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Home , Bahinabai, Baji Prabhu Deshpande, Battle of Torna, Chhatrapati, Jagir, Jauhar

Eng- pari. 4th, Eng- Khelu, Karu Std. 1st to 3rd Education Department’s Sanction Number : Pra Shi Sa / 2014 -15 / 2102 / Manjuri / D - 505 / 755 Dated 4.2.2014

SHIVACHHATRAPATI

(ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - PART TWO) STANDARD FOUR

Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, . First Edition : 2014 © State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004. Revised Edition : The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research September 2016 reserves all the rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Reprint : July 2020 Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

History Subject Committee : Preface Dr A. H. Salunkhe, Chairman Dr Somnath Rode, Member The ‘Primary Education Curriculum - 2012’ was prepared Dr Neeraj Salunkhe, Member in the State of Maharashtra following the ‘Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009’ and the Shri Bapusaheb Shinde, Member ‘National Curriculum Framework 2005’. The syllabus is being Shri Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary implemented serially from the academic year 2013-2014. The syllabus includes the subjects General Science, Civics and Co-ordination : Geography under ‘Environmental Studies-Part 1’ from Standard Shri. Mogal Jadhav III to Standard V. It specifies that the subject History will be Special Officer, History and Civics independent under ‘Environmental Studies-Part 2’. Illustrations : Prof. Dilip Kadam, The Textbook Bureau has prepared this textbook for Std IV Shri. Devdatta Balkawade, according to the syllabus approved by the State Government. Shri. Sanjay Shelar Our approach while designing this textbook was that the Photographs : Shri. Pravin Bhonsale entire teaching-learning process should be child-centred, the method of self-study should receive more emphasis, at the Cartographers : Shri Ravikiran Jadhav end of Primary Education the students should have attained Dr Neeraj Salunkhe the desired competencies and the process of education in general should become enjoyable and interesting. Translation : Prof. Pratap P. Shirole Scrutiny : Dr Ganesh Raut This textbook attempts to present the inspiring history Co-ordination : Dhanavanti Hardikar of Maharaj in an easy and effective Academic Secretary for Languages manner. The life and work of Shivaji Maharaj is a source of Santosh Pawar inspiration for the entire State of Maharashtra and the country. Assistant Special Officer, English Many inspiring episodes related to his personality have been included here. This book was rewritten after properly screening Production : the complaints and suggestions received from various social organizations, institutes and individuals. Also, some suitable Sachchitanand Aphale, changes were made where necessary. Chief Production Officer Prabhakar Parab, Production Officer The book scrutinized by many educationists and subject Shashank Kanikdale, experts from all parts of the State to make it as flawless and Assistant Production Officer standard as possible. The comments and suggestions received have been duly considered while finalizing the book. The History Subject Committee, the artist, and the photographer Typesetting : have taken great pains to prepare this book.The Bureau is DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune thankful to all of them. We hope that this textbook will receive a warm welcome Paper : 70 GSM Creamwove from students, parents and teachers.

Print Order No. : N/PB/2021-22/Qty.- 1,00,000

Printer : M/s.Kalyani Corporation, Pune. (C.R.Borkar) Publisher : Pune Director Shri. Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Date : February 19, 2014 Maharashtra State Bureau of Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Textbook Production and Sayani Road, Prabhadevi, - 25. Curriculum Research, Pune.

English Environmental Studies - Part 2 - Standard IV

Suggested Pedagogical Processes Learning Outcomes

The learner may be provided opportunities in The learner- pairs / groups / individually and encouraged to : 04.95B.01 identifies relationship with and ask questions and discuss with family members/ • among family members in extended elders as to why some family members stay family. together and others are away, interact with relatives, friends etc. and understand who stay at far off places, about the houses/ transport and life in their place of residence. 04.95B.02 voices opinion on issues observed/ experienced in family/ school/ • frame the questions on the basis of experience and reflect it without any fear or hesitation. neighbourhood for example, on stereotypes, discriminatory • discuss with the parents/guardians/ grandparents/elders in the neighbourhood and practices, child rights. compare the life style of past and present and daily used items e.g. (clothes, vessels, nature of work, skills, games); inclusion of children with 04.95B.03 participates actively and special skills, needs. undertakes initiatives of care, share • role play based on events in Chhatrapati Shivaji empathy, leadership by working Maharaj's life. together in groups for example, in different indoor/ outdoor/ local/ • find how to overcome problems with the help of courage, hard work and presence of mind contemporary activities and games, through group discussion. carries out projects/ role play for taking care of a plant/s, feed birds/ • develop an awareness regarding the animals, things/ elderly/ handicap. conservation of environment, water literacy, equality and justice with the help of examples in the life of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. • participate in different cultural/national/ 04.95B.04 tells the thrilling incidences of environmental festivals/occasions organised Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s life/ in/at home/school/community, for example, personality. morning or special assembly/ exhibition/ , , Earth Day, Eid etc. Do creative writing in events of celebrations, dance, drama, 04.95B.05 assimilates the teachings from theatre, etc. (for example, diya/rangoli/kite Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s making/ models of buildings/bridges etc. and biography that one can overcome sharing experiences through stories, poems, the problems with wits, courage and slogans, reports the events narration/creative conscience. writing (poem/story) or any other creative tasks. • explore/read books, newspaper clippings, audio, stories / poems / pictures / videos/tactile 04.95B.06 tells the variety of clothings based /raised material/web resources/ library and any on geographical and cultural other resources besides textbooks. parameters. • understanding the difference between the traditional and modern costumes. • collecting information reagarding languages dialects, festivals and celebrations in the State. CONTENTS

Sr.No. Name of the Lesson Page No.

1. Maharashtra before Shivaji 1 2. Work of the Saints 3 3. - The Famous House of the Bhonsales 8 4. Shivaji’s Childhood 12 5. Shivaji’s Education 17 6. The Oath of 21 7. Swaraj : First Conquest 25 8. Defeat of Internal Enemies 29 9. makes History. 32 10. Baji Prabhu and the Memorable Battle of Ghodkhind 37 11. The Discomfiture of Shaistakhan 42 12. The Siege of Purandar and the Treaty with the Moghul 45 13. Shivaji gives the slip to the Emperor. 50 14. The is captured but the Lion is dead. 53 15. A Memorable Ceremony 57 16. Campaign in the South 60 17. Management of Forts and the Navy 65 18. Management of the Welfare State of Swaraj 70 “Shivaji did not belong to Maharashtra alone; he belonged to the whole Indian nation. Shivaji was not an ambitious ruler anxious to establish a kingdom for himself but a patriot inspired by a vision and political ideas derived from the teachings of the ancient philosophers. He studied the merits and faults of the systems of administration in kingdoms existing at the time and determined his own policies and administration in the light of that knowledge. A devout Hindu, he was tolerant of other religions and established a number of endowments for maintaining sacred places belonging to them. As a general he was undoubtedly one of the greatest in Indian history ; he saw the need for and raised a navy to guard his coastline and to fight against the British and the Dutch. Pratapgad Fort built in 1656 stands today as a monument to his military genius. Shri Shivaji is a symbol of many virtues, more especially of love of country.” - A Painting of Shivaji Maharaj by Mir Mohammad, a Painter of Shivaji’s Time (From the original in Paris ) 1. Maharashtra before Shivaji

Shivaji Maharaj was a great man. the people suffered and were harassed. We celebrate his birth anniversary with The people could not get enough to eat, great pomp and reverence. It is a happy nor could they celebrate their festivals day for you children. You sing songs and or worship their gods openly and freely. ‘’ in his honour. You garland his They were not sure of safety even in picture and say ‘Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai’. their own homes. There was injustice Who was this Shivaji Maharaj ? What was everywhere. In Maharashtra, there were the great work he did that we celebrate his many Watandars like and birthday every year ? who owned . They The time in which Shivaji Maharaj loved only their Jagirs and not their lived was that of the medieval period. country. The constant fighting among In those days, or the rule of them brought great misery to the people. prevailed everywhere. Many of There was misrule everywhere. People the kings pursued their own pleasures were tired of this oppression and were and enjoyments instead of the welfare very unhappy. of their subjects. But even in those days, Shivaji Maharaj saw all this. He there were some kings who looked undertook the noble task of establishing after the welfare of their subjects. The Swaraj in Maharashtra which would bring Moghul Emperor in the North and happiness to the people. He first brought Emperor Krishnadevraya of Vijaynagar to book the Watandars who fought among in the South are famous in history for themselves. He then used them in his plan their benevolent rule. Likewise, Shivaji to establish Swaraj. He fought against the Maharaj also commands great respect Powers that oppressed the people, and even today. defeated them. He established ‘Hindavi Shivaji Maharaj established Swaraj Swaraj’ based on justice, fair play and in Maharashtra. Swaraj means self- equal treatment to people of all castes government, our own rule. For about four and religions. Shivaji Maharaj made no hundred years before Shivaji Maharaj, distinction between and Muslims. Maharashtra was not free. A large portion He honoured the saints of all religions. of it was under the rule of the Nizamshah We draw inspiration from these noble of Ahmadnagar and the Adilshah of deeds of Maharaj. . These two had divided During a period of about three to four Maharashtra among themselves. They hundred years before Shivaji Maharaj, were not liberal in their outlook. They many saints were born in Maharashtra. oppressed the people over whom they Their work helped Shivaji Maharaj in his ruled. They were also sworn enemies successful effort of establishing Swaraj. of each other. They constantly fought We shall see in the next chapter, what against each other with the result that these saints did.

