Review on Special Techniques for Rehabilitation of Fort

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Mr. Sumit S. Shetty1, Prof. D. B. Desai2 & Prof. Dr. A. K. Gupta3 1PG Student, Civil Engineering Department, Dr.J.J.Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur, Maharashtra, India. 2,3Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Dr.J.J.Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur, Maharashtra, India.

Abstract: Rehabilitation of fort means Renovation make new possibilities available for all the agents or Restoration of historical building or fort. involved in the preservation of the architectural Permanent forts were built of stone, limestone or heritage, are key aspects in the division between the other material. The term 'fort' is often applied to science of construction and the art of conservation buildings or structures that are considered examples and restoration. The consideration of these aspects is of important architectural and/or cultural heritage complex and calls for qualified analysts that combine fort have been created for thousands of years and advanced knowledge in the area and engineering they are often the most durable and famous symbols reasoning, as well as a careful, humble and, usually, of ancient civilizations. These are the icons of the time-consuming approach. Several methods and nation having their own cultural and historic values computational tools are available for the assessment therefore, it is very essential to conserve them. Forts of the mechanical behavior of historical which have no further utilization tend to decay constructions. The methods resort to different rapidly, while which are still in use have a better theories or approaches, resulting in: different levels chance of being maintained .Rehabilitation involves of complexity, different availability for the contribution of high end technology, advanced skills practitioner, different time requirements and, of and calculations. This is a very responsible job of course, different costs. The possibilities of structural saving hazardous failure of structures due to analysis of historical constructions have been deterioration. The success in rehabilitating the addressed in detail1, where it is advocated that most structure totally depends on gaining expertise in the techniques of analysis are adequate, possibly for field and day today advancements. different applications, if combined with proper engineering reasoning. It is noted that only very 1. Introduction recently the scientific community began to show interest in modern advanced testing and advanced Rehabilitation is highly recommended for tools of analysis for historical constructions. age-old buildings showing signs of decay and save Recently, Recommendations for the Analysis, human lives from failure. As the degradation of these Conservation and Structural Restoration of forts takes place due to various reasons, it is Architectural Heritage have been approved. These necessary to rehabilitate them before its failure. But Recommendations are intended to be useful to all care should be taken that the aesthetic of the those involved in conservation and restoration monument should not be changed. To achieve this, problems and not exclusively to the wide community the material and technique to be used should be of engineers. A key message, probably subliminal, is carefully adopted. The systematic approach to that those involved in historic preservation must deteriorated structure is necessary. Also there should recognize the contribution of the engineer. Often be a balance between management, technology and engineering advice seems to be regarded as economics. The engineer in-charge of rehabilitation something to be sought at the end of a project when should have qualities of an investigator, structural all the decisions have been made, while it is clear designer, material technologist and awareness of that better solutions might have been available with application techniques. an earlier engineering contribution. An issue related The analysis of historical masonry with this message is that conservation engineering constructions is a complex task that requires specific requires a different approach and different skills training. The continuous changes in materials and from those employed in designing new construction. construction techniques, that swiftly moved away Often historic fabric has been mutilated or destroyed from traditional practice, and the challenging by engineers who do not recognize this fact, with the technical and scientifically developments, which approval of the authorities and other experts involved. Moreover, even when conservation skills

