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The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 3.3.2017

HISTORY AND CIVICS

STANDARD SEVEN

Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, - 411 004. First Edition : 2017 © State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Reprint : September 2020 Pune - 411 004. The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘’, Bapat Marg, Pune 411004. History Subject Committee : Cartographer : Dr , Chairman . Ravikiran Jadhav Shri. Mohan Shete, Member Coordination : Shri. Pandurang Balkawade, Member Mogal Jadhav Dr Abhiram Dixit, Member Special Officer, History and Civics Shri. Bapusaheb Shinde, Member Varsha Sarode Shri. Balkrishna Chopde, Member Subject Assistant, History and Civics Shri. Prashant Sarudkar, Member Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Translation : Shri. Aniruddha Chitnis Civics Subject Committee : Shri. Sushrut Dr Shrikant Paranjape, Chairman Smt. Aarti Khatu Prof. Kulkarni, Member Scrutiny : Dr Mohan Kashikar, Member Dr Ganesh Raut Shri. Vaijnath Kale, Member Prof. Sadhana Kulkarni Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Coordination : Dhanavanti Hardikar History and Civics Study Group : Academic Secretary for Languages Shri. Rahul Prabhu Dr Raosaheb Shelke Shri. Sanjay Vazarekar Shri. Mariba Chandanshive Santosh J. Pawar Assistant Special Officer, English Shri. Subhash Rathod Shri. Santosh Shinde Smt Sunita Dalvi Dr Satish Chaple Typesetting : Dr Shivani Limaye Shri. Vishal Kulkarni DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune Shri. Bhausaheb Umate Shri. Shekhar Paper : 70 GSM Creamwove Dr Nagnath Yevale Shri. Sanjay Print Order : N/PB/2021-22/50,000 Shri. Sadanand Dongre Shri. Ramdas Thakar Printer : M/s.Shyam Brothers, Shri. Ravindra Patil Dr Ajit Apte Shri. Vikram Adsul Dr Mohan Khadse Production : Smt Rupali Girkar Smt Shivkanya Kaderkar Sachchitanand Aphale Dr Minakshi Upadhyay Shri. Gautam Dange Chief Production Officer Smt Kanchan Ketkar Dr Vyankatesh Kharat Prabhakar Parab, Smt Shivkanya Patve Shri. Ravindra Jinde Production Officer Dr Anil Singare Dr Prabhakar Londhe Shashank Kanikdale, Production Assistant Officer Invitees : Cover and Illustrations : Dr Ganesh Raut Shri. Devdatta Prakash Publisher : Dr Somnath Rode Balkawade Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Pictures of forts : Shri. Pravin Bhosale , - 400 025.

Preface

Dear Students, You have studied History and Civics in Environmental Studies Part I and II from Std III to Std V. The subjects History and Civics are taught separately Std VI onwards. Both the subjects are included in a single textbook. We are happy to place this textbook of Std VII in your hands. This book is designed in such a way that you will understand the subject clearly, find it interesting and you will get motivated by the work done by our ancestors. We want you to gather knowledge as well as joy when you study it. For that, we have provided coloured pictures and maps in this textbook. Please study each chapter in this textbook carefully. If you do not understand any part, ask your teachers and parents to explain it. The additional information given in the boxes will add to your knowledge. If you consider that history is an interesting subject and is our friend, you will definitely like this subject. In the History section, we have explained the ‘History of Medieval ’. The textbook has been designed by focusing upon the place and role of Maharashtra in the making of . When you study this textbook, we expect that you will develop an awareness of being a citizen of India, and also a sense of duty. In the Civics part, we have introduced the . The background for creating a new Constitution, the Preamble to the Constitution, the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles in the Constitution are covered in this part. It explains in simple language, that the government system in our country is run as per the Constitution, laws and rules. We have provided many projects so that your learning becomes more activity-oriented. You will enter the next standard with the feeling that you are the future citizens of the country and will build the future of our country. When we study History, we come to know about the achievements of our ancestors. When it is coupled with the study of Civics, we understand our duties towards building a nation and a society. That is why the two subjects are studied together.

Pune (Dr. Sunil Magar) Director Date : 28 March 2017 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. - For Teachers - We have already taught the History and Civics textbook for Std VI. In this textbook for Std VII the History of Medieval presented. The special feature of this presentation is that it focuses on Maharashtra. Even though our State is part of the Republic of India, if we study history from the perspective of Maharashtra, we will understand the position, role and contribution of Maharashtra in the , and the students will develop a more mature national feeling. They will understand what our ancestors have done for the nation and it will enhance their awareness of their own responsibilities and duties towards the nation. In this respect, the foundation of by Maharaj in the seventeenth century is very important. To understand the foundation of Swaraj, the situation in India and Maharashtra before the rise of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj should be understood first, so that one gets a perspective on the history of India. That has been our policy while designing this book. We have discussed how, after the demise of Shivaji Maharaj, Maharashtra faced the attacks on his Swaraj and protected it. After they had repulsed the attacks, the Marathas expanded the boundaries of Maharashtra and occupied most of India. The next part covers the expansion of Swaraj into an . We all know that the British conquered India and ruled here but it is important to understand how Maharashtra was in the forefront in stopping the British. The British had to compete with the Marathas and they had to conquer India by battling with the Marathas. This evokes a sense of our strength and duty. It is expected that teaching-learning should awaken this feeling in the students’ minds. This view-point is expressed pictorially on the cover showing the expansion of the power with the help of a broad outline map of India. In the Civics part, we have introduced the Constitution of India. As it is not possible to teach this subject in one year, it is distributed across two standards. In this standard, the emphasis is on the need for a Constitution, the values enshrined in the Constitution, the Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Duties and the Directive Principles. The administrative machinery and the political procedures laid down in the Constitution will be taken up in Std VIII. In this sense, the Civics portion in the two standards is complimentary. It is arranged in such a way that the students will be able to understand it easily. The contents have been arranged in an innovative way. It is based on constructivism, but going even beyond, priority is given to making the students (responsible) members of the society by removing the apathy towards the political system. The content has been presented in very simple language. It will increase the readability of the book. While teaching this textbook, teachers should use newspapers, news on , the analysis by scholars and should help create a comprehensive vision amongst students. If one studies and teaches History and Civics with reference to current affairs, it becomes more meaningful and helps in inculcating values in students. CONTENTS

History of Medieval India

No. Chapter Page No. 1. Sources of History...... 1

2. India before the Times of Shivaji Maharaj...... 5

3. Religious Synthesis ...... 11

4. Maharashtra before the Times of Shivaji Maharaj.... 14

5. The Foundation of the Swaraj...... 19

6. Conflict with the Mughals...... 24

7. The Administration of the Swaraj...... 29

8. An Ideal Ruler ...... 33

9. The Maratha War of Independence...... 37

10. The Expansion of the Maratha Power...... 44

11. Marathas - The Protectors of the Nation...... 47

12. Progression of the Empire ...... 53

13. Life of the People in Maharashtra...... 57

S.O.I. Note : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © , Copyright : 2017. (2) The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of , and are at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst , and shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between & , & and Chattisgarh & have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. English HistoryCompetency : Standard Seven Statements - Learning Outcomes

Suggested Pedagogical Processes Learning Outcomes The learner be provided opportunities in The learner- pairs/groups/ individually and encouraged to: 07.73H.01 identifies various sources of History and explains their use for rewriting • identify different sources of history the History of that period. available in books/local environment 07.73H.02 provides examples of sources used for example, extracts from manuscripts/ to study various periods in history. maps/ illustrations/painting/historical 07.73H.03 critically examine the Maratha monuments/films, biographical dramas, Mughal conflict. television serials, folkarts dramas and 07.73H.04 explains the reasons behind the interpret these to understand the time. coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji • familiarise with the emergence of new Maharaj. dynasties and prepare a timeline to trace 07.73H.05 relates key historical developments important developments during this time. during medieval period occurring in • enact/dramatise key events of a given one place with another. historical period/personalities like 07.73H.06 analyses socio-political and , Chhatrapati Shivaji economic changes during medieval Maharaj, Bajirao I, Maharani , period. etc. 07.73H.07 analyses administrative measures • reflect on the changes in society during and strategies adopted by medieval period and compare it with Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj for present day time. military control. • prepare projects: on dynasties/ kingdoms/ 07.73H.08 describes distinctive developments administrative reforms and architectural in and technology used for specialties of a period for example, construction of temples, tombs and preparing a project on Bhosale, Shinde, mosques with examples. , etc. 07.73H.09 identifies the similarities amongst • understand the teachings of the sants the teachings of different sants. through Abhangas, bhajans, 07.73H.10 draws inferences from poetry and etc. Collect information through visits abhangas of and sufi sants to nearby dargah/gurudwara/ temples, about existing social order. associated with bhakti or sufi cult and 07.73H.11 analyses the reasons behind the discuss the principles of various religions. battle of • know about India before the times of 07.73H.12 explains with the historical events Shivaji Maharaj, the Maharashtra before of that time that the Maratha power the times of Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha became a dominent power at all war of independence, period and India level. the expansion of the Maratha power. 1. Sources of History

We studied ancient Indian history last Material Sources year. This year, we are going to study the medieval period of Indian history. Memorials Buildings Broadly, the period from the ninth century Forts ce till the end of the eighteenth century Physical ce is considered to be the medieval period Copper Sources Cave of Indian history. In this lesson, we are Plates Sculptures going to study the sources of medieval Inscriptions history. Coins

History gives us a chronological, all provide insights about that period. scientific and systematic account of past Looking at them, we come to know about events. the development of architecture, the Four factors are very important from economic conditions, the quality of art, the viewpoint of history. They are - style of the building construction and Individuals, Society, Place and Time. people's standard of living in that History must be based on authentic particular period. evidence or proofs. These proofs are known as the sources of history. Can you tell ? Let us classify these sources into How do coins narrate history ? material sources, written sources and oral sources to learn more about them. Let us also evaluate the sources of history. Let’s learn. We have to consider many factors Since ancient times, coins like related to the historical event that we kavadi, damadi, dhela, pai, , ana want to study. It is necessary to support and were used. Some local our study with historical sources. These idioms or proverbs are based on coins. sources have to be verified. We have to For example; see whether they are authentic. It is * ‘एक फुटकी कवडी देणार नाही.’ Here necessary to use these sources judiciously phutaki kavadi means ‘the lowest bit and only after a critical analysis. of money’. Forts have an important place among * सोलह आना सच! means ‘Hundred material sources. Some major types of percent true !’ forts are hill forts, forest forts, sea forts and forts on the plains. Monuments The coins made by different rulers include , graves, veergala and using metals like gold, silver, copper are buildings include , ministerial important sources of history. From these mansions, Queen's quarters (raniwasa) coins we learn about the rulers, their and also houses of common people. They period, governance, religious ideas,

1 Rashtrakuta, Chola and have been found. An inscription is considered to be a very important and reliable source of history. It helps us to understand features like the language, script, social life of a period. Inscriptions carved on sheets of copper are known as ‘copper plates’. Royal edicts, verdicts, etc. are inscribed on copper plates.

Veergala Do you know ? personal details, etc. Similarly, we also Chaityas, Viharas, temples, learn about the financial transactions and churches, mosques, agiaries, durgahs, economic conditions prevailing at that mukbaras, gurudwaras, monuments, time. We also see how far metallurgy had sculptures, wells, minarets, village advanced in that period. From the images boundaries and gates, weapons, utensils, of -Sita on the coins of Emperor ornaments, clothes, decorative articles, Akbar or on the coins of toys, implements, musical instruments we see the religious are all material sources of history. co-ordination of those days. The used the Arabic or on Written Sources : We learn about their coins. This throws light on the use significant historical events in the medieval of language in that period. period from sources like the writing styles An inscription is a carving on a of scripts like, , Arabic, stone, or a wall etc. For example, the Persian, Modi etc. as also from the inscriptions found in the Brihadishwara varieties of different languages, bhurja- temple premises in Tanjavur. Many patras, religious manuscripts, treatises, inscriptions of the period of Chalukya, edicts, decrees, biographies, paintings, etc. We can gather information about the food items, attire, conventions and rules of conduct of the people, festivals and about people’s life etc. from these sources. Sources of this type are called ‘written sources’ of history. A coin of the Peshwa period Documents of Geneologies, Correspondence, proceedings in Shakavali Dispatches the courts of kings

Written Sources

Judicial Treatise, Travelogues Chronicles, Verdicts, Biographies of foreign Tavarikh A coin of Hyder Ali Orders travellers

2

, , , During this period, travellers from Folk songs other countries came to India. They have Myths Gatha written travelogues or accounts of their travels. Some of them are Al Biruni, Ibn Oral Legends Sources Shlokas Batuta, . ’s biography, ‘Shrishivbharat’ or the Proverbs Abhangas biography of Shivaji Maharaj composed by the poet Paramanand as well as various other biographies of different generation. Some examples are - owis, rulers and their correspondence help us to folk songs, powadas, folk tales, legends, understand the policies and administrative and myths. Such type of sources are systems of the rulers and their diplomatic called ‘oral sources’ of history. relations with others. History is written with the help of the Tavarikh or Tarikh means the three types of sources mentioned above. sequence of events. Tavarikhs written by Even after it has been written down, Al Biruni, Ziauddin Barani, Maulana research on it goes on continuously. New Ahmed, Yahya Bin Ahmed, Hyder, sources and information come to light Bhimsen Saxena, etc. are available. through this research. Then history has to Bakhar is a type of chronicle that be rewritten accordingly. We can see that originated in Maharashtra. Chronicles our history books and those of our parents help in understanding aspects like the and grandparents, differ to a certain contemporary political happenings, extent. linguistic transactions, cultural life, social conditions, etc. Many of the chronicles in Do you know ? Marathi were written many years after the events had occurred. As a result, they The of Tanaji : Given below is are seen to rely on hearsays. Some of an extract from a powada composed by these chronicles are Mahikavatichi Bakhar, Tulashidas Shahir. He portrays the Kondhana Sabhasad Bakhar, Chitnisachi Bakhar, campaign in it. The powada contains Bhausahebachi Bakhar, etc. The works of beautiful character sketches of Tanaji, Shelarmama, Shivaji Maharaj, Veermata contemporary western historians like , etc. Robert Arm, M.C.Sprengel and Grant Duff are also important. मामा बोलाया तो लागला । 䄂शी व셍�चा म्हतारा ।। ‘‘ लगिन राहिले रायबाचे तो मजला सांगावी ।। माझ्य तानाजी सुभेदारा । जे गेले सिंहगडाला ।। Do this. त्यचे पाठिरे पाहिले । नाही पुढारे पाहिले ।। ज्यने आंबारे खाईला । बाठा बुजरा लाविला ।। Make a collection of , tribal powadas त्यचे झाड होउनि आंबे बांधले । songs. कि쥍ल हाती नाही आला ।। Present them in the cultural सिंहगड किल्ल्ची वार्鄾 । programmes arranged in your school. काढू नको तानाजी सुभेदारा ।। Oral sources : We understand various जे गेले सिंहगडाला । ते म셂नशानी गेले ।। aspects of folk life through folk literature तुमचा सपाटा होईल । असे बोलू नको रे मामा ।। traditionally passed on from generation to आम्ह सूरमर् क्ष配र । नाही भिणार मरणाला ।। ’’

3 in which they live and the political Say your say ! pressures on them. It is also important to see whether they rely on hearsay or give Suggest measures for preserving an eyewitness account. We need to sources of history. consider the exaggerations, metaphors and other literary devices they use. Their Evaluating the sources of history : information has to be verified with the It is necessary to take certain precautions help of other contemporary sources. The before using these sources of history. We information may be one sided, have to examine their authenticity and contradictory or exaggerated. It has to be see which are genuine and which are seen in a proper perspective. The sources fake. Their quality can be determined have to be subjected to a critical analysis. with the help of internal standards. We The author’s impartiality and neutrality also have to study the integrity of the are very important in writing history. writers, their personal interests, the period

Exercise

1. Complete the names of the following (3) Bhurjapatras, temples, treatises, sources of history. paintings. l d (4) Owis, tarikhs, folk tales, myths 4. Explain the following concepts. t h (1) Material sources b r (2) Written sources (3) Oral sources p a 5. Is it necessary to evaluate sources of i i i n history ? Give your opinion. m u t 6. Write why in your words. (1) A stone inscription is considered to 2. Let’s write. be an authentic source of history. (1) What do monuments include ? (2) Oral sources reveal various aspects (2) What is a Tarikh ? of people’s lives. (3) What qualities of the author are Activity important in the writing of history ? Visit any museum that is nearby. Gather 3. Find the odd man out. information about the sources of history (1) Material sources, written sources, from the period that you are studying unwritten sources, oral sources. and record it in your activity book. (2) Monuments, coins, cave sculptures, stories

4 2. India before the Times of Shivaji Maharaj

We shall learn about the various The last prosperous power before the ruling powers in India before the times period of Shivaji Maharaj was that of the of Shivaji Maharaj in this lesson. Various Yadavas. The capital of Bhillam V of the ruling powers existed in India during that Yadava dynasty was at Deogiri near period. . He extended his rule beyond ‘Pal’ in the eighth century was a the river . famous dynasty in . In Central The Yadava period is considered to India, the -Pratihar power spread be the golden period of up to Andhra, Kalinga, , West and literature. It was in this period that Kathewad, Kanauj and . the Mahanubhav Panth and the Varkari Among the dynasties in North movement emerged. India, the Gahadwal and the Invasions from the North-West dynasties were the important ones. Among Local dynasties like the Yadava and , Prithviraj belonging to Rashtrakuta ruled in Maharashtra. But the Chauhan dynasty was a valiant . invaders from the north-west conquered In the first war at Tarai, Prithviraj the local dynasties there and established Chauhan had defeated Muhammad Ghuri. their own rule. But Muhammad Ghuri defeated Prithviraj In the meanwhile, the Arab power had Chauhan in the second war at Tarai. emerged in the Middle-east. Arab rulers Rajaraj I and Rajendra I belonging turned towards India to expand their to the in were empire. The Arab General Muhammad- eminent rulers. The Cholas conquered the bin-Qasim, attacked the province in Maldive Islands and using their the eighth century. Notwithstanding the naval strength. King Vishnuvardhan resistance of King Dahir, he conquered the belonging to the Hoysal dynasty in province of Sindh. Due to this campaign, had conquered the whole of the came into political contact with Karnataka. India for the first time. In the period that During the reign of Govind III of the followed, Turks, Afghans and Mughals in Maharashtra, the from Central came to India and Rashtrakut power spread from Kanauj up established their power here. to Rameshwar. Later, Krishna III In the eleventh century ce the Turks conquered the region up to . began to invade India. Expanding their Three dynasties of the Shilahars territories they reached the north western emerged in Western Maharashtra. One frontier of India. Mahmud of dynasty ruled over and Raigad in Ghazni invaded India many times. He North , the second in South plundered the rich temples at , Konkan, while the third dynasty ruled , Kanauj and Somnath and over some parts of the present day carried away enormous wealth with him. , , and The world famous enriched library of districts. the University was burnt down by Bakhtyar Khalji. 5 Sultanate in the North Harihar was succeeded by his brother In 1175 ce and 1178 ce, Sultan Bukka. Bukka brought the region up to Muhammad Ghuri of Ghur from Rameshwar under his control. invaded India. He appointed Krishnadevaraya : Krishnadevaraya Qutubuddin Aibak to look after the ascended the of Vijaynagar in governance of the conquered territories in 1509 ce. He conquered India. Later, after the death of Muhammad Vijaywada and Ghuri in 1206 ce, Aibak began to rule the Rajmahendri and Indian territories under his rule, annexed the regions independently. Aibak, who was initially a to his kingdom. He slave, became the ruler of . He died defeated the combined in 1210 ce. forces of the armies of the who Do you know ? had united under the leadership of the After Qutubuddin Aibak, Krishnadevaraya Bahamani Sultan Iltutmish, Razia, Bulban, Alauddin Mahmud . During Krishnadevaraya’s Khalji, Muhammad-bin-Tughluque, reign, the kingdom of Vijaynagar extended Firuz Tughluque, Ibrahim Lodi and from Cuttak in the east up to in the other Sultans ruled over India. west and from the Raichur in the Ibrahim Lodi was the last Sultan. He north up to the Indian Ocean in the south. made many enemies because of his peculiar He died in 1530 ce. temperament. Daulatkhan Lodi, Governor Krishnadevraya was a scholar. He of Punjab, invited Babur, the ruler of wrote ‘Amuktamalyada’, a Telugu to fight against Ibrahim Lodi. Babur compendium on polity. The Hazar Ram defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle and temple and Vitthal temple were built in thus the Sultanate came to an end. Vijaynagar during his reign. The Kingdom of Vijaynagar The decline of the Vijaynagar kingdom During the reign of Sultan Muhammad- began with the death of Krishnadevaraya. bin-Tughluque of Delhi, there were many In 1565 ce, at Talikot in the present State revolts in the South against the central of Karnataka, there was a battle between power of Delhi. From these revolts arose Adilshahi, Nizamshahi, Qutubshahi, the formidable Vijaynagar and Bahamani Baridshahi on one side and Vijaynagar kingdoms. on the other side. Vijaynagar was defeated. The brothers Harihar and Bukka, Thereafter, the dominance of Vijaynagar from were in the came to an end. service of the . Taking advantage of the instability in the South The Bahamani Kingdom during the reign of Muhammad-bin- While Muhammad-bin-Tughluque was Tughluque, they founded the kingdom of still reigning, some of his Sardars in the Vijaynagar in the South in 1336 ce. Deccan rose in rebellion against him. in today’s Karnataka was the The leader of these Sardars, Hasan capital of this kingdom. Harihar was the Gangu, defeated the army of the Sultan first king of Vijaynagar. of Delhi. A new kingdom, known as the