1 EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct 3. Write the answer in one sentence. option. (a) Name the kings who looked after the (a) The time in which Shivaji Maharaj lived welfare of their subjects. was that of the ...... period. (b) What noble task did Shivaji Maharaj (ancient, medieval, modern) undertake ? (b) Shivaji Maharaj established Swaraj in (c) Who did Shivaji Maharaj fight against ? ...... (Maharashtra, , ) 4. Find the odd-man-out. (a) Swaraj, slavery, freedom 2. Match the pairs. (b) People, subjects, ‘A’ ‘B’ Activity (a) Emperor of (1) Nizamshah Vijaynagar (a) Celebrate Shivajayanti in your class. (b) of (2) Adilshah (b) Present historical songs and ‘Powadas’ in Ahmadnagar the cultural programmes held in your school. (c) Sultan of Bijapur (3) Krishnadevraya (4) Emperor Akbar

2 2. Work of the Saints

The tradition of Sants that began in Shri : Shri Maharashtra with Shri Chakradhar, Sant Chakradhar Swami was originally a Namdeo, Sant , Sant Chokha from . He became an ascetic, and Mela was continued by Sants coming came over to Maharashtra. He moved all from various strata of society. In this over Maharashtra preaching equality. He group of Sants are included Sant Goroba, did not believe in any discrimination based Sant Sawata, Sant Narhari, Sant , on gender or caste. So, several men and Sant Shaikh Mahammed, Sant , women became his followers. The sect he Sant Niloba etc. Similarly, Sant , established is known as ‘Mahanubhav’ Sant Soyarabai, Sant Nirmalabai, Sant sect. Memorable incidents from his life , Sant and Sant have been compiled in a book titled Shiurkar are also included. ‘Leelacharitra’. They taught people various virtues Sant Namdeo : Sant Namdeo was a like , non-violence, charity, great devotee of Vitthal. He lived in the service, equality and brotherhood. No village Narasi. He composed numerous one is inferior, no one is superior. All are songs in praise of god, performed equal. Such was the sentiment that was created by Sants in the minds of people. Similarly, also rendered his work in Maharashtra.

Shri Chakradhar Swami Sant Namdeo 3 ‘Keertans’ (songs and stories based on a Dnyaneshwar was deeply pained by this religious theme) everywhere and brought incident. He entered his hut and locked about general awakening among the the door from inside to grieve over his lot. people. He moved all over Maharashtra Muktabai came and knocked at the door. to spread Bhagwat and taught She said, “Open the door, Dnyaneshwar. the people deep devotion to God. He How can we remain drowned in our instilled in them the desire to protect their own sorrow ? Who will then look to the religion. Sant Namdeo later travelled welfare of the world ?” These words of his all over spreading the message of sister gave new hope to Dnyaneshwar. He humanity. He travelled to the Punjab and forgot his personal sorrow and started his spread the message of equality among work. Everywhere, the poor and backward the people there. He composed songs in people were being oppressed in the name . Even today, some of his verses are of the religion. Dnyaneshwar went among included in ‘ Granth ’, the holy the people and taught them to have faith book of the Sikhs. His songs are still sung in God. ‘Give equal treatment to all. Help all over Maharashtra with great love and those in trouble and allay their misery.’ devotion. This was the gist of his advice to the Sant Dnyaneshwar : Sant people. Dnyaneshwar’s words are heard Dnyaneshwar’s family belonged to in every nook and corner of Maharashtra Apegaon. and Sopandeo for the last seven hundred years. were his brothers. Muktabai was his sister. In those days, all religious teaching Bigoted men of the time used to look down was confined to books. The upon these children because they were language of ordinary people in everyday the offspring of a ‘Sanyasi’. It happened use was Marathi. Dnyaneshwar wrote like this. Their father took ‘Sanyas’ and his outstanding book ‘’ retired from worldly life. As a Sanyasi, he in Marathi. He thus opened wide for his left home. But later on, obeying the order of his guru, he returned home and started living with his wife. Their four children were born afterwards. The narrow-minded religious leaders did not think it right that a ‘Sanyasi’ should have children. People persecuted these children and banished them from their community. Once Dnyaneshwar went round the town begging for alms. But no one would give him any alms. He had to listen to abusive language instead. Young Sant Dnyaneshwar

4 people the doors of knowledge, where he even to the dumb animals. He exhorted preached the ideal of brotherhood among the people to love all living beings and all men. At a very early age, at practised what he preached. near Pune, Dnyaneshwar took ‘’, One day he was going to the river that is, put himself in a trance from which Godavari for a bath. It was noon and very he never came out. Even today, on the hot. The sand bed along the riverside was eleventh day of Ashadh and , lakhs very hot too. He heard the crying of a poor of pilgrims go to Alandi-Pandhari with child sitting on the hot sand. Eknath looked devotion. around and saw the child. He rushed to him and looked around for the child’s parents. He picked up the child in his arms, wiped his tears and reached him home. In this way, by his personal example, Eknath impressed the message of love and equality on the minds of the people. Sant Tukaram : Two great saints, Tukaram and Ramdas lived in Shivaji’s time. Tukaram came from , near Pune. Sant Eknath He owned a farm and also a Sant Eknath : Sant Eknath carried on grocery shop. His forefathers used to the work started by Sant Namdeo and Sant lend money to the needy people. But Dnyaneshwar. He lived in . He preached that the way to reach God was through devotion - ‘Bhaktimarg’. He wrote numerous religious songs - ‘’, ‘Owees’ and ‘Bharuds’. His advice to the people was not to accept any distinction of high and low. He made friends with the poor and the downtrodden and taught them devotion to God. His love extended Sant Tukaram

5 Tukaram drowned in the river Indrayani, all the record of loan papers he had, thus giving relief to many. He would go to the neighbouring hill and sing songs in praise of God Vitthal. On the eleventh day, ‘ekadashi’ of the month of Ashadh and Kartik, he would go to . He wrote devotional songs - ‘Abhangs’ and performed ‘Keertans’. Thousands flocked to listen to him. Shivaji Maharaj also attended his Keertans. Sant Tukaram preached to the people about the virtues of pity, forgiveness and peace of mind. He Samarth Ramdas also gave them the message of equality. ‘He alone is a saint, and God dwells the mind) he gave people lessons in good with him who calls the weak and the thoughts and good conduct. To popularise downtrodden as his own’. He impressed the worship of strength, he raised the this truth on the minds of the people. He temples of , the god of strength. made them think. People accepted him He exhorted people to be strong and as a great religious leader and showered told them of the power that resides in a their praise on him. Even today, all over united people. He taught them to organize Maharashtra, we hear people proclaiming themselves and fight against injustice. ‘Gyanba - Tukaram’ the names of the two This gave courage to the people. great saints. Sant Dnyaneshwar is called The work of the saints brought about ‘Gyanba’ also. Even today, ‘Tukaram a great awakening among the people. Gatha’ is read in every household. Religion once again became a thing to Samarth Ramdas : At the same time, be respected and a spirit of self-reliance the hills and valleys of Maharashtra were was born. People regained their lost filled with the echoes of ‘Jai, Jai Raghuveer confidence. This great awakening among Samarth’ (Glory be to the great ) an the people brought about by the saints invocation constantly on the lips of the helped Shivaji in his fight for Swaraj. great saint Ramdas. Ramdas was born lll at Jamb on the banks of the Godavari in . His birthday falls on Ram- Navami, the day on which the great hero, Rama, was born. Narayan was his real name but he preferred to call himself Ramdas, the servant of Rama. Through his great book ‘’ he taught men the ways of good life. Through his ‘Manache Shlok’ (stanzas addressed to

6 EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : (b) What desire did Sant Namdeo instil (a) Sant Namdeo was a great devotee among the people ? of ...... (c) What advice was rendered by Sant (b) At a very early age, at ...... near Pune, Eknath ? Dnyaneshwar took ‘Samadhi’. (d) What message was propagated by (c) Sant Tukaram drowned in the river Samarth Ramdas ? ...... , all the record of loan papers he 3. Give answers in three or four sentences. had. (a) Why did Sant Dnyaneshwar lock (d) To popularise the worship of strength, himself in his hut ? Samarth Ramdas raised the temples of (b) What message did Sant Tukaram give ? ......