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in are employed, there are frequent attempts by 2. Various forts in Maharashtra regulating authorities and engineers to make historic structures conform to modern design codes. This is 2.1 Ahmednagar Fort generally unacceptable because the codes were Ahmednagar Fort is one of the best designed forts in written with quite different forms of construction in the entire state of Maharashtra. At the same time, it is mind, because it is unnecessary and because it can be also counted amongst the impregnable forts of India. very destructive of historic fabric. The need to The fort is situated in the Ahmednagar district and recognize the distinction between modern design and dates back to the year 1559. The Ahmednagar Fort is conservation is also of relevance in the context of located in the heart of the city of engineers’ fees. The usual fee calculation based on a Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. It was the headquarters of percentage of the cost of the work specified is clearly the Ahmednagar Sultanate. In 1803 it was taken by inimical to best conservation practice, when the ideal the British in during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. is to avoid any structural intervention if possible. Later it was used by the British Raj as a prison. Being able to recommend taking no action might actually involve more investigative work and hence 2.2 Daulatabad Fort more cost to the engineer than recommending some Daulatabad Fort is a magnificent fort situated in major intervention. Modern intervention procedures Maharashtra, at a distance of around 13 km from the require a thorough survey of the structure and an Aurangabad city. It forms a part of the Daulatabad understanding of its history. Any heritage structure is city, which was earlier known as ‘Devigiri’. The fort the result of the original design and construction, any perched at a height of approximately 60 ft and dates deliberate changes that have been made and the back to the 12th century. Daulatabad also known ravages of time and chance. An engineer working on as Devagiri is a town which includes the Devagiri- historical buildings must be aware that much of the Daulatabad fort. It carries the distinction of effort in understanding their present state requires an remaining undefeated in battle. It is a 14th-century attempt to understand the historical process. The fort city in Maharashtra state of India, about 16 engineer involved at the beginning of the process kilometers northwest of Aurangabad. The place was might not only have questions that can easily be originally named Devagiri . There is a belief that answered by the archaeologist or architectural Devagiri was built in 1203 AD by a Dhangar or historian, but he might be also able to offer herdsman who acquired vast wealth by his good explanations for the data being uncovered. Heritage fortune. buildings and fort in any country are mute testaments of its glorious past . India has a very rich historic background which is evident from various buildings, 2.3 Panhala Fort forts, temples, landscapes, objects of historic era. Panhala Fort is situated at a distance of Many of these were constructed several hundred approximately 19 km from the Kolhapur city of years ago when the Indian Civilization was at its Maharashtra. Counted amongst the largest as well as peak. Their architecture, design and construction at most significant forts of the Deccan region of India, the time when computers, code of practice, design it stands perched at an altitude of around 850 m guidelines, research institutions and modern above the sea level. Panhala fort also known construction techniques did not exist makes one to as Panhalgad, Pahalla and Panalla, is located realize the wisdom and expertise of our forefathers. in Panhala, 20 kilometers northwest These structures have managed to survive for of Kolhapur in Maharashtra, India. Here, the queen hundreds of years while most of the modern regent of Kolhapur State, Tarabai, spent her constructions need repair after couple of years of formative years. service. Work is often performed to reverse decay or alterations made to the building after its initial 2.4 Janjira Fort construction. Physical materials of an earlier time, Janjira Fort is situated in the Murud town of that might have been state of the art at the time of Maharashtra. In fact, the Island Fort serves as one of construction, might have failed and now need the major attractions of the town. Murud served as replacement with contemporary better functioning, the erstwhile capital of the Siddi rulers of Janjira in but aesthetically similar materials. Such reasons the earlier times. Today, Janjira is counted amongst make it mandatory to instigate a systematic approach the few sea forts of India and lies 2 km inside the in the area of heritage conservation. town. Murud-Janjira is the local name for a fort situated on an island just off the coastal village of Murud, in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. Janjira is considered one of the strongest marine forts in India. Special attraction of this fort is 3 Gigantic . Cannons named Kalalbangdi, Chavri and Landa Kasam. These cannons were said to be feared for

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in their shooting range. Another gate to the west is sea- is the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj , the facing, called 'Darya Darwaza'. founder of Maratha Empire.

Figure 3: Shivneri Fort Figure 1: Janjira Fort 2.7 Sinhagad Fort 2.5 Raigad Fort Adding to the attraction of the Pune city is the Raigad Fort is a magnificent hill fortress, situated in Sinhagad Fort, which lies in the vicinity of the city. the Raigad district of Maharashtra. It lies The fort stands perched on a hill, at an altitude of approximately 125 km away from Pune and serves as approximately 700 m above the landscape that one of the major excursion of the city. The fort once surrounds it. The height at which the fort stands has served as the capital of Chhatrapati Shivaji, the Great made it very popular. Sinhagad, Sinhgarh, Maratha king, in the 1674. Raigad is a hill fort or Sinhgad , is a fortress located roughly 30 situated in the Mahad, Raigad district of kilometers southwest of the city of Pune, India. Maharashtra, India. The Maratha king Chhatrapati Previously called Kondhana , the fort has been the Shivaji Maharaj made the fort his capital in 1674 site of many important battles, most notably when he was crowned King of a Maratha Kingdom the Battle of Sinhagad in 1671. which later developed into the Maratha Empire eventually covering majority of modern day 2.8 Sindhudurg Fort India. Maharashtra is known for its rich historical legacy. The land has been a silent witness to some of the most gruesome battles that have been fought in India. One such symbol of the rich historical past is the mighty Sindhudurg fort. It is situated in the Sindhudurg district. Sindhudurg Fort is a fort that occupies an islet in the Arabian Sea, just off the coast of Maharashtra in Western India.. 2.9 Prathapgad Fort Pratapgad (alsotranscribed Pratapgarh or Pratapg adh) literally 'Valour Fort' is a large fort located in Satara district, in theWestern Indian state of Maharashtra Pratapgad fort is located 15 kilometers from Poladpur and 23 kilometers west of Mahabaleshwar, a popular hill station in the area. This fort stands 1,080 meters above sea level. The Figure 2: Raigad Fort fort can be divided into the lower fort and upper fort. The upper fort was built upon the crest of the hill. It 2.6 Shivneri Fort is roughly square, 180m long on each side. It has Shivneri Fort is one of the most magnificent as several permanent buildings, including a temple to well as historically rich forts of India. It is situated at the god Mahadev . a distance of approximately 90 km from the Pune city of Maharashtra. The fort dates back to the time period when Shivaji was not born yet. Shivneri Fort was built under the aegis of Sahaji. Shivneri Fort is a 17th-century military fortification located near Junnarin Pune district in Maharashtra, India. It

