Study Area and Methodology , Chapter Ii Study Area and Methodology

CHAPTER II

STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY , CHAPTER II STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction to the study area In view of the assessment of 'Land evaluation for land resource management', the study area selected is a Ghera Sinhagad Land System (GSLS), in the Pune district of Maharashtra state, India. A pilot survey in the study area revealed that, the area provides ample opportunity to study variation in relief, geology, natural vegetation and soil environment. 2.1.1 Location of the study area The study area is a part of Ghera Sinhagad land system, which is situated on the Deccan plateau along the eastern flanks of Sahyadri ranges. Administratively GSLS is a part of Haveli, Velhe, and Bhor tahsils of Pune district of Maharashtra. (Fig. 2.1) Total 28 villages comprises in Ghera Sinhagad land system area. The study area lies between the geo coordinates of 73° 39' 25" East to 73° 51' 00" East Longitude and 18° 18' 45" North to 18° 26' 00" to North Latitude. It is located to about 29 Km of south west of Pune city. The total study area is 131.62 Km2 including Sinhagad fort. In the GSLS, Haveli tehsil comprises 21 villages namely Gorhe Bk., Gorhe Kh., Khanapur, Malkhed, Wardade, Khamgaon mal., Bhagatwadi, Sambrewadi, Donje, Ghera Sinhagad, Thoptewadi, Mogarwadi, Sanasnagar, Arvi, Avasarenagar, Kondanpur, Kalyan, Mordari, Rahatwadi, Shiwapur and Gaud dara and it covers about 104.14 Km2 (79.07 %) part of the total study area. Out of the total land surface of the study area, around 15.63 Km2 (11.87%) area & 4 villages namely Khamgaon chattra, Kondgaon, Ambed, Ranjane are from the Velhe tahsil. Ghera Sinhagad land system enclosed about 11.85 Km2 (9.00%) area of the Bhor tehsil and comprises 3 villages namely Ranje, Kusgaon and Khopi. (Fig. 2.2 & 2.3)

21 LOCATION MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

~ 1 T3 15 77 :.' __ ' t. 79 N I'(I)IA PUNE DISTRICT ~:>{~- -;"1 , L , - ". .... ~ .. y\ Junnu ) ,.-. r "" N "L "-.., o " c- z:~-l~~t?,t::::;~C?>J·:;-~~; ,-N ~-- ""',~~:~~~n ' /' ->' j . .. ~ - ,I ~ 1 -" '" ':.1'-'_...f. ,. ..' ;,._.J ~ , .) ', ,--" \, " A ;:;­ '-" .~ ')'~_;~~ ':o:;,/' i ' ;' 'f .'lf~ to ... , " I... " I "' , ," I I , " >\. ' . . 'I ' ,._J ...... I .:...... \. .. , o Km 50 Km ,J " .. ;-: ..,.),nf'il. '. ~" 1., .. .. . ' -Rajgurunagu ." " "- ... . ,..' I ~ --;; Mava! ':.! N r~ "" , , ,. Shirur /..'" \"; ,j; = _.;~'S~ ,\, -~ - I ...... " , ~ )L ... , \ >.. ' '0' 1 _ '- f/I'"\, t" ./ . , , " ~ ... ":.t • • J ,. ' __: .. .\ "'--"T ~~ A o ,1"'- -...1 ~ , ... ", ,' Il', '\' I i, '~- , ' ~;.....J ' - £: U .N ~, ' ~ E ", \- ~- ' I ~ , /,~ o Ian 125 Ian ,: ' , : .,.,.t / Mulsru \ . ,_ ' \ .r . };J~ ~, ; J,. :;J , ~ aveli _ ." .. , ) ___ _"/ , -: MAHARASHTRA , .' '0.. \..-.,.V'' ] = '~• • ,\.> ~':/' ,.. ' • \/ o~ ,- __ '-./ 13 75 n 79 r.. -: .. ~ eIhe . -, :,i: .., Purandhu r ~ . 0 ' .... - l"} _"'). .. ' I" ,. '3 / - ... - - .. - - ' -. , ~ BU8f\\au ,.;A ' J'-;r hor ~"",,~ _ " ~ ~

STUDY AREA Oodoo B. GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM

eo.,.