2. Write the answer in one sentence. Activity (a) What discrimination did Shri Collect the pictures of Sants other than those Chakradhar Swami not believe ? included in this lesson and below the pictures, write their thoughts.

7 3. Maratha Sardars - The Famous House of the Bhonsales

Period of Unrest : As the saints Tradition of Valour : All these preached devotion to God, the brave Sardars were brave but many of them Maratha Sardars started a tradition of were sworn enemies of one another. They bravery. never thought that they should unite and do something for their own people. So This was a period of great unrest. all their valour and bravery served the The two Sultans, the Adilshah of Bijapur interests of others. Even so, they kept and the Nizamshah of Ahmadnagar alive the warlike spirit, especially among were constantly at war with each other. the young. Many famous soldiers were They made use of the armies of Maratha born in their families who kept alive the Sardars in these wars. tradition of valour. Among the famous The Brave Maratha Sardars : The families, the Bhonsales of Verul showed Marathas were both brave and tough. great bravery and enterprise. They were also fearless and loyal to The Temple of Ghrushneshwar : It their masters. They were very proud of was about four hundred years ago. The their achievements on the battlefield. The temple of Ghrushneshwar near the Verul brave Maratha soldier with a spear in caves was falling to pieces. The walls hand and a sword at the side would ride had developed cracks. The priest also in his ’s cavalry. All the Maratha had deserted the temple. Thus the temple Sardars had their own private armies. If which was built in honour of a great god such a Sardar went to the Sultan with his was totally neglected. All the devotees army, the Sultan gave him employment, who came there mourned over the sorry made him a Sardar of his kingdom and state of the temple, but no one thought of sometimes conferred a upon him. repairing it. The Sardar who received such a Jagir A great devotee of visited the considered himself a . temple regularly. He would put flowers There were many famous Maratha and ‘bel’ on the ‘’ and express Sardars at the Courts of Ahmadnagar his innermost thoughts to the God. He and Bijapur. The more famous among carried out extensive repairs to the temple them were the Jadhavs of Sindkhed, and restored it to its original condition. Nimbalkars of , Ghorpades of He also made arrangements for the Mudhol, Moreys of Javali, Bhonsales proper maintenance of the temple. Now of Verul. The Sindkhed Jadhavs were there were lights both inside and outside descendants of the Yadavs of Devgiri. the temple and the lost grandeur of , the mother of Shivaji Maharaj Ghrushneshwar was restored. Who was was the daughter of Lakhujirao Jadhav this devotee who did all this ? He was of Sindkhed. Maloji Raje Bhonsale.

8 Raje

9 The Bhonsales of Verul : Maloji great pomp. Jijabai became the Fortune Raje Bhonsale, the of Verul, was a of the Bhonsale family. great devotee of Shiva. Babaji Raje had Shahaji Raje : Nizamshah two sons. Maloji Raje was the elder, and transferred to Shahaji Raje the Jagir he Vithoji Raje the younger. Babaji Raje had conferred on Maloji Raje. Shahaji Bhonsale had the rights of a Patil in the Raje was a brave and capable man held Verul village. in great respect at the court of Nizamshah. Maloji Raje and Vithoji Raje were The Moghul Emperor decided to conquer both brave and enterprising. They had the Kingdom of Nizamshah. For this, he in their service many armed Maratha made an alliance with the Adilshah of troops. It was a period of great unrest. The Bijapur. Malik Amber and Shahaji Raje Moghul Emperor from had attacked fought bravely to save Nizamshahi. They the Kingdom of Nizamshah. Daulatabad defeated both the armies. This battle took was then the capital of Nizamshah. Malik place at Bhatawadi near Ahmadnagar. Amber was his Vazir or Chief Minister. Sharifji was killed in the battle. Shahaji Malik Amber was able and wise. The Raje displayed great valour. He was two capable and brave brothers from praised everywhere as a brave General. Verul soon caught his attention. On his His reputation in the court was so recommendation, the conferred on enhanced that even Malik Amber began Maloji Raje the Jagir of Pune and Supe to feel jealous of him. This gradually . led to antagonism between them. As So the Bhonsales became rich a result, Shahaji Raje left Nizamshahi and powerful. Maloji Raje’s wife was and joined the court of Adilshah at Umabai. She came from the House of Bijapur. Adilshah honoured him with the the Nimbalkars of Phaltan. They had title of ‘Sar Lashkar’ (Chief of Army). two sons, Shahaji and Sharifji. Maloji Later, there were many developments Raje was killed in a battle at . in Nizamshahi. The Vazir Malik Amber At that time Shahaji was only five years died. His scheming son Fattekhan became old. Then Vithoji Raje looked after the the Vazir of Nizamshahi. During his children and the Jagir. Later, he asked period, the Nizamshahi began to decline. in marriage for Shahaji, the daughter of At about the same time, there was a threat Lakhujirao Jadhav. Jijabai, the daughter of Moghul aggression. So, Nizamshah’s of Lakhujirao, was well favoured by the mother appealed to Shahaji Raje to return gods. Lakhujirao accepted Vithoji Raje’s to Nizamshahi and save it. Therefore, proposal. Lakhujirao was a brave and Shahaji Raje left Adilshahi and returned valiant Sardar in the court of Nizamshah. to Nizamshahi. He kept a large army of his own. He lll commanded great respect and honour at the court of Nizamshah. He celebrated the wedding of Shahaji Raje and Jijabai with

10 EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct 4. Give the answer in one sentence. option. (a) Who restored the temple of (a) Among the famous families, the ...... Ghrushneshwar to its original condition ? of Verul showed great bravery and (b) Which Jagir was bestowed upon Maloji enterprise. Raje by Nizamshah ? (Moreys, Ghorpades, Bhonsales) (c) Who fought bravely to save (b) Babaji Raje Bhonsale had two sons, Nizamshahi ? Maloji and ...... (d) With what title did the Adilshah honour (Vithoji, Shahaji, Sharifji) Shahaji Raje ? (c) ...... was a capable Vazir of (e) Why did Shahaji Raje leave Adilshahi Nizamshah. and return to Nizamshahi ? (Malik Amber, Fattekhan, Sharifji) Activity Locate places like Ahmadnagar, Phaltan, Verul, 2. Write the relation between : Supe, Pune in the map of Maharashtra. (a) Maloji Raje - Vithoji Raje ...... (b) Shahaji Raje - Lakhujirao Jadhav ...... Note : The word ‘Maratha’ here does not mean (c) Shahaji Raje - Sharifji ...... the ‘specific caste of an individual’. (d) Babaji Raje - Vithoji Raje ...... It means ‘Marathi Speaking People’ or ‘Maharashtrians’. 3. Match the pairs. ‘A’ ‘B’ (a) Sindkhed (1) Nimbalkar (b) Phaltan (2) Ghorpade (c) Javali (3) Bhonsale (d) Mudhol (4) Morey (5) Jadhav

11 4. Shivaji’s Childhood

The Birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj at Fort

Birth of Shivaji : Those were very some place where she could remain in unsettled days. Shahjahan from the safety and peace. Then he remembered North had despatched a big army to the Shivneri fort and decided to send conquer the Deccan. Pune, the principal Jijabai there. Shivneri was a strong fort town of Shahaji Raje’s Jagir was burned near in . It had steep to the ground by Adilshah of Bijapur. cliffs on four sides, strong Shahaji Raje was in real trouble. He and massive doors. This strong fort was found himself between the devil and the then in charge of Vijayraj, a relative of the deep sea, and was constantly on the run. Bhonsales. He agreed to give protection Jijabai was pregnant and the great to Jijabai. So Shahaji Raje left her there question which worried Shahaji Raje was and marched against the Moghuls.