6 Bahamani kingdom, came into existence Babur on 21 April 1526 at Panipat. In this in 1347 ce. Hasan Gangu became the first battle, Babur made use of an Sultan of the Bahamani kingdom. He effectively for the first time in India. He made the of Gulburga in Karnataka defeated Ibrahim Lodi’s army. This is his capital. known as the . Mahmud Gawan : Mahmud Gawan After the battle of Panipat, Sanga was the Chief Wazir of the Bahamani of Mewad brought all Rajput kings together. kingdom. He was a good administrator. There was a battle between Babur and He strengthened the Bahamani kingdom. at Khanua. Babur’s artillery He started paying the soldiers their and reserved force played a key role in this salaries in cash instead of through land battle and Rana Sanga’s army was defeated. grants. He brought discipline in the army. Babur died in 1530 ce. He introduced many reforms in the land revenue system. He opened a madarsa at Do you know ? for Arabic and Persian studies. After Babur, (1530 ce to After the death of Mahmud Gawan, 1539 ce and from 1555 ce to factionism increased among the Bahamani 1556 ce) ascended the throne. He was Sardars. The conflict with the Vijaynagar defeated by Shershah. Shershah kingdom had an adverse effect on the established the dynasty on the Bahamani kingdom. The provincial throne of Delhi. After Humayun, Akbar Governors began to act more independently. (1556 ce to 1605 ce) ascended the This led to the disintegration of the throne. There was a battle between Bahamani kingdom into five small powers- Akbar and at Panipat in Imadshahi of Varhad, Baridshahi of Bidar, 1556 ce. This is the Second Battle of Adilshahi of , Nizamshahi of Panipat. Akbar’s ambition was to bring Ahmadnagar and Qutubshahi of Golconda. the whole of India under his one central Mughal Power authority. After Akbar, (1605 ce In 1526 ce, the Sultanate of Delhi to 1628 ce) became the Emperor. During came to an end. Mughal power was his reign, his wife Nurjahan played an established there. active role in the administration. Babur : Babur was the founder of Jahangir was followed by Shahajahan Mughal power. He was the king of Farghana (1628 ce to 1658 ce) as the Emperor. in Central Asia in today’s Uzbekistan. He The next Emperor after Shahajahan, had heard of the wealth in India. So he (1658 ce to 1707 ce) reigned planned an invasion of India. for a very long time. After his death, the became weak. The reigning Sultan of Delhi at that time was Ibrahim Lodi. Daulatkhan Lodi Akbar was the most powerful King was the Governor of Punjab under the of the . When he tried to Sultanate. The relationship between Ibrahim bring India under his central authority, he Lodi and Daulatkhan Lodi was strained. had to face opposition. , Daulatkhan Lodi invited Babur to march Chandbibi, Rani Durgavati struggled on India. Taking this opportunity, Babur against him. Their struggle is noteworthy. invaded India. To repel Babur’s invasion, Maharana Pratap : After the death of Ibrahim Lodi started with his army. There Udaysingh, Maharana Pratap ascended the was a battle between Ibrahim Lodi and throne of Mewad. He continued the struggle 7 for Mewad’s against the Mughals is important in existence. Till the medieval history. After her husband’s very end, he death, Durgavati laid down her life while struggled with fighting against Akbar, but she did not Akbar to maintain surrender. his indepedence. He Akbar was well versed and vigilant has become ruler. His religious policy was liberal and immortal in history tolerant. He gave equal treatment to due to his qualities people from all religions. He founded Maharana Pratap of valour, courage, Din-i-Ilahi by incorporating noble self-respect, sacrifice, etc. principles from all religions, but never Chandbibi : The Mughals attacked compelled anyone to adopt Din-i-Ilahi. Ahmadnagar, the capital of Nizamshah’s Aurangzeb : Aunrangzeb won the kingdom, in 1595 ce. The Mughal army war of succession amongst other sons of put the of Shahjahan and became the Emperor by Ahmadnagar under detaining his father siege. Chandbibi, the in 1658 C.E. Dara capable daughter of Shukoh, the elder son Husain Nizamshah of of Shahjahan was Ahmadnagar, bravely famous for religious defended the fort. At tolerance. He this time, there was an translated more than fifty Upanishadas in Chandbibi internal strife among Persian language the factions of the Sardars in Nizamshahi’s kingdom. This resulted in the murder of Aurangzeb when Aurangzeb Chandbibi. Later, the Mughals captured became the Emperor, at that time, the the fort of Ahmadnagar. But, the Mughals Mughal empire extended from Kashmir in could not bring the entire kingdom of the north up to Ahmadnagar in the south Nizamshahi under their control. and from Kabul in the west up to Bengal in the east. To this Aurangzeb added Rani Durgavati : Gondvana can Assam in the east, and the regions of broadly be said to comprise the eastern Adilshahi of Bijapur in the south and part of Vidarbha, part of Madhya Pradesh Qutubshahi of Golconda after he ended to its north, the western part of today’s these kingdoms. , northern part of and the western part of . Conflict with the Ahoms : In the thirteenth century CE, the people of the Durgavati, born Shaan community settled down in the in the dynasty Chandel valley of river Brahmaputra. They Rajput became the established their Kingdom there. They queen of Gondvana were locally known as Ahom people. when she was married. She was an excellent While Aurangzeb ruled, the Ahoms administrator. The had a prolonged struggle with the Mughals. struggle of Gondvana The Mughals attacked the Ahoms’ region. queen Durgavati Rani Durgavati The Ahoms united under the leadership

8 of Gadadharsinha. Commander Lachit Conflict with the Rajputs : Akbar Borphukan gave an intense battle against had secured the cooperation of the Rajputs the Mughals. The Ahoms used the guerilla with his policy of amicable relations. technique in the conflict against the Aurangzeb could not obtain the cooperation Mughals. It became impossible for of Rajputs. After the death of Rana Mughals to create a strong base in Assam. Jaswantsingh of Marwad, Aurangzeb Conflict with the : The ninth annexed his kingdom to the Mughal empire. Durgadas Rathod crowned of the Sikhs , Guru Teghbahaddar, Jaswantsingh’s minor son Ajitsingh as the protested strongly against Aurangzeb’s King of Marwad. Durgadas Rathod fought policy of religious hard against the Mughals. Aurangzeb sent intolerance. Aurangzeb Akbar to Marwad to crush the imprisoned him and resistance of Durgadas. Prince Akbar beheaded him in 1675 ce. joined hands with Rajputs and rose in After him, Guru revolt against Aurangzeb. An effort was Gobindsingh became the made to seek help from the Marathas in Guru of the Sikhs. Maharashtra. In this revolt. Durgadas Guru Gobindsingh Rathod continued this struggle against the organised his followers Mughals for the existence of Marwad. Guru Gobindsingh and encouraged their Conflict with the Marathas : In martial spirit. He organised the Sikh Maharashtra, Swaraj was established youths into a fighting force called the under the leadership of Shivaji Maharaj. ‘Khalsa ’. Their headquarters were at In his efforts to establish Swaraj, Shivaji Anandpur. Aurangzeb sent his army to Maharaj had to fight the Mughals too fight the Sikhs. His army attacked along with the other enemies. Aurangzeb Anandpur. Although the Sikhs fought came down to the Deccan after the death fiercely, they did not succeed. After that, of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj with the Guru Gobindsingh came to the Deccan in intention of conquering the whole of 1708 ce. There was an attempt on his life South India. But the Marathas offered when he was at . Soon after, the stiff resistance to Aurangzeb and defended Guru succumbed to his wounds. their independence. We shall study this struggle later on. Exercise

1. Name the following. (2) Adilshahi, Nizamshahi, Sultanate, (1) The Queen of Gondvana – Baridshahi (2) The son of Udaysingh – (3) Akbar, Humayun, Shershah, (3) The founder of Mughal dynasty – Aurangzeb (4) The first Sultan of the Bahamani 3. Answer briefly. kingdom – (1) How did the kingdoms of Vijaynagar (5) The fighting force established by and Bahamani emerge ? Guru Gobindsingh – (2) What reforms did Mahmud Gawan 2. Find the odd one out. make? (1) Sultan Mahmud, Qutubuddin Aibak, (3) Why did it become impossible for the Muhammad Ghuri, Babur Mughals to strengthen their base in Assam?

9 4. Write about them briefly in your own (2) Rana Sang’s army was defeated. words. (3) Rana Pratap has become immortal in (1) Krishnadevaraya (2) Chandbibi history. (3) Rani Durgavati (4) Aurangzeb imprisoned Guru 5. Give reasons. Teghbahaddar. (1) The Bahamani Kingdom disintegrated (5) The Rajputs fought against the into five fragments. Mughals. 6. Complete the timeline.

1336 ce ……. ce 1509 ce ……… ce

Establishment Establishment ------Establishment of Vijaynagar of Bahamani of the Mughal Kingdom Kingdom power 7. Using the internet, find out more about Activity any one of the personalities you have Obtain more information about the studied here, and fill in the box below. personalities mentioned in this chapter. Use reference books, the internet, I know this : newspapers, etc. Prepare a collage of the pictures information in your activity book and display it in the history cell.

Fort Deogiri

10 3. Religious Synthesis

Diversity of languages and religions is compassion, mercy, etc. Ramanuja and an important characteristic of the Indian other strengthened the base of society. Considering this feature, the Indian the in South India. Constitution has adopted the principle of They told people that God is for all. secularism. In medieval India, too, attempts God does not discriminate. The teachings to bring about religious synthesis in social of Ramanuja had a great impact in life were made on the basis of this principle. also. Among these efforts, the Bhakti movement, Sant Ramanand strengthened the Bhakti and the Sufi sect have a significant movement in North India. Sant Kabir is a place. These different streams of thought well-known sant in the arose in different parts of India. They Bhakti movement. He emphasized harmony between the different did not attach any sects and religions along with devotion to importance to places of God. We shall study them in this chapter. pilgrimage, vratas or Initially, rituals and brahmadnyan were idol worship. For him, greatly emphasized in the Indian religious Truth was God. He life. In the medieval period, they gave way taught that all human to Bhakti Marg - the path of devotion. Sant Kabir beings are equal. He Bhakti Marg did not give undue importance did not believe in any differences based on to hierarchies, which further facilitated caste, creed, sect and religion. He wanted to religious synthesis. In the different regions bring about Hindu and Muslim unity. He of India, we find different forms of the path criticized the extremely orthodox people in of devotion, according to the local situation both Hindu and Muslim religions in strong there. The Bhakti movement used the terms. common people’s language instead of In Bengal, Chaitany Mahaprabhu Sanskrit. This helped the development of underlined the importance of Krishnabhakti. regional languages. Due to his teachings, people joined the Bhakti Movement : It is believed Bhakti movement in transcending the that the Bhakti movement originated in boundaries of caste and creed. Under his South India. The Naynar and Alawar influence, Shankaradeva spread the Bhakti Bhakti movements emerged in this region. movement in Assam. Narsi Mehta was a The Naynars were devotees of Shiva, renowned Vaishnawa Sant in Gujarat. He while the Alawars were devotees of was an ardent devotee of Krishna. He gave . There were also attempts to the message of equality. He is known as consider Shiva and Vishnu as one and the first poet of the . the same and bring them together. Sant Mirabai stressed the importance ‘Harihar’ idols which depict half Vishnu of devotion to Krishna. She belonged to the and half Shiva were produced in this of Mewad. She renounced all period on a large scale. People belonging pleasures of the royal family and immersed to all social strata had participated in herself in devotion to Krishna. She composed these Bhakti movements. They preached devotional verses in Rajasthani and values like love of God, humanity, Gujarati. Her devotional verses give the 11 message of devotion, tolerance and castes and creeds. He humanity. Sant Sena was an influential supported equality. He Sant. Sant Rohidas was a great Sant. He travelled to all parts of gave the message of equality and humanity. Maharashtra preaching Surdasa, a great poet of literature, in Marathi. He preferred composed the poetical work ‘Sursagar’. Marathi instead of Devotion to Krishna (Krishnabhakti) is the Sanskrit. This led to the subject of his work. The verses on development of the Krishnabhakti composed by the Muslim Chakradhar Swami Marathi language. Many Sant Raskhan are melodious. ‘Ramcharita- works were composed in Marathi. Manasa’ of Sant Tulshidas is a beautiful This sect mainly spread in the Vidarbha composition expressing devotion to . and regions of Maharashtra. In Karnataka, Mahatma Basaveshwar Riddhipur in Vidarbha is an important place spread the lingayat stream of thought. He for people of this sect. This sect had reached opposed the caste system and stressed the up to faraway regions like the Punjab dignity of labour. and Afghanistan. ‘Kayakave Kailas’ is his well-known saying Do you know ? which means ‘Work is Kailas’ (Work is Some of the main compositions of worship). He encouraged the followers of the Mahanubhav Panth women’s participation are : The treatise ‘Leelacharitra’ in his movement. Men compiled by Mhaimbhat describing the and women belonging to deeds of Chakradhar Swami; ‘Dhavale’ all castes began to of the first Marathi poetess Mahadamba, Mahatma Basaveshwar participate in the ‘Sutrapath and Drishtantapath’ compiled religious discussions conducted in the hall by Keshobas, ‘Vacchaharan’ of ‘Anubhava Mantapa’. Mahatma Damodar Pandit, ‘Shishupalvadha’ of Basaveshwar conveyed his teachings in the Bhaskarbhat Borikar and ‘ language of the people, i.e., , Swayamvara’ of Narendra. through the medium of ‘Vachana’ literature. His work had a great impact on society. His followers have composed their work in Do you know ? Marathi also. Of these compositions, A conversation between a Hindu ‘Paramarahasya’ composed by Manmath and a Muslim written by Sant Swami is very well-known. Great sants in is important from the viewpoint of Karnataka include Pamp, Purandardasa religious harmony. The famous quote and others. They composed many devotional of Sant Shaikh Mohammad verses in Kannada. ‘शेख महंमद is an example Mahanubhav Panth : In the thirteenth अविंध । त्봾चे दयी गोविंद ।।’ century, Chakradhar Swami founded the of this religious harmony. ‘Mahanubhav Panth’ in Maharashtra. This Guru Nanak : Guru Nanak was the sect preaches devotion to Krishna. Shri founder of Sikhism and the first guru of Govind Prabhu was the Guru of Chakradhar Sikhs. His work has to be mentioned as a Swami. The followers of Chakradhara great attempt at religious synthesis. He included men and women belonging to all visited the holy places of both and 12 Muslims. He had tenth Guru of the Sikhs. After Guru also visited . Gobindsingh, Sikhs regard the ‘Guru He realised that the Granth ’ as their Guru, as per the feeling of devotion orders of Guru Gobindsingh. is common The Sufi Sect : This is a sect in everywhere. He . The Sufi saints believed that God taught that all is full of love and the only way to reach persons should be him is through love and devotion. Their treated equally. His main teachings are love for all living teachings aimed at beings, meditation and simple living. Guru Nanak achieving Hindu- Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti, Shaikh Muslim unity. He emphasized chaste Nijamuddin Avaliya were great Sufi behaviour. Saints. The teachings of Sufi Saints led Many people were influenced by the to unity in and Muslim teachings of Guru Nanak. The number of communities. Sufi music has made his followers increased day by day. The valuable contribution to Indian music. followers of Guru Nanak are known as The path of Bhakti taught by the ‘Sikhs’ (Shishyas) meaning ‘disciples’. Sants was easy to follow for the common The ‘Aadigrantha’, also known as the people. The Bhakti movement was open ‘Guru Granth Sahib’ is the Holy Book of to all men and women. The Sants the Sikhs. The Aadigrantha includes expressed their thoughts in the language compositions by Guru Nanak, Sant of the people. The common people found Namdeo, Sant Kabir and other Sants. them close to their heart. The Bhakti Guru Nanak was succeeded by nine movement has contributed greatly to the of the Sikhs. Guru Gobindsingh was the making of the Indian Culture.

Exercise

1. Write the related word. (1) Mahatma Basaveshwar : Karnataka 4. Complete the following names. Sant Meerabai : ...... (2) Ramananda : North India G G Chaitanya Maha Prabhu : ...... S S (3) Shri Chakradhar : ...... G N Shankaradeva : ...... M m m 2. Make a chart to show the people and M i works related to - R n n (1) Bhakti movement (2) Mahanubhav Panth K i (3) Sikhism P p 3. Write about it in your own words. Activity (1) Sant Kabir became a renowned Sant Obtain a devotional song in the tradition in the Bhakti movement. of Sufi music and present it in a cultural (2) The impact of Mahatma Basaveshwar’s programme. work on society. 13 4. Maharashtra before the Times of Shivaji Maharaj

At the beginning of the seventeenth Patil. He used to try to bring maximum century CE, most of the territory in land under cultivation. When there was Maharashtra was under the control of any dispute in the village, the Patil resolved Nizamshah of Ahmadnagar and Adilshah it and made peace. A Kulkarni helped the of Bijapur. The Mughals had entered Patil in his work. The Kulkarni kept the . Their objective was to expand record of the revenue that was collected. their power in the south. There were There were various artisans in the village. settlements of people, who had come They had hereditary rights regarding their from Africa, along the coastline of Konkan. occupation. The peasants gave a share of The competition and conflict amongst the their agricultural produce to the artisans Portuguese, the British, the French and the for the services they rendered to the village Dutch, who had come from Europe, was community. This share was known as getting intense during this period. There baluta. was stiff competition amongst them to Kasba : A kasba was like a big village. capture the markets for trade. The Portuguese It was usually the headquarters of a had already established their rule in Goa pargana, e.g., kasba of Indapur and on the western coastline. The pargana, Wai kasba of Wai pargana were British, the Dutch and the French had found the headquarters of those parganas. an entry through the medium of trading Agriculture was the main occupation. There companies by setting up factories. All these were skilled artisans like carpenters, powers assessed the strength of other blacksmiths, etc. in a kasba. There was powers, kept themselves safe and tried to usually a market (peth) adjacent to a kasba. dominate as much as possible. This conflict The Shete and Mahajan were the watandars had created instability and insecurity in of the peth. Every village did not necessarily Maharashtra. These different people from have a peth. The setting up of a peth was Europe were called ‘Topkar’ on the basis the job of the Shetes and the Mahajans. For of their customary headgear. that, they received some land from the It is necessary to get acquainted with government and some rights from the the village (mauja), Kasba and pargana to villagers. The Mahajan maintained the understand the nature of settlements in that accounts of the peth. period as also of the officers that formed a link between the rulers and their subjects, Do you know ? and also the markets and the craftsmen. Pargana was made up of many villages. As per the order of Veermata Jajabai, Generally, the headquarters of a pargana a peth was established in near was called ‘Kasba’. A village smaller than Pune. It was called Jijapur. Malpura, a Kasba was called ‘Mauja’. Let us get Khelpura, Paraspura, Vithapura, in acquainted in brief with Village, Kasba and Aurangabad are also new peths established Pargana respectively. in the name of Maloji, Kheloji, Parasoji Village (Mauja) : Most of the people and Vithoji respectively. ‘Shivapur’ lived in villages. A village was also called adjacent to ‘Khed’ was a peth established in the name of Shivaji Maharaj. mauja. The chief of the village was the 14 If it did not rain, crops would fail. The Let’s learn. prices of foodgrains rose. It became The words ‘Budruk’ and ‘Khurd’ difficult for the people to get foodgrains are used to show that the two villages and other things. There was no fodder for are different. The original town is the cattle. Water became scarce. It became ‘Budruk’ and the new one is ‘Khurd’. difficult for people to live in the village. For example, and They were forced to leave the village. A Vadgaon Khurd. famine was a great calamity for the people. Pargana : Many villages together A great famine occurred in made a pargana. But the number of Maharashtra in 1630 ce. People were villages was not the same in all parganas. greatly distressed due to this famine. It For example, the Pune pargana was a big pargana. It consisted of 290 villages. has been described in these words – There were 64 villages in the Chakan ‘People were ready to sell themselves for pargana. The pargana was small. a piece of , but there was nobody It had only 40 villages. The to buy them’. There was a severe scarcity and the were the watandar of foodgrains. Entire families were officers of the pargana. The Deshmukh destroyed. Cattle and farm animals died. was the chief of patils in a pargana. The Agriculture was devastated. The famine Deshmukh did at the pargana level, what put an end to industries. All financial the Patil did at the village level. The transactions came to a standstill. People Deshpande was the chief of all had to wander to faraway regions in in the pargana. The Deshpande did at the search of a livelihood. It was a great pargana level, the work that Kulkarnis challenge to bring back to normalcy, the did at the village level. These watandar devastated life of the people. officers were the link between the people The work of the Varkari movement : and the government. Society was greatly influenced by blind In case of enemy invasion or drought, beliefs and rituals. People had become these watandars represented the grievances fatalistic and inert. They had lost all of the people to the government. initiative. The condition of the common Sometimes, these officers misused their people was miserable. In such powers. They collected more money from circumstances, the Sants in Maharashtra the people than was due or did not remit endeavoured to inspire the masses. the money so collected to the government in time. On such occasions, the people In Maharashtra, the tradition of Sants suffered harassment. which began with Sant and Sant Namdeo was carried on by Sants coming from various strata of the society. Do you know ? People from all strata of society were Vatan is an Arabic word. In part of the Sant tradition. For example, Maharashtra, it is used is refer to Sant , Sant Goroba, Sant hereditary land for which the holder Sena, Sant , Sant Narhari, Sant does not have to pay revenue. Shaikh Muhammad, etc. Sant Chokhoba’s The calamity of a famine : wife Sant Soyrabai, and sister Sant Agriculture was dependent on rainwater. Nirmalabai, Sant Muktabai, Sant , 15 Sant Kanhopatra, Sant Siurkar way of worship and conduct which the and other women were also among them. common people could follow easily. He was at the centre of the Sant gave the prestige of a religion to the movement. Vitthal was the object of their Varkari movement. Though his life was worship. On the banks of the river spent in extremely adverse circumstances, Chandrabhaga at Pandharpur, the Sants he never lost the calm of his mind and and pilgrims (varkari) used to rejoice in never harboured bitterness. His their devotion (bhakti). There, equality ‘Pasayadaan’ in uplifts the was propagated through bhajans, keertans, mind. The poetic compositions of his and unity meals (kala). brothers Sant and Sant Sant Namdeo : He was a great Sant Sopandev and sister Muktabai are well- of the Varkari movement. He was a skilled known. organiser. He performed excellent keertans Sant Eknath : He was a great Sant of as well. He awakened the Bhakti movement the sense of equality in in Maharashtra. His men and women compositions are belonging to all castes many and diverse. through the medium of They include abhanga, keertans. His pledge gavalana, bharud, etc. was ‘नाचू कीर㔤नाचे रंगी । He has stated Bhagvat 煍ञनदीप लावू जगी ।।’ His Dharma in detail and abhanga compositions Sant Namdeo in a simple manner. are well-known. Many He has portrayed Sants as well as common people were Sant Eknath people’s life in influenced by his teachings. He went up to Bhavarth through the story of the Punjab, propagating his thoughts. His Ram. He explained in Marathi, the Bhakti compositions are included in the ‘Guru part of the Sanskrit work ‘Bhagwat’. His Granth Sahib’ of Sikhs. He propagated the abhangas show the warmth of devotion. He message of Bhagwat religion in all quarters. demonstrated through his own conduct that He built a memorial to Sant Chokhamela there is no need to renounce worldly matters at Pandharpur. His work is unforgettable. for attaining the highest truth, Paramarth. Sant Dnyaneshwar : He was a great He was a teacher of the people in the true Sant in the Varkari movement. He wrote sense of the term. He believed that our the ‘Bhavartha-deepika’ or ‘Dnyaneshwari’ Marathi language was inferior to no other which elucidates the meaning of the language. He asked the Sanskrit Scholars Sanskrit ‘Bhagavad forcefully. ‘संस्啃त वाणी देवे केली । तरी ꥍरकृत काय Geeta’. He also चोरापासुनि झाली ?’ He heavily criticised those composed the who hated other religions. ‘Amrutanubhav’. He preached the Sant : He belonged to importance of the near Pune. His compositions or path of devotion abhangas are very pleasing and lucid, through his works reaching the greatest poetic heights. His and compositions. ‘Gatha’ is a precious treasure of the Sant Dnyaneshwar He showed a simple Marathi language. He asks us to find 16 God by showing love to the unhappy and of Maharashtra. the tormented in the following lines : ‘जे There was a deterioration of ethics का रंजले गांजले । त्यासी म㔹णे जो आपुले । तोचि and religion in the society. At such a साधु ओळखावा । देव तेथेचि जाणावा ।।’ With time, the Sants came forward to protect this viewpoint, he threw in the river the society. They taught the true meaning Indrayani, the documents of the loans of religion. They showed the path of that people had borrowed from him and devotion by living amongst people and freed many poor sharing their joys and sorrows. Some families from the orthodox and dogmatic people opposed bonds of loan. He them. But the Sants believed that facing criticized the this opposition was a part of their duty. hypocrisy and Sant Tukaram has explained the mark of superstition in the a true Sant in these words – ‘तुका म㔹णे society in very strong तोचि संत । सोशी जगाचे आघात ।।’ terms. He stressed The Sants elucidated the complex that devotion (Bhakti) dharma of the scholars (Shastris and Sant Tukaram should be coupled Pandits) in the language of the people. with morality. His teachings can be They prayed to God using simple, summed up as ‘जोडोनिया धन उत्म व्वहारे । everyday terms. They took the view that उदास विचारे वेच करी ।।’ Some dogmatic all are equal before God. They taught people opposed the social awakening that society to do away with the pride arising he had undertaken, and sank his abhangas out of caste and and see everyone in the Indrayani. Sant Tukaram faced the as God’s children. A characteristic of the opposition with noble courage. Sants was that they did not forget their Sant Tukaram’s disciples and duties on the path of devotion. They associates were of different castes and found God in their work. Sant Sawata creeds. They include Navji Mali, said, ‘कांदा मुळा भाजी । अवघी विठाई माझी ।।’ Gavnarshet Wani, Santaji Jagnade, Shivba This statement refers to farm work but Kasar, Bahinabai Siurkar and applies to work in all walks of life. The Mahadajipant Kulkarni. An important Sants carried on with their duties even as task completed by Gangarampant they were engaged in devotion, teaching and Santaji Jagnade was writing down and composing verses. They developed the abhangas of Sant Tukaram. the moral sensibilities of the society. Work of Sants : Sants gave the message of equality to people. They Let’s discuss. taught humanity. They preached that Collect more information about the people should live together in harmony, Pandharpur vari and discuss the unity and love. Their work resulted in following topics. social awakening. They taught how to • In which month do the go on live in the face of foreign invasions, Varkaris the vari ? drought-like situations or any other natural calamities. Their teachings proved to be • How is the Vari planned ? a big support for people. Their work Ramdas Swami : He was from Jamb created self-confidence among the people in Marathwada. He explained the 17 importance of physical He propagated the worship of Ram and fitness to the people, . He travelled far and wide to ‘मराठा तितुका मेळवावा । propagate his thoughts. महारा�ट्र धर् वाढवावा ।’ Inspiration for independence during This message of foreign rule : Such was the political, Ramdas Swami is social, cultural, situation, etc. in famous. He gave Maharashtra before the times of Shivaji practical education Ramdas Swami Maharaj. In that period, Maharashtra was and lessons in good conduct through his under the control of Adilshahi and other works like , Karunashtaka, powers. It was not independent. Even so, Manache Shlok. He stated the importance some personalities and streams of thought of people’s movement and organisation were dreaming of freedom. Among them, and founded the Samarth . Maharaj, who is considered to be Chaphal was the centre of this Sampradaya. a visionary of Swaraj was on the forefront.