, w...... o.,,~ AM ...... d..I ... ~ -.-. ~I ~ T""'" ( ~M. A~ T .... H.. ~ i" ~"­ i vu..:T...... Y.o..,. ,-' _v ~ ..... '- ...... - . 'K K_ ~ 0 N -, "-'''~" \t , 0 ... 3 0'"' ,0'" A

Fig. No. 2.1 GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM TAHSIL BOUNDARY MAP

~ Sinhagad fort Hi 42 ." , . ~heBk .".... Shivganga River " Index -Tahsil II Khadakwasla back water 101 "~ , ", -~ /V Tahsil boundary 18 4 • --- Donje Sambnwadi \ - '" ~ I , / , . ./ '- '" N , Co) . • 18 :Hl ,\Vaddare • Ghera Sinha!ad • A!'i ) • / Bhagatwadi HAVI Ll TABSn. , • ,(- -- ' • G~, ddara -,, _--'--_ koM;;J ....., ,-- - - - / Ambed ' --' / ~' Khamgaon ~ S~ ort , , r • A\"asar~gar Tanaji ~aglr • I 1 H J() I ~ ~ KAlyan r \ • .' K.hamgaon Chhatra • , , / \ r "- • \, • Kondanpur • '"ELlIE TAHSn. • \ ---'lUnje S!U"apur IUnjane . l • I'" I :\o!ogarwadi \ ) ~ \ ) ~ , fordbari • I • \ ~ , \ , 18 34 " ",,- \ . '->, I Rahatawade IBHOR TABSJb\'D.I f.Uls, ':> --- --,- ' - -... ' -'- - - // '-., kUd ' -- - -"'--. ... ". ,.-._'--./- r K ' , '...... --...... ,r------... ___ / / r /- BSegaon ~ _ \ ,,- , / r , , " /" \ ' N '-' I . '- -- ""'- ",.,------...... 1 B 3 2 1 0 km 3 0 kIn 50 km A - ~ - ...... - P.g.No.2.2

, \ :, r,1., - (' -.. ~, .~. L : t ~\.j """"'­ GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM ------.1 'B 4 2 VILLAGE BOUNDARY MAP \ ~ Sinhagad fort -~----..~ ",.-.. Shivganga River

\\ Khadakwasla back water

'8 -\ /V Village boundary '\ . ~ DOflJe ....." ~\ 18.18 • Ghern Sinbagad • \ "'-- N .f>,.

Ambed ' / 1 P, ) ,:, • / ./'l\ Kalym ,r . ,, ' -Kham~i ~-,-- • • " ~ane . Mogarwadi ~ 'iordhari .J , 1 R 34

K\l!iegaon t"

1 B 32 N Khopi A , / l.L 30 5.0 kIn ./

" -- , Fig. No. 2.3

~ ~ ... t, ~- - ~ "-I Table No. 2.1

TEHSIL WISE EXTENT OF GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM

Total 0/0 to Area covered by GSLS N U1 Sr. no. Tahsil Name Tahsil area Study area Km2 Ha. % to total area

