“A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF CASHEWNUT PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN THE SINDHUDURG DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA” A Thesis Submitted to TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE For the Degree of Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy (Vidyawachaspati ) in GEOGRAPHY Under the Faculty of Moral and Social Sciences by PATIL RAJARAM BALASO Lect. & Head Dept. of Geography Arts & Commerce College, Phondaghat Tal : Kankavli Dist : Sindhudurg UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Dr. PRAVEEN G. SAPATARSHI Professor of Sustainability Management Indian Institute of Cost & Management Studies and Research, Pune APRIL 2010 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF CASHEW NUT PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN THE SINDHUDURG DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA” completed and written by me has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree or other similar title of this or any other University or examining body. Place: Pune ( Shri. Rajaram B. Patil ) Date: 28-04-2010 Research student ii CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF CASHEWNUT PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN THE SINDHUDURG DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA” which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Vidyawachaspati (Ph.D.) in Geography of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune is the result of the original research work completed by Shri. Rajaram Balaso Patil under my supervision and guidance. To the best of knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other University or examining body. Place: Pune Dr. Praveen G. Saptarshi Date: 28-04-2010 Research Guide iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While preparing this research work, numerous memories rush through my mind which is full of gratitude to those who encouraged and helped me at various stages. It is pleasure to record my feelings of gratitude at this place. It is my privilege that I had the opportunity of working under the guidance of such a perfectionist. I am most grateful to Dr. Praveen G. Saptarshi, Ex. Professor and Head Dept. of Environmental Science, University of Pune, whose able guidance, affection and encouragement unfolded for me new horizons of Agricultural Geography. I am aware of the fact that without his precious guidance and appropriate suggestion this work would not have been completed properly. My thanks are also due to him for spending his valuable time in supervising the work. The present study cannot be completed without the guidance from experts in the field of horticultural science, agronomy and other agricultural sciences. This has been provided by Dr. S. S. Wadkar from BSKK Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Dr. S. A. Thakur and Prof. B. A. Survase. I owe them all. I express deep sense of gratitude to Phondaghat Education Society, Phondaghat and non teaching staff of Arts and Commerce College, Phondaghat for cooperation in the research work. Principal Dr. T. K. Jadhav has been source of inspiration for me during this work. His encouraging attitude instilled in me a new confidence for which I am grateful to him. I also thank to Principal, Kankavli College, Kankavli and Mr. M. S. Jadhav Agronomist, Agricultural Research Station, Phondaghat, for providing Library materials. Dr. M. G. Jadhav and iv Dr. R. G. Pandurkar had given me suggestions and inspiration for the present work. I am thankful to them. I have no words to express my sense of gratitude to them. In preparing this work I have received in a generous help from my friends like Prof S. N. Kamat, Prof. H. R. Nadkarni, Dr. S .B. Gaikwad (Miraj), Prof. B. U. Patil, Dr. N.A. Patil (Karad), Prof. S .N. Patil, Prof. R.N. Katkar, Mr. D. S. Jadhav (Satara) Mr. D.V. Sawant, Mr. P. B. Gaikwad , Mr. Y. B. Patil, Mr. Rupesh Parkar and Mr. Supresh Pawar. I am thankful to them. It is my pleasure to record my sense of gratitude towards my family members, especially father Shri. Balasaheb Patil, mother Sou. Sushila, wife Sou. Rupali, daughter miss. Nilam, and my son Ravikiran. They are instrumental for encouraging me from time to time. Place : Pune PATIL RAJARAM BALASO Date : 28-04-2010 Researcher v CONTENTS Sr. No. TITLE PAGE NO ACKNOLEDGEMENTS iv-v LIST OF TABLE x-xiii LIST OF MAPS, GRAPHS, DIAGRAMS xiv LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS xv-xvi ABSTRACT 1-24 Chapter I INTRODUCTION 25-58 1.01 Introduction 26 1.02 Importance of Agriculture 27 1.03 Concept of Horticulture and 29 Crops 1.04 Classification of Horticulture 33 Crops 1.05 Importance of Fruit 34 1.06 Role of Agro-Industries in Indian Economy 35 1.07 Classification of Industries 37 1.08 Concept of Fruit processing Industry 38 1.09 Choice of the Study Area 38 1.10 Agricultural Scenario of Sindhudurg District 42 1.11 