Exercise

1. Complete the following chart. (4) He composed Bharuds - (5) He explained the importance of Village Kasba Pargana physical fitness - (Mauja) (6) Women Sants - What it ...... means 4. Write about these personalities and Officers ...... their work in your own words. Example ...... (1) Sant Namdeo (2) Sant Dnyaneshwar (3) Sant Eknath (4) Sant Tukaram 2. Write the meaning. (1) Budruk - 5. Why were droughts a great calamity for (2) Balut - the people ? (3) Vatan - Activities 3. Find out and write. (1) Plan how you will help a Varkari (1) People from Africa who had settled Dindi. along the Konkan coastline - (2) Dress up as Sants and present their (2) The author of ‘Amrutanubhav’ - compositions. (3) Sant Tukaram’s place -

18 5. The Foundation of the Swaraj

In the first half of the seventeenth and the neighbouring areas in Karnataka century, an epoch making personality to Shahajiraje. emerged in Maharashtra - Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. He established Swaraj Do you know ? by challenging the unjust ruling powers here. Shivaji Maharaj was born at the Jahagir or means the right fort near in to enjoy the revenue of a region. The on the day of Phalgun Vadya Tritiya in Sardars in the service of rulers used the Shaka year 1551, that is on 19 to get the revenue of the region as 1630. In this chapter, we will income instead of getting salaries study how he founded Swaraj. directly. The region was chosen in such a way that the revenue would be Shahajiraje : Shahajiraje, the father equal to the salary. of Shivaji Maharaj was a pre-eminent in the Deccan. The Mughals had Shahajiraje was valiant, courageous, launched a campaign to conquer the intelligent and a great political expert. He Nizamshahi Kingdom. The Adilshah of was an excellent archer. He was also an Bijapur allied with the Mughals in this expert in using the sword, patta and campaign. Shahaji Maharaj did not wish spear. He loved his subjects. He had won the Mughals to many regions in Maharashtra, Karnataka get an entry into and Tamil Nadu. South India was in awe the South. So he of him. While Shivaji and Jijabai were tried to save at Bengaluru, he had arranged for Nizamshahi by providing excellent education to Shivaji offering stiff so as to enable him to become a king. resistance to the He himself aspired to establish Swaraj by Mughals. But he ousting the powers of foreign people. That could not is why, he is known as Swaraj visionary. withstand the He sent Shivaji and Jijabai from Bengaluru combined might to Pune with loyal and competent Shahajiraje of the Mughals associates. and the Adilshah. The Nizamshahi was Veermata Jijabai : Jijabai was the defeated and came to an end in daughter of the great Sardar Lakhujiraje 1636 ce. Jadhav of Sindkhedraja in After the Nizamshahi was wiped out, district. At a young age, she had received Shahajiraje became a Sardar of the military training as well as education in Adilshah of Bijapur. The region comprising various subjects. She helped and Pune, Supe, Indapur and Chakan parganas encouraged Shahaji Maharaj to realise his located between the Bheema and dream of establishing Swaraj. She was a rivers was vested in Shahajiraje as a competent and visionary political expert. jagir. This was continued by the Adilshah, She constantly guided Shivaji in the and he also granted the jagir of Bengaluru mission of establishing Swaraj. At times,

19 she undertook the Bapuji , Narhekar Deshpande task of giving brothers, Kavji Kondhalkar, Jiva Mahala, verdicts for resolving , Kanhoji , the problems of Bajiprabhu Deshpande and Dadaji people. She was Narasprabhu Deshpande. On the strength very particular about of these associates, Shivaji Maharaj giving excellent undertook the cause of the Swaraj. education to Shivaji. She instilled in him Do this. values like modesty, Veermata Jijabai truthfulness, oratory, Find more information about these vigilance, courage and fearlessness. She associates of Shivaji Maharaj : Jiva saw that he was trained in the usage of Mahala, Tanaji Malusare and weapons and inspired in him, the will to Bajiprabhu Deshpande. win and the dream of Swaraj. Shivaji’s Companions and Associates : Shivaji Maharaj started the work of founding the Swaraj in the Maval region. The Maval terrain is full of hills and valleys and is not easily accessible. Shivajiraje made use of these geographical features of Maval very skilfully for the purpose of the foundation of the Swaraj. He created a feeling of trust and affection in the minds of the people. Many companions and associates joined him in his work of founding the Swaraj. Among Royal seal (Rajmudra) them were Yesaji Kank, Baji Pasalkar, Royal seal (Rajmudra) : The objective of Shivaji Maharaj of establishing Swaraj is clearly expressed in his royal seal. The Always remember - following Sanskrit lines are inscribed on this royal seal (Rajmudra). Bara Maval : (1) Pavan Maval (2) Hirdas Maval (3) Gunjan Maval प्रतिप楍椂द्रलेखेव वर्鴿ष्赁र्वश्ववंदिता ।। (4) Valley (5) Valley शाहसूनोः शिवस्뵈षा मुद्रा भद्राय राजते ।। (6) Mose Valley (7) Kanand Valley Meaning : ‘This seal will grow in (8) Welwand Valley (9) Rohid splendour like the new moon. This seal Valley (10) Andar Maval (11) Nane of Shivaji, the son of Shahaji, receiving Maval (12) Korbarse Maval homage from the whole world denotes the of the people.’ Maval valley in the Sahyadris The meaning of this inscription on the was a region in the Pune jagir of Shivaji Maharaj. It is also known as seal is important from many angles. ‘Bara Maval’. Through this inscription, Maharaj has expressed his gratitude towards his father,

20 his confidence that Swaraj would expand There were the Mores of Javali, the continuously, his own experience of the Ghorpades of Mudhol, the Sawants of respect that the Seal, that is, Swaraj , and other Sardars in the commanded from all, his commitment to Adilshahi. They were opposed to the the welfare of his subjects, and the cause of the founding of Swaraj. It was certainty of ruling over his land necessary to bring them and other independently. This short inscription likeminded Sardars under control for the covers the entire concept of Swaraj. purpose of founding the Swaraj. The capture of Javali : Chandrarao Let’s learn. More of Javali in was a powerful Sardar in the Adilshahi. He Observe the official seal of our opposed the founding of the Swaraj. country. Shivaji Maharaj attacked Javali and What features do you observe ? captured that region in 1656 ce. He In which places is the official seal established his post there. Then he also used ? captured Raigad. He attained a huge amount of wealth from Javali. After this Towards the establishment of victory, his activities in Konkan increased. Swaraj : The forts situated within the He built the fort in the Javali jagir of Shivaji Maharaj were not under valley. In this way, the conquest of Javali his control, but were under the control of increased his strength in all respects. After Adilshah. In those days, forts were of this, Shivaji Maharaj captured special significance. With a firm hold and on the Konkan Coast. over a fort, it was possible to control the There he came into contact with the Siddi, surrounding area. If one had forts, one Portuguese and British powers on the ruled the land. Therefore, Shivaji Maharaj Western Coast. Shivaji Maharaj realised decided to acquire the forts that were that in order to fight these powers, it was within his own jagir. Such an attempt to necessary to have a strong naval force. capture the forts amounted to challenging Therefore, he concentrated on building a the Adilshahi power. He captured the navy. forts of Torana, Murumbdev, Kondhana and Purandar, and laid the foundation of Defeat of Afzalkhan : Shivaji Swaraj. He repaired the fort Murumbdev Maharaj had started capturing the forts in and renamed it Rajgad. Rajgad was the his jagir and the surrounding area in the first capital of the Swaraj. Adilshahi territory. He had crushed the opposition of the Mores of Javali. The work of founding the Swaraj had gathered momentum on the Konkan coast. All these matters were a challenge to the Adilshahi. At that time, the Badi Sahiba was looking after the administration of the Adilshahi. She sent Afzalkhan, a powerful and experienced Adilshahi General, to curb Shivaji Maharaj. Fort Rajgad - Pali Gate

21 Afzalkhan came from Bijapur to Wai. On this occasion Shiva , a He knew the Wai region well. A meeting brave youth came forward. He resembled of Shivaji Maharaj and Afzalkhan took Shivaji Maharaj in looks. He dressed up place on 10 November 1659 at the foot like Shivaji Maharaj and sat in a of Pratapgad near Wai. At the meeting, palanquin. The palanquin left by the ‘- Afzalkhan attempted treachery. In dindi’ gate. It was captured by the Siddi’s retaliation, Shivaji Maharaj killed army. It was a difficult situation. Shiva Afzalkhan. He routed the Adilshahi army. Kashid sacrificed himself on this occasion Shivaji Maharaj paid compensation for Swaraj. In the meanwhile, Shivaji to the soldiers who were wounded in the Maharaj left the fort using another battle. He rewarded those who had fought difficult route. He was accompanied by well. Those soldiers and officers of , Bandal Deshmukh Afzalkhan’s army who fell into the hands and some chosen soldiers. The Siddi came of Shivaji Maharaj’s army were given a to know that Shivaji Maharaj has escaped good treatment. the siege round Panhalgad and proceeded The expedition of Siddi Jauhar : to . His army pursued Shivaji After the annihilation of Afzalkhan, Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj entrusted the Shivaji Maharaj captured the Adilshahi responsibility of stopping Siddhi’s army forts of , Vasantgad and Khelna. at the foot of Vishalgad to Bajiprabhu He renamed Khelna as ‘Vishalgad’. Deshpande. Bajiprabhu Deshpande checked Siddi’s army at the Ghod pass Shivaji Maharaj had posed a big near Gajapur. He fought with the greatest challenge before the Adilshahi. Therefore, valour. Bajiprabhu died a hero’s death in the Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar, the Sardar this battle. Because Bajiprabhu’s army of the Karnul region, against Shivaji held Siddi’s army at bay, Shivaji Maharaj Maharaj in 1660 ce. The Adilshah gave could proceed to Vishalgad. While going Siddi the ‘Salabatkhan’. Rustum-e- to Vishalgad, Maharaj also crushed the Jaman, Baji Ghorpade and Afzalkhan’s opposition of the Adilshahi Sardars Dalvi son Fazalkhan were also there to help of Palwan and Surve of Shringarpur. Siddi Jauhar. In these circumstances, Maharaj reached Vishalgad safely. Shivaji Maharaj took shelter in the . Siddi’s soldiers laid siege to While Shivaji Maharaj was trapped the fort for about five months. Shivaji at Panhala, Aurangzeb, who had ascended Maharaj found himself trapped inside the the throne of Delhi, had sent Shaistakhan, fort. Netoji Palkar tried to raise the siege a Mughal Sardar to the Deccan. He had by attacking Siddi’s army from outside, invaded the Pune province. The conflict but he couldn’t succeed in it as his forces with Adilshahi continued even as the were meagre. Siddi showed no signs of Mughal army invaded the Swaraj. Maharaj relenting. So, Shivaji Maharaj opened realised that it would not be prudent to talks with him. This led to slackness in fight two enemies at one and the same the siege round Panhalgad. time. Therefore, after reaching Vishalgad safely, he entered into a treaty with the Shivaji Maharaj took advantage of Adilshah. As per the treaty, he returned this situation. the fort of Panhala to the Adilshah.

22 Exercise

1. Find the odd man out. 4. Find out and write. (1) Pune, Supe, Chakan, Bengaluru (1) Why Shahaji Maharaj is termed a (2) Jadhavs of , Mores of Javali, Swaraj visionary. Ghorpades of Mudhol, Sawants of (2) Shivaji Maharaj paid attention to Sawantwadi building a Navy. (3) Torana, Murumbdev, Sinhgad, (3) Shivaji Maharaj entered into a treaty Sindhudurg with the Adilshah. (4) How Shivaji Maharaj escaped from 2. Write about in your words: Panhalgad. (1) The efforts Veermata Jijabai took for Activities Shivaji Maharaj’s education. (1) Describe a fort you have seen. (2) Shivaji Maharaj started his work of Suggest measures for conserving a founding Swaraj in the Maval region. historical site. 3. List the companions and associates of (2) Find out what a 7/12 extract means Shivaji Maharaj. and relate it to the words in the chapter.

Fort Panhala - Teen Darwaja

23 6. Conflict with the Mughals

So far, Shivaji Maharaj had of Bengal. The successful attack on successfully fought the Adilshahi; but for Shaistakhan had an impact on the people expanding the Swaraj, conflict with the and their faith in the capability of Mughals was inevitable. The Mughals Maharaj was strengthened even further. posed a great threat to the Swaraj even as it began to expand. Maharaj triumphed Can you tell ? over this threat too. He regained his forts and territories from the Mughals. He got If you want to visit the city of himself crowned. He took up a campaign , what route will you take ? Show of the South. We shall learn about all these it with the help of a map. events in this chapter. Visualise how Shivaji Maharaj Shaistakhan’s Invasion : In February must have reached Surat. 1660, Shaistakhan left from Ahmadnagar and entered the Pune province. He raveged The Surat Campaign : In three the territory of the Swaraj by sending years’ time, Shaistakhan had ravaged small units of his army to the neighbouring large territories of the Swaraj. It was areas. He encamped at Chakan. Firangoji necessary to make good this loss. For Narsala, the Killedar of the fort of this, Shivaji Maharaj devised a plan for Chakan offered a strong resistance to teaching the Mughals a lesson. Surat was Shaistakhan’s army. Finally, the Mughals a big trade centre and port under Mughal captured the fort of Chakan. control. The British, Dutch and French Shaistakhan set up his camp at Lal had their factories there. Maximum Mahal in Pune where Shivaji Maharaj revenue was being generated by this city had lived in his childhood. sent his for the Emperor. It was a rich city. forces in the regions around Pune. These Maharaj marched on Surat. Inayat Khan, forces looted the people. Two years the Subhedar of Surat could not put up passed, but he would not think of leaving any resistance. Maharaj obtained plenty Pune. Naturally, this had an adverse of wealth from Surat without bothering effect on the people’s morale. In these the common people. His campaign of circumstances, Maharaj drew up a bold Surat was completely successful. This plan. campaign was a stunning blow to Emperor Shivaji Maharaj decided to raid Lal Aurangzeb’s prestige. Mahal secretly under his own leadership. Jaisingh’s Invasion : With a view to On 5 April 1663, Maharaj raided Lal curbing the increasing activities of Shivaji Mahal at night with a select band of Maharaj, Aurangzeb sent Mirzaraja soldiers. In this raid, Shaistakhan lost his Jaisingh, an experienced and powerful fingers. He suffered great humiliation. He Rajput Sardar. Jaisingh came to Pune. He left Pune and shifted his camp to started rallying all the forces against Aurangabad. Due to this episode, he Shivaji Maharaj. To the Portuguese of incurred the displeasure of Aurangzeb. Goa and Vasai, the Dutch of , Aurangzeb transferred him to the province the British of Surat and the of

24 Janjira, Jaisingh suggested that they few of his trusted people who were ready should start a naval campaign against to risk their lives for him. Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj reached . Jaisingh drew up a plan of capturing Aurangzeb did not treat him with due the forts in possession of Maharaj. Mughal honour at his court. Maharaj gave vent forces were sent to various parts of the to his rage. The Emperor then put him Swaraj. They ravaged the territories of the under house arrest. Undeterred by this Swaraj. Maharaj endeavoured to resist the action of the Emperor, Maharaj devised Mughals. Jaisingh and Dilerkhan laid a plan of escaping from this house arrest. siege to the fort of Purandar. When the He adroitly escaped from Agra and Mughals put the fort of Purandar under reached Maharashtra safely after a few siege, Murarbaji Deshpande fought with days. He reached Rajgad. While returning the greatest of courage. He died a hero’s from Agra, he had left Raje at death. Considering the seriousness of the Mathura. Later, Prince Sambhaji was situation, Maharaj began talks for a treaty brought safely to Rajgad. While Maharaj with Jaisingh. He met Jaisingh personally. was away from Swaraj, Veermata Jijabai A treaty between Jaisingh and Maharaj and the associates of Shivaji Maharaj was signed in June 1665. It is known as looked after the administration of Swaraj. the ‘Treaty of Purandar’. In accordance On the offensive against Mughals : with the terms of the treaty, Maharaj gave Immediately after returning from Agra, to the Mughals, twenty-three of his forts Maharaj did not want any conflict with and the adjoining territories yielding an the Mughals. However, he wanted to annual revenue of four lakh hons. He also assured the Mughals of help against the recapture the forts and territories given to Adilshahi. The Treaty was ratified by the Mughals as per the Purandar treaty. Aurangzeb. For this, he prepared a comprehensive and bold plan. It was his strategy to capture the forts by sending a well- Gather information. equipped army on the one hand, and on Find out how Shivaji Maharaj the other hand, to keep the Mughals escaped from his house arrest at Agra. unstable by invading the territories of the Deccan under their control. Maharaj Agra visit and escape : After the attacked the Mughal territories of Treaty of Purandar, Jaisingh launched a Ahmadnagar and Junnar. Then, he campaign against the Adilshahi. Maharaj recaptured several forts such as Sinhgad, helped Jaisingh but this campaign of Purandar, , , Karnala, and Jaisingh was not successful. Jaisingh and Rohida, one after the other. Then Maharaj Aurangzeb felt that Shivaji Maharaj ought attacked Surat for a second time. While to be kept away, at least for some time, returning from Surat, he fought a great from the Deccan politics. Jaisingh proposed battle with the Mughals at Vani-Dindori to Shivaji Maharaj that he should visit in district. Maharaj defeated the Agra and meet the Emperor. He guaranteed Mughal Sardar Daudkhan in the great the safety of Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji battle. After that, Moropant Pingale Maharaj set out for Agra. He was captured Triambakgad near Nashik. accompanied by Prince Sambhaji and a

25 Thus Shivaji Maharaj was successful Maharaj ascended the throne of in the offensive that he had launched Swaraj. He now became the Chhatrapati against the Mughals. Sardars such as of the Swaraj. As a symbol of sovereignty, Tanaji Malusare, Moropant Pingale, the Rajyabhisheka shaka (the coronation Prataprao Gujar etc. made a valuable era) was started. Maharaj became the contribution in these offensives. Krishnaji founder of a new era. On the occasion Anant Sabhasad, a contemporary of the coronation, special coins were chronicler, thus describes this campaign : minted – a gold coin called Hon and a ‘(He) took as many as twenty-seven forts copper coin called with the legend in four months and earned a great ‘Shri Shivachhatrapati’ inscribed on reputation for himself ’. them. Thereafter, all royal correspondence

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Coronation : The founding of the (Rajpatra) carried the words, Maratha Swaraj involved a relentless ‘Kshatriyakulaavantansa Shri Raja struggle for over thirty years. Maharaj Shivachhatrapati’. A dictionary showing realised that now it was necessary for the Sanskrit alternatives for Persian words Swaraj to win general recognition as a was prepared. It is known as sovereign independent State. For this, a Rajya-vyavahara-kosha. formal coronation was necessary. On 6 June 1674, he had himself coronated at Raigad by Gagabhatt, a learned Pandit. 26 Shortly after this, on 24 September 1674 Shivaji Maharaj had his second coronation performed under the guidance of Nischalpuri Gosavi. There were two traditions of religious ceremonies in India - Vedic and Tantric. Maharaj honoured both the traditions and had two coronation ceremonies performed.

Do you know ?