1 Haveli 1166.21 8.93 104.14 10414 79.07

2 Velhe 529.66 2.95 15.63 1563 11.87

3 Bhor 874.92 1.35 11.85 1185 9.00

Total area 2570.80 5.12 131.62 13162 100 - GSLS: Ghera Sinhagad Land System Table No 2.2 GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM Village wise population Sr. Village Population Area in GSLS Village name no. code 1991 2001 (Ha) Tahsil -Haveli 1 Gorhe Bk. 98 2029 2080 81.89 2 Gorhe Kh. 99 1048 1626 243.35 3 Khanapur 100 3228 3049 496.57 4 Malkhed 101 516 804 184.95 5 Wardade 102 801 928 457.22 6 Khamgaon mal 103 831 901 378.93 7 Bhagatwadi * 104 834 8 Sambrewadi * 105 376 9 Thoptewadi * 108 415 10 G hera Sinhagad 107 2675 612 3452.74 11 Donje 106 2521 2854 550.41 12 Mogarwadi 109 757 686 610.20 13 Sanasnagar 117 459 621 780.09 14 Gaud Dara 119 999 1010 282.59 15 Arvi 120 997 1155 343.19 16 Tanaji nagar 122 567 632 636.43 17 Kondanpur 123 1164 1373 325.99 18 Kalyan 124 1647 1544 854.59 19 Mordari 125 528 20 Rahatwadi 126 1630 1693 652.73 21 Shiwapur 128 1947 2289 82.00 Tahsil -Velhe 23 Khamgaon chatta 22 421 394 271.30 24 Kondgaon 23 446 500 360.12 25 Ranjane 24 971 887 773.19 26 Ambed 25 636 543 158.50 Tahsil -Bhor 27 Ranje 5 1009 1248 402.98 28 Kusgaon 6 1437 1599 712.04 29 Khopi 7 1823 1209 70.00 Total 30559 32390 13162 Source: Census handbook Pune, 1991 & 2001 * These villages are new villages formed in 2001, but no separate area given in cences handbook 2001 it included in old village area of G hera Sinhagad. 2.1.2 Geographical setup 2.1.2.1 Climate In the management and the evaluation of natural resources, climate plays a significant role. Its knowledge not only makes possible to better evaluate the potentialities, but also to measure the impact of an unspecified action on the present environment. 2.1.2.1.1 Climate classification The region falls in tropical type of climate highly influenced by the spells of southwest monsoon. The local fluctuation of climate is ranging from sub humid to arid. In some pockets, humid tropical conditions can be observed. According to Koppen's climatic classification, the area experience of 'Aw' type of climate The study area, as it belongs to Haveli, Velhe and Bhor tahsils of Pune district of Maharashtra, the monsoon rhythm dominates climatic characteristics of the area. The average annual rainfall in the study area is about 800 mm to 1700 mm. (Fig. 2.4) Average temperature variation in the study area ranges between 27° C to 32° C. (Fig. 2.5) The area commonly varies according to following weather condition throughout the year. 1. Cold weather season - (Mid December to February) 2. Hot weather season - (March to May) 3. South west monsoon period - (June to September) 4. Post monsoon period - (October to Mid December) 2.1.2.1.2 Overview of climatic classification 2.1.2.1.2.1 Cold weather season This is the coldest period of the year. During this period, there is a very little rainfall. Cold weather showers fall either in January or early in February. The mean daily temperature range is 26° C to 30° C. This is also a season of low Humidity. 2.1.2.1.2.2 Hot weather season This season prevails from March to May. During this period, there is maximum heat. In April and May, thunderstorms are

27 73°40'O"E 73°42'O"E 73°44'O"E 73°46'O"E 73°48'O"E 73°50'0"E z z b GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM b <0 <0 N RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION MAP N Co..- Co Legend Legend RAINFALL o GHERA SINHAGAD BOUNDARY MM ~ SUB BASIN BOUNDARY c=J 900 - 1,000 .. SINHAGAD FORT ~ c=J 1 ,100 - 1,100 z 0 CJ KLC WATER BODY b ~ . 1,200 -1 ,200 ~ N ~ ----+ SHIVGANGA RIVER N Co Co ..- .. 1,300 - 1,300 .. 1,400 - 1,300 .. 1,400 -1,400 .. 1,500 - 1,500

z .. 1,600 -1 ,600 z N 0 .. 1,700 - 1,800 o (Xl N N N N °co coo

~o o~ o o N N Co Co

N 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 ------Kilometers A (Source: FAO, 2008)

73°40'O"E 73°42'0"E 73°44'O"E 73°46'O"E 73 °48'O"E 73°50'0"E Fig. No. 2.4 73°40'O"E 73°42'O"E 73°44'O"E 73°46'O"E 73°48'O"E 73°50'O"E z z o GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM o (0 <0 N TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION MAP N °00 °00 Legend

D GHERA SINHAGAD BOUNDARY c=J SUB BASIN BOUNDARY ~ SINHAGAD FORT z z o c=J KLC WATER BODY o ~ ~ N Legend ---+ SHIVGANGA RIVER N 00 00° Temp. (Oeg. C) Value CJ 28

CJ 29

CJ 30 N ~ ~ CD b b 1'--1 CJ 31 1'--1 ~ N 00 00

/ / ( I

~ z b b b b N N 00 00

1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 N ------Kilometers A (Source: FAO, 2008)

