BITING, Operation (Bruneval Raid, Cape Spada, Battle of (July 19, 1940) February 27–28, 1942) Cape Spartivento, Battle of Black Sea, Area of Operations (November 27, 1940) Blandy, William Henry Purnell Cape St. George, Battle of (November (1890–1954) 25, 1943) Bletchley Park Caroline Islands Campaign (February Bloch, Claude Charles (1878–1967) 15–November 25, 1944) Blockade Running Carpenter, Arthur Schuyler Borghese, Junio Valerio (1906–1974) (1884–1960) British Eastern Fleet Casablanca, Battle of (November 8, British Naval Blockade of the 1942) European Axis Powers CATAPULT, Operation (July 1940) British Pacific Fleet Cavagnari, Domenico (1876–1966) Brittany, Battle of (June 9, 1944) Central Pacific Campaign List of Entries | xv CERBERUS, Operation (the “Channel Crutchley, Sir Victor Alexander Dash”) Charles (1893–1986) Channel Dash. See CERBERUS, Cunningham, Sir Andrew Browne Operation (First Viscount Cunningham of Channel Islands Campaign (June Hyndhope, 1883–1963) 1944–May 1945) Cunningham, Sir John Henry Dacres China, Navy (1885–1962) Christie, Ralph Waldo (1893–1987) Cunningham, Winfield Scott Ciliax, Otto (1891–1964) (1900–1986) CLAYMORE, Operation (Lofoten Dakar, Attack on. See MENACE, Islands Raid, March 4, 1941) Operation Cockleshell Heroes (December 6–12, Darlan, Jean Louis Xavier François 1942) (1881–1942) Commerce Raiders, Surface, Darwin, Raid on (February 19, 1942) German Da Zara, Alberto (1889–1951) Conolly, Richard Lansing (1892–1962) De Courten, Raffaele (1888–1978) Contre-Torpilleurs Decoy Ships (Q-Ships) Convoy PQ 13, Attack on (March 29, Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships 1942) Depth Charges Convoy PQ 17 (June 27–July 7, Destroyer Escorts and Frigates 1943) Destroyers Convoy QP 11, Attack on (May 1–2, Destroyers-Bases Deal (September 2, 1942) 1940) Convoys, Allied DETACHMENT, Operation (Invasion Convoys, Axis of Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945) Convoys SC.122 and HX.299, Battle Deutschland class, German of (March 14–20, 1943) Battleships Coral Sea, Battle of the (May 7–8, Diégo Suarez, Japanese Raid on 1942) (May 30, 1942) Corvettes and Sloops Dieppe Raid. See JUBILEE, Courageous Class, British Aircraft Operation Carriers Dodecanese Islands Campaign Crace, Sir John Gregory (1887–1968) (September–November 1943) Crete, Naval Operations off Dönitz, Karl (1891–1980) (May 21–June 1, 1941) Doorman, Karel Willem Frederik Cruisers Marie (1889–1942) xvi | List of Entries DOWNFALL, Operation Franklin, U.S. Aircraft Carrier DRAGOON, Operation (August 15, Fraser, Bruce Austin (1888–1981) 1944) Friedeburg, Hans Georg von DRUMBEAT, Operation. See (1895–1945) PAUKENSCHLAG, Operation Frogmen Dunkerque (Dunkirk), Evacuation Fuchida Mitsuo (1902–1976) of (Operation DYNAMO, Fukutome Shigeru (1891–1971) May 26–June 4, 1940) Fushimi Hiroyasu (1872–1946) Eastern Solomons, Battle of the (August 22–25, 1942) Gallery, Daniel Vincent Jr. (1901–1977) Electronic Intelligence Genda Minoru (1904–1989) Empress Augusta Bay, Battle of (November 2, 1943) German Armed Merchant Ship Commerce Raiders England, U.S. Destroyer Germany, Navy English Channel Gervais de Lafond, Raymond Essex Class, U.S. Aircraft Carriers (1890–1968) Fast Attack Craft Ghormley, Robert Lee (1883–1958) Fechteler, William Morrow Gibbs, William Francis (1886–1967) (1896–1967) Gibraltar Fegen, Edward Stephen Fogarty Giffen, Robert Carlisle “Ike” (1891–1940) (1886–1962) Finland, Navy Gilbert Islands Campaign Fitch, Aubrey Wray (1883–1978) (November 1943) Fleet Train Glide Bombs Fletcher, Frank Jack (1885–1973) Glowworm, British Destroyer Fluckey, Eugene Bennett (1913–2007) Godfrey, John Henry (1888–1971) Forbes, Sir Charles Morton Godfroy, René Émile (1885–1981) (1881–1960) Gorshkov, Sergei Georgievich Force H (1910–1988) Force K Great Britain, Navy Forrestal, James Vincent (1892–1949) Great Britain, Women’s Royal Navy France, Navy Service Franco-Thai War (November 1940– Greece, Navy January 1941) Greer, Attack on (September 4, 1941) List of Entries | xvii Guadalcanal, Naval Battles of India, Navy (November 12–15, 1942) Indianapolis, Sinking of Guadalcanal Naval Campaign (July–August 1945) Indian Ocean Campaign Haguro, Japanese Navy Cruiser,
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  • Raising the Barge

    Raising the Barge

    RAISING THE BARGE Barring any setbacks, a marine salvage crew will begin bringing up the barge that has been spilling fuel oil into the Mississippi River for more than a week. WHAT’S TAKING A look at the salvage operation, its complexities and how it all started: SO LONG RESPONSE: As with any disaster, offi- VIEW: FACING DOWNRIVER Crescent City Connection cials must assess support pier the problem, coordinate efforts and plan accordingly, NEW ORLEANS ALGIERS all of which takes time. HIRING SALVAGE CREW: Bisso Marine was awarded the 5 contract to remove the barge from the bottom of the river. RESEARCH: The salvage crew 6 had to locate a sister barge of the one that sank in order to determine dimensions, tanks 1 and air pockets. Divers also Padeye needed to familiarize Crane barge Crane barge themselves with the barge because visibility will be limited. SIDE Tank Tank Tank Oil “burps” are Mississippi River expected during TOP Siphon Tank 1 the salvage Bow section: Front hose 35 ft. of barge pokes out Tank Tank Tank 80 ft. of river, belly facing 200 ft. 4 upriver DIVING: Facing strong currents 2 3 and little or no visibility in the muddy river water, divers will Tank 3 Tank 2 1 Stabilizing the wreckage: struggle to do their job. They take shifts because they River The barge will be held in place by a crane using cannot stay under for more bottom than an hour before needing Stern section: Rear of custom-made hooks, called barge rests upside down to come up for more air and at bottom of river.