Relevance of the Study Area 43 1.12 Hypothesis of the Research 43 1.13 Database and Research Methodology 44-55 1.14 Limitations of the Study 55 1.15 Previous literature 55-56 1.16 Résumé 56-58 vi Chapter II PHYSIO-SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING OF THE 59-103 REGION 2.01 Introduction 60 2.02 Physical Profile of the Sindhudurg District 60-76 2.03 Social Profile of the District 76-87 2.04 Economic Profile of the District 88-101 2.05 Résumé’ 101-103 Chapter DISTRIBUTION OF CASHEWNUT PROCESSING 104-143 III UNITS 3.01 Introduction 105-106 3.02 History and Origin of Cashew 106-108 3.03 Historical Background of the District 108-118 3.04 Cashew and by Products 118-127 3.05 Technology for Processing 128-141 3.06 Résumé 141-143 Chapter COST STRUCTURE 144-201 IV 4.01 Introduction 146-147 4.02 Production performance of raw cashewnut 147-150 4.03 Details of Cashew Orchard 150-152 4.04 Establishment of Cashew Orchard 125-163 4.05 Cost of Cultivation 163-169 4.06 Economic evaluation of vii investment in cashew orchards 170-173 4.07 Cashew Processing 173-185 4.08 Cost of Processing 185-192 4.09 Cost and Return Structure Involved in Cashew Processing 193-194 4.10 Performance of Cashew Processing Units 194-197 4.11 Résumé 197-201 Chapter V PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF CASHEWNUT 202-211 PROCESSING INDUSTRY 5.01 Introduction 230 5.02 Problems 203-205 5.03 Prospects 205-207 5.04 Suggestions 207-208 5.05 Strategy 208-210 5.06 Résumé 210-211 Chapter CONCLUSION 212-218 VI 6.01 Introduction 213 6.02 Production 213-214 6.03 Processing 214-215 6.04 Résumé 215-216 6.05 Relevance of the study 216 6.06 Limitations 216-217 6.07 Further studies 217-218 6.08 Concluding remarks 218 REFERENCES 219-226 viii APPENDIX-I- Questionnaire for Farmer 227-228 APPENDIX-II- Questionnaire for Industry 229-230 APPENDIX-III- Paper presented at UGC sponsored 231-236 conference and published in proceedings ix List of Tables Table Particulars Page No. No Chapter I 1.1 Major crops in Sindhudurg District 30 1.2 Year wise area under horticultural crops in the 32 Sindhudurg District Chapter II 2.1 Tasil wise villages in the district 65 2.2 Climate information in the district 69 2.3 River basin and availability of water resources in the 72 district 2.4 Ground level activity and physical units in the district 74 2.5 Irrigation project and capacity of irrigation in the 74 district 2.6 Land utilization of the Sindhudurg District 76 2.7 Demographic information of the Sindhudurg District 78 2.8 Tahsil wise percentage of Literacy in Sindhudurg 81 District 2.9 Cropping pattern and Production in the District 90 x Table Particulars Page No. No. 2.10 Climatic zones and fruit crops of Maharashtra 92 2.11 State wise cultivation area Production and 93 Productivity 2.12 State wise cultivation area Production and 94 Productivity 2.13 Area Production and Productivity of Important 95 Commodities in Sindhudurg District- 1995 2.14 Area Production and Productivity of Important 95 Commodities in Sindhudurg District- 2000 2.15 Area Production and Productivity of Important 96 Commodities in Sindhudurg District- 2005 2.16 Horticulture Crops and Cultivation area in Sindhudurg 97 District 2.17 Animal Husbandry in the district 98 Chapter III 3.1 Tahsil wise Cashew Cultivation Area in Sindhudurg 109 District 3.2 Tahsil wise and Year wise Cashew Cultivation Area in 112 Sindhudurg District 3.3 Trend of Cashew Cultivation Growth in the District 115 3.4 Nominated modern varieties of Cashew for Various 119 States 3.5 Modern varieties of Cashew and their significances 121 3.6 Gradation of Cashew Kernel 127 Chapter IV 4.1 General information of sample Cashew growers 148 4.2 Classification of Cashew Orchard according to the 150 xi varieties 4.3 Distribution of sample Cashew growers according to 152 varieties grown 4.4 Operationwise per hectare labour required for 154 establishment of Cashew Orchard(HYV) 4.5 Per hectare composition of labour used and cost 157 incurred (up to 5 years ) 4.6 Per hectare quantities of inputs used for establishment 159 of Cashew Orchard (up to 5 years) 4.7 Inputs per hectare gestation period 162 4.8 Per hectare physical inputs utilized for bearing Cashew 164 Orchard 4.9 Per hectare cost of cultivation of cashew orchard 166 4.10 Per hectare yield and returns from Cashew 167 4.11 Per hectare profitability of cashew orchard 169 4.12 Per hectare series of cashew flows 171 4.13 Economic evaluation of local varieties 172 4.14 Economic evaluation of high yielding varieties 173 4.15 Classification of cashew processing units according to 174 working season 4.16 General information of the processing factory 176 4.17 Working season, employment and wage rates in 178 processing factories 4.18 Fixed capital investment in cashew processing units 180 4.19 Working capital investment pattern in cashew 181 processing units 4.20 Capital investment pattern in cashew processing units 183 4.21 Frequency of procurement