Prince Sambhaji Raje was 17 years Fort Raigad old at the time of the coronation of Shivaji Maharaj. He has described the Do you remember ? coronation ceremony in the treatise Which Indian King started a new ‘Budhabhushanam’. It is based on his calendar ? own experience. Without measuring or counting, plenty of money, clothes, elephants, Remember this- horses were donated to the great scholars who had come to attend the coronation Some equivalent words in the ceremony from different regions. Rajya-vyavahara-kosha are worth Thus, Shivaji Maharaj spread his mentioning. For example, fame in different directions. उदा., किताब - पदवी, फर्뤾न - राजपत्र, जामीन - प्रतिभूती, हाली - सांप्रत, माजी - पूर्, फिलहाल - तत्कळ, Do you know ? वाहवा - उत्म, An extremely valuable and grand वकूब - प्र煍ञ, बेवकूफ - मूढ, throne was made for the coronation of दस्पोशी - हस्स्पर, Shivaji Maharaj. There were eight मुलाखत - दर्न, कदमपोशी - पादस्पर, bejewelled pillars on eight sides of the झूट - मिथ्य, कौलनामा - अभय, throne. This throne made of thirty-two ‘mann’ of gold had been studded with फतेह - विजय, फिर्यद - अन्यावार्त, precious jewels. शिलेदार - स्तूरगी. Learn about the unit ‘mann’ from your teacher. The coronation of Shivaji Maharaj was a revolutionary event in the history The Campaign of the South : Three of Medieval India. While explaining the years after the coronation, in October importance of this event, Sabhasad (a 1677, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj contemporary chronicler) writes, ‘It was undertook a campaign of the South. He no mean achievement for a Maratha King went to Golconda. There he called on the to become such a great Chhatrapati.’ Qutubshah. He entered into a treaty of 27 friendship with him. Later, Maharaj won administration of Swaraj from there. Bengaluru, Hoskote in Karnataka, Jinji Soon after the victorious campaign of , etc. forts in today’s Tamil Nadu the south, Shivaji Maharaj passed away and some other territories of Adilshah. He on Raigad on 3 April 1680. His death at appointed Raghunath Narayan Hanamante the age of fifty was a great loss for the chief administrator to look after these Swaraj. A great era came to an end. conquered territories. Vyankoji, the half-brother of Shivaji Maharaj, was then ruling at Tanjavur. Shivaji Maharaj tried to get him to participate in the activities of the Swaraj. After Vyankoji Raje, the rulers of Tanjavur encouraged art and learning. The Mahal library there is world famous. In this campaign of the South, Maharaj had annexed the fort of Jinji in Tamil Nadu to his Swaraj. This proved to be of great importance in later years. When the Mughal Emperor stayed put in Maharashtra to destroy Swaraj, the then The of Shivaji Maharaj - Raigad Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj had to leave Maharashtra for reasons of safety. At that time, he took shelter in this southern fort of Jinji and ran the

Exercise

1. Arrange in chornological order. (3) Shivaji Maharaj’s campaign of the (1) Southern campaign of Shivaji Maharaj South (2) Raid on (4) Shivaji Maharaj’s preparation for (3) Escape from Agra the coronation (4) Coronation 4. Give reasons. (5) Treaty of Purandar (1) Shivaji Maharaj entered into the (6) Shaistakhan’s invasion Treaty of Purandar. 2. Find the names from the chapter. (2) Shivaji Maharaj took an aggressive (1) A dictionary containing Sanskrit stand against the Mughals. words - Activities (2) He won Trimbakgad - (1) How do you prepare for the special (3) This Sardar was defeated at Vani- programmes on / Dindori - ? Make a list with (4) A place where the British Dutch and help of your teacher. French had their factories - (2) Visit a historical place in your 3. Write about these in your own words. neighbourhood and write a report on (1) The Coronation of Shivaji Maharaj your visit. (2) Escape from Agra 28 7. The Administration of the Swaraj

Shivaji Maharaj founded Swaraj. He his position. The ministers were answerable had himself crowned. After the coronation, to Maharaj for the administration of their Maharaj accomplished ‘Dakshin Digvijay’, respective departments. the conquest of the South. The Swaraj Shivaji Maharaj selected the Council expanded comprising large areas of Nashik, on the basis of their merit and Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sindhudurg, achievements. He did not give them , Raigad and Thane districts of , vatans or gifts or fiefs. They were Maharashtra. It also included parts Andhra paid handsome salaries instead. Pradesh and Tamil Nadu States. To ensure The policy regarding agriculture : the smooth management of the affairs of Agriculture was the main occupation in the Swaraj and to ensure people’s welfare, villages. Maharaj knew the importance of Shivaji Maharaj set up an efficient agriculture. That was why he paid attention administration. We shall get some to the welfare of farmers. He entrusted the information about it in this chapter. responsibility of organizing the land Ashtapradhan Mandal (Council of revenue system to his capable and Eight Ministers) : At the time of his experienced office bearer Annaji Datto. He coronation, Shivaji Maharaj appointed a warned the officers that they should not council of eight ministers. The collect more revenue than the amount that administration was divided into eight was fixed. He encouraged peasants to departments. A Head was appointed for bring uncultivated land under cultivation. each department. These eight Heads of If the crop was lost due to excessive rains department constituted the Ashtapradhan or drought, or if an enemy army had Mandal. Maharaj alone had the power to devasted the area of the village, remissions appoint a minister or to remove him from were granted in land revenue and other Ashtapradhan Mandal of Shivaji Maharaj Name of the Minister Designation Work Running the administration and making 1. Moro Pingle arrangements for the conquered territories Ramchandra Nilkanth 2. Amatya Keeping the accounts of the State Muzumdar 3. Annaji Datto Sachiv Preparing royal edicts 4. Dattaji Trimbak Waknis Mantri Correspondence Organisation of the Army and 5. Hambirrao Senapati protection of the kingdom Ramchandra Trimbak 6. Sumant Foreign relations Dabir 7. Niraji Rawaji Nyayadhish Dispensing justice 8. Moreshwar Panditrao Panditrao Looking after religious matters

29 taxes. Maharaj had instructed his officers was the highest officer in the . to provide peasants with bullocks, ploughs In the , there were two types and good seeds for sowing. of cavalrymen, namely Shiledars and Village economy of that period : Bargirs. The Shiledar had his own horse Agriculture was the backbone of the rural and weapons. The bargir was provided economy. In villages, many occupations with a horse and weapons by the State. developed to supplement agriculture. In the cavalry, bargirs were more in Artisans in the village produced goods number. The ranks of the cavalry officers and fulfilled the needs of the local people. were similar to those of the infantry In this sense, a village was a officers. The highest officer in the cavalry self-sufficient unit. Farmers gave a definite was the Sarnobat. Netoji Palkar, Prataprao share from their produce to artisans. This Gujar, Hambirrao Mohite were some of share was called ‘Baluta’. the famous Sarnobats of the cavalry. Trade and business : Maharaj knew that a kingdom does not prosper without Let’s learn. an increase in trade. Merchants bring Obtain information about the novel goods as also certain necessities Armed Forces of India. into a kingdom. Goods become available State the names of the three Armed in plenty. Trade prospers adding to wealth. Forces. The view that Maharaj took of merchants What is the designation of the head is seen in the Ajnyapatra where merchants of each Force ? are described as follows: ‘Merchants are Who is the Head of all the three the ornaments of the kingdom and the Forces ? glory of the king.’ It was the policy of Maharaj to protect Intelligence Department : It was industries. An excellent example of this is necessary to protect the Swaraj from its the salt industry. He protected the salt enemies. For this, it was necessary to get industry in Konkan. At that time, traders precise and timely information about the imported salt from the Portuguese territory movements of the enemy. It was the job and sold in Swaraj. That affected the local of the intelligence department to obtain trade in Konkon areas. So, Maharaj information about the movements of the charged heavy duty on the salt imported enemies and submit it to Maharaj. The into Swaraj from the Portuguese territory. intelligence service of Maharaj was very The intention was that the salt imported efficient. Bahirji Naik was the Head of from the Portuguese territory would then the intelligence department. He was cost more and as a result, its import would extremely skilled in his job. He collected decrease and the sale of the local salt accurate and detailed information about would increase. Surat before the raid on Surat. The Military Organisation : There Forts : Forts were of great importance were two main divisions of the army of in the medieval age. Possession of a fort Shivaji Maharaj : infantry and cavalry. made it possible to keep an eye on the In the infantry there were officers such surrounding area. In case of foreign as the Havaldar, Jumledar, etc. The chief invasion it was possible to protect the of the infantry was called Sarnobat. He people taking shelter in the fort. It was 30 possible to stock the fort with foodgrains, war materials, ammunition and military garrison. The importance of forts in the foundation of Swaraj is well stated in the Ajnyapatra : ‘This kingdom was created by the late revered and exalted forts alone.’

Do you know ?

The description of the building of forts by Shivaji Maharaj in the treatise Fort Padmadurg ‘Budhabhusanam’ composed by Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj is its foundation. A sea fort called remarkable. It is as follows: Padmadurga was built in front of Rajapuri in order to counter the Siddi power. About ‘Shivaji Maharaj built many this fort, Maharaj has said in a letter that impenetrable forts on the ridge of by constructing Padmadurga, he had set plateaus in the Sahyadri mountain up ‘another Rajapuri to overshadow the range, in many places from Karnataka Rajapuri of the Siddi.’ up to Baglan. The intention behind it was to protect this earth. Under his Navy : Enemies on the west coast of successful leadership, these forts were India, the Portuguese of Goa, the Siddi built from the banks of the river of Janjira and the British factors of Surat Krishna up to the sea in all the four and Rajapur, created obstacles in the directions. In the Rayari fort, Raje work of expanding the Swaraj. It was Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj remained necessary to curb their activities and to on the forefront among all kings and protect the west coast. For this purpose, was victorious’. Maharaj raised a navy. He realised that the one who has a navy, controls the sea There were about 300 forts in the Maharaj had great foresight. Swaraj. Maharaj spent a considerable amount of money on the building and repairs of these forts. He built hill forts like Pratapgad, Pavangad and Rajgad. There was a Killedar, a Sabnis and a Karkhanis on every fort. The Karkhanis looked after the storage of foodgrains and the maintenance of war material on the Gurab Galbat fort. Sea forts : Maharaj knew the importance of sea forts, too. One of the Do this. sea forts that he built was Sindhudurga Obtain information about the at Malwan. It is an excellent sea fort. To warships in the and make give strength to the construction of the a collection of the pictures of ships. fort, five khandis of lead was poured into 31 There were four hundred ships of objective was to make his subjects various kinds in his navy. They included independent. He was aware that if his battle ships like the gurab, galbat and subjects were to really get the joy of pal. Ships were built in the creek of freedom, it was necessary to have a Kalyan Bhivandi, Vijaydurga and disciplined administration, take Maynak and Daulatkhan were comprehensive care of people’s welfare the chief naval Commanders. and protect the conquered territories. Concern for the welfare of his Maharaj was not merely a ruler, he subjects : Maharaj did not work only was a watchful administrator who cared with the limited ambition of conquering for his people’s welfare. This is clearly enemy territories and establishing seen in his administration of the State. dominance like other things. His main

Exercise

1. Can you tell ? 4. Complete the chart. (1) A Council with eight departments - Military Organisation (2) Bahirj Naik was the Head of this department - (3) The sea fort built by Maharaj near ------Cavalry Malvan - (4) He looked after the war materials on the fort - Havaldar ------2. Write about it in your own words. Activities (1) Shivaji Maharaj’s policy regarding (1) Interview a person in your agriculture neighbourhood who has served in (2) Shivaji Maharaj - a ruler concerned the armed forces. about the welfare of his subjects. (2) Visit a market in your town. List the 3. Give reasons. items prepared/grown in the (1) Shivaji Maharaj established the neighbourhood and those that come Council of Eight Ministers. from outside. (2) Shivaji Maharaj raised a navy.

Fort Sindhudurg

32 8. An Ideal Ruler

Before the foundation of Swaraj, who killed Bada Sayyad at a critical Maharashtra was under the domination of moment during the meeting with the Adilshahi, Siddi, Portuguese and Afzalkhan; Shiva Kashid who crossed the Mughal powers. Shivaji Maharaj struggled siege of Panhalagad in the disguise of against these powers. He faced all kinds Shivaji Maharaj; Bajiprabhu Deshpande, of adverse circumstances. He founded an who blocked the advances of the enemy independent and sovereign Swaraj. He set on the way to Vishalgad; Murarbaji up a system for the administration of this Deshpande, who defended the fort of Swaraj. He turned Swaraj into a Surajya, Purander, Tanaji Malusare, who sacrificed a kingdom that sought the welfare of all. his life while conquering ; Hiroji Maharaj created a new order with his Farjand and Meheter, who risked capability. In the course of the conflict their lives during the escape of Maharaj for the founding of the Swaraj, he himself from Agra, etc. Maharaj took great care had to face many grave dangers. Events of his associates. For example, Kanhoji like the meeting with the Afzalkhan, the Jedhe was associated with Maharaj in the seige of Panhala, the attack on work of the Swaraj from the very Shaistakhan, the escape from Agra, all beginning. When the ageing Kanhoji fell involved a great amount of risk. Shivaji ill, Maharaj told him not to neglect his Maharaj emerged successful in all these medicines or treatment on any account. events. No harm came to him. Caring for the ryot : While establishing the Swaraj, Maharaj had to constantly struggle against his enemies. Think about it. His subjects suffered due to enemy Shivaji Maharaj could establish invasions. At such times, Maharaj used Swaraj due to his loyal and dedicated to take utmost care to protect the ryot. associates. At the time of Shaistakhan’s campaign, Collect proverbs from different Maharaj warned the Deshmukh of the languages that state the importance of Rohida valley not to fail in his duty friendship. For example, A friend in towards the ryot. He told Deshmukh to need is a friend indeed. visit every village and shift people to a safe place down the . He strictly Organisational Skill : Maharaj told him not to delay even for a moment. inspired the people around him to work He further warned the Deshmukh that if for the Swaraj. His organisational skill he did not thus take care of the ryot, the was unparalleled. With this skill, he drew Mughal army would take the people around himself brave people who were prisoner and then it would be seen as the also extremely loyal. These close Deshmukh’s doing. Maharaj also saw to associates of Maharaj performed their it that the soldiers did not in any way duty, even by risking their own lives. cause any harm to the ryot. There are many instances of this in the Policy regarding the army : Maharaj founding of the Swaraj - Jiva Mahala, maintained a strict discipline in the army.

33 He was particular about paying the salaries of the army in time. He made to death. It would be as if you are arrangements to pay the salaries of more atrocious than the Mughals. soldiers in cash. In various kingdoms in There would be great uproar.” Medieval India and elsewhere, there was A policy of tolerance : Maharaj had a system of making payments to soldiers to struggle against his enemies - the in the form of jagirs. Maharaj set this Adilshah, the Mughals and the Siddis. practice aside. There was a strict order They were Islamic powers. While Maharaj to the army that any valuables collected struggled against them, he considered the during the campaigns in enemy territories Muslims in the Swaraj as his own were to be deposited with the Government. subjects. At the time of the meeting with Soldiers were honoured for their bravery Afzalkhan, Siddi Ibrahim was a trusted in a campaign. He looked after the servant in his army. Siddi Hilal was a maintenance of the families of soldiers Sardar in the army of Maharaj. Daulatkhan who died in battle. He took care of the was an important officer in the navy of wounded soldiers, he treated well the the Swaraj. enemy soldiers who had surrendered themselves or who had been captured. Maharaj followed a tolerant religious policy. In the enemy territories that he conquered, he continued the facilities that Do you know ? had been given to the Muslim places of worship. His contemporary historian If war broke out during the period Khafikhan writes about the tolerant of sowing-growing-reaping of crops, religious policy of Maharaj; ‘Shivaji had there would be no limit to the loss framed strict rules for his soldiers that of farmers. Not only would the during the campaigns, they should not movements of army interfere with the harm a mosque. If they came in possession work of sowing, but the soldiers of a copy of the Holy , they should would cut off and take away standing hand over the same, with reverence, to a crops or would destroy them. They Muslim.’ would rob the houses of farmers. The inspiration for freedom : The Shivaji Maharaj had ordered the efforts that Maharaj made to establish the officers to prohibit his soliders from have a special value. It is the such actions. The letter written by Swaraj value of freedom. He aimed at establishing Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in and maintaining an independent and 1674 ce to his military officers is sovereign existence that did not accept very important in this regard. It shows the dominance of any other power. While how minutely Shivaji Maharaj thought struggling against the foreign powers, about the discipline in the army. Maharaj inspired others too, for freedom. “If you harass and trouble the When , who was in the service subjects belonging to different castes of the Mughals, came to see Maharaj, by robbing them of their grains, fodder, Maharaj inspired him to create an grass, vegetables, etc., those subjects independent kingdom in . would leave their houses and migrate Greatness of Maharaj’s work : elsewhere. Many of them would starve Maharaj established Swaraj while fighting 34 against many enemies. This action itself a different religious perspective. All these proves that he was a pioneer of a new actions show his revolutionary aspects in era. But besides this action, many other the field of religion. noble qualities are found in his personality. When there were threats to Swaraj, Maharaj was very intelligent. He he would face them with or without his had mastered many arts. He was associates. Due to this, even his associates conversant with many languages and were ready to sacrifice their lives for scripts. The teachings of his parents Swaraj. Of course, his greatness was not towards the establishment of Swaraj confined to the quality of facing calamities and ethics were deeply instilled in his bravely and fearlessly. He wanted to have mind. There was a blend of character an ethical, qualitative base to the Swaraj. and strength, nobility and valour in his That is why he would give orders, even personality. He had innumerable qualities regarding minor issues along with the like leadership, management, foresight, important ones. The order that prohibited political diplomacy, effective policy soldiers from taking vegetables from the about regional and military fields of the peasants by force, is administration, commitment to truth and exemplary from this point of view. The justice, attitude of equality, visualisation restrictions on the cutting of trees enforced of future activities, the skill of seeing his by him are also noteworthy. planned ventures through, rising over the calamities without giving up, alertness, vigilance and so on. Think about it. He used to punish those severely who would misbehave with women. He used Why is it necessary to grow trees ? to take care of all sections of the society like farmers, craftsmen, soldiers, traders, He had ordered that the garbage on merchants, etc. He used to harbour the the fort should be burnt in an allotted same respect for people of other religions space without dumping it elsewhere, and that he had for people of his own religion, vegetables should be grown on its ash. It without any discrimination. He even becomes clear from this fact that he established family bonds with them. He would pay close attention to the minutest brought back into swadharma, their details while establishing Swaraj. He was original religion, persons who had not just a warrior, but also a sculptor converted to another religion though there who created a new, independent, ethical was an opposition to such a reconversion and cultured society. His greatness is at that time. At that time, there was comprehensive. opposition on religious grounds to crossing the seas. Yet he built sea forts like Can you tell ? Singhudurg and created a navy. This means that he had made preparation for How is the waste in your area countering foreign invasions that came managed ? from the sea. He became the ruler of State the name of the machinery Swaraj officially through his coronation, that looks after waste management. he later, had a second Coronation from

35 In our national movement, Maharaj poem about an imaginary incident in which was a great source of inspiration. In his Shivaji Maharaj talks to his associates. struggle for equality, Mahatma Jotirao Vishwakavi has Phule described in his powadas the greatness written a long poem on Maharaj. Tagore of Shivaji Maharaj. Lokmanya Tilak sees his efforts to found Swaraj as efforts brought about national awakening through for realizing a noble cause. Sir Jadunaath the medium of Shivajayanti celebrations. has praised his achievements in his Lala Lajpatrai has written a book about book ‘Shivaji and His Times’. Pandit the greatness of Maharaj. The great Tamil has said that Maharaj poet Subramanyam Bharati has written a did not belong to Maharashtra alone, he belonged to the whole Indian nation. ... he was a symbol of many virtues, more Do you know ? especially of love of country. Mahatma Jotirao Phule composed a All Indian languages have works that Powada in 1869 ce on Shivaji Maharaj. talk about him as an ideal ruler and a A part of it is given here. source of inspiration. ।। शिवाचा गजर जयनामाचा झᴂडा रोविला ।। Future generations too, will continue ।। 啍�配र्चा मळाे माव쵍यचा शिकार खळलाे ।। to look upon this work of Shivaji Maharaj मात े पायĂ ठवीे डोई गर 㔵 नाहĂ काडीचा । of founding the Swaraj and turning it into आशिर्वद घईे आईचा ।। Surajya as a source of inspiration, as an आलाबला घईे आवडता होतो जिजीचा । ideal. Shivaji Maharaj was a great पवाडा गातो शिवाजीचा ।। national hero. कुळवाडी - भूषण पवाडा गातो भोसल्यचा । छत्रपती शिवाजीचा ।।३।।

Exercise

1. Find it from the chapter. (3) Explain Shivaji Maharaj’s policy (1) Grave dangers in the life of Shivaji regarding the army. Maharaj. 3. Give one word for. (2) They risked their life at the time of (1) An important officer in the navy of Maharaj’s escape from Agra. Swaraj - (3) What warning did Shivaji Maharaj (2) A Tamil poet who composed a poem issue to the Deshmukh of Rohida on Shivaji Maharaj - Valley ? (3) He created an independent kingdom (4) What inspiration can future in Bundelkhand - generations draw from the life of Shivaji Maharaj? (4) He composed a Powada on the greatness of Shivaji Maharaj - 2. Write about it in your own words. Activities (1) What warning did Shivaji Maharaj issue to his soldiers to avoid any (1) Tell how you help your friend in his loss to the ryot ? need. (2) How do we know that the religious (2) List the places named after famous policy of Shivaji Maharaj was that personalities. of tolerance ? 36 9. The Maratha War of Independence