12 And then the golden day dawned. Eknath. Shivaji liked to listen to the On the auspicious day of Phalgun Vadya exploits of brave men. Shivaji felt that Tritiya, in the year 1551 of the Shaka era, on growing up, he should also display that is, on 19 February 1630, to the sound valour like them. Jijabai used to tell of pipes and drums playing in the ‘Nagar him stories of many pious persons and Khana’, Jijabai gave birth to a son. All saints. That instilled in him, a respect the residents of the fort were overjoyed. and honour for all saints and great men. On the twelfth day, with appropriate Children from poor families came to ceremony, the child was named ‘Shivaji’ play with Shivaji. Sometimes he visited as the child was born on Fort Shivneri. them in their huts and shared their simple Shivaji’s Childhood : Shivaji passed meal of onion and bhakri with great the first six years of his life in highly relish. They invented interesting games to unsettled conditions. Even so, Jijabai did pass the time. The children of the Mavlas not neglect his education. Every evening were like birds in the forest. They would she would light the household lamps and imitate the sound of the cuckoo or parrot then call Shivaji to her. She would shower or tiger to perfection. Their pastime was all her affection on him and tell him building small forts of earth and making stories of Rama and , of Bhim earthern elephants and horses. They and Abhimanyu. On other occasions played hide and seek, or played with a she would recite to him the devotional ball or top. Shivaji joined them in all these songs of Namdeo, Dnyaneshwar or games and became popular with them.

Veermata Jijabai tells Shivaji stories of brave men.

13 Shivaji with his Friends Shahaji Raje towards the Moghuls : to enable the Moghuls to swallow Shahaji Raje returned to Nizamshahi all Nizamshahi. In return, the Moghuls right, but he did not get any peace of mind rewarded him with the territory under there. Nizamshah himself was a fickle- the control of Shahaji Raje. Shahaji minded person who readily believed all Raje was enraged and so he left the gossip. Hence, many conspiracies and services of the Moghuls. He decided to petty rivalries infested the court. This teach them a lesson using all his might. led to the killing of Lakhujirao Jadhav Founding of a New Nizamshahi : openly in the court at the instigation of In order to forestall the Moghul Emperor Nizamshah himself. Shahaji Raje could and Vazir Fattekhan, Shahaji Raje found not withstand this. Infuriated, he left out a child heir from the Nizam’s family Nizamshahi and joined the Moghuls. and on the fort of Pemgiri near Junnar, Shahjahan, the Moghul Emperor, made declared him as the new Nizamshah. him a Sardar at his court. Thus, he established an altogether new In the meantime, secretly joining kingdom which included the territory hands with the Moghuls, Fattekhan killed between the rivers Godavari and Nira. Nizamshah. There was complete anarchy Shahaji Raje fought vigorously to in the state. It became evident that protect this new state. Initially, Adilshah Fattekhan was treacherously planning was with him in these efforts. But later,

14 the Moghul Emperor Shahjahan himself Adilshah’s share. He gave it to Shahaji marched South upon Shahaji Raje and Raje on his behalf. Now Shahaji Raje threatened Adilshah. Adilshah then joined the Adilshahi services. Adilshah signed a treaty of friendship with him assigned to him, the task of conquering against Shahaji Raje. the territories in distant Karnatak, far Shahaji Raje now began to fight the away from Pune. Some time after the joint forces of the Moghuls and Adilshah departure of Shahaji Raje to Karnatak, using guerrilla tactics. But he could not Jijabai and Shivaji also joined him there. sustain the war all by himself. In 1636, Shivaji’s childhood in Maharashtra unwillingly, he signed a treaty of peace had been very hectic. He and Jijabai with Moghuls. He could not create his had to rush continuously from one fort own kingdom as the times were not to another. At that time, young Shivaji favourable for him. But his daring spirit used to hear the stories of the brave kindled a confidence among the Marathi deeds of his father. Jijabai and Shivaji people. This proved useful for Shivaji in got some peace when they arrived in establishing Swaraj a few years later. Karnatak. Shahaji Raje defeated many Jijabai and Shivaji in Karnatak : kings in Karnatak. Adilshah awarded After the downfall of the Nizamshahi him with the Jagir of . Shahaji established by Shahaji Raje, its territory Raje then made the city of Bangalore was divided by the Moghuls and his headquarters. He lived there with all Adilshah amongst themselves. Shahaji the trappings of a king and began to Raje’s Jagir of Pune and Supe lay within summon the court.

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct (b) What games did Shivaji and the children option. of the Mavlas play ? (a) Shivaji was born on the ...... fort. (c) Why did Shahaji Raje leave (Purandar, Shivneri, ) Nizamshahi ? (b) Adilshah assigned the task of conquering the territories in ...... to Shahaji Raje. 3. Write the answers in two or three (Karnatak, , ) sentences. (a) Whose stories did Jijabai tell Shivaji ? 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (b) Why did Shahaji Raje declare the child (a) What did Shivaji feel due to Jijabai’s heir from the Nizamshah’s family as the teaching ? new Nizamshah ?

15 Activity (a) Make a trip to Fort Shivneri and collect (b) Make a list of traditional sports and write information about the birthplace of a note on any one of them in 10 lines. Shivaji Maharaj.

Fort Shivneri - Maha Darwaja

16 5. Shivaji’s Education

Beginning of Shivaji’s Education : Soon, Adilshah sent Shahaji Raje Shahaji Raje himself was a scholar of on an expedition to conquer the States of Sanskrit. In the Bangalore court, he had the Nayakas (local chiefs) in Karnatak. under his patronage, artists and scholars of Before setting out upon the expedition, various languages. He appointed intelligent Shahaji Raje sent Shivaji and Jijabai teachers for Shivaji. Shivaji’s education to Pune. With them, he sent elephants, began when he became seven years old. horses, an infantry, a treasury, a flag, as Soon, Shivaji became skilled in the art of also trusted ministers, brave generals and reading and writing. He began to read the renowned teachers. stories from ‘Ramayan’, ‘Mahabharat’ Rejuvenation of Pune : Jijabai and ‘Bhagwat’, on his own. To teach him and Shivaji returned to Pune. Shivaji warfare, Shahaji Raje had appointed some remembered his childhood days which he teachers. They began to teach Shivaji to had spent on Shivneri. He could see the ride a horse, to wrestle, to use swords and lofty peaks of the Sahyadri again and he Dandpatta. Thus, at the age of twelve, became very happy. Pune at that time Shivaji became acquainted with different was not such a big city. It was totally branches of learning and arts. devastated by Shahaji Raje’s enemies.