73°40'O"E 73°42'O"E 73°44'O"E 73°46'O"E 73°48'O"E 73°50'O"E Fig. No. 2.5 common. Temperature range is high and varies between 40° C. to 45° C. During the night time temperature has decreases to 15° C to 18° C. 2.1.2.1.2.3 Southwest monsoon period The climate is characterized by monsoon season, during June to September. The period of southwest monsoon accounts for almost 90 to 95 percent of annual rainfall in the study area. Most of the rainfall is received in the month of July and August. The amount of annual average rainfall ranges between 800 to 1700 mm. The temperatures are 30° C to 35° C Celsius and night temperatures are 23° C to 29° C. Relative humidity is very high. The mean relative humidity is about 80 percent. In the month of September, the southwest monsoon rainfall has above 1000 mm. 2.1.2.1.2.4 Post monsoon period Post Monsoons season start after monsoon period, and characterized by little spells of rain. Temperature condition shows high variation and steadily shows increasing trend. Generally there is a drop in temperature condition during night time. 2.1.2.2 Physiography A mixed nature of the physiography is observed in the study area. Escarpment is experimental in the central part of the study area around Sinhagad fort. Sinhagad fort itself outstands as a mesa/butte. The fort records maximum height in the study area i.e. 1327m above mean sea level. Shivganga valley (GSLS 2), Sinhagad valley (GSLS 3) and Khamgaon valley (GSLS 3) are three major sub basins in the study area. Slope variation is also considerable in the entire area. 2.1.2.3 Geology Geologically the entire area is covered by a thick senes of basaltic lava flows of late Cretaceous Eocene period known as 'Deccan Trap.' Following are two basaltic flows identified by Geological Survey of India (GSI) are 1) 'Pahoehoe' Flows The 'Pahoehoe flows' are evidenced by mature type of topography with smooth hill slopes and sub rounded weathering

30 73°40'O"E 73°42'O"E 73°44'O"E 73°46'O"E 73°48'O"E 73°S0'O"E ?­ z b GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM b (0 (0 N GEOLOGY MAP ~ Co 00 Legend o GHERA SINHAGAD BOUNDARY ~ SUB BASIN BOUNDARY .. SINHAGAD FORT z z o c:=J KLC WATER BODY a ~ ~ N ----+ SHIVGANGA RIVER N Co Co

w z ...... - ?- b b N N N N 0 00 ~J J \ Co

z z b b b b N ~ Co 00

N _ Dykes

1 0.5 0 1 A 2 3 4 10-15 aa and Compound Pahoehoe basaltic lava flows (50-220 m) ------Kilometers 11 16 aa and simple basaltic lava flows 100-300 m Source: GSI, Pune 10-15 aa and simple basaltic lava flows (50-350 m) Fig. No. 2.6

73°40'O"E 73°42'O"E 73°44'O"E 73°46'O"E 73°48'O"E 73°S0'O"E Table No. 2.3 GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM Geological Structure Sr. Area Geological structure No. Km:l Ha. Percentage 1 11-16 "aa" and simple basaltic lava flows (100-300 m) 53.62 5362 40.71 2 10-15 "aa" and simple basaltic lava flows (50-350 m) 1.95 195 1.48 3 10-15 "aa" and compound pahoehoe basaltic lava flows (50-220 m) 74.80 7480 56.80 4 Dykes 1.25 125 0.95 Total area 131.62 13162 100 - eN ~ GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM- GEOLOGY products in and around the study area. The Pahoehoe flow generally altered and shows grey purple or reddish colour filled with zeolites, chert, and quertz. 2) 'Aa' Flows 'Aa' flow mam section compnses of dense, fresh basalt. The basalt is very resistant and Zeolites. The 'Aa' flows show adulatory fragmented top, dense and compact basalt in the middle part and impersistant clinker at the base. The middle part comprises dense, massive basalt and the upper part is highly vesicular and zeolitic. The top of the unit shows hummocky surface and reddened glassy crust with ropy structure at some places. Geological survey of India (GSI) prepared a map of geology of Pune district. Based on this map following type of geology can be categorized in the study area. (Fig. 2.6, Table 2.3) a. 11-16 "aa" and simple basaltic lava flows (100-300 m) This type of geology covers 53.60 Km 2 (40.69 %) area of the total land surface of the study area. Hill summit surfaces are characterized by area covered this type of flows. Sinhagad fort is also part of this geology. b. 10-15 "aa" and simple basaltic lava flows (50-350 m) It accounts to 1.96 Km 2 (1.49 %) area and observed along the right bank of Khadakwasla catchment. It appears in patches in the Ghera Sinhagad Land System. c. 10-15 "aa" and Compound Pahoehoe basaltic lava flows (50-220 m) This type of flows covers maximum area i.e. 74.80 Km2 (56.80 %) of the total land surface area. Pediment surface and agricultural plain are characterized of this flow. d. Dykes Dyke in the Ghera Sinhagad Land System appeared in south east corners of Ghera Sinhagad land system and covers around 1.25