After the death of Chhatrapati Shivaji Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj. He was born Maharaj, the Marathas fought with great on 14 May 1657 on the Purandar Fort. valour with the Mughals under the After Shivaji Maharaj, he became the leadership of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Chhatrapati. At this time, the Marathas Maharaj, Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj were battling against the Mughals. During and Maharani Tarabai to protect the the same period, Emperor Aurangzeb's son Swaraj. This long war that lasted for Shahajada Akbar rebelled against his twenty seven years is called the ‘Maratha father. The Emperor crushed his rebellion. War of Independence’. In 1682 ce Emperor Then Akbar came to the Deccan to take Aurangzeb himself led the invasion of shelter with Sambhaji Maharaj. Then the South. Even then, despite enormous Emperor himself descended on the South difficulties, the Marathas emerged in 1682 ce to vanquish Akbar. He had with victorious in this struggle. This war is an him a huge army and a powerful artillery. exciting and glorious period in the history He asked the Siddi of Janjira to undertake of India. In this chapter, we shall learn an expedition against the Marathas. He about this war of independence. also won over the Portuguese to his side. Consequently, Sambhaji Maharaj had to The word ‘Maratha’ used here means the face many adversaries at one and the same ‘people who speak Marathi’ or time. ‘Maharashtrian people’. The reign of Sambhaji Maharaj marks the first chapter of the Maratha War of Do this. Independence after Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj had given him excellent Sambhajiraje speaking... Present a education in civil administration and role play. military campaigns. Sambhaji Maharaj had begun to take interst in the administration of the State and the command of the army from the age of fourteen years. While he was still a prince, he had led attacks on many territories of the Mughals and the Adilshah. Then French traveller Abbe Carrey says about his battle skills, “Even though the prince is young, he is courageous and brave like his father was famous for….” When Sambhaji Maharaj became Chhatrapati, the war with the Mughals became fiercer. Aurangzeb wanted to Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj occupy regions from Kabul to Kannyakumari and create a grand unified Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj : Mughal empire. His dream was to destroy Sambhaji Maharaj was the eldest son of the Maratha State completely using his 37 military and financial prowess. But Campaign against the Portuguese : Sambhaji Maharaj shattered his dreams The Portuguese of Goa joined hands with with his bravery and military skills. Troops the Emperor against Sambhaji Maharaj. of the attacked many of the So, Sambhaji Maharaj decided to teach a Mughal territories. Though the Emperor’s lesson to the Portuguese. He attacked the generals tried very hard for a long time, fort of the Portuguese in 1683 ce. they couldn’t win the Maratha fort of To counter this, the Portuguese laid a siege Ramsej near Nashik. Thus, Sambhaji to the Fonda fort of the Marathas on the Maharaj’s valour brought Aurangzeb to his Goa border. The Marathas broke through knees. Once he removed his in the siege and attacked Goa. In this battle, frustration and threw it on the floor. He Yesaji Kank showed great valour. The made a vow that until he had vanquished Portuguese Governor got wounded and Sambhaji, he would not wear his turban. retreated. Sambhaji Maharaj followed him. Sambhaji Maharaj had rendered Aurangzeb The Portuguese were in deep trouble. At helpless to this extent. this time, Sambhaji Maharaj got the news that the Mughals had attacked South Do you know ? Konkan. Therefore, he had to abandon the winning campaign of Goa and return to Aurangzeb thought that once the fight with the Mughals. Maratha forts were captured, their The end of Adilshahi and rule too, would come to an end. So Qutubshahi : Aurangzeb did not succeed he put a siege around Ramsej fort in his campaign against the Marathas. near Nashik. Aurangzeb’s army was Therefore, he suspended that campaign. huge. The Maratha army was small. Then he turned towards the kingdoms of But they fought with perseverance. Adilshah and Qutubshah and conquered The siege continued for the next five them. years. This bravery of a handful Maratha soldiers was unparalleled. The wealth and army of both the This resistance offered by the Marathas kingdoms was now acquired by the made Aurangzeb realise the difficulty Mughals and it made Aurangzeb even of fighting with them. stronger. Then he concentrated all his might on defeating the Marathas. He Campaign against the Siddi : The attacked their territory from all sides. The Siddi of Janjira used to harass the people Maratha army General Hambirrao Mohite in the Maratha territory. He used to raid, got killed during an encounter with the burn, and loot the Maratha territory and Mughal army. Due to this blow the commit atrocities. Sabhasada has described military strength of Sambhaji Maharaj him as a rat in the house. Sambhaji was weakened. Maharaj started a campaign against him Administration of Sambhaji in 1682 ce. His army laid a siege to Siddi’s Maharaj : Even though Sambhaji Maharaj Dandarajpuri fort, and battered the fort of was busy fighting on various battle fronts, Janjira with the artillery. But at the same he did not ignore his administrative time, the Mughal army invaded Swaraj. responsibilities. He continued the prompt Sambhaji Maharaj had to abandon the justice and revenue system, which was a Janjira campaign and turn back. characteristic of Chhatrapati Shivaji

38 Maharaj’s era. He severely punished the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. He was born landlords who harassed common people on 24 February 1670 on Raigad. He became and who rebelled against the Swaraj. He Chhatrapati after the death of Sambhaji gave administrative powers to Maharani Maharaj. Now Aurangzeb thought that his Yesubai. He gave her, her own stamp. He dream of winning continued the legacy of Shivaji Maharaj’s the Maratha welfare policies. kingdom would Sambhaji Maharaj knew Sanskrit and be realised. He many other languages well. He studied sent Zulfikarkhan many ancient books on polity and wrote to put Raigad their gist in a book called under siege. That ‘Budhbhushanam’. time Rajaram Maharaj and his Do you know ? wife Maharani Tarabai and Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj composed Rajaram Maharaj Sambhaji ‘Budhbhushanam’ in the Sanskrit Maharaj’s wife language. The second chapter of this Maharani Yesubai and his son Shahu were book discusses polity. It includes on Raigad. It was risky for all members of information about the virtues of a king, the royal family to stay at one place. prime minister, and their Maharani Yesubai tackled this education and functions, the advisers to unprecedented calamity very bravely. the king, forts and the goods and Resolving that, she would not surrender to materials needed on a fort, the army, the the Mughals under any conditions, she took duties of a king, espionage, etc. many important political decisions on Raigad. It was decided that Rajaram Death of Sambhaji Maharaj : Maharaj should escape from Raigad and if Aurangzeb was trying very hard to defeat necessary, go to a far off place like Jinji. Sambhaji Maharaj. He had placed It was decided that the fight to defend Mukarrabkhan in charge of the Kolhapur Raigad would continue under the leadership province. Mukarrabkhan learnt that of Maharani Yesubai. Maharani Yesubai Sambhaji Maharaj was at chose to make Rajaram Maharaj and not in Konkan. He raided the place and her own son the Chhatrapati. Her decision captured Sambhaji Maharaj. When is a shining example of her love for Swaraj Sambhaji Maharaj was taken to the and her extreme selflessness. She kept the Emperor, he faced him fearlessly. By the Maratha Chhatrapati secure without regard Emperor’s orders, he was brutally put to for her own life or that of her son. death on 11 March 1689. This Maratha Chhatrapati did not compromise his self respect and faced his death nobly and Let’s find out. bravely. The Marathas took inspiration Find Jinji on a map of India. from his sacrifice and intensified their Rajaram Maharaj leaves for Jinji : fight against the Mughals. On 5 April 1689 Rajaram Maharaj Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj : escaped from the besieged Raigad with a Rajaram Maharaj was the second son of few of his associates. He decided to go 39 south to Jinji. The Jinji fort was invincible. Do you know ? It was not an easy task for the Mughals to capture this fort. Rajaram Maharaj The Mughal soldiers were so took his faithful Sardars like Pralhad scared of Dhanaji that when their Niraji, Khando Ballal, Rupaji Bhosale horse baulked while drinking water, and managed to reach Jinji. they would say: “Why, do you see The Movements of the Marathas : Dhanaji in the water ?” It was difficult to defend the against the might of the Mughals. Marathas defended the fort bravely for The Mughals captured Raigad in nearly eight years. The Mughal forces November 1689 and arrested Maharani engaged in the siege were fiercely Yesubai and Shahu. While going to attacked from outside by Santaji and Jinji, Rajaram Maharaj had assigned Dhanaji. Rajaram Maharaj escaped the duty to fight against the Mughals through the siege, and returned to to Ramchandrapant Amatya, Shankaraji Maharashtra. Later Zulfikarkhan captured Narayan Sachiv, and the fort of Jinji. . The return of Rajaram Maharaj to From the Maratha point of view, the Maharashtra gave a boost to the Maratha situation was critical. Aurangzeb had activity. The Marathas attacked the enticed many Maratha Sardars to his Mughal territories of Khandesh, Varhad side by giving them watans and jagirs. and Baglan. Rajaram Maharaj inspired Rajaram Maharaj also used the same hundreds of brave Maratha warriors like tactics to thwart the Mughal plans. It Santaji and Dhanaji with his understanding was promised that if a Maratha Sardar nature and statesmanship. He motivated captured Mughal territory it would be them to protect the Swaraj and thus given to him as a jagir. Due to this performed a very valuable task. But even promise, many capable Maratha Sardars as all this was taking place, Rajaram came forward. They started invading the Maharaj died on 2 March 1700 on Mughal territory with vigour and defeated Sinhgad after a short period of illness. Mughal Generals. Santaji and Dhanaji Rajaram Maharaj was thoughtful and were at the forefont in these actions. kind-hearted. He brought together all the Against their surprise attacks and capable people in the . guerrilla tactics, the enormous amount of He united them created a new enthusiasm war material and heavy artillery of the amongst them. After the death of Sambhaji Mughals were of little use. The Mughal Maharaj, he fought against Aurangzeb for forces were at their wits’ end. On one 11 years with great courage and tenacity. occasion, Santaji Ghorpade and Vithoji Rajaram Maharaj’s greatest achievement Chavan even cut and carried away the is that he protected Swaraj in those golden pinnacle of the Emperor’s own extremely difficult times. While describing tent in a surprise attack. Rajaram Maharaj, noted historian Siege of Jinji : Once Raigad was Riyasatkar G. S. Sardesai has used the captured. the Emperor sent Zulfikarkhan adjective ‘Sthirbuddhi’ (Level Headed). to the South on the campaign of Jinji. He cannot be described in better words He laid siege to the fort of Jinji. The than these. 40 Swaraj struggle bravely with the help of Do this. her Sardars. Aurangzeb captured Satara and Panhala from the Maratha territory, Interview the women in your but at the same time the Marathas dashed neighbourhood who have made great up to the Mughal areas of Madhya Pradesh achievements in various fields. and Gujarat. Tarabai expanded the war areas further. Sardars like Krishnaji Maharani Tarabai : After the death , Khanderao , Dhanaji of Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj, Jadhav and Nemaji Shinde opened battles Aurangzeb thought that he had won the against Mughals on various fronts outside war against the Marathas. But it was not Maharashtra. This was a sign of change so. Aurangzeb was winning battle after in the outcome of the war. battle, but he could not win the war. Maharani Tarabai, the capable wife of Maharani Tarabai fought for seven Rajaram Maharaj, came forward to lead years. She kept the Maratha kingdom the Swaraj movement in the extremely strong. She took charge of the unfavourable circumstances. administration singlehandedly and encouraged the Sardars to participate in the mission of Swaraj. Maratha Sardars fought against the Mughals up to Sironje, and . Khafikhan has recorded that Rajaram’s wife Tarabai achieved great things and displayed the

Do you know ?

Maharani Tarabai used the Guerrilla technique very effectively. Marathas were comparatively weaker than Aurangzeb in army power. Aurangzeb used his army to put siege to the forts to capture them. Marathas used to fight for the fort as long as they could. But when the rainy season approached, Killedar of the fort pretended to side with Aurangzeb. A Maharani Tarabai bribe was accepted from Aurangzeb and the fort was handed over to him. Contemporary Mughal historian The used to deposit this bribe Khafikhan describes Maharani Tarabai as Killedar amount in the Maratha treasury. When an intelligent and knowledgeable woman. Aurangzeb repleted the wealth, grains Her management of the army and and ammunition on the fort, Tarabai administration had won renown even used to capture that fort again. This during the rule of her husband. strategy of Tarabai is described as After the death of Chhatrapati Rajaram ‘Safe deposit locker system’. Maharaj, Maharani Tarabai continued the 41 qualities of leadership of the army and Mughal-Maratha fight had continued for management of campaigns. It added force 25 years. Still the Mughals could not to the Maratha campaigns. defeat the Marathas. In these circumstances, Emperor Aurangzeb died in 1707 ce at Do you know ? . The Maratha War of Independence ended with his death. While describing Tarabai’s great This Maratha war for independence achievements, Poet Devdatta (who was was the fight between the Mughal the son of Paramanand, the author or Emperor’s greed to expand his empire Shivbharat) says, and the spirit of independence of the Marathas. The Marathas emerged ताराबाई रामराणी । भद्रकाली कोपली । victorious in it. After the death of दि쥍ल झाली दीनवाणी । दि쥍लशाचे गेले पाणी । Aurangzeb, they led others in filling the रामराणी भद्रकाली । रणरंगी 啍रद्ध झाली । vacuum in the political arena. They प्रयत्नची वेळ आली । मुगल हो सांभाळा ।। controlled the throne of Delhi, ran the affairs of almost all parts of Hindusthan Thus, Maharani Tarabai kept up the and protected it. Therefore, the legacy of valour inherited from Chhatrapati is known as the century of Shivaji Maharaj. the Marathas. In the next chapters, we Due to the forceful campaigns of the will see the achievements of the Marathas Marathas, Aurangzeb was frustrated. The in that century.

THE FAMILY TREE OF THE BHONSALES

Malojiraje

Shahajiraje (1594 ce to 1664 ce)

Sambhaji Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vyankoji (1630 ce to 1680 ce)

Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj (1657 ce to 1689 ce) (1670 ce to 1700 ce)

Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Chhatrapati Chhatrapati (1682 ce t o 1749 ce) Shivaji Sambhaji (Son of Tarabai) (Son of Rajasbai)

Chhatrapati Ramraja Ramraja (Adopted (Adopted by 1750 ce t o 1777 ce) Satara gadi)

42 Exercise

1. Choose the correct option. (3) To whom did Rajaram Maharaj entrust (1) Aurangzeb was frustrated by his bravery. the responsibility of protecting the Swaraj (a) Shahajada Akbar when he went to Jinji. (b) Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj (4) Devdatta has described Maharani (c) Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj Tarabai’s valour in these words. (2) They cut the golden pinnacles the Emperor’s tent. 3. Give reasons. (a) Santaji and Dhanaji (1) Aurangzeb turned his attention towards (b) Santaji Ghorpade and Vithoji Chavan Adilshahi and Qutubshahi kingdoms. (c) Khando Ballal and Rupaji Bhosale (2) After the death of Sambhaji Maharaj, (3) He fought bravely in the Goa battle. the Marathas intensified their war with (a) Yesaji Kank the Mughals. (b) Nemaji Shinde (3) It was decided that the Raigad fort (c) Pralhad Niraji should be fought under the leadership of Maharani Yesubai. 2. Find in the text in the lesson and write answers. Activity (1) Why did Sambhaji Maharaj return Show Goa, Bijapur, Golconda, Jinji, halfway from the Janjira Campaign ? Ahmadabad and Ahmednagar on a map (2) Why did Sambhaji Maharaj decide to of India. teach a lesson to the Portuguese ?

Fort Jinji

43 10. The Expansion of the Maratha Power

At the beginning of the Maratha war won the battle. He captured Satara. He got of independence, the Mughals were on himself crowned. Satara became the capital the offensive whereas the Marathas were of the Maratha kingdom. on the defensive. This situation however For a while, the mutual opposition was reversed at the end of the war of between Maharani Tarabai and Shahu independence. The Mughals were thrown Maharaj continued. Maharani Tarabai on the defensive against the Marathas. In proclaimed her minor son Shivaji II as the the latter half of the eighteenth century, Chhatrapati at Pahnala in 1710 ce. This the Marathas subdued the Mughals and gave rise to an indendepent Maratha extended the Maratha power to cover Kingdom at Kolhapur besides the one at practically the whole of India. We shall Satara. study this in the present chapter. The early part of Shahu Maharaj’s life Release of Shahu Maharaj : After was spent in Mughal camps. So, he had the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, there seen Mughal politics from close quarters. ensued a struggle among his sons for the He knew the finer points of Mughal and throne of Delhi. Prince Azamshah was in especially North Indian politics. the South. At once, he marched towards He knew the strengths and weaknesses Delhi to seize the imperial throne. Prince of the Mughal empire very well. Also, he Shahu was in his captivity. Azamshah was acquainted with the influential people believed that if Shahu Maharaj was in the Mughal Court. All these factors released, there would arise a conflict helped him deciding the new direction of between him and Maharani Tarabai for Maratha politics in the changing the gadi of the Maratha Chhatrapati. circumstances. Azamshah felt that this would sap the Aurangzeb’s successors had given up Maratha strength and therefore, released his policy of destroying the Maratha power. Shahu Maharaj. So the Marathas adopted a new policy. Coronation of Shahu Maharaj : Instead of fighting with the Mughal power, Immediately after his release, Shahu they decided to protect it and expand their Maharaj marched towards Maharashtra. own empire in that role. They believed that He was joined by some Maratha Sardars, restoring an old temple is as good as but Maharani building a new one. Tarabai did not The Mughal power faced the threat of accept his claim to the and Afghani invaders from the the throne. The north-west and also of the local Pathan, armies of Shahu local Rajput, Jat and Rohilas rulers. The Maharaj and internal competition and tussle in the court Maharani Tarabai had also weakened the Mughal power. Due fought a battle at to all these the Delhi Court needed the help Khed on the bank of the Marathas. of the Bheema. : After Shahu Shahu Maharaj Shahu Maharaj Maharaj was released by the Mughals, he

44 made Balaji Vishwanath, a Peshwa. Balaji Nizam’s defeat at Palkhed : The hailed from , in Konkan. He Mughal emperor Farukhsear appointed was competent and experienced. He Nizam – ul – Mulk the Subhedar of Deccan. convinced many Sardars that Shahu In 1713 ce Nizam tried to establish his Maharaj was the real heir of the Maratha separate existence at . The empire and made them join hands with Emperor had given the Marathas the rights him. to recover Chauthai-Sardeshmukhi from was the chief of the Mughal areas. Nizam was against it. Maratha Navy. He chose to side with He captured some part of the Pune Maharani Tarabai and attacked the Pargana. Bajirao decided to checkmate the territories of Shahu Maharaj. This gave Nizam. He defeated the Nizam at Palkhed rise to a difficult situation. Under these near Aurangabad. The Nizam accepted the circumstances, Shahu Maharaj sent Balaji Maratha right to collect Chauthai- to fight against Kanhoji Angre. Balaji Sardeshmukhi. avoided the war and won Kanhoji over to As the Mughal power had become Shahu Maharaj’s side. weak, Bajirao knew that there was more Chauthai and Sardeshmukhi rights : scope to expand the empire towards After strengthening the position of Shahu northern side. Shahu Maharaj supported Maharaj in Maharashtra, Balaji turned his his policy. attention to the politics in the North. The Malwa : Malwa in todays Madhya Delhi court, after the death of Emperor Pradesh was part of the Mughal empire. Aurangzeb, was marked by bickering and Bajirao sent Malharrao , Ranoji confusion. The brothers, Abdulla Shinde and Udaji Pawar under the (Hasan) and Hussein Ali had become very leadership of his brother Chimajiappa to influential. With their help, in 1719 ce Malwa. There, they strengthened the posts. Balaji obtained from the Mughal Emperor, Bundelkhand: Bundelkhand means the grants or sanads to collect chauthai some part of today’s Madhya Pradesh and and sardeshmukhi from the Mughal territory Uttar Pradesh - areas around , in the Deccan. These sanads gave the Panna and Sagar. Marathas the rights to collect one fourth King Chhatrasal had established his part (chauthai) and one tenth part own kingdom in Bundelkhand. The Mughal (sardeshmukhi) of the revenue from the Subhedar Mohmmad Khan Bangush of Mughal territory in the Deccan. Allahabad attacked Bundelkhand and had Bajirao I : defeated Chhatrasal. Chhatrasal appealed After the death of to Bajirao for help. Balaji Vishwanath, Bajirao took a large army and went Shahu Maharaj to Bundelkhand. He defeated Bangush. appointed Balaji’s Chhatrasal honoured Bajirao. This is how son, Bajirao I the Marathas established their supremacy in Peshwa in 1720 ce. Malwa and Bundelkhand. He expanded the Bajirao demanded from the Emperor Maratha Empire the office of the of Malwa. As during his term of Subhedar the Emperor declined this demand, Bajirao Bajirao I 20 years.

45 marched on Delhi in 1737 ce. The Mughals Portuguese. Chimaji conquered Thane and were taken by surprise. the adjacent areas. In 1739 ce, he laid siege to the Vasai fort. The fort was very strong. The Portuguese had a powerful Do you know ? artillery. In spite of all this, Chimaji Chhatrasal wrote a letter to Bajirao. continued the siege with perseverance and In that he wrote, जो गत आह गजᴂद्र की forced the Portuguese to surrender. The वह गत आई है आज. बाजी जान बुंदेल की, fort of Vasai and large parts of the बाजी राखो लाज. (My situation is like Portuguese territory passed into the hands the elephant whose leg is caught by of the Marathas. the crocodile. You are the only one Death of Bajirao : Nadirshah, the who can save me.) Emperor of , invaded India. Following the order of Shahu Maharaj, Bajirao set The battle of : The Emperor out for the North with a big army to felt uneasy on account of Bajirao’s Delhi defend the Mughal power. By the time he expedition. He invited the Nizam to reached , Nadirshah had protect Delhi. Nijam marched against returned to Iran with an enormous booty Bajirao with his huge army. Bajirao looted from Delhi. In April 1740, Bajirao defeated him at Bhopal. Nizam agreed to breathed his last at Raverkhedi on the secure the sanad of Malwa subhedari for banks of the Narmada. the Marathas from the Badshah. Bajirao was a great General. With The defeat of Portuguese : The his valour, he established the Maratha territories of Vasai and Thane on the supremacy in the North. He won status Konkan coast were in the possession of for the Maratha power as a formidable the Portuguese. The Portuguese rulers power in the whole of India. oppressed their subjects. Bajirao sent his In his time, the Shinde, Holkar, brother Chimajiappa to subdue the Pawar, Gaikwad families attained prominence.

Exercise

1. Write the meaning. (3) Balaji Vishwanath (1) Chauthai - (4) Bajirao I (2) Sardeshmukhi - 4. Give reasons. 2. Write the answer in one word. (1) Two separate Maratha States were (1) Balaji was from this town in Konkan formed...... (2) Azamshah released Chattrapati Shahu (2) He ruled Bundelkhand ...... Maharaj from his custody. (3) Bajirao died at this place ...... (3) Delhi needed the help from the (4) He defeated the Portuguese ...... Marathas. 3. Write about them in your own words. Activity (1) Kanhoji Angre Get a biography of Maharani Tarabai (2) The Battle of Palkhed and present an inspiring event in her life.