Shivaji’s Education under the Supervision of Shahaji Raje

17 Properties were damaged. Houses were happy. In the fields of agricultural reform demolished. Temples had collapsed. The and revenue collection, the work done frightened people had fled from their by Dadaji Konddev and the Nizamshahi villages. Fields had become barren. Thick Vazir Malik Amber is considered to be forests had grown. Wolves roamed in the very important. countryside. Pune, thus, was totally in Shivaji’s Education : When Shivaji shambles and ruins. returned to Pune, his education continued When the people living around under the supervision of Jijabai. While came to know that Jijabai has returned to returning from Bangalore, Jijabai and Pune with Shivaji, they took heart. Jijabai Shivaji were accompanied by eminent called all of them and reassured them teachers sent by Shahaji Raje. They that they would be safe in Pune. People taught him many sciences, branches of started settling in Pune, cultivating their learning and languages. lands. Jijabai had the dilapidated temples repaired. In the temples, worship began Shivaji acquired the knowledge of morning and evening. The town was excellent administration, war tactics, again throbbing with people. Thus, Pune fort architecture, selection of horses and was totally transformed. elephants, ways of escaping from difficult The Achievements of Dadaji enemy territories and many other things. Konddev : When Jijabai and Shivaji Shivaji’s progress in education pleased were in Karnatak, Dadaji Konddev Jijabai very much. looked after the Pune Jagir. He was the What Veermata Jijabai Taught ‘Subhedar’ of Kondana also. He was Shivaji : Jijabai was no ordinary woman. very faithful. He was strict, efficient and She was the daughter of the mighty honest in his work. He was also just, Sardar Lakhujirao Jadhav and the wife and a strict disciplinarian. He served of the brave and valiant Shahaji Raje. with devotion. At about this time, a big She had inherited the knowledge of wada or residence was built in Pune by politics and warfare from her infancy. In the orders of Shahaji Raje. It came to be her was witnessed the confluence of the known as ‘’. To encourage the martial traditions of the famous Houses peasants to till their lands, Dadaji gave of the Jadhavs and Bhonsales. She was a them concessions in the land tax for a few freedom loving person with a great sense years. He offered prizes for destroying the wolves which infested the countryside of pride. She had learnt through bitter and harassed the peasants. Many wolves experience that however much a Maratha were killed. He raised peasant patrols Sardar displayed valour, it was not to protect life and property from gangs appreciated in the courts of the Sultans. of thieves who roamed the countryside. She had valiantly faced the shock of He fixed land revenue according to the her father’s murder in the open court at quality of the soil. He thus made the people the instigation of Nizamshah. She had 18 resolved that her son Shivaji would never be engaged in the services of others. He would establish the rule of his own people - Swaraj. She was bringing up Shivaji with that ideal. The people living in the region were called Mavlas. They were loyal, hardworking and quick-footed. No one could surpass them in hardiness. But they were harassed by the Sultans’ rule. The armies of the Sultans used to plunder their villages, forcing the people to abandon their places. Nobody cared for them. Shivaji yearned to do something for these poor, miserable people. On returning home, Shivaji would talk about this to his mother. Jijabai would say, “Shivba, Shri Ramchandra is the ancestor of the Bhonsales. Rama killed Ravan and made his people happy. The ancestor of the Jadhavs is Shri Krishna. He killed Kans and brought relief to his Veermata Jijabai people. You are a descendant of both Shri Rama and Shri Krishna. You can also destroy the wicked and make your The New Regime of Shivaji : In Pune subjects happy.” Jagir, the new regime of Shivaji began under the guidance of Jijabai. Shahaji These words of Jijabai were a source Raje had already made the preparations of inspiration to young Shivaji. He would for this. When Shahaji Raje sent Shivaji remember the brave deeds of heroes of the from Bangalore to Pune, he sent some very past like Rama, Krishna, Bhim, Arjun. powerful and prestigious people with him. He thought of them all the time, whether They were Samraj Neelkanth Peshwe, asleep or awake. He felt that he, too, must Balkrishna Hanamante Muzumdar, fight against injustice as they did, and Mankoji Dahatonde Sarnobat, Raghunath like them, destroy the wicked and bring Ballal Sabnis, Sonopant Dabir. These happiness to his subjects. He thought that were all able men fit to administer an he should become courageous and brave independent kingdom. Shahaji Raje had like these heroes of old. specially deputed them to Pune to help

19 Shivaji govern his Jagir efficiently. With Shivaji’s Marriage : In those days, their help, Shivaji began to administer his people married at a very early age. So, Jagir, to attend the people’s grievances. Jijamata said, “We should now get Shivba Those who inflicted injustice upon the ryot married.” Then a search for a suitable were punished. In a way, Shahaji Raje’s bride for Shivba began. Soon she found Jagir was undergoing a transformation. the girl she wanted. Her name was Saibai. The Mavlas got a glimpse of the future Saibai came from the Nimbalkar family ‘Swaraj’. It was, as it were, the dawn of of Phaltan. The marriage was celebrated Swaraj. with great splendour.

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct (c) Why did Dadaji Konddev give option. concession in land tax to peasants ?

(a) Shahaji Raje was a scholar of ...... 3. Give the answer in two or three sentences. (Sanskrit, Kannad, Tamil) (a) How was Pune rejuvenated ? (b) People living in the Maval region were called ...... (b) What knowledge did Shivaji acquire ? (peasants, soldiers, Mavlas) (c) What had Jijabai resolved ?

2. Write the answer in one sentence. Activity (a) Who appointed teachers for Shivaji and (a) Write and enact a dialogue between where ? Shivaji and Jijabai. (b) What did the teachers begin to teach (b) Read the biography of Veermata Jijabai. Shivaji ?

20 6. The Oath of Swaraj

The Temple at : To Shivaji was speaking with great the south-west of Pune, there is a beauty emotion and his face was red with anger. spot called Raireshwar famous for its In the middle of his speech he stopped temple. In the year 1645, an extraordinary and looked at his companions. The event took place there. Shivaji and a few young Mavlas gathered there in the inner Mavlas from the neighbouring valley had sanctum of Raireshwar were greatly gathered there. Why had they come to this thrilled by Shivaji’s speech. They had lovely spot hidden in deep forest ? What seen a new vision. One of them said, “Our did they discuss and what favour did they young prince, tell us clearly whatever is ask of Lord Shiva ? in your mind. We are prepared, we are The Fiery Eloquence of Young anxious to do your bidding.” “ Yes Raje,” Shivaji : Shivaji was still quite young they all said with one voice, “We are with but his mind was already busy planning you, we shall do whatever you say at the big things. He opened his mind to his cost of our lives if need be !” playmates and said, “My dear friends, The Oath of Swaraj : Shivaji today I am going to talk to you about got fresh inspiration from their words. something which is in my mind for a long Looking at each one of them he said, time. My father Shahaji Raje is a Sardar at “Friends, our path is clear. We shall all the court of Bijapur. It is he who has given strive to attain our ideal, work for it till it me the charge of this Jagir. Everything is is achieved. All should be ready even to going on well and peacefully. But, friends, sacrifice their lives for this ideal which is I am not happy. Must we always remain ‘Hindavi Swaraj’. We will have our own satisfied as bondmen of the Sultan ? Must Raj, yours and mine and everybody’s. We we always eat out of other people’s hand ? refuse to live as slaves any more. Let us We are surrounded on all sides by foreign take this oath with Lord Raireshwar as kingdoms which are constantly at war. witness ; we give ourselves completely Our people get killed for nothing during to the great task of establishing our own these wars and family after family gets Raj, Swaraj.” uprooted. Our country suffers destruction. The temple echoed the words of And what do we get out of all this ? Shivaji. “God thinks that this Kingdom Nothing but slavery. How long shall we should take shape as Hindavi Swaraj. We continue to tolerate this ? How long shall shall see that God’s wish is fulfilled.” we lay down our lives for others ? Shall we allow this to continue just for the sake So the Mavlas left the temple, of a small Watan ? What have you to say committed to the oath of freedom, of about all this ?” Swaraj. The mind of Shivaji was filled

21 The Oath of Swaraj

22 with great joy. As soon as he reached Pune of the Swaraj of his dreams. He thus won he went straight to Lal Mahal to see his many of them over to his side. He used mother. He described to her all that took force against those who were adamant. In place at Raireshwar. Overjoyed, Jijabai this way he stopped the mutual warfare. thought with satisfaction that Shivaji Everybody was pleased with this happy would accomplish what was always in result and all started singing the praises her mind. of Shivaji. Zunjarrao Maral, Haibatrao Preparations in the Maval Shilamkar, Baji Pasalkar, Vithoji Shitole, Valley : Shivaji soon got busy with Jedhe, Paygude, Bandal were some of his new activities. Along with his the Deshmukhs in the Maval valley comrades he started intensive training who began to look upon Shivaji as their in swordsmanship, riding, exploring leader. The dream of Swaraj was fast the secret paths in the hills and getting approaching the day of fulfilment. familiar with the general topography of Shivaji’s Royal Seal : The Jagir was the land, its valleys and and possible already being administered in the name of communication routes. He won over the Shivaji. Shahaji Raje had cast a special Mavlas who became his most devoted royal seal for Shivaji. It read : followers, willing to lay down their lives à{VnÀM§ÐboIod d{Y©îUw{d©ídd§{XVm Ÿ&& for him at any time. Shivaji’s enthusiasm emhgyZmo… {edñ`¡fm _wÐm ^Ðm` amOVo Ÿ&& increased a thousandfold. Shivaji made a detailed survey of all the forts and military establishments in the area. In this, his followers were of great help to him. In the course of time, he came to know the smallest detail of every establishment; secret pathways, underground routes, ammunition dumps and cellars. Friends in Maval : All over the twelve Mavals there were Deshmukhs, The Royal Seal guarding their individual ‘Watans’ (gifted land in lieu of service) to which they were ‘This seal will grow in splendour like more attached than anything else. There the new moon. This seal of Shivaji, the were constant quarrels between them son of Shahaji, receiving homage from leading to useless waste of money and the whole world denotes the welfare of manpower. Shivaji saw this waste and the people.’ This Royal seal in a way, decided to put an end to it. He would visit foretold the foundation of Swaraj. the Deshmukhs in the area, talk to them, persuade them to desist from their folly and In those days most of the royal seals raise before them a very attractive picture were carved in Persian. Shivaji’s was in 23 Sanskrit. This was a significant change. guarantee to all the Mavlas that Shivaji’s There could be no Swaraj without your Government was for the welfare of the own language and your own religion. But people. They were quick to grasp this at the same time, there should not be a point. hatred for other religions. The seal was a

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : (c) What did Shivaji come to know in his (a) To the south-west of Pune, the ...... detailed survey ? temple was a beautiful spot. (d) What did Shivaji decide to put an end to ? (b) All over Maval there were ...... guarding their individual Watans. 3. Write the answers in two or three sentences. (c) Shahaji Raje had cast a special ...... (a) What was the ideal of Shivaji ? for Shivaji. (b) What did Shivaji start doing with his comrades ? 2. Write the answer in one sentence.

