By Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Doctor of Philosophy) Faculty for Moral and Social Sciences Department Of
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“A STUDY OF AN ECOLOGICAL PATHOLOGICAL AND BIO-CHEMICAL IMPACT OF URBANISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION ON WATER POLLUTION OF BHIMA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES PUNE DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA” BY Dr. PRATAPRAO RAMGHANDRA DIGHAVKAR, I. P. S. THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF VIDYAVACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY) FACULTY FOR MORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDHYAPEETH PUNE JUNE 2016 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the entire work embodied in this thesis entitled A STUDY OFECOLOGICAL PATHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL IMPACT OF URBANISATION AND INDUSTRILISATION ON WATER POLLUTION OF BHIMA RIVER AND Its TRIBUTARIES .PUNE DISTRICT FOR A PERIOD 2013-2015 has been carried out by the candidate DR.PRATAPRAO RAMCHANDRA DIGHAVKAR. I. P. S. under my supervision/guidance in Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune. Such materials as has been obtained by other sources and has been duly acknowledged in the thesis have not been submitted to any degree or diploma of any University or Institution previously. Date: / / 2016 Place: Pune. Dr.Prataprao Ramchatra Dighavkar, I.P.S. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled A STUDY OF AN ECOLOGICAL PATHOLOGICAL AND BIO-CHEMICAL IMPACT OF URBANISNTION AND INDUSTRIALISATION ON WATER POLLUTION OF BHIMA RIVER AND Its TRIBUTARIES ,PUNE DISTRICT FOR A PERIOD 2013—2015 is written and submitted by me at the Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The present research work is of original nature and the conclusions are base on the data collected by me. To the best of my knowledge this piece of work has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any University or Institution. I further declare that the material obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in thesis. Date: / /2016 Place: Pune. Dr.Prataprao Ramchatra Dighavkar, I.P.S. (Research Student) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thanks to shri K. P. Bakshi, I.P.S. Additional Chief Secretary (Home), Shri. Vivek Phansalkar, I.P.S., Addl. D.G., A.T.S. Maharashtra, Dr. Shri. Bhushankumar Uppadhya,I.P.S. Additonal Director General of Police (Prisons), Pune, Prin Dr. Kishore Pawar, Dr. Jaiprakash Jadhav, Subhash Chaudhary, Jt. Director, Industrial Health and Safety Mumbai, and my Mother Mrs.Kamlabai Ramchadra Dighavkar, of being so patient with me the last two years. Nobody has been more important to me in pursuit of this work than the members of my family. I wish to thanks my loving and supportive wife Dr. Asmita for assisting me in every possible way and my daughter Dr. Sharyu, son Himanshuaii of them ensured that I get conductive atmosphere to complete my work with zeal and great contribution and always contributed these thoughts to streamline this my end ever and my thesis work. I am also grateful to PC Sandash B. More, Greater Mumbai Police for collection of data and synghronizing the information. Maharashtra Pollution Control Pune Regional office and these staff also co- operated for provide the data and also provide valuable guidance and submitted assistance. This work is an outcome of sincere help and co-operation from other people. I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere feeling to all and lot to owe to all of them. This work is being dedicated to common people and police Jawans who work under scorching sun, freezing cold and thundering storms. Dr. Prataprao Ramchandra Dighavkar. I. P. S. INDEX Topic Title of Topics Page No. No. 1. Introduction 01-14 Tributaries of Bhima river 02 Quick facts of Water Pollution 05 Water Pollution 06 Cardinal Point for Concern 06 Sources of Water Pollution 07 Types of Pollutants 13 2. Methodology 15 - 28 Hypothesis and Limitations 17 Classification of Bhima river by the Environment department 18 Filled Methodology 23 Sources of Data 23 Secondary Sources 24 Other Sources 24 Objective 26 Hypothesis 27 3. Boundaries and subdivisions of Pune district physical features 29 – 103 and natural resources Physical features 29 Situation 29 Boundaries 29 Sub-Divisions 29 Sub-divisions of Pune District 33 List of talukas in Pune district by area 33 Geology 51 Climate 54 Natural Resources 70 Forests 70 Mammals: Beasts of Prey 80 Birds 87 i Topic Title of Topics Page No. No. Resemblance between Western Ghats & Eastern Himalayas 94 Fish 95 4. Water Pollution by Industries 104-122 Pollution by industrial effluents 104 Physical pollution 107 Causes 107 Pathogens 107 Other contaminants 108 Organic water pollutants 109 5. Drinking Water Quality 123-147 Khadakwasla 124 Near Vitthalwadi, Pune 