46 11. Marathas – The Protectors of the Nation

After Bajirao I, Shahu Maharaj Afghans. In return, the Marathas were to appointed his son Balaji Bajirao alias get cash money, the right to collect Nanasaheb the Peshwa. Following the chauthai in the territories of the Punjab, invasion of Nadirshah, there was instability , , Sindh and in Delhi. In these circumstances, and the Subhedari of and Agra Nanasaheb tried to stabilize the Maratha provinces. rule in the North. Ahmadshah Abdali As per the treaty, the Peshwa sent the posed a challenge to the Marathas at Shinde-Holkar armies for the protection of Panipat. We shall learn about these Delhi on behalf of the Chhatrapati. When developments in this chapter. Abdali learnt that the Marathas were Situation in the North : The region marching to Delhi, he went back to his to the north-west of province at country. Because the threat of Abdali was the foothills of the Himalayas was called thus thwarted due to the Marathas, the Rohilkhand in the 18th century. The Emperor gave them Chauthai rights to the Pathans who had migrated from Mughal subhas. These subhas included Afghanistan had settled in this region. Kabul, and . Though They were known as . The the subhas were previously a past of the Rohillas had wrought havoc in the Doab Mughal empire, now they were part of region of the Ganga and rivers. Abdali’s Afghanistan. As per the treaty, it The of Ayodhya invited the was a duty of the Marathas to win the Marathas to subdue the Rohillas. The subhas back from Abdali and annexe them Marathas chastised the Rohillas. to the Mughal Empire. Abdali however, Conflict with the Afghans : wanted to bring under Afghan control, the Ahmadshah Abdali, the ruler of region up to the Punjab. So a conflict Afghanistan, was attracted by the riches between the Marathas and Abdali was of India. He marched on the Punjab in imminent and inevitable. 1751 ce. There was anarchy in the Mughal , brother of the Peshwa territory. The Mughals were facing the Nanasaheb, accompanied by Jayappa threat of Abdali’s invasion. In these Shinde and Malharrao circumstances, the Mughals found it Holkar, undertook the necessary for their own protection, to seek campaign of North the help of the Marathas. The Emperor India to combat was sure of the Maratha strength and Abdali. integrity. There was no other power strong The local rulers enough to protect Delhi. Therefore, the in the north saw the Emperor entered into a treaty with the Marathas from the Marathas in April 1752. According to this South as their treaty, the Marathas agreed to protect the competitors. They did Mughal power from enemies like the Peshwa Nanasaheb not take into account Rohillas, the Jats, the Rajputs and the the broad vision of the Marathas and 47 remained neutral, offering no help to the to come to his help. On receiving the Marathas. They did not like the Maratha message from Najibkhan, Abdali invaded supremacy and interventions in the Delhi India again. Dattaji and Abdali confronted court. Surajmal Jat and Rani Kishori were each other at Buradi on the banks the only ones who helped the Marathas of the Yamuna. A fierce fight ensued. wounded in the battle of Panipat. Dattaji showed tremendous valour. He Also, some of the orthodox sects in met with a heroic death in this battle. the North saw Marathas as people belonging to other religions. They, too, Do you know ? left aside the broad vision of the Marathas. They persuaded Abdali to invade India Dattaji fought very bravely. At with a view to reducing the Maratha last, he was severely wounded and might. They expected that Abdali would collapsed on the battleground. Najib defeat the Marathas and drive them away back to the South, beyond the river Khan ’s adviser Qutub Shah Narmada. stepped down from his elephant and The Maratha standard on : came towards Dattaji. He asked Najibkhan was a Rohilla chief. He found Dattaji, ‘क्ⴂ पटेलजी, हमारे साथ तुम और it hard to tolerate the Maratha supremacy भी लढᴂगे?’ Dattaji was in a wounded in the North. At the behest of Najibkhan, state. But after hearing these words Abdali invaded India again. This was the of Qutub Shah, he replied with pride, fifth time he had invaded India. He ‘हाँ, बचᴂगे तो और भी लढᴂगे ।’ captured Delhi. He returned to Afghanistan with a huge booty. Raghunathrao and Malharrao Holkar marched to the North Sadashivraobhau : Nanasaheb sent again. They captured Delhi. Then, driving his cousin Sadashivraobhau and eldest out Abdali’s officers, they captured the son to the North to crush Punjab. The Marathas pursued Abdali’s Abdali. Sadashivraobhau was soldiers right up to Attock in 1758 ce. Chimajiappa’s son. He had with him, a The Maratha standard was raised at huge army and a Attock. Attock is in present day . powerful artillery. From Attock, the Marathas pushed the Ibrahimkhan campaign up to Peshawar. However, they Gardi was the did not make proper arrangements to look chief of the after this newly conquered territory. artillery. He had Dattaji’s valour : To get a firm hold defeated the over the Punjab and to crush Najibkhan, Nizam in the the Peshwa sent Dattaji Shinde and battle of in Janakoji Shinde to the North. Dattaji went 1760 ce, on the to the North. Keeping Dattaji engaged in strength of this negotiations, Najibkhan established Sadashivraobhau artillery. contacts with Abdali. He requested Abdali

48 The Battle of Panipat : In his their leader had disappeared, the Maratha campaign of the North, Sadashivraobhau soldiers lost courage. At that very moment, captured Delhi. The armies of the the reserve contingents of Abdali launched Marathas and Abdali confronted each an attack on the Marathas with a fresh other at Panipat. On 14 January 1761, the vigour. The Marathas were defeated. A Marathas opened the battle by attacking whole generation of young men in Abdali’s army. This was the Third Battle Maharashtra was killed. Many brave of Panipat. Vishwasrao fell a victim to Sardars fell on the battlefield. The an enemy bullet in the battle. When Marathas believed that an outsider like Sadashivraobhau learnt this, he fiercely Abdali had no moral right to rule here. attacked the enemy in a frenzy. He The Marathas fought at Panipat with the disappeared in the battle fray. Seeing that broad perspective that India is for Indians. 49 at Rakshasbhuvan near . Do you know ? Hyder Ali was the Sultan of . Approximately 1,50,000 people were Taking advantage of the Maratha defeat killed in the battle of Panipat. One at Panipat, Hyder Ali attacked their letter describes this in a poetic way. territory in Karnataka. The Marathas defeated Hyder in a battle at Moti Talav ‘‘दोन मोत्य गळाली. सत्तवीस मोहोरा near Srirangapattan. He then agreed to हरवल् या! आणि 셂पये, खुर्餾 किती गेल्य याची cede the region north of the river गणतीच नाही.’’ Tungabhadra to the Marathas. Sadashivraobhau had explained the Peshwa Madhavrao died in 1772 ce. broad, all-inclusive viewpoint of the In the history of the Marathas, he is Marathas in his correspondence with the described as an honest, hard-working, rulers in the North, saying that they were determined administrator who was keen all native to the land and Abdali was an on public welfare. The death of this enemy from a foreign country. But the capable Peshwa was an irreparable loss rulers in the North did not respond to the Maratha State. favourably to him and took a neutral attitude. Naturally, the Marathas had to Do you know ? shoulder the responsibility of protecting India. We can say that the Marathas Peshwa Madhavrao provided were the first in our history to realise that special attention towards the welfare India was one country and it was of farmers. He dug many wells in necessary for all to lend support to the Pune and increased the water supply king irrespective of his religion. to the city. Administrators like Nana Peshwa Madhavrao : After the Phadnavis and judges like death of Peshwa Nanasaheb, his son Ramshastri Prabhune emerged under his rule. He reformed the judiciary Madhavrao succeeded him to the office for better justice to the common of the Peshwa. Madhavrao kept the people. He started artillery and Nizam and Hyder Ali at bay. He ammunition factories. He also established the established a to make coins. supremacy of the Marathas in the North again. The two Peshwas who succeeded After the defeat Peshwa Madhavrao, namely Narayanrao of the Marathas at and Sawai Madhavrao, did not live long. Panipat, the Nizam During their term, Peshwa was in the grip once again resumed of family feuds. Raghunathrao, who had his anti-Maratha once raised the Maratha standard at activities. He Attock, sought shelter with the British to invaded the Maratha satisfy his greed for power. This led to a territory. Madhavrao war between the Marathas and the British. defeated the Nizam Peshwa Madhavrao 50 Hyder Ali died in 1782 ce. After him Delhi under their own protection. The his son Tipu became the Sultan of Maratha power was revived in the North. Mysore. He was a skilled warrior, a The Marathas suffered a heavy loss scholar and a poet. He used his competence in the battle of Panipat. Abdali’s army to increase the might of his Kingdom. He also suffered losses. He did not benefit established contact with French and shook financially in the battle. In fact, Abdali the foundation of British supremacy. He or his descendants did not muster enough died in 1799 ce in a battle against the courage to invade India again. They British. realised that only the Marathas had the The Maratha Supremacy Rises strength and capacity to control the Once Again : The Maratha prestige in anarchy in the North. They expressed the North had suffered a severe setback their wish that the Marathas should because of the debacle at Panipat. protect the Empire. They sent a messenger Madhavrao dispatched Mahadji Shinde, to Pune to establish cordial relations. It Tukoji Holkar, Ramchandra Kanade and is important to note that the Marathas Visajipant Biniwale to re-establish the overcame the great defeat at Panipat and Maratha rule in the North. The Maratha successfully revived their supremacy in army defeated the Jats, the Rohillas and the politics of the North. Malharrao the Rajputs. The Marathas restored the Holkar, and Mahadji Emperor Shah Alam to the throne of Shinde had a lion’s share in all this.

THE FAMILY TREE OF THE PESHWAS

Balaji Vishwanatha

Bajirao I Chimajiappa

Balaji Ramchandra Raghunathrao Janardan Sadashivraobhau alias Nanasaheb Bajirao II

Nanasaheb (adopted)

Vishwasrao Madhavrao Yeshwantrao Narayanrao (Peshwa) (Peshwa)

Sawai Madhavrao (Peshwa)

51 Exercise

1. Name them. 4. Find the names of people in the (1) They came from Afghanistan ... chapter : (2) They settled at the foothills of the N n Himalayas… (3) The brother of Nanasaheb Peshwa… D (4) The chief of Jats at Mathura… N (5) Defeated Nijam at Rakshasbhuvan near Paithan… Activity 2. Write in brief about. Find more information about the battle (1) Raising the Maratha standard of Panipat on the internet and make a at Attock. presentation in your class. (2) Conflict with the Afghans (3) The after effects of the battle of Panipat. 3. Arrange chronologically. (1) The battle of Rakshasbhuvan. (2) The death of . (3) The death of Madhavrao Peshwa (4) The battle of Panipat (5) The battle of Buradi Ghat

The Court of Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa

52 12. Progression of the Empire

Till now we have learnt about the of the administration. She was a rise of the Maratha power and its capable, astute and excellent administrator. expansion. We studied the developments She made new laws for agricultural cess, from the foundation of the Swaraj till its revenue collection etc. and put the affairs expansion into an empire. In this chapter, of the State in order. She strove to bring we take a brief review of the Sardar more land under cultivation, digging wells families, who gave their valuable for farmers, promoting trade and industry, contribution for expanding the Maratha building lakes and tanks. kingdom in the northern parts of India. She built temples, Ghats, Maths, The Holkars of Indore : Malharrao Dharamshalas, drinking water facilities at was the founder of the Holkar rule at all important places of pilgrimage in the Indore. He served the Maratha state for a four quarters of India. This effort of hers long time. He was was important for the cultural integration well-versed in of the country. She looked into judicial . matters personally and dispensed justice. He proved his She was very generous. She had great valour in the love of books. She ruled ably for twenty- northern campaigns eight years and enhanced the Maratha of the Marathas at prestige in the North. She brought peace the time of Bajirao and order to her Kingdom and made her I and Nanasaheb people happy. tried Peshwa. He was to save the Maratha Kingdom when it instrumental in was on the decline. Malharrao Holkar establishing the The Bhosales of Nagpur : Parasoji Maratha supremacy in Malwa and was given the jagir of Varhad and Rajputana. He proved to be of great help Gondawan during to Peshwa Madhavrao in reviving the the reign of Shahu Maratha prestige in the North after the Maharaj. Among defeat at Panipat. Punyashloka Ahilyabai the Bhosales of Holkar was the Nagpur, Raghuji wife of Khanderao, was the bravest who was and the most Malharrao’s son. capable. He brought Khanderao died in the area surrounding the battle of Raghuji Bhosale Tirucherapalli and Kumbheri. After a Arcot in the South under Maratha few days, dominance. Shahu Maharaj had assigned Malharrao also to him the chauthai rights of Bengal, passed away. After Bihar and Odisha. He brought these him, Ahilyabai territories under the Maratha dominance. assumed the reins Ahilyabai Holkar In 1751 ce the Bhosales of Nagpur won

53 the Odisha territory from Ali Vardi politics at Delhi, when they felt that the Khan. Till 1803 ce Marathas dominated Marathas might have become weak after Odisha. the battle of Panipat. They managed to get Diwani rights of Bengal province and wanted to capture the Emperor of Delhi. In Do you know ? these adverse circumstances, Mahadji The – The British Shinde defeated the British and reinstated at used to fear the Bhosales the Emperor on the throne. The emperor from Nagpur. So, to protect the city was pleased with his bravery and conferred of Kolkata from a possible Maratha the title of ‘Vakil – i – Mutlak (Chief agent attack, they dug a ditch around the of the emperor) upon him, which meant city. That ditch came to be known that he had the authority of civil and as the Maratha ditch. military rights. He accepted that position on behalf of the minor Peshwa Savai Madhavrao. Due to this, the Marathas The Shindes of : Bajirao I gained full control of the Empire. It was had rightly judged very difficult to save the tottering empire. the capabilities of Mahadji managed the difficult affairs with Ranoji Shinde and strong determination and looked after the made him a Sardar Delhi affairs during 1784 ce to 1794 ce. in the North. After The heirs of Najib Khan, responsible Ranoji’s death, his for the Panipat battle, were still plotting sons Jayappa, against the Marathas in Rohilkhand. Dattaji and Najib’s grandson captured Mahadji, too, the and tortured the Emperor and proved their valour his begums for their wealth. He gouged and strengthened out the Emperor’s eyes and took hold of the Maratha rule in North India. the royal treasure. In these circumstances, Peshwa Madhavrao conferred the Mahadji defeated Kadir. He confiscated family title on Mahadji. Mahadji was a the wealth from him and returned it to the brave General and an astute statesman. emperor. He reinstated the Emperor on the Mahadji was instrumental in throne of Delhi. Thus, Mahadji recovered re-establishing the Maratha supremacy the Maratha prestige which was lost after and prestige in North India after the the battle of Panipat. He controlled the Maratha defeat at Panipat. He realised by putting the Emperor that the guerilla tactics of the Marathas under Maratha control. would not be suitable for the warfare in Due to the family feuds amongst the the plains of the North. He trained his Peshwas, Raghunathrao opted to go to the army and modernised his artillery under British camp. He wanted to become a the guidance of a French military expert Peshwa with the help of the British. It was de Boigne. With the help of this trained not acceptable to the Maratha Statesmen. army, he subdued the Rohillas, the Jats, This led to an inevitable conflict between the Rajputs and the Bundellas. the Marathas and the British. The conflict The British began to take interest in the between the two great powers. The

54 Marathas and the British would finally Khanderao Dabhade and his son decide who the ruler of India would be. Trimbakrao laid the foundation of Maratha From Mumbai, the British marched on power in Gujarat. After the death of the Marathas via Borghat. The Maratha Khanderao, his wife Umabai routed the army gathered under the leadership of Mughal Sardar of Ahmadabad. She Mahadaji Shinde. The Marathas blocked conquered the fort there. the supply of foodgrains to the British, Later, the Gaikwads made using guerrilla tactics. Both the armies in Gujarat a seat of their power. The met at Wadgaon (on today’s Pune-Mumbai Pawars of and in Madhya Road). The British were defeated in this Pradesh rendered valuable assistance to battle and were forced to surrender the the Shindes and the Holkars in expanding custody of Raghunathrao to the Marathas. the Maratha power in the North. Delhi was under Maratha control till The Maratha State was in disarray 1803 ce. When we note that the British after the death of Peshwa Madhavrao. conquered India after battling with the Nana Phadanvis, the famous administrator Marathas, we understand the importance of the Peshwas and a Maratha statesman, of Mahadaji’s achievements. After setting set right the in order, the affairs of Delhi, Mahadaji affairs of the came to Pune. He died at Wanawadi near State with the Pune where a memorial is built to him. help of Like the Shindes, the Holkars and the Mahadaji. While Bhosales, some other prominent Maratha Mahadaji was Sardars also rendered noteworthy service busy restoring to the Maratha Raj. the Maratha supremacy in the North, Nana managed the affairs of the Nana Phadnavis South. In this, he was helped by the Patwardhans, Haripant Phadke, the Rastes and other Sardars. As a result of this, Maratha supremacy was established in the South. The Holkars of Indore, Bhosales of Nagpur, Shindes of Gwalior, Gaikwads of Vadodara brought glory to the Maratha Shinde , Wanawadi, Pune power on the basis of their valour, The navy raised by Shivaji Maharaj leadership qualities and capability. They was strengthened by Kanhoji Angre and were the pillars of the Maratha power in his son Tulaji. With this strong navy, they its last phase. contained the naval powers of the The Maratha Sardars were successful Portuguese, the British and the Siddhis. in establishing the influence of the They defended the coastline of the Maratha power both in North and South Maratha State. India. After the death of Mahadaji Shinde 55 and Nana Phadanavis, the Maratha power In 1818 ce the British defeated Marathas began to wane. in the battle of Ashti in district At that time, Bajirao II, the son of and finally the Maratha power came to Raghunathrao was the Peshwa. He did not an end. This event marks a major change have leadership qualities and had many in the History of India. After this, the vices. He was unable to unite the Maratha British managed to gain control over a major part of India. India came into Sardars. The internal strife between the contact with the Western world. That led Sardars weakened their power. to many changes in India’s social system. During the reign of Bajirao II, the Many old things became redundant or Maratha influence in the North and South were pushed aside. This was a major waned further. The British replaced the transformation. A major change took Marathas. place. The medieval period of Indian The British captured Pune in 1817 ce history came to an end. The Modern and hoisted their flag ‘Union Jack’ there. period began.

Exercise

1. Answer in one word. 3. Write briefly. (1) She took the charge of the Indore (1) The work done by Ahilyabai Holkar. administration. (2) The valour shown by Mahadji Shinde. (2) The most capable and brave man in (3) The Maratha rule in Gujarat. Bhosale family of Nagpur. (3) He reinstated the Emperor on the 4. Discuss the reasons behind the end of throne of Delhi. Maratha rule. (4) He managed the politics in South. Activity 2. Arrange chronologically. Create a pictorial chart to show the (1) The battle of Ashti. families that contributed to the expansion (2) Maratha dominance over Odisha. of the Maratha power. Exhibit it in your (3) The British flew the Union Jack in school. Pune.

Shaniwarwada, Pune 56 13. Life of the People in Maharashtra

The Hindawi Swaraj formed by Customs and traditions : Child Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a State marriages were prevalent. It was for the people, founded with the noble acceptable to have many wives. There intention of the welfare of common are a few examples of widow marriages people, removal of oppression and the in this period. To perform the last rites, protection of Maharashtra Dharma. In the burning, burial and immersion methods period after Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha were used as per tradition. Muhurta, or power spread to all parts of India. It auspicious occasions were sought for lasted for about 150 years. every little thing, and also to open battles. We gathered information about the People believed in dreams and omens. Maratha administration in the last few ‘Anushthans’ were performed to avoid the chapters. In this chapter, we shall study wrath of gods and planets. Charitable the social conditions and life of the deeds were also done for the same people in that period. purpose. People believed in astrology. Social conditions : Agriculture and There was a general lack of a scientific occupations based on agriculture were the attitude and offerings to god (navas) were major sources of production at the village considered more important than medical treatment. level. The Patil was responsible for the Standard of living : A majority of protection of the village and the Kulkarni people lived in villages. The villages were handled the revenue. The Patil received mostly self-sufficient. Only salt had to be land as inam for his work as a Patil. He also received a part of the village revenue. imported from other places. The needs of farmers were limited. They grew jowar, The balutedars were paid in kind (in the form of objects, foodgrains, etc.) for the bajra, , ragi (nachani), maize, work they did for the village people. The and other grains in their fields. The daily diet consisted of , onion, village occupations were divided into bhakari and an accompaniment. Barter system was and pandhari. Peasants worked in their used for everyday transactions. Village fields in the kali (land, earth or soil) and houses were simple mud and brick others, in pandhari - within the village precincts. It was considered important to constructions. Wadas with one or two conduct the affairs of the village with storeys were seen in . Rice, dal, mutual understanding. Joint family system chapatis, vegetables, salads, milk and dahi was prevalent. products were mainly included in the rich people’s diet. Men wore a , , angarakha and mundase. Women wore Do you know ? nine-yard sarees and blouses. Festivals : People celebrated Gudhi There were twelve balutedars Padwa, Nagpanchmi, Bail-pola, Dasara, such as the blacksmith, carpenter, , Makarsankrant, , Eid and potter, goldsmith, etc. in a village. other festivals. In the Peshwa period, They worked for the village people. Ganeshotsava was celebrated in many homes. The Peshwa himself being a 57 devotee of , these celebrations acquired importance. Every year these celebrations lasted from Bhadrapad Chaturthi up to Anant Chaturdashi. Dasara being considered as one of the three and a half most auspicious occasions, many new things were started on this day. Weapons were offered , and it was customary to cross the boundaries ceremoniously (seemollanghana) and distribute ‘apta’ leaves on Dasara. The Marathas launched their campaigns after Dasara. During Diwali, and Bhau-beej celebrations had special importance. In most of the villages, fairs Mallakhamb were held. Wrestling bouts were a common Sports : Various sports were popular feature of the fairs, (jatras). Gudhis were in this period. They were a means of raised to celebrate Gudhi Padwa. entertainment. Wrestling and martial arts Celebrations included entertainment were very popular. Mallakhamb, dand, programmes like songs and dances. lathi, dandpatta, bothati were practised. was a popular form of entertainment. Hututu, kho-kho, atyapatya were the popular outdoor games and , , dice were popular indoor games. Religion and conduct : The two major religions seen in this period were Hindu and Muslim. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a liberal religious policy. The general understanding was that everyone should follow their own religion and should not impose it on others. The government gave grants to pathshalas, Bailpola temples, madarasas and mosques. Education : Pathshalas and Followers of both religions took part in madarasas were the institutes that imparted the celebration of each other’s festivals. education. Reading, writing and arithmetic Varkari, Mahanubhav, Datta, and was taught at home. The was Ramdasi panths were prevalent. used in most transactions. Women’s life : Women’s life in those Travels and communication : days was full of hardships. Their world Transport was carried out by roads, was confined to the house of first their through ghats and across bridges on father, and then their husband. Their rivers. Cloth, foodgrains, groceries were education was neglected. Only a few transported by loading them on the backs exceptional women had achieved any of bullocks. Small boats were used in progress in , administration and rivers. Messengers and camel riders battle skills. They include Veermata Jijabai, carried letters to and fro. Maharani Yesubai, Maharani Tarabai, 58 Umabai Dabhade, , Punyashlok Yadav period. The shikhar of the Ambabai Ahilyabai. Customs like child marriage, temple at Kolhapur, the temples on the unequal marriage, widowhood, keshwapan, Jotiba hill, Shambhu Mahadev temple at , polygamy had imposed harsh Shikhar-Shinganapur, Ghrishneshwar restrictions on the way women lived. temple at Verul are excellent specimens of The period from 1630 ce to 1810 ce sculpture. The Bhavanidevi temple on is broadly defined as Maratheshahi. Let Pratapgad and the Saptkoteshwar temple us review the art and architecture of this at Goa were built by Shivaji Maharaj. period in brief. Other temples of the Peshwa period are Sculpture : We find references to restoration of Kasba Ganapati Mandir, building of the Lal Mahal, construction on Rajgad and Raigad, building of sea forts, etc. that are related to architecture. Hiroji Indulkar was a famous architect of that period. While setting up a village, the usual pattern was : roads cutting one another at right angles, stone construction along the sides and extensive ghats (steps) along the river bank. During the Peshwa period, a drinking water supply system was built Ghrishneshwar Temple like the one at Ahmadnagar and Bijapur. the at Nashik, the Shiva The Peshwas built underground pipes, temple at Trimbakeshwar, the Shiva small , gardens and courts, tanks, temples at Kaygaon and Toke on the fountains, etc. The Talav at confluence of the Godavari and Pravara, Diveghat, near Pune city is and the Mohiniraj temple at Newase. worth a mention in this regard. Ghat : Stone ghats built on a river or Shaniwarwada and Vishrambagwada at the confluence of rivers are characteristic in Pune, Sarkarwada in Nashik, of Maratheshahi. The most remarkable Raghunathrao Peshwa’s wada at specimen of a ghat is the one at Toke, , the wadas of the Satara Pravara Sangam on the confluence of the Chhatrapati, as also the old wadas at Wai, Godavari and Pravara. In a flight of steps, Menvali, Toke, Shrigonde, Pandharpur are there would be one wide step at regular symbols of the medieval wada culture. intervals. This would lend beauty to the Baked as well as unbaked bricks entire ghat construction. Strong bastions were used to build the wadas. Wooden were built at regular intervals so as to columns, rafts, boards, dressed stones, prevent damage due to water currents. arches, finely prepared lime, round tiles Painting : The paintings on the walls for the roof, mud and bamboo were all of Shaniwarwada are the important ones used in the construction. The wadas were of the Peshwa period. Ragho, Tanaji, decorated with sketches, paintings, wooden Anuprao, Shivram, Mankoji are some of sculptures and mirrors. the important painters of this period. The Temples : The temples of this period painter Gangaram Tambat was famous at are build in the Hemadpanti style of the the time of Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa. 59 The Peshwas encouraged painting. Wadas Madhya Pradesh, the sculptures at the in the Pune, Satara, Menvali, Nashik, Mohiniraj temple at Newase. and regions during the Metal idols : The Peshwas had Peshwa period had paintings on their specially commissioned the metal idols of walls. Temples at Pandeshwar, Morgaon, Parvati and Ganapati in the Parvati temple Pal, Benwadi, Pashan near Pune have for the purpose of Puja. Wooden sculptures paintings on the walls. The themes of were also seen. those paintings were , Literature : Important forms of Ganapati, Shankar, Rampanchayatana, literature include the compositions of the mythological stories, Ramayana, Sants, mythological narratives, ‘teeka’ , festivals and so on. At literature, owi, abhanga, treatises, narrative in Vidarbha, Jin Charitra paintings poems, biographies, aaratis of deities, adorned the . Illustrations in the powadas, bakhars, historical letters, etc. pothis, minatures, portraits, scenes, etc. Drama : At Tanjavur in the South, were also painted. Marathi plays has emerged near the end of Sculpture : Important specimens the seventeenth century. Sarfoji Raje include the sculpture of the meeting between encouraged this art. Songs, music and Mallamma and Shivaji Maharaj at dance were prominent parts of these plays. the time of his Karnataka campaign, the So far we reviewed the medieval sculpture at temple including period of history and the rise and sculptures of individuals and animals (e.g., expansion of the Maratha power. Next elephant, peacock, monkey), the sculptures year, we shall study the modern period. on the Toke temple and the idols within, the Trishund Ganapati temple in Pune, the memorial to Punyashlok Ahilyabai in

Exercise

1. Complete the chart. Sr. Point At the time Today No. of Shivaji Maharaj 1. Transactions ...... One who works One who holds 2. Houses ...... Permanent, well in the fields Write the vatan - constructed the cement-concrete One who manages name One who protects multi-storeyed the revenue of the town houses the town 3. Transportation ...... Bus, railway, aeroplanes 4. Entertainment ...... 2. Which undesirable customs are prevalent 5. Script ...... in today’s society ? Suggest measures for Activity their eradication. Gather information about the capable 3. Make a detailed note about the festivals women of our country and read it aloud celebrated in your area. in your class, e.g. information on P.V. 4. Use the following points to compare life Sindhu, Sakshi Malik. in the era of Shivaji Maharaj and today’s life. 60 CIVICS

- Contents -

Our Constitution

No. Chapter Page No.