2 Km i.e. 0.95% of the total study area. ,. ,~

33 2.2.1.4 Vegetation cover Vegetation of study area is tropical seasonal/deciduous type, which comes under the monsoon forests in India. This forest is characterized by three distinct seasons namely are summer, rainy & winter. Pronounced wet & dry seasons / periods competes vegetation to adopt a deciduous habit of shedding their leaves in a drought season. Hill slopes are mostly barren in nature. Generally vegetation cover is scanty and sparse throughout the area. The common species observed are Acacia nilotica (Babun Azadirachta indica (Neem), Eucalyptus sp (Nilginj ,Leucaena leucocephala (Subabun, Ziziphus mauritiana (Bor), Anona squamosa (Seetaphan, Pongamia pinnate (Karan)), Albizia lebbek (Shirish), Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo), Tamarindus indica (Tamarind), Carissa carandus (Karvand), Syzygium cumini (Jambhun, Ficus religiosa (Pimpan, etc. Plants observed are Herbs, Shrubs & Trees in the vertical structure of vegetation. Different ecological groups of plants observed in this area are Mesophytes:­ Mangifera indica (Mango), & Xerophytes:-Argemone mexrcana, Epiphytes:- Coccus villosus. 2.2.1.5 Soils The soils of the study area can be classified into four major classes. i. e. dark brown, brown, light brown and gray. Across the channel bank the color of the soils are grayish. In the sub basin of GSLS 2, gray colure soil is predominantly observed. Red colour soil is also observed in the study area. In many places, due to mixing of the soil with other ingredients (i.e. stones, grass, gravels etc) resulted the modification of the properties. 2.2.1.6 Drainage pattern The drainage pattern of the study area is of radial and dendritic type and streams are originating from the Butte (Sinhagad fort) situated in the central part of the area and hill summit area. The high proportion of dissected topography is a result of the work of streams in the area. Fingertip channels give the dissected view of the slope

34 ,.-- 73°40'O"E 73°42'(],E 73 °44 '(],E 73°46'(],E 73°4B'(],E 73°50'O"E z z p GHERA SINHAGAD LAND SYSTEM p ~ DRAINAGE PATTERN o Legend ~ CD CD o GHERASINHAGAD BOUNDARY ~~~~~~J SUB BASIN BOUNDARY .. SINHAGAD FORT .. KLC WATER BODY

z --+ SHI VGANGARIVER z p .p -- Stream N N """o """ CD °CD

z ?= P P W N N N N 0'1 o CD CD°

z z p p

o~ ~ CD °CD

1 O.!5 0 1 2 3 4 N ------Kilometers A Fig. No. 2.7

73°40'lJ'E 73°42'(],E 73°44'(],E 73°46'o"E 73 °4B'o"E 73°50'o"E along the hill summit surfaces. The streams show the non-perennial condition and flows only in monsoon and for a short period after monsoon. (Fig. 2.7) 2.2.3 Socio-economic and cultural landscape Total population of the study area as per censes, 2001 is about 32390. Village wise population, households, literates of the area is given in table no 2.4. Total household in the area is about 6466. In 2001 census literate population of the study area is 20493. The area inhabitants have a mixed type of economy. The main occupation of people of this area is agriculture. Economically peoples are poor. The rural population of the area is very much dependent on the forest for fuel, wood and fodder; which is evident from the forest degradation in the vicinity of the villages or habitated areas. Being the hilly track, there are small villages, which are not well connected by roads. Khadakwasla is the nearest place for marketing. In the study area total working population is about 16002 and out of which 2216 is main workers and 2216 are marginal workers. (Table, 2.4) 2.2 Database and methodology Present study is mainly divided into four major phase's and mostly includes fieldwork, data collection from different sources & fieldwork, data analysis & results, and map preparation. 2.2.1 Data collection & sources Land evaluation of any area has required very huge and reliable database. In the present study, the databases have been generated largely through the comprehensive fieldworks and secondary data. 2.2.1.1 Toposheets Survey of India (SOl) topographical maps (4 7F /11, 4 7F /15) published in1979-80 on 1:50,000 are used to prepare base map of the area. 2.2.1.2 Geology Geological map of the study has been prepared and reproduced from survey of geological map of Pune district.