125 Near Deccan, Pune 126 Near Veer Savarkar, Pune 127 Near Aund, Pimpri 127 Near Sangvi Village, Pimpri 128 Near Harison Flyover, Pimpri 128 Near Dapodi, Pimpri 129 Rawet Bhanda, Pimpri 130 Near Chinchwad VIllage, Pimpri 131 Near Pimpri Village, Pimpri 131 Near Kasarwadi, Pimpri 132 Near Moshi (U/s) 132 Near Moshi (D/s) 133 Near Aalandi 134 Near Sangam Flyover 135 Near Band Garden 136 Near Mundwa Flyover 137 Near Theur, Haveli, Pune 137 Near Shikrapur, Pune 138 Near Shirur, Pune 139 Near Koregaon Flyover, Pune 140 ii Topic Title of Topics Page No. No. Near Pargaon, Pune 140 Near Daund, Pune 141 Near Banks of Ujani Dam 142 6. Water Pollution due to solid waste 148-153 Types of solid waste 148 Classification of Solid Waste 148 Toxic or Hazardous Solid Waste 149 Disposal of solid waste and its management 149 Legislation for waste management: 151 Management approach for dealing with solid waste 152 Separation of Solid Waste 152 Management of organic solid waste 152 7. Effect of polluted drinking water on human health and remedial 154-181 Measures Diarrhoea 161 Dysentery 161 Infective Hepatitis 161 Typhoid 161 Remedial measures for purifying polluted drinking water 161 Immediate Measures for prevention of Water Pollution of 168 Bhima river Removal of Slit from Ujani Water Reserver 181 Sand Dragging 181 Continuous water flow in the river Bed 181 Solid Waste Management 181 Industrial Effluents 181 Role of local self government 181 8. Water Pollution Of Bhima River and Remedial Procedures and 182-205 Action Rules of MPCB in controlling pollution 184 Eminent Remedial Action Plan 185 Disposal of sewage 185 iii Topic Title of Topics Page No. No. Biological Prevention of Water Pollution 186 Treated sewage water can be used for irrigation 186 Implementation of water pollution measures in primary flows 187 and its tributaries Phyto-remediation 187 De-Silting 187 Mechanical Churning/Mechanical Agitation 188 Biological Re-Genuvation 188 Removal of Phytoplankton and Aquatic plants 188 Minimum Maintenance of flowing water flow of the river 188 Sugar factory Effluents and river pollution 196 Effect of pollution on human health 197 Contaminated Drinking Water 197 Mercury Level Risks 197 Overall Ecological Risks 198 Ecological Dead zone 198 Increase in Algal Blooms 198 Water Pollution Impacts Everyone 198 Effect of fresh water pollution of Pune urban area on fish 199 population ANNEXURE: Distribution pattern of fresh-water fishes of 202 Pune city 9 Summery and Conclusions 206-207 10. Abbreviations 216-217 11. Bibliography 218-223 12. Webliography 224-225 iv LIST OF FIGURE Sr. Figure Name of Figure Page No. No. No. 1. 1.1 Map of Maharshtra state showing major rivers 02 2. 1.2 Threats of water pollution 05 3. 1.3 Sources of water pollution 07 4. 1.4 Different Sources of water pollution 08 5. 1.5 Different pollutant sources of water pollution 08 6. 1.6 Industrial pollution 09 7. 1.7 Solid waste causing river pollution 09 8. 1.8 Waste from mining activities is leached by rain 10 water and cause pollution 9. 1.9 Mining activities 11 10. 1.10 Mining activities and growth of phytoplankton 11 11. 1.11 Landfill activities 12 12. 1.12 Pollution of water due to plastic material 13 13. 1.13 Rivers at holy places are getting polluted by bath 13 and washing clothes 14. 3.1 Different talukas of Pune district 32 15. 3.2 Geographical features of Pune District 44 16. 3.3 Differenct rivers of Pune district 50 17. 4.1 Confluence of Indrayani and Bhima river 117 at Tulapur 18. 5.1 to 5.5 Mutha river drinking water quality 124-126 19. 5.6 to 5.7 Mula river drinking water quality 127-128 20. 5.8 to 5.9 Mula-Pauna river drinking water quality 128-129 21. 5.10 to Pauna river drinking water quality 129-132 5.13 22. 5.14 to Indrayani river drinking water quality 132-134 5.16 23. 5.17 to Mula-Mutha river drinking water quality 134-137 5.20 24. 5.21 Wale river drinking water quality 138 25. 5.22 Ghod river drinking water quality 138-139 26. 5.22 to Bhima river drinking water quality 139-142 5.25 v Sr. Figure Name of Figure Page No. No. No. 27. 6.1 Management of solid waste 151 28. 8.1 Dead Fish on the Banks of Mula-Mutha (Bhima 199 river) vi LIST OF TABLE Sr. Table Name of Table Page No. No. No. 1. 1.1 Detail information of tributaries of Bhima river 03 2. 1.2 Sources of water pollution of Bhima and its 04-05 tributaries – Classification of Tributaries of Bhima basin 3. 2.1 Categorization of Bhima river 18-19 4. 2.2 Water quality standards for Best Designated 20-21 Usages 5. 2.3 Classification of Bhima rivers and its Tributaries 22 in context with utility of water for human consumption 6. 2.4 The water supply policy of state defines per capita 26 water supply 7. 2.5 The acreage under different crops in the various 28 Talukas of Pune district (1942-43) 8. 3.1 Administrative divisions of Pune district(with 31 area, number of villages and towns, and population according to census of 1951) 9.