1. Introduction to our Constitution...... 63 2. Preamble to the Constitution...... 68 3. Features of the Constitution...... 72

4. Fundamental Rights – Part I...... 76 5. Fundamental Rights – Part II...... 80 6. Directive Principles of ...... 83 State Policy and Fundamental Duties

61 English Civics : Standard Seven - Learning Outcomes

Suggested Pedagogical Processes Learning Outcomes The learner be provided opportunities in The learner- pairs/groups/ individually and encouraged to: 07.73H.13 explains the significance of equality in democracy. • participate in a discussion based on 07.73H.14 distinguishes between political the concepts like democracy, equality, equality, economic equality, The State Government, gender, media and social equality. and advertising. 07.73H.15 interprets social, political and • prepare posters with the help of economic issues in one’s own drawings; pictures on the significance region with reference to the of the Constitution, the Preamble, right right to equality. to equality and struggle for equality. 07.73H.16 differentiates between local • collect the information about the government and State Constitution. Government. • discussion about the Fundamental 07.73H.17 describes the characteristics of Rights. democratic governance. • perform a role play or presentation with 07.73H.18 understands that the rights songs and poems about issues such as mentioned in the Constitution equality in democracy, discrimination have special protection by the faced by girls etc. courts. • discuss about guiding principles 07.73H.19 understands that everyone is and Fundamental Duties regarding equal before law. similarities and differences. 07.73H.20 understands that the guiding principles are not guarded by the judiciary system, yet they are obligatory on the Government. 07.73H.21 explains Fundamental Rights and Duties with the help of suitable examples. 07.73H.22 understands that knowledge about Fundamental Rights can be used in reality for infringement of rights, protection of rights and nurturing the rights.

62 1. Introduction to our Constitution Let’s revise a few things ! elected by the people. It is bound to carry In the Civics textbooks of the previous out the administration of the country as classes, we saw many reasons why rules per the provisions of the Constitution. The are necessary in our lives. We follow rules and provisions in the Constitution norms and rules in order that the activities are the basic or fundamental law of the in the family, our school, our village or land. While making laws, the government city are carried out smoothly. There are is bound to follow the Constitution. If it no rules in a family. However, there are does not do so, then the Judiciary can norms about the behavior of members in declare those laws null and void or a family. There are rules in a school unconstitutional. regarding admission, uniform and studies. Provisions in the Constitution Different competitions also have their The provisions in the Constitution are own rules. The administration of our about different things, e.g., citizenship, village or city is also carried out in the rights of citizens, the relationship accordance with rules. Similarly, the between citizens and the State, subjects administration of our country is carried of the laws to be made by the governments, out through a system of rules. The rules elections, restrictions on government, regarding family, school, village or city jurisdiction of the State, etc. are limited in nature. But the rules or Almost all countries have accepted provisions about the administration of a the principle of governance according to country are much wider in scope. a Constitution. Yet the nature of the Constitutions of different countries is Do you wish to ask the questions different. There are differences of history, that puzzled Sameer and Vandana ? social structures, culture, traditions, etc. - Where can we find all the rules between the countries. Similarly, their according to which the needs and objectives also might be administration of the country is different. Each country tries to create a carried out ? Constitution that is not only suited to its - Who makes those rules ? needs and objectives, but also is in tune - Is it binding on us to follow them ? with its distinct nature. See whether you find the answers to these questions in the following text. Let’s find out. The Meaning of Constitution Find out some information about the The book in which all the provisions Constitution of any one country of your regarding the administration of a the choice with the help of the following country are mentioned together in a points : systematic way is called a Constitution. • Name of the country. This makes the Constitution a written document of the provisions related to the • Year of the making of the administration of the country. Government Constitution. is established by the representatives • Two features of the Constitution. 63 participating in the activities of the Do you know ? government. Democracy is strengthened The administration of countries like due to the increased participation of America (USA) and England (UK) is the people. carried out as per their respective • Constitution presents some political Constitutions. But these two Constitutions ideals before the country. The nation are different. is also bound to act in that direction. The American Constitution came It creates an atmosphere conducive to into force in 1789. It is a written attain world peace and security and Constitution and has only 7 articles. preservation of human rights. Even after 225 years, the American • Since the constitution also includes the government follows the same list of citizens’ duties, it fixes the Constitution. responsibility of the citizens as well. England has a long history of several What is administration ? centuries. The rules of running the country here are found in the form of conventions, What is included in the administration norms and traditions. Yet they are of a country ? followed meticulously. The Magna Carta Government has to make laws relating of 1215 marks the beginning of the to several subjects, such as defending the development of the English Constitution. boundaries, protecting the people from Even though there are certain written external aggression, eradication of poverty, rules, the English Constitution is creating employment, education and health considered to be primarily unwritten. services, encouragement to commerce and industries, protection of the weaker Necessity of a Constitution : There sections, making policies for the progress are several advantages of governing a of women, children and the tribal people, country with the help of rules or provisions etc. Government has to bring about included in a Constitution. desirable changes in the society by • Government has to function within a implementing laws. In short, governments set of rules. This reduces the possibility in modern times have to take decisions of the misuse of the power and related to different issues right from space authority they have been given. research to public cleanliness. This is • A Constitution includes the rights and governance or administration. freedoms of the citizens. Government Having understood the meaning of cannot take away these rights. Constitution and governance, we shall Therefore, people’s rights and freedoms now see how the Indian Constitution was are safeguarded. made. • Running a country as per the provisions Background to the making of the of the Constitution is the same as Constitution : The process of the making establishing the rule of law. Then there of the Indian Constitution started in 1946. is no scope for the misuse of power, The leaders of the freedom movement or high-handed administration. insisted that Independent India will be • If a country is run as per the governed not by the laws made by the Constitution, the faith that the common British, but by laws made by Indians people have in the government themselves. A Committee was established increases. They then become keen on to prepare the Constitution of Independent 64 India. It came to be known as the It was discussed Article by Article. Many Constituent Assembly. amendments were suggested by different Constituent Assembly : India became members. Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar independent on August 15, 1947. Before handled the task of presenting the draft, that, the British ruled over India. They answering the various questions raised on had divided India into provinces like it, making changes in the draft as per the Bombay, Bengal and Madras for the suggestions of the Constituent Assembly convenience of administration. The and making every provision of the administration in these provinces was Constitution flawless. Due to his carried out by peoples’ representatives. contribution towards the making of the Similarly, the local princes were carrying Constitution, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar is out the administration in some areas. called the ‘Architect of the Indian Such areas were Constitution.’ known as princely states and their We are proud of it : Decisions chiefs were known in the Constituent Assembly were as princes. The made on the basis of debate and representatives of discussion. A respect for opposing the provinces and viewpoints and acceptance of the princely states appropriate suggestions was a were included in characteristic of the working of Dr the Constituent the Constituent Assembly. Assembly. It took 2 years, 11 months and 17 There were a total of 299 members days to complete the writing of the in the Constituent Assembly. Dr Rajendra Constitution. Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly. There were 22 parts, 395 articles and 8 schedules in the original The contribution of Dr Babasaheb Constitution. Ambedkar : Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. He Do you know ? had studied in depth, the Some of the well-known members Constitutions of of the Constituent Assembly were different countries Dr Rajendra Prasad, Pandit of the world. He Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr Babasaheb studied and Ambedkar, Sardar , contemplated day Maulana Abul Kalam , Sarojini and night to draft Naidu, J. B. Kripalani, Rajkumari our Constitution. Amrit Kaur, , The draft Hansaben Mehta, and others. The Constitution Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar noted legal expert, B. N. was prepared by him appointed as the Constitutional was presented to the Constituent Assembly. Adviser on legal matters.

65 The Constituent Assembly enacted the according to the provisions of the Constitution and adopted it on 26th Constitution from 26th January 1950. The November 1949. Therefore, 26th November Indian Republic came into existence from is observed as ‘Constitution Day.’ this day. Therefore, 26th January is The country began to be governed celebrated as ‘Republic Day.’

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Maulana Azad

Do this. Do you know ?

You would like your class to Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar’s run according to rules, wouldn’t contribution was in a wide range of you ? Which rules would you like to fields like water conservation, foreign include in your list of rules ? Prepare policy, national security, journalism, a list of rules for your class. economics, social justice, etc.

66 Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar presenting the draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr Rajendra Prasad, President of the Constituent Assembly

Exercise

1. Explain the following concepts : (d) Hansaben Mehta (1) Provisions of the Constitution (4) Who was the Chairman of the (2) Constitution Day Drafting Committee ? 2. Discuss. (a) Dr Rajendra Prasad (1) A Constituent Assembly was (b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel established. (c) Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar (2) Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar is called (d) J. B. Kripalani the ‘Architect of the Indian 4. Answer the following questions. Constitution’. (1) On what subjects does the (3) What is included in the administration Government have to make laws ? of a country ? (2) Why do we celebrate 26th January 3. Choose the right option. as Republic Day ? (1) The Constitution of this country is (3) What are the advantages of running primarily unwritten. a country as per the provisions of (a) America (b) India the Constitution ? (c) England (d) None of the above Activities (2) Who was the President of the (1) Several committees were established Constituent Assembly? for the effective functioning of the (a) Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Constituent Assembly. Find out more (b) Dr Rajendra Prasad information about them and discuss (c) Durgabai Deshmukh the role of different committees. (d) B. N. Rau (2) Prepare a report on how you (3) Who among these was not a member celebrated Constitution Day in your of the Constituent Assembly ? school. (a) (3) Make a collection of the photos of (b) Maulana Azad the members of the Constituent (c) Rajkumari Amrit Kaur Assembly. 67 2. Preamble to the Constitution

India into a ‘Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, We learnt this in the previous chapter: Democratic Republic’. We shall now The Constitution is an important understand the meaning of each of these document clarifying the rules of terms. administration. (1) Sovereign State : India was ruled The Constituent Assembly made by Britain for a long period. The British the Constitution of India. rule ended on 15th August 1947. Our Our representatives have to carry country became independent. India became out the administration as per the sovereign. We are now free to take law laid down by the Constitution. decisions as we think fit in our own country. The word sovereign means that Our Constitution is the fundamental a State is not under the control of a and the highest law of the land. There foreign power. are definite aims or purposes in making The most important goal of our any law. Basic provisions in the law are freedom struggle was to acquire made after clarifying these objectives. A sovereignty. Sovereignty means the systematic arrangement of all the aims ultimate authority to govern yourself. In and objectives of a law is the Preface to a democracy, sovereignty rests with the the law. The Preface to the . The people elect their Constitution is called the ‘Preamble’. The representatives and grant them the Preamble sets out the objectives of our permission to exercise sovereign authority Constitution. on their behalf. Thus the Constitution reflects the principle of popular sovereignty Do this. and the government elected by the people makes laws on behalf of the people. Read the Preamble to our (2) Socialist State : A Socialist State Constitution. Make a list of the is such a State where the gap between important words in it. Where else do the rich and the poor is minimum. All you come across these words ? have a right over the wealth of the country. It is ensured that wealth is not We all are Indian citizens. The concentrated in the hands of a few people. Preamble tells us what we all have to (3) Secular State : The Preamble achieve as a people. The values, thoughts states secularism as one of our goals. In and ideas in it are noble. The entire a secular State, all religions are considered Constitution lays down the provisions as equal. through which these goals are to be No one religion is considered to be realised. the State religion. The citizens are free to The Preamble begins with the words, follow their own religion. State cannot ‘We, the people of India’. It talks about discriminate among citizens on the basis the resolve of the Indians to constitute of religion.

68 Do you know ? Discuss. We have endeavoured to preserve Read what Deepa has written on the multi-religious nature of our society. the topic : ‘My Family’. We cannot exercise the rights given to Democracy does not only imply elections. My parents do all household us by our Constitution, in an unrestrained work together. We also participate in manner. The same is true of religious it. We ensure that we talk cordially freedom as well. Whenever we celebrate with each other. Even if we happen to our festivals, we are required to be fight, we try to listen to each other’s concerned about public cleanliness, views by stopping the fight as soon as health and the environment. possible. If any change has to be made, even the grandparents are consulted. (4) Democratic State : In a Anuja wants to take up agricultural research as her career. Her decision democracy, the sovereign power is in the was appreciated by everybody. hands of the people. Government makes Do you think that Deepa’s house decisions and draws up policies in keeping functions in a democratic way ? Which with the people’s wishes. Government has features of democracy can be found to take important financial, social and in this passage ? other decisions to promote common welfare. All the people are not able to The Preamble has guaranteed the come together and take such decisions on Indian citizens the three values of Justice, a day-to-day basis. Therefore, elections Liberty and Equality. It has enjoined upon are conducted after a fixed period when the Indian citizens to practise these values voters elect their representatives. These and make laws in keeping with these representatives sit in the institutions values. Let us understand these values : created by the Constitution like the or Legislature and the (1) Justice : Justice implies removal Executive. They take decisions for the of injustice and ensuring that everybody entire population as per the procedure has the opportunity for progress. laid down by the Constitution. Establishing justice is adopting such policies that will promote public good. (5) Republic : Along with being a Three types of justice are talked of in the democracy, we are a Republic. All public Preamble. They are as follows: positions in a Republic are elected by the people. No public position is occupied on (a) Social Justice : There should be the basis of hereditary succession. no discrimination among individuals on the basis of caste, creed, race, language, The positions like the President, the region, place of birth or sex. As human Prime Minister, the Governor, the Chief beings, all have the right to the same Minister, the , the Sarpanch, etc. dignity and respect, the same status. are public positions. Any Indian citizen fulfilling the prescribed age criterion can (b) Economic Justice : Poverty leads get himself/herself elected to any of these to the evils of hunger, hunger-deaths or positions. In a , these positions malnourishment. If poverty is to be may be occupied by members of a single eradicated, everyone should have the right family following the principle of heredity. to a source of livelihood so as to look after oneself and one’s family. Our 69 Constitution has given this right to every will get the opportunities for development citizen without any discrimination. without any discrimination. (c) Political Justice : We have adopted universal adult franchise to enable Discuss. equal participation in the running of the Some statements regarding freedom country. Accordingly, all citizens have been given below for discussion. completing 18 years of age have the right Express your views. to vote in elections. While publicly celebrating our (2) Liberty : Liberty implies that festivals, we need to follow some there should be no coercive, unfair rules. That does not restrict our restrictions upon us and that there should freedom. be an atmosphere conducive to the Freedom means behaving in a development of our inherent capacities. In responsible way, not as per our a democracy, citizens enjoy libery. In whims and fancies. fact, democracy becomes mature only if citizens enjoy freedom. The Preamble to our Constitution Freedom of thought and expression is refers to a unique ideal or principle. It is the most fundamental freedom for an the goal of promoting fraternity among individual. Everyone is free to express the citizens and to assure the dignity of their own views and opinions. A give and the individual. take of ideas enhances the spirit of cooperation and unity amongst us. Fraternity : The makers of the Similarly, it also enables us to understand Constitution believed that merely the various dimensions of any problem. guaranteeing justice, freedom and equality would not lead to establishing equality in The liberty of belief, faith and worship Indian society. No amount of laws would implies religious freedom. Every Indian help us achieve these goals if fraternity citizen is free to act as per the teachings is lacking among Indians. Hence the of their religion or the religion of their promotion of fraternity has been included choice. It implies the freedom of in the Preamble as a goal. Fraternity celebrating the festivals and the freedom implies a ‘we-feeling’ towards one another. of faith and worship. It creates a feeling of empathy. People (3) Equality : The Preamble become more understanding towards each guarantees the Indian citizens an equality others’ problems and needs. of status and of opportunity. Fraternity is closely related to human It means that all have equal human dignity. Human dignity implies equal status and there will be no discrimination respect to each individual as a human based on caste, creed, race, sex, place of being. It does not depend upon the criteria birth, etc. The guarantee of equal status of caste, creed, race, sex, language, etc. means not to discriminate between people Just as we would like to be treated with in terms of high-low, superior-inferior. dignity and respect by others, we should The Preamble has given great importance also treat others with the same dignity to equality of opportunity as well. All and respect.

70 When every individual respects will be facilitated. The Preamble to the another and honours their freedom and Constitution of India guides us to this rights, dignity of the individual will get very goal. established. In such an atmosphere, The Preamble ends with a mention of fraternity will grow automatically. The the fact that the people of India have task of bringing about a new society given the Constitution to themselves. based on the values of justice and equality

Exercise

1. Find the following words in the grid. 3. How should we make use of our freedom ? Write your views about it. F A Y Q A R O K J I R G Z E L F K M L L 4. Explain the following concepts. A E G P S H M Y N D 1. Socialist State T F P R E A M B L E 2. Equality 3. Sovereign State E E A Z C H I J I M 4. Equality of opportunity R D O P U J A B K O N I M E L K P S Q C 5. Make a list of the key words in the Preamble. Look for their meanings in a I H N Z A R C O T R dictionary. Prepare a chart in the T C G F R G H G K A following way: Y B N Q H I E F J C Dictionary Y A A P S L S I F Y Keyword Pronunciation Meaning 1. A sense of ‘we-feeling’ and empathy towards fellow citizens 2. A system in which Sovereign power is in the hands of the people Activities 3. Introduction to the Constitution (1) Visit your office with your 4. A system in which all religions are teacher to understand how a vote is considered equal cast and how the electronic voting 2. Answer the following questions. machine works. (1) What are the provisions in a secular (2) Make a list of newspapers available Constitution? in your locality. (2) What is meant by adult franchise ? (3) What right does economic justice ensure ? (4) How will human dignity be established in a society?

71 3. Features of the Constitution

In the last two lessons, we studied Government and the State Governments. how our Constitution was made. We Let us see which Government is entrusted studied its Preamble and understood terms with what subjects. Our Constitution has like Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, given three lists of various subjects. Democratic, Republic. The goals expressed The first list is called . It in the Preamble are the characteristic contains 97 subjects on which the Union features of our Constitution as well. Apart Government makes laws. The from these, the Constitution also has other is for the State Governments to legislate features. We shall try to understand these upon. It contains 66 subjects. Apart from in the present chapter. these two lists, there is a , Federalism : One of the important which contains 47 subjects. Both features of our Constitution is the federal Governments can make laws on subjects system. In countries with large territories included in this list. If a subject comes and huge populations, government is run up that is not included in any of the lists, by a federal system. Ruling a large the Union Government is entitled to make territory from a single capital city is not laws on it. These powers are termed as only difficult, but may also lead to the Residuary Powers. neglect of some far-flung areas. People residing there cannot participate in the Do you know ? affairs of the Government. Therefore, Governments function at two levels in a The division of powers in the federation. The Government at the Centre Indian Constitution is unique. It carries out tasks like defence of the entire enables the Union Government and country, foreign policy, establishing peace, the State Government to bring about etc. It is also called ‘Union Government’ the country’s progress by cooperating or ‘Federal Government’. It carriers out with each other. This also encourages the administration of the entire country. participation of citizens in the The Government that oversees the administration of the country. administration of the region that we live in is called State Government. It looks Who deals with what subjects - after the administration of a particular (1) Subjects with the Union State. For example, Government of Government : Defence, foreign relations, Maharashtra looks after the administration war and peace, currency, international of the State of Maharashtra. trade, etc. The system of running the (2) Subjects with the State administration of a country cooperatively Government : Agriculture, law and order, by the Governments at two levels, making local government, health, prison laws about different subjects is called administration, etc. federalism. (3) Subjects with both the Separation of Powers : The Governments : Employment, environment, Constitution has divided the subjects for economic and social planning, personal making laws between the Union law, education, etc. 72 Islands, and Kashmir, Do this. and . Parliamentary System of Make a list of the north-eastern Government : The Indian Constitution Indian States. Name their capital cities. has provided for a parliamentary system Union Territories : In India, there is of Government. In such a system, the a Union Government, 28 State Parliament, i.e. the Legislature has the Governments and 9 Union Territories. highest decision-making power. Indian The Union Government controls the Union Parliament includes the President, Lok Territories. Following are the nine Union Sabha or the House of the People and Territories : , Daman and Diu, or the Council of States. Puducherry, Chandigarh, Dadra and The Council of Ministers that runs the , Andaman and Nicobar administration emerges from the and is answerable to the Lok Do you know ?