(a) What words of Shivaji echoed in the Activity temple ? Design and display a picture of the Oath of (b) What did Jijabai think with joy and Swaraj. satisfaction ?

24 7. Swaraj : First Conquest

It is no doubt true that Shivaji and his All the forts in the Jagir were, however, comrades took the oath of Swaraj in the in the charge of officers from the court temple of Raireshwar. But it was a very of Bijapur. He who controlled the forts difficult task. In those days, Maharashtra also controlled the surrounding territory was governed by four different powers, and, therefore, all talk of Swaraj without the Moghul Emperor of Delhi, Sultan the control of the forts was meaningless. Adilshah of Bijapur, the Portuguese of A hill fort gave strategic support to the and the of Janjira. They were ruler and Shivaji decided to capture one powerful opponents, firm in their authority. at a suitable time. For this purpose he had No one would dare utter a word against selected the fort of Torana. It stands to the them. Under these difficult conditions south-west of Pune in the Kanad Valley. Shivaji had taken the oath of Swaraj. It was a renowned fort, well-suited for There was no comparison between the defence. There were two strong ‘Machis’ vast forces of the enemy and a handful on the way to the fort. A ‘Machi’ is a of Shivaji’s Mavlas. But Shivaji’s mind of a natural plateau formed was made up and his firm resolve was his on the slope of a hill. One of these ‘Machis’ greatest source of strength. was the ‘Zunjar Machi’ and the other, the Torana Fort : Shivaji controlled the ‘Budhla Machi’. ‘Zunjar Machi’, like Jagir of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur. its name, could offer powerful defence

Fort Torana (Zunjar Machi) 25 against the enemy. The only access to as a Maratha Killedar, a Sabnis the fort was across the ‘Zunjar Machi’. and a Prabhu Karkhanis. The garrison It is a very difficult passage with high included Mavlas, Kolis, Ramoshis, hills on one side and deep valleys on the and such brave men from many other. A careless person may easily lose other castes and communities. In Swaraj his balance and end his life in the deep all castes and communities were to be valley. Torana was considered one of the treated alike and no distinctions made on strong forts of Maharashtra. In the fort the basis of caste. As repairs to the fort there is a temple of the goddess Toranjai. started, a surprise awaited the people. That is why the fort is called Torana. They discovered four metal pots filled to Strangely enough, this powerful fort the brim with mohurs. The workers were was neglected by Adilshah. There were overjoyed. They said that this was a gift neither enough troops for its defence nor to Shivaji from the Goddess Bhavani who enough ammunition. Shivaji knew this had blessed his efforts. All the money and this was exactly what he wanted. He discovered was brought to Shivaji. No decided to capture the fort and thus lay one thought of taking anything from it the foundation of Hindavi Swaraj. for himself. After all it was the wealth The drums of Swaraj begin to of Swaraj. Shivaji felt greatly elated at sound : With a few select bands of Mavlas, this unexpected gift which would enable Shivaji descended into the Kanad Valley. him to pursue his ideal of Swaraj with Swift-footed like the deer and lion- added vigour. He felt that he was working hearted in courage, they raced to the top under the benevolent eye of the goddess and captured the strategic positions in the Bhavani. fort. hoisted the Maratha Shivaji utilised part of the treasure flag at the main entrance. Yesaji Kank, found in the fort to purchase arms and a trustworthy and loyal companion of ammunition. The rest he decided to use Shivaji, posted his guards at important for another project which was already in points; the fort was captured almost his mind. About fifteen kilometres to the without any resistance and the sky was east of Torana is the hill of Murumbdeo. filled with shouts of “Shivaji Maharaj ki Shivaji had his eye on it for a long Jai”. The first battle drums and pipes of time. This hill was steep and difficult of Hindavi Swaraj had sounded and their access and, therefore, of great strategic echo reverberated throughout the valley. importance. Adilshah had actually started Shivaji named this fort ‘Prachandgad.’ constructing a fort on this hill but had left Blessings of Goddess Bhavani : it unfinished. This hill also was not well- Fort Torana then came under Shivaji’s guarded and Shivaji decided to capture it. administration. He made a very careful The First Capital of Swaraj : One survey of it and appointed officers such day Shivaji climbed up the hill with a select

26 Fort Rajgad - Pali Darwaja band of his followers and took possession The Collector despatched messengers of the partially completed fort. The money to Bijapur and informed Adilshah of found on Torana was used to complete Shivaji’s rapid progress. the fortifications of Murumbdeo. Shivaji Shivaji the Shrewd Politician : named this fort Rajgad. Stone masons, Adilshah was most surprised to get the carpenters, blacksmiths, water carriers, news. He asked Shahaji Raje for an other workers - all the people got busy. explanation. Shahaji Raje got himself They built the Rajmahal, Bara Mahal and out of this difficult situation by telling eighteen workshops. Rajgad became the the Sultan that Shivaji Raje had probably first capital of Swaraj. taken over the fort for better administration Shivaji’s Rapid Progress : From of the Jagir. Shivaji also sent this message then onwards, Shivaji moved swiftly and to the Sultan. “I have taken possession captured one fort after another in Maval. of the fort for better administration of The whole country known as Bara Maval the countryside. We did this only in the - the twelve Mavals - was overflowing interest of the Sultan. There was no evil with joy and excitement. The Patils and design at the back of this action.” Deshmukhs from many villages came The two forts of Kondana and and swore allegiance to Shivaji. But Purandar too had strategic locations. Maval had its own share of black-legs Shivaji used his political skill and took who were ever ready to put a spoke in control of both the forts. The next fort the fast moving wheel of Swaraj. Jealous to come under his sway was Rohida. of Shivaji’s success, they complained This was fast work indeed and there was to the Adilshahi Collector at Shirval. nothing to stop Shivaji now. 27 EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : (b) What officers were appointed by Shivaji on the fort of Torana ? (a) Shivaji controlled the Jagir of Pune, Supe, Chakan and ...... (c) What message did Shivaji send to (Indapur, , Welhe) Adilshah ?

(b) Shivaji decided to capture the fort of 3. Give reasons...... and lay the foundation of Hindavi Swaraj. (a) Shivaji selected the fort of Torana to (, Shivneri, Torana) lay the foundation of Swaraj. (c) ...... became the first capital of Swaraj. (b) The workers brought the pots of mohurs (Rajgad, Raigad, Pratapgad) discovered on the fort of Torana to Shivaji. 2. Write the answer in one sentence. Activity (a) Which four different powers governed Arrange a trip to the nearest fort with the help of Maharashtra in those days ? your teachers.