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

c. EPDM(Ethylene propylene dienemonomer), d. APP (Atactic Polypropylene polymer) D. Wood preservatives and coatings: a. Chromated copper arsenate, b. Ammonical copper quanternary, c. Copper azole, d. Boron, e. Creosote.

5. Maintenance

Figure 4: Prathapgad Fort For the monument, only rehabilitation is not sufficient to protect its own cultural and historic 3. Necessity of Rehabilitation values, but regular maintenance is very important for its longer life. Maintenance is the routine work which is necessary to protect the monument’s unique Forts have their own cultural and historic fabric, its design etc. All building materials decay values. The deterioration of these structures takes eventually due to sunlight, rain and wind, and place due to pollution, weathering action, fire, therefore they require continued attention if a natural calamities like earthquake, flood, tsunami, building’s condition is to be maintained. Periodic cyclones, soil and structure interaction (Settlement of inspection is very essential which helps to find out soil etc.), defects in construction and many more. any damage to the members or components of the This is going to be great losses for the nation as the structure and therefore the structure can be protected fort are the icons of the nation. The need for longer by adopting time to time repair works. structural rehabilitation of heritage buildings is usually motivated by one or more of the following circumstances: 6. Conclusion (1) Visible defects in the building; (2) Damage after a particular event (earthquake, etc.) This paper effectively conveys that forts were (3) The change of the use of the building; and constructed thousands of years ago and they are still (4) Requirement of the competent authority, for durable. These are the icons of the nation it our instance, when there is an increase in the actions responsibility to maintain them by using special (earthquake action, traffic action, etc.) imposed by material and rehabilitation techniques. By doing a new codes. Before executing the rehabilitation, regular maintenance it will help us to increase the investigation of the structure should be carried out. durability of fort. Proper assessment of the structure is a complex task. In the assessment, physical, chemical and mechanical 7. References properties of the stones and mortars and all materials used in the structure is determined which sheds light on the constructional techniques, architectural forms [1]Chandar S.S.,“ Rehabilitation Of Buildings”; and material used in the original building. Depending International Journal of Civil Engineering Research, upon this information one should be able to select a Engineering & Technology, Volume 5, No. 4 , pp. compatible material for the rehabilitation. 333-338, 2014.

[2]FlorianSteinberg“Conservation and Rehabilitation 4. Special Materials of Urban Heritage in Developing Countries” ,habitat intl. ,Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 463-475, 1996. New innovations, upgraded systems, . improved technologies, advances in the construction [3] Mulani Heena R. & Prof Kumthekar M. B. industry are constantly evolving. The engineers “Special Materials for Rehabilitation of should be aware of these changes and should also Monuments”,International Journal of Engineering know what is up coming in their field. Following are Research & Technology ,Vol. 4, Issue 04,pp. 264- some special materials which can be used for the 267, 2015. rehabilitation of the fort: A. Epoxy resins [4]Rajput Anshu, Pandey Divyanshu “Modern B. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) Construction and Rehabilitation Techniques”, C. Water proofing agents: International Journal of Scientific and Research a. Acrylic polymers, Publications, Volume 4, Issue 8,pp. 1-5, 2014. b. SBR (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber),

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

[5]Rehman Abdul, “Conservation of Historic Monuments in Lahore: Lessons from Successes and Failures”,Pak. J. Engg. &Appl. Sci.,Vol. 8, pp. 61- 69, 2011.

[6]Sandbhor Sayali, Botre Rohan “A systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings- A case study” ,International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ,Volume. 2,Issue 03,pp. 229-23,2013.

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