Currency note You have surely seen currency notes. ‘Maharashtra State Road Transport The words ‘Guaranteed by the Central Corporation’. Government’ are printed on currency This means that in our country, notes. Government functions at two levels. One If you have seen the badge on the is the Central Government, and the other uniform of a policeman, it reads is the State Government e.g., Maharashtra ‘.’ State Government, Karnataka State You must have surely come across the Government, etc. following : ‘’ and

Maharashtra Police Indian Railways Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation

73 Sabha for all its decisions. In remains more and more independent. For Parliamentary Democracy, the discussion example, Judges are appointed by the and debates that take place in the President and not by the Government. It Parliament have great significance. is not easy to remove the Judges from Independent Judiciary : The Indian their office. Constitution has created an independent Single Citizenship : The Indian Judiciary. The disputes that cannot be Constitution has granted a single resolved mutually are referred to the citizenship to all Indians. That is ‘Indian Judiciary. The Court hears both the Citizenship.’ contesting parties, looks into the injustice Process of Amending the if any, and gives its judgement. This has Constitution : There comes up a need to to be done impartially. make changes or amendments in the The Constitution has made several provisions of the Constitution due to provisions to ensure that the Judiciary changing circumstances. But frequent

74 amendments to the Constitution may lead Can you tell ? to a situation of instability. The procedure * Who is the current Chief Election for amendment is specified in the Commissioner ? Constitution itself so as to ensure that an * What do you understand by ‘Code amendment is made only after giving it a of Conduct’ for Elections ? careful consideration. The procedure for * What is a Constituency ? amendment in the Constitution is unique. It is neither too difficult, nor too easy. More a candidate of their choice without any scope has been provided for giving more fear or pressure. If the government were consideration and thought to important to conduct elections, there might be no amendments. The procedure is also flexible guarantee of such free, fair and just to ensure that general amendments can be atmosphere for the elections. Hence, the brought about easily. Constitution has entrusted the responsibility of conducting elections to an independent machinery. This machinery is known as Find out . the Election Commission. The responsibility of conducting all rests How many amendments have been with the Election Commission. made to the Indian Constitution till date? The Indian Constitution has some Election Commission : You must important characteristic features. In this have read about the Election Commission chapter, we have studied only some of in the newspapers. Since India has adopted the important features. Another important a democratic form of government, people feature of our Constitution is the exhaustive have to elect their representatives provision of fundamental rights. We shall periodically. For this, the elections have to study these in the next chapter. be conducted in a free and fair atmosphere. Only then will the citizens be able to elect

Exercise

1. Prepare a table to show the separation of powers in a Federal Government. (2) What do you understand by Residuary Powers ? Union List State List Concurrent List (3) Why has the Constitution created an independent Judiciary for India ? (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) 4. Hold a group discussion on the merits and demerits of an independent judicial system. (3) (3) (3) 5. Find out about the Electronic Voting 2. Find one word for. Machine (EVM) and discuss the advantages (1) Machinery for the governance of the of conducting elections with the EVM. entire country - Activity (2) Machinery for conducting elections - Establish an Election Commission in (3) The third list of subjects for making your class, decide upon the positions laws - you would like to fill through elections. 3. Answer the following questions. Then conduct elections under the (1) Why does the Government function guidance of this Commission. at two levels in a federation ? 75 4. Fundamental Rights - Part I

Education is We have a right our right. over our forests and its resources !

We must get the assurance of a minimum wage. It is our right !

Let’s find out. You must have seen such placards in newspapers and elsewhere. In a rally or You must be aware of children’s a march, sometimes a certain demand is rights. Can you name two made, asserting it to be their right. important rights of children ? We get rights at birth. Every newborn We are aware of terms like baby has a right to live. The entire society women’s rights, rights of tribals, and government takes efforts to ensure rights of farmers and so on. There that the baby is in the best of health. emerge some questions regarding Only when all individuals get protection these rights: from injustice, exploitation, discrimination and deprivation, will they be able to * What are the uses of rights ? develop their skills and qualities. * Do they have to be given by Demanding one’s rights is insisting on somebody ? creating an atmosphere conducive to the * Can rights be taken away ? development of the self as well as the * If rights are taken away, who entire society. The Indian Constitution has should we contact for redressal ? guaranteed equal rights to all citizens in order to create this conducive atmosphere. These rights are fundamental rights. As

76 they are included in the Constitution, they that was prevalent in our country has have the status of law. It is imperative been abolished by law. The practice of for everybody to abide by these rights. untouchability in any form is a cognizable offence. This practice has been abolished Use your imagination and write. in order to establish equality in Indian society. The Constitution has also Do you have pet animals like dogs, abolished that create an artificial cats, cows, buffaloes or goats? You hierarchy among people. For example, surely take good care of them and love titles like Raja, , Raobahadur, them. etc. have been abolished. If these animals could speak, what rights do you think they would ask from you ? Do you know ?

Our Rights as mentioned in the The Constitution prevents the State Constitution : from conferring titles that nurture Let us understand the rights of Indian inequality and draw wedges in social citizens included in the Constitution. unity. But the State does confer awards like Padmashree, Padmabhushan, Right to Equality : According to Padmavibhushan, etc. for distinguished the right to equality, the State cannot contribution in different fields. Bharat discriminate among citizens as superior- Ratna is the greatest civilian honour inferior or as men-women and cannot or award of our country. give different treatment or privileges to anybody. The same law applies equally Medals of honour like Paramveer to all. Many laws give us protection. For Chakra, Ashok Chakra, Shaurya example, we have protection from arrest Chakra are awarded for remarkable without warrant. Also the State cannot service in the armed forces. discriminate while extending such Such awards don’t bestow any protection. special rights or privileges upon those who receive them. It is only a recognition of their contribution. Let’s discuss. Right to Liberty : This is a very What are the advantages of important right given by the Constitution. equality before law and equal It gives a guarantee of all the freedoms protection of the laws ? necessary from the point of view of the individual. As Indian citizens, we have What other things are included in the the right to - right to equality ? - freedom of speech and expression The State cannot discriminate against - freedom to assemble peaceably any citizen on grounds of religion, caste, - freedom to form associations or race, sex, descent or place of birth or unions residence for government employment. - freedom to move freely throughout The inhuman practice of untouchability the territory of India. 77 - freedom to reside and settle in any away another’s life. No person can be part of the territory of India. arrested and detained without any reason. - freedom to practise any lawful profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business of one’s choice. Think about it.

Do this. There are some rights supplementary to the right to life. For Following are the actions of A, example, nobody can be punished B and C. Which kind of freedom do twice for the same offence. Before you connect them with ? being punished, the allegations against ‘A’ established ‘ a person have to be proved. The Cooperation ’ to solve the courts have to perform this task. The problems of the tribal people. police collect evidence against the accused and put up the case in the ‘B’ decided to move his father’s court. Even if a person accepts that bakery production from Goa to he has committed a crime, he is not Maharashtra. punished immediately. The allegations ‘C’ found some lacunae in the have to be proved legally. This new tax policy of the Government. judicial process takes time, but it is He wrote an article about it and sent necessary so that an innocent person it to a newspaper for publication. does not get punished.

Do you know ? The right to liberty now also includes the Right to Education. All children The Constitution has given us between 6 and 14 years of age are many rights. But we have to exercise entitled to get education as a Fundamental these responsibly. We should take Right. This ensures that no child will be care that others do not get affected deprived of education. by our behaviour. We have the Right against Exploitation : The freedom of expression but we cannot right against exploitation implies the right speak or write anything that might to prevent exploitation. incite anybody to violence. While the Constitution has banned all types of oppression through the right The right to liberty in the Constitution against exploitation, it has made a special has guaranteed us the freedom of speech provision to prevent the exploitation of and movement, and it has also provided children. Accordingly, it is prohibited to us security to keep us safe. This legal employ children under 14 years of age in protection has been given to everybody hazardous places. Children cannot be equally. It is not denied to anybody. For employed or made to work in factories example, we all have a right to life. It and mines. appears to be simple, but it has a deep significance. It implies getting a guarantee Exploitation includes bonded labour to live; availability of a conducive or forcing somebody to work against his/ environment for living. Nobody can take her wish, treating somebody like a slave,

78 denying them legitimate compensation, Let’s discuss. making them do excessive or strenuous work, starving them or ill-treating them. The Government has made many Generally women, children, the weaker laws in order to prevent exploitation sections of society and powerless people and to enable every individual to enjoy are exploited. This right enables us to their freedom. Some laws have been stand up against any kind of exploitation. mentioned below. Find out if there are more such laws and discuss them. Minumum Wages Act - Provisions relating to working hours, rest hours, Let’s discuss. etc. in factories. The Protection of Women from Children are not employed here. Domestic Violence Act : ...... Workers are paid daily here. You see such boards in shops and In this chapter we studied the rights hotels. In what way are they related to to liberty and equality and the right the above rights in the Constitution ? against exploitation. In the next chapter, we shall study some more fundamental rights in the Constitution. Exercise

1. Answer the following questions in 4. Complete the following graphical brief. description. (1) What do you understand by Right to Liberty ‘fundamental rights’ ? (2) Name the awards that are conferred Freedom Freedom Freedom of of of by the Government upon people for speech movement profession their distinguished contribution in different fields. Activities 3. Why is it prohibited to employ 1. Collect news clippings about certain children under 14 years of age in important rights like the right to hazardous places ? information, right to education, etc. 4. Why has the Constitution given 2. If you find small children working equal rights to all Indian citizens ? on construction sites in your 2. Prepare a picture strip on the right to neighbourhood, talk to them and liberty. their parents about their problems and present the problems in your 3. Correct and rewrite the following class. sentences. (1) No one gets rights at birth. (2) Government can deprive you of a job by discriminating on the basis of religion, sex, place of birth.

79 5. Fundamental Rights - Part II

In the last chapter we studied some According to this right, people are fundamental rights guaranteed by the not only free to preserve their own Indian Constitution. We studied the rights language, script and literature, but also of liberty, equality and the right against make efforts towards their promotion. exploitation. In this chapter, we shall also They can establish institutions for the learn about the right to freedom of development of their language. religion, cultural and educational rights and we shall get acquainted with the Find out and discuss. judicial protection available for the How many official languages are fundamental rights. listed in the Constitution ? Right to : Which institutions have been India, we know, is an important secular established by the Maharashtra State country in the world. We have studied it Government for the further in the previous classes. But you must be development of the Marathi language ? curious to know what the Indian Constitution says about it, isn’t it ? It is included in our right to freedom of Let’s discuss. religion. According to it, each Indian citizen is free to practise any religion and Do you think that all the work to establish institutions for religious of the government and the courts reasons. should be done in Marathi in In order to broaden the scope of the Maharashtra ? What should be done right to freedom of religion, two things to do so ? are not permitted: Right to Constitutional Remedies : (1) State cannot impose religious In case of encroachment of fundamental taxes that might be used to encourage a rights, the Indian citizens’ right to get particular religion. That is, our Constitution judicial remedies is also a fundamental forbids religious taxes. right. This is called the Right to (2) Religious education cannot be Constitutional Remedies. This means the made compulsory in educational Constitution itself has provided for legal institutions that receive aid from the State. remedies in case people’s rights get Cultural and Educational Rights : violated. So, it becomes a constitutional We can see that there is a great diversity duty of the courts to protect the rights of of festivals, food and ways of life in our the people. country. You may have noticed the Sometimes the rights that are differences in the different wedding guaranteed to us by the Constitution may ceremonies that you attended. All these get encroached upon and we are not able things are part of the cultures of the to exercise our rights. This is called an different communities. Our Constitution infringement of our rights. The court has given the different communities the considers our complaint, investigates it right to preserve their cultural uniqueness. and in case it is convinced that rights 80 have indeed been infringed upon and perform an action that is its duty to injustice has been done to the aggrieved perform in public interest. individual, the court gives an appropriate (3) Prohibition : To prevent a verdict. subordinate court from exceeding its jurisdiction. Some instances of infringement of (4) Quo Warranto : To restrain a rights : person from acting in an office to which he is not entitled. Arresting an individual without reason. (5) Certiorari : To order the removal Preventing a person from leaving a of a law suit from a subordinate court to village or a town without giving a a superior court. valid reason. Refusing food, water or medicines Is the reaction of this to jail inmates. Government official right or wrong ? Writs as Constitutional Remedies : An officer tells a woman who Courts have powers to issue various kinds presents all the documents for getting of writs to protect the rights of the the benefits of a scheme for destitutes, citizens. “You don’t look like a destitute” and (1) Habeas Corpus : Protection from refuses her the benefits of the scheme. unlawful arrest and detention. In this instance, do you think the (2) Mandamus : The order of the woman’s right has been infringed ? Courts (the Supreme Court or the High Where should she go to get redressal ? Court) commanding the government to

Inside a court

81 Because the fundamental rights are active citizens. While considering thus protected by the courts, citizens are fundamental rights, we also need to able to exercise their rights. They can remember our duties. In the next chapter, fulfil their roles as alert, responsible and we shall study our fundamental duties.

Exercise

1. Write about the following. 3. State the reason why we are free to (1) The Constitution prevents the practise the following. imposition of religious taxes. (1) All Indian citizens can celebrate all (2) What is meant by Right to festivals joyfully, because ….. Constitutional Remedies ? (2) We can make efforts towards the 2. Find one appropriate word - preservation and propagation of our language, its script and literature, (1) Protection from illegal arrest and because ….. detention - (2) To restrain a person from acting 4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate in an office to which he is not words. entitled - (1) We can approach the ...... in (3) The order of the Supreme Court or case of infringement of our rights. the High Court commanding the (2) ...... education cannot be made government to perform an action compulsory in educational institutions that is its duty to perform - that get aid from the State. (4) The order preventing a subordinate court from exceeding its Activity jurisdiction - Organise an interview in your school of a judge, a lawyer or a police officer.

82 6. Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties

In the last two chapters, we studied The goal of people’s welfare had to be the fundamental rights guaranteed by our achieved. In short, India had to be Constitution. We learnt what rights Indian transformed into a developed and citizens enjoy. We also learnt that our progressive nation. The Constitution has rights have judicial protection. We specified the subjects to which the Union understood the importance of fundamental and State Governments should give rights in our individual and public lives. priority in their policies for people’s With this background, we shall now welfare through the Directive Principles understand what the Directive Principles of State Policy. Each Directive contains of State Policy are. a subject for the State Policy. The makers Fundamental rights put restrictions on of the Indian Constitution had realised the power of the government. A few such that it would require a lot of resources if restrictions upon the State are listed all these policies were to be implemented below. at the same time. That is the reason why they did not make the directives binding • State shall not discriminate between upon the State like the fundamental rights. and among citizens on the basis of They expected that States should caste, religion, race, language or sex. implement them slowly and steadily. • State shall not deny anybody equality before the law and equal protection of Some important Directive Principles of the law. State Policy : • No person shall be deprived of his life. • The State should secure adequate • State shall not impose any religious means of livelihood to all citizens taxes. without any gender discrimination. The Constitution has given express • The State should secure equal pay for instructions to the State about what equal work for both men and women. policies it should undertake. This is in the • The State should secure the nature of giving directives or guidelines improvement of public health. about how to achieve the goals expressed • The State shall endeavour to protect in the Preamble. Hence they are called and improve the environment and as Directive Principles of State Policy. safeguard the forests and wild-life of Why were the Directives included ? the country. When India won independence, we • The State shall protect all monuments faced a great challenge of establishing of historic interest and national order and carrying out smooth importance. administration. Eradication of poverty, • The State shall promote with special backwardness and illiteracy had to be care the educational and economic urgently pursued. The task of nation interests of the weaker sections of the building had to be undertaken. For this, people, especially the Scheduled Castes new policies had to be drawn up, and and Tribes. their implementation had to be undertaken.

83 • The State shall offer public assistance we cannot go to the courts if a Directive to citizens in cases of unemployment, is not implemented by the Government, old age, sickness, etc. we can put pressure on the Government • The State shall secure a uniform civil in various ways to make a policy in order code applicable to the entire country. to meet these goals.

What else do you think the Government should do for students ? Can you tell ? Make a list of your demands. How There is a directive to ensure would you convince others that your ‘equal pay for equal work.’ demands are just ? Which principles and ideals of the Constitution will be realised with this Which improvements will be directive ? Why does it happen that possible with the following facilities inspite of doing the same work, women offered by the Government ? are paid less than men ? • Public toilets • Clean water supply • Vaccination of children Do this. Fundamental Duties Apart from the above directives, there In a democracy, citizens have a dual are others that specify what the State responsibility. They should not only be should do in order to bring about the vigilant that their rights are not unfairly welfare of the people. A few issues restricted, but should also fulfil some have been listed below. Find out the duties and responsibilities. The Constitution directive that is relevant in these has made several provisions through the contexts with the help of your teacher. Fundamental Rights and the Directive For example, Foreign Policy : It Principles of State Policy for the people’s should be the policy of the State to welfare. The benefits of the various endeavour to secure the promotion of schemes of the Government cannot reach international peace and security. all people if they do not fulfil their Fundamental Duties. For example, the (a) Girl’s Education : ...... Government has implemented several (b) Upbringing of children in a healthy projects under its Swachch Bharat Scheme, and happy atmosphere : ...... but people, too, need to change their (c) Improvement in agriculture : ...... habits that make public places dirty. In order that the Indian citizens become Directive Principles of State Policy conscious of their responsibilities, and Fundamental Rights are two sides of Fundamental Duties were included in the the same coin. Due to Fundamental Constitution. The Fundamental Duties of Rights, citizens get the most needed the Indian citizens are as follows : liberty, while Directive Principles of State To abide by the Constitution and Policy create an atmosphere conducive to respect the National Flag and the the growth of democracy. Even though National Anthem.

84 To cherish and follow the noble ideals To develop the scientific temper, which inspired our national struggle humanism and spirit of inquiry and for freedom. reform. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, To safeguard public property and to unity and integrity of India. abjure violence. To defend the country, and to render To strive towards excellence in all national service when called upon to spheres of individual and collective do so. activity so that the nation constantly To promote harmony and the spirit of rises to higher levels of endeavour common brotherhood transcending and achievement. diversities; to renounce practices Every citizen of India who is a parent derogatory to the dignity of women. or guardian should provide To value and preserve the rich heritage opportunities of education to his or of our composite culture. her child or ward between the age of To protect and improve the natural six and fourteen years. environment, and to have compassion for living creatures.

A boy scribbling on a historical structure Hanging lemon, chillies

Damaging a public bus A woman emptying a garbage can on the street Which of the Fundamental Duties are not being followed in the situations above ?

85 The river in our village That is all right, People just don’t seem does not look like a but what to do to realise these things river at all! What an about those while celebrating amount of plastic waste! deafening sounds? festivals! Even if anybody tells me, I will never throw any waste in the river.

We should also be insistent It is our duty to protect the on our resources and public responsibilities as property of our country. citizens.

• Let us start step by step... Let us make a few resolutions. • Let us tell girls and boys to go to school. • Let us use the different facilities in school responsibly. • Let us be proud of our country. • Let us participate in the festivals of different religions. • Let us celebrate them by avoiding pollution of the environment. • Let us use public facilities properly and take good care of the same. • Let us perform all the tasks that we have undertaken honestly, always striving for excellence.

Which duties are reflected in the dialogues above? Is there a relationship between rights and duties ? What do you think happens when we follow our duties ?

86 At the beginning of the Civics section, What do you think ? we got introduced to the goals and Girls and boys between the ages 6 characteristic features of the Indian and 14 have got the right to education. Constitution. We also considered the All the girls and boys in this age group rights of the Indian citizens and the legal should be in school. Yet many girls and protection guaranteed to these rights by boys are not able to go to school the Constitution. We understood the because of many reasons. They have to Directive Principles of State Policy and work to help their parents earn a living for the family. Do you think that it is the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens. unfair to such children to insist that they Next year, we shall study the go to school ? administration of our country.

Exercise

1. List the restrictions on the powers of the Government.

(4) To give lesser wages to women than to men for the same work. (5) To keep public places clean. 5. Write about the following. 2. Say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. (1) The Directive Principles of the (1) The jobs advertised in the newspaper Constitution enumerated in the are for men and women both. textbook. (2) Men and women doing the same (2) The provision of a uniform civil work in a factory get different wages. code for citizens in the Directive (3) Government implements various Principles of the Indian Constitution. schemes for the improvement of (3) Why is it said that the Directive public health. Principles and Fundamental Rights (4) The State shall protect all monuments are two sides of the same coin ? of historic interest and national importance. 6. What are the ways in which citizens 3. Tell why - can conserve the environment ? Write (1) The State shall protect all monuments with examples. of historic interest. Activities (2) A pension scheme is implemented (1) Education is our right. Form groups for old people. and discuss our duties in this respect. (3) Free and compulsory education has (2) The State shall protect all monuments been made available to children in of historic interest and national the age group 6 to 14. importance. This is one of the 4. Say right or wrong. Correct and write Directive Principles. Find out the the wrong ones. efforts made by the State about the (1) Not to let the National Flag fall conservation and protection of forts down on the ground. and make a chart. (2) To stand at attention while the (3) Gather information about the schemes National Anthem is playing. implemented by the Government for (3) To carve or paint our names on the children’s health. walls of a historic place like a fort.

87 Century th Marathas defeated by the British 19

to Century th of Panipat The reign of Bajirao II Swaraj Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa Narayanrao Peshwa Madhavrao Peshwa The battle Nanasaheb Peshwa Peshwa Bajirao I The reign of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Empire Marathas defeated Portuguese Power 18 Century Swaraj th Maharani Tarabai ’ s reign Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Aurangzeb Shahajahan Jahangir Coronation of ceremony Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Foundation of Great famine in Maharashtra Mughal-Sikh conflict 17 ’s Century th Beginning of Beginning the Mughal rule. The reign of Babur, Humayun. End of the at Sultanate Delhi 16 Emperor Akbar with conflict Maharana Pratap, Chandbibi and Rani Durgavati Century th The reign of Adilshahi, Nizamshahi, Qutubshahi, Baridshahi, Imadshahi 15 Century th 14 Establishment of Vijaynagar Dynasty Tughluque Dynasty in Delhi. Transfer of from capital Delhi to Deogiri and then back to Delhi. Timur invaded India Establishment of Bahamani Dynasty

Century th Panth Mahanubhav Panth The reign of Iltutmish, Razia, Bulban. Qutubuddin Aibak the became Sultan of Delhi. 13 Century century to th th Muhammad Ghuri invaded India and defeated Prithviraj Chauhan. End of the Chauhan Kingdom Yadava Dynasty 12 century th Century th 11 Hoysala Dynasty Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India Turks invaded India the bottom upward. the 19 Century th Review of Major Events Sabuktagin 10 Conflict - Raja Jaipal Read the sequence of events from Timeline - From the 8 Century th 9 Shilahar Dynasty Chola Dynasty

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Century th 8 Gurjar Pratihar Kingdom Pal Dynasty Rashtrakuta Dynasty Muhammad- bin-Qasim invaded Sindh Rajput Gahadwal and Parmar dynasties

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