28 8. Defeat of Internal Enemies

By Use of Force : The Mavlas of the of Javali was one such person. Morey was twelve Mavals gathered round Shivaji, the Jagirdar of Javali. This Jagir which ready to do his bidding. They lived for extended from Raigad to Koyna Valley, Swaraj and were willing to die for it. along with the title ‘Chandrarao’, was They were simple Maratha folk. They conferred upon him by Adilshah. Javali loved Shivaji more than their life. But was covered with such a thick forest that some people were jealous of Shivaji’s even during broad daylight, the sun’s rays achievements. He had to bring such hardly penetrated it. It was full of wild life. people to book. Tigers, wolves and bears roamed freely in Khandoji and Baji Ghorpade were the Javali forest. Morey’s Javali was thus two Sardars in the service of Adilshah. like a tiger’s hideout. No one, therefore, The Shah incited them against Shivaji. crossed Morey’s path. Only Shivaji had They created a lot of trouble in the the courage to do so. Kondana district but Shivaji was more Daulatrao Morey died in 1645. There than a match for them. He defeated and was fight for the succession among his drove them out. descendants. Shivaji backed Yeshwantrao Bajaji Naik Nimbalkar of Phaltan Morey who, with Shivaji’s help, ascended was Shivaji’s own brother-in-law. But the ‘gadi’ as ‘Chandrarao’. In return for Shivaji Maharaj had to fight many battles Shivaji’s help, Yeshwantrao promised to against him. However, later on, members help Shivaji in his struggle and also pay of this family stood by Shivaji Maharaj. him an annual tribute. But he forgot all this once he succeeded to the ‘gadi’. He of Supe, a near became impertinent and troublesome. He relative of Shivaji, also started plotting started attacking Shivaji’s territory and against Shivaji. Shivaji arrested him at harassing the people. Shivaji realised that Supe and banished him to Karnatak. With unless Morey was punished, he would Shivaji, duty came first and relatives remain a constant danger to Swaraj. afterwards. Chandrarao Morey of Javali : The ‘Rebel and you will die’ : Shivaji greatness of Shivaji’s achievements was first sent a stiff note to Yeshwantrao recognised and applauded everywhere. He Morey, “You call yourself the Raja. captivated the heart of his people. Some But I am the Raja of this territory. This people did not like this. They looked upon Kingdom is Lord Shiva’s gift to me. So do Shivaji as a mole in the eye. The Morey not call yourself the Raja.”

29 In a very rude reply Yeshwantrao had numerous followers. Shivaji after said, “You are a Raja of only yesterday. making thorough preparations, attacked Who gave you this Kingdom ? If you Javali. Yeshwantrao held out for about come to Javali, you will be trapped. By a month but suffered very heavy losses. the grace of God, I have received from He then escaped to Rairi along with his Adilshah the title of ‘Raja’. He has also family. Shivaji conquered Javali and then in his graciousness given me a throne and marched on Rairi. He laid siege to Fort the panoply of a Raja. If you start any Rairi. Yeshwantrao fought desperately trouble here, you will be badly hurt.” for three months but he had to give up.

Shivaji replied, “Give up Javali and Fort Raigad : The conquest of Javali your pretensions to Kingship. Come before was a very important landmark. This your master with folded hands and accept doubled the boundaries of Swaraj under his service. You will refuse to do so at the Shivaji. Yeshwantrao’s army, too, joined risk of your life.” the forces of Shivaji. The strong Rairi fort became a part of Swaraj. Shivaji was The conquest of Javali was a highly pleased to have this fort under his difficult operation. It was covered control. He changed its name to ‘Raigad’. with thick forest and protected by the Later on, he built a new fort on the Bhorpya impregnable Rairi fort. Morey also hill nearby. It was named ‘Pratapgad’.

Fort Raigad

30 EXERCISES

1. Find out the wrong pair. 3. Write the answers in two or three (a) Phaltan - Nimbalkar sentences. (b) Javali - Morey (a) Why did no one cross Morey’s path ? (c) Supe - Jadhav (b) What note did Shivaji send to Yeshwantrao Morey ? 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) What title was conferred by Adilshah Activity upon the Moreys of Javali ? 1. Collect pictures of Raigad. (b) Why was the conquest of Javali a very 2. Prepare a model of Raigad with the help of important landmark ? your friends, in your Diwali vacation.

31 9. Pratapgad makes History.

Adilshah Perturbed : The Court of unbelievable. He could bend a crowbar Adilshah at Bijapur was passing anxious with his bare hands. He was a past master days, due to the growing exploits of Shivaji. in achieving his end by any available The Sultan summoned all his Sardars to means. This Afzalkhan had accepted the court to take stock of the situation. All challenge of bringing Shivaji to court, the Sardars including those known for dead or alive. The court was highly their exploits and those comparatively pleased. Everybody thought that it was unknown attended. Badi Saheba, the the end of Shivaji and that he would be Dowager Queen, who personally looked brought to Bijapur either alive or dead. after the Adilshahi administration from Afzalkhan left Bijapur in great pomp. Bijapur was also present. The one question He was accompanied by a huge army fully before the assembly was “How to bring equipped for battle. He was previously Shivaji to book and break his revolt.” the Subhedar of Wai for twelve years and Badi Saheba asked a straight question knew the country well. He marched on to her Sardars, “Tell me, who is willing to Maharashtra full of pride and confident march against Shivaji and put an end to of success. his rebellion?” Swaraj in Danger : At this time The court became silent. Everybody Shivaji was at Rajgad. He got the news of sat quietly in his place and started looking Afzalkhan’s movements. He immediately at the next person, for who would dare saw that his Swaraj was in great danger. accept the challenge of fighting Shivaji ? But he did not lose courage. He knew that Just then a giant of a man came forward the was full of stratagem and had a and bowed respectfully before the throne. huge army with him. Shivaji’s kingdom His name was Afzalkhan. was very small in comparison and so The Khan accepts the Challenge : was his army. He could see that he could The Khan accepted the challenge and never hold his own in open battle against picked up the betel leaf from the salver as the Khan. His only hope was in some a mark of acceptance. “Shivaji. Who is strategic move that would take the Khan Shivaji ?” he said, “ I shall arrest him and by surprise. In consultation with Jijabai bring him here or if that is not possible, and with her blessings, Shivaji Maharaj I shall bring his dead body.” shifted his headquarters from Rajgad to Pratapgad. Afzalkhan was one of the mighty Sardars at the court of Bijapur. His Afzalkhan’s Counter-move : When physical prowess and strength were the Khan learnt that Shivaji had moved to

32 Pratapgad, he became very angry. He was Tit for Tat : Shivaji quickly saw aware of the difficulties in conquering through the Khan’s offer. He was taking Pratapgad. It was surrounded by thick no chances. He decided somehow to forest and high hills. There was no proper persuade the Khan to come up to the approach road to the fort and it was very fort. In reply to the Khan’s message he difficult to move his artillery. Besides, the said, “Khansaheb, I am guilty of having jungle was full of wild life. captured your forts. I must have your promise of pardon for this. Please come The Khan initiated many moves and meet me at the foothills of Pratapgad. in the hope of bringing Shivaji down to I am really afraid of coming down to the the plains. He attacked the holy cities of plains to meet you.” Pandharpur and . He harassed the people. He was hopeful that these This reply of Shivaji pleased tactics would bring Shivaji down to the Afzalkhan. Passing his fingers through plains. But Shivaji proved too clever for his he smiled and said, “This is him. He refused to leave Pratapgad. Then good news. What can Shivaji do against the Khan changed his tactics. In a spirit of the mighty Afzalkhan? He has no guts to apparent friendliness he sent a message to fight me. I shall myself go to Pratapgad Shivaji. “You are like a son to me. Come and put an end to his life when we meet.” So he agreed to Shivaji’s proposal. and see me. Return our forts and I shall see that Adilshah makes you a Sardar at The Meeting Place : The ‘Machi’ his court.” on Pratapgad was chosen as the meeting

Fort Pratapgad 33 Waghnakh

Jiretope Bichwa (Helmet) Coat of mail

Dandpatta (Patta) place. A date and time was fixed. It carried the Dandpatta in his hand. He was was agreed that each one would be now ready to face the Khan. accompanied by a servant and followed All the Sardars were waiting outside. by ten bodyguards at a distance. A special Shivaji turned to them and said, “Friends, road was constructed for the convenience each one of you must carry out the duties of the Khan and a big shamiana put up assigned to you. I am sure the goddess for the meeting. Bhavani will see that we succeed. But if Every move of Shivaji was marked things go wrong and I am killed, do not by great caution. He divided his army into lose heart. Install Sambhaji on the ‘gadi’, small units. Each unit was told where to follow the commands of Maasaheb. Fight hide and when and how to act. He took for Swaraj and extend its boundaries. every measure for safety and left nothing Make the subjects happy. I shall go now to chance. Many of his advisers tried to to meet the Khan.” He was accompanied dissuade him from meeting the Khan. by his Vakil Pantaji Gopinath and ten The Khan’s word could not be trusted. bodyguards including Jivaji Mahala, But Shivaji brushed aside this advice and Sambhaji Kavji, Yesaji Kank, Krishnaji decided to meet the Khan as arranged. Gaikwad, Siddi Ibrahim and others. Before the Meeting : On the day of the When Shivaji reached the shamiana meeting, Shivaji visited Bhavani’s temple he saw that the Khan had already arrived. in the morning and took ‘darshan’. Soon He was busy planning his future moves. after, he started putting on his ceremonial Standing by his side was an armed soldier, clothes. He wore his Surwar and coat Bada Sayyad by name. He was highly of mail. Over the coat of mail, he wore skilled in the use of Dandpatta. Shivaji a kurta and a flowing robe. On his head came to the entrance of the shamiana, he placed the Jiretope (helmet) and tied but on seeing Bada Sayyad, he stopped a Mandil around it. He fitted Waghnakh and would not proceed further. The Khan onto the fingers of his left hand. Hidden asked Shivaji’s Vakil why Shivaji stood inside the left sleeve was a Bichwa and he at the entrance instead of coming in. 34 Shivaji meets Afzalkhan.