36 Table no. 2.8 Ghers Sinhagad Land System - Village wise worker population Sf. Total Total Main Marginal Non Total Village Name Tahsil Literates no. Population worker worker worker worker Household 1 Gorhe Bk. 2080 1511 814 617 197 1266 442 2 Gorhe Kh. 1626 1078 604 587 17 1022 346 3 Khanapur 3049 2109 1157 900 257 1892 606 4 Malkhed 804 513 432 322 110 372 170 5 Wardade 928 636 545 469 76 383 211 6 Khamgaon mal 901 579 573 496 77 328 187 7 Bhagatwadi 834 458 486 476 10 348 174 8 Sambrewadi 376 180 190 113 77 186 60 9 Donje Haveli 2854 1757 974 740 234 1880 546 10 G hera Sinhagad 612 398 235 132 103 377 139 11 Thoptewadi 415 209 296 279 17 119 98 12 Mogarwadi 686 411 284 267 17 402 125 W --J 13 Sanasnagar 621 360 315 249 66 306 121 14 Arvi 1155 711 663 633 30 492 219 15 Tanaji nagar 632 330 372 372 0 193 120 16 Kondanpur 1373 802 716 641 75 657 273 17 Kalyan 1544 911 830 820 7 714 289 18 Mordari 528 312 300 220 80 228 100 19 Rahatwadi 1693 1074 1046 1036 10 647 311 20 Shiwapur 2289 1537 1110 983 127 1179 470 21 Gaud Dara 1010 668 588 542 46 422 208 22 Khamgaon chatta 394 275 238 227 11 156 76 23 Kondgaon 500 277 331 190 141 169 96 Velhe 24 Ambed 543 286 321 272 49 222 117 25 Ranjane 887 557 378 377 1 509 180 26 Ranje 1248 777 725 596 129 523 241 27 Kusgaon Bhor 1599 1003 764 565 199 835 299 28 Khopi 1209 774 715 662 53 494 242 Total population 32390 20493 16002 13783 2216 16321 6466 Source: Census handbook, 2001 2.2.1.3 Remote sensing data Satellite images (SPOT image, 2007) have been used to infer the land use / land cover analysis of the area and processed to know the general trend of land utilization in the study area. The FCC imagery (April, 2003) has also acquired from NRSC former NRSA & digital Image processing is done to ascertain change detection in LULC analysis of the area. 2.2.1.4 Soil survey data Soil properties data has been generated through soil survey fieldwork and SSO, Pune. Soil survey was conducted in the study area. Soil samples were collected in the field and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory to ascertain the various characteristics of soils. 2.2.1.5 Climate data Rainfall data, Temperature variation data, Humidity etc. have been collected from Indian Meteorological Department (IMO) and irrigation department Pune. 2.2.1.6 Socio economic and population data To get the information about, village wise population characteristics and socio economic status of the study area, Censes handbook of Pune district 1981, 1991 & 2001 has been used. 2.2.2 Methodology The methodology is implemented to complete the objectives of the present study, which can be conveniently divided into following phases. (Fig. 2.1) 2.2.2.1 Fieldwork components Fieldwork component mostly comprises collection of soil samples, infiltration capacity measurements, hydraulic conductivity measurements and field checks using GPS. 2.2.2.1.1 Soil sample collection Extensive soil surveys have been conducted in the study area during the year of 2006-07 to 2007-08. Soil samples were collected according to slope variation and variability in land use using soil

38 DATABASE AND METHODOLOGV l .- + - + + + +

Irrigation Dept. adakwasla, Pune FAO web site + qase ma~'~ -:­ e ()ptourj ~::qr Absolute relief. ; Relative r elief / ' 0 1S ~~ca·~~:n s % Sldpe".r~ap" . ' Runoff estimation ",\ Georetrendng b l ssection Index cets (SCS Method) '·pigitizatio nj " 9 Dr~ag~ . ma~gend Soil Loss Estimation R a st er7V ec.t '~~ a l y si ~ (USLE method) f---•• Query ap y SIS .... · + Software :8""u sed­ Gloyal mapper 8 .03 Basin MOIPhometric Surfor version 8 .0 3 Analysis j Diva GIS, Arc GIS 9 .3 1 ~ ultispec wi n 32 . IThematic • Mapping I ____•• IData analysis and interpretation I ...41---- IThematic Mapping I 4 +

"' " . ""'-.:...~ + ,~ sYStem apptoa . ~>:r. ",.~ -,>...: '

Identification of priority land facets for conservation planning LAND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Discussions, conclusions and suggestions auger and core tube. The depth of soil samples were collected upto a depth of 25cms. 2.2.2.1.2 Infiltration capacity & hydraulic conductivity measurements Field surveys in the study area also include field observations of infiltration rates and hydraulic conductivity of the soil environment has been deduced with infiltrometer and core tube sample for hydraulic conductivity measurements. Field observations of infiltration rates and hydraulic conductivity were completed in \..E. PL,k . ~~,(~ month of March and Apnl. ~~ ' (JAY'-\K/ ~\' i; (.- LI I3 N ' .l Y I <:0 2.2.2.1.3 Soil profile observations ~~)~ ~ In the fieldwork survey soil profiles were observed for soil de~k ·.::;.d measurement & to create database of soil color and properties. 2.2.2.1.4 Delineation of land facet General homogeneous characteristics of every land facets were noticed and recorded during the field survey. In the study area, detailed photography of erosion prone areas, land use & land cover of different land facets has been work out. 2.2.2.1.5 GPS surveys During fieldwork, GPS used to identify coordinates of soil sample points, Infiltration measurement and hydraulic conductivity measurements site. G PS data thus transferred on geo-referenced on base map GIS environment. 2.2.2.1.6 Ground truthing In the present study, land use jland cover map and its extent of the study area has been compiled from remote sensing data. An exercise of Digital Image Processing of the image was also done for image obtained from NRSC (former NRSA) Hyderabad. Representative ground checks have been executed to check the various subdivisions of land use j land cover which has been corrected during the tenure of fieldwork. An attempt has also been made by organizing and conducting meeting of villagers & farmers to create awareness of land degradation among them for necessity of land resource management. ' rnl ~ 1 37 40 2.2.2.2 Laboratory components Laboratory component include of preparation of base map, soil analysis, data analysis thematic mapping using GIS. 2.2.2.2.1 Base map preparation Base map of the study area has been prepared usmg SOl topographical maps on 1 :50,000 scale. Toposheets of the study area was geo-referenced and further spatial database has been generated. Sub-basins of the study area have been delineated using topo maps. DEM of the study area has been generated by contour digitization in Global mapper software. 2.2.2.2.2 Soil sample analysis A physical and chemical property of soil has been carried out using different methods of soil analysis in the soil laboratory. Determination of physical properties of soil includes soil texture, bulk density, % porosity & water holding capacity. Chemical properties includes estimation of soil pH, NPK, OC, CaC03, Om, Calcium carbonate etc. for chemical properties determination different methods like digital pH meter, digital colourie meter, soil analysis kit etc. has been used. 2.2.2.2.3 Data analysis & manipulation Grid wise data analysis has been carried out using MS Excel spreadsheet programme for morphometric analysis, slope WIse variation in soil properties , USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) model and NRSC (SCS) runoff model, land capability and suitability classification, soil productivity assessment. Terrain analysis has been carried out using DEM generated from SOl toposheets. 2.2.2.2.4 Thematic mapping GIS & Remote sensing both are important tools for land resource management. GIS and RS data for land evaluation and SLRM (Sustainable Land Resource Management) has been accepted previously by many investigators; therefore, one objective of this study is to use GIS & RS techniques in land evaluation for land resource management. All data analysis and maps of the present study have

41 been prepared in GIS environment and following software's & programme have been used. • ArcGis 9.3. • Global Mapper version 10 & 11. • Diva GIS version 5.02 (Free software). • Golden software Surfer version 8.00 & 9.00 (Demo version). • Multispec Win 32. • Google Earth Pro (Demo version).

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