The Vakil said, “He is afraid of Bada into the Khan’s stomach and tore apart Sayyad. Please ask him to go away.” his guts. The wounded Khan fell down. Bada Sayyad moved away and Shivaji Khan’s Vakil, Krishnaji Bhaskar, came stepped in. The Khan got up and said, forward and attacked Shivaji with his “Come, Shivaji Raje, let us embrace each sword. But Shivaji killed him with one other as a mark of our friendship.” stroke of the Patta. When Bada Sayyad The Struggle with the Khan : heard the shouts and noise he rushed into Shivaji Maharaj cautiously took a step the shamiana. As he was about to strike forward and the Khan took him in his Shivaji, Jivaji Mahala came between embrace. Compared to the giant Khan, them and killed Bada Sayyad with one Shivaji was short. He reached only as far stroke. ‘Because of Jiva, Shiva was saved’ as the Khan’s chest. At the same moment, became a common saying afterwards. the Khan held Shivaji’s neck in his iron Sambhaji Kavji displayed great bravery grip and stabbed him on the side with his in this conflict. dagger. It tore apart Shivaji’s robe but The Rout of the Afzalkhan’s Army : the coat of mail underneath saved him. Thus with triumph Shivaji went up to Shivaji, knowing that the Khan was trying the fort. The gun boomed and gave the to kill him, quickly thrust the Waghnakh signal. On the instant, Shivaji’s troops in the Khan’s stomach. Drawing out the came out of their hiding and attacked Bichwa with his right hand, he drove it the Khan’s army. The Khan’s army was 35 completely unprepared for the attack and of the disastrous campaign spread gloom was caught in a difficult terrain. They over the whole of Bijapur. could not even run away to save their Shivaji thus humbled the most lives. The Maratha troops chased them powerful Sardar of the Bijapur Court. in hot pursuit and destroyed the whole of His fame spread everywhere. The songs the Khan’s powerful army. Fazalkhan, of his exploits were heard in the hills and Afzalkhan’s son who escaped with great valleys of Sahyadri. difficulty, reached Bijapur. His account

EXERCISES

1. Form a correct word from the given (b) What did Shivaji say to his Sardars letters. before going to Afzalkhan ? (a) r t P a p a g d a 4. Give reasons. (b) j a i i S v h (c) n h l z A a f k a (a) Afzalkhan became very angry when he learnt that Shivaji had moved to 2. Write the answer in one sentence. Pratapgad. (a) What challenge did Afzalkhan accept ? (b) Gloom spread over the whole of Bijapur. (b) What message did Afzalkhan send Shivaji in a spirit of apparent Activity friendliness ? Collect a few Marathi proverbs or sayings that 3. Give the answer in two or three sentences. are related to historical events. (a) Why did Shivaji have to use some strategic move to fight Afzalkhan ?

36 10. Baji Prabhu and the Memorable Battle of Ghodkhind

Shivaji Conquers Panhala - They relaxed the watch and indulged in Adilshah Gets Angry : While Bijapur food, drink and music. was still mourning the death of Afzalkhan Shivaji Escapes from the Siege : and the complete rout of his army, Shivaji A plan was hit upon to escape from the captured the from the Bijapur siege. Two palanquins were kept ready. garrison. This threw Adilshah into a fit of One was meant for Shivaji in which wild rage. He could neither eat nor sleep. he would proceed using a difficult He despatched another Sardar, Siddi route. The other would be occupied by Jauhar, against Shivaji. Siddi Jauhar had another person disguised as Shivaji. a huge army with him. Fazalkhan who This palanquin was to leave by the wanted to avenge his father’s death, also ‘Raj-dindi’. This other palanquin would accompanied him. be easily spotted by the enemy forces, The Siege of Panhalgad : Siddi and it would be captured by them. While Jauhar was brave but ruthless. He was the enemy celebrated the capture of a strict disciplinarian. He laid siege to Shivaji, the real Shivaji would escape Panhalgad and confined Shivaji within the by the difficult route. This was the plan. fort. The rainy season was approaching For this a brave youth undertook this and Shivaji thought that once the rains task. He resembled Shivaji in looks. came, Siddi Jauhar would lift the siege. His name was Shiva Kashid. He was a But Siddi Jauhar did nothing of the kind. hairdresser in Shivaji’s service. He was On the contrary, with the arrival of the courageous and shrewd. monsoon, he further tightened the siege. As planned, the palanquin carrying Supplies in the fort were running out. Shiva Kashid came out of Raj-dindi. Shivaji was in a fix. Since he could not It was a dark night and it was raining force Siddi Jauhar to lift the siege by heavily. Still, some enemy soldiers an open battle, he decided to deceive were keeping watch. They captured the Siddi Jauhar by a clever ruse. He sent a palanquin. They thought that they had message to Siddi Jauhar to the effect that caught Shivaji himself and took the he would shortly surrender the fort. Siddi palanquin to Siddi’s camp. Jubilations was happy. began in the camp. In the meanwhile, Siddi’s troops were already tired of Shivaji escaped from the fort by the the long siege. They were very pleased difficult route. He was accompanied by to hear that Shivaji agreed to surrender. Baji Prabhu and some select

37 soldiers. The Bandal army other Bajis to take my place. But no one accompanied them. After some time, the can replace you. Our Swaraj needs you. plot of Shiva Kashid was exposed. The The enemy will attack in large numbers. furious Siddi killed him then and there. We cannot hold out against them with Shiva Kashid sacrificed his own life in our limited force. Please do not wait. the cause of Shivaji and Swaraj. Thus, Go ahead. We shall stop the enemy at he became immortal. the entrance to the pass. We shall not let him advance till we know that you When the Siddi learnt that Shivaji have reached safely.” Baji had given him the slip, he was livid with Prabhu’s brave words and his sense of rage. Immediately, he despatched his loyalty brought tears to Shivaji’s eyes. Sardar Siddi Masaud, accompanied by He was most unwilling to sacrifice this a big army, in hot pursuit of Shivaji. At gem of a man for his personal safety. But daybreak, the pursuing horsemen caught he had no time to think of these things. up with Shivaji at the Pandharpani stream. He wanted to achieve his ideal of Swaraj. Shivaji was now in real trouble. With the He fondly embraced Baji and said, “We greatest difficulty he and his men crossed shall move ahead towards Vishalgad. the Ghodkhind. As soon as we gain the fort, guns will be Baji Prabhu, the Brave : The angry fired. That will be the signal of our safe troops of Siddi were fast galloping arrival. As soon as you hear the gun-fire, towards the Ghodkhind pass. Shivaji saw abandon the pass and follow us to the that it was impossible to reach Vishalgad fort.” before the enemy overtook them. He Baji’s Defence of the Ghodkhind said to Baji Prabhu, “Baji, this is a very Pass : So Shivaji left for Vishalgad critical situation. The road ahead is steep leaving Baji Prabhu to defend the pass. and the enemy is right on our heels. It is Baji made a low bow to the receding now impossible to reach Vishalgad. So figure of Shivaji and then prepared let us turn back and face the enemy.” Baji himself for battle. He took a sword in his Prabhu understood the great agitation hand and stood at the entrance of the pass. going on in Shivaji’s mind. The enemy He divided his company of soldiers into was fast approaching the pass. The life small groups and posted them at suitable of Shivaji and, therefore, Swaraj, was points. The Mavlas took their positions in danger. He said, “Maharaj, you must and collected huge boulders and stones to proceed to Vishalgad. Take a handful of be used as weapons. The Mavlas across soldiers with you. I shall defend this pass the pass were now a strong barrier in and will not let the enemy cross it. I shall the path of the enemy. By this time the lay down my life in defence of this pass enemy had reached the mouth of the pass if need be. If I die, there will be many and one could hear their war cries. Baji

38 Shivaji and in Ghodkhind

39 addressed his troops and said, “My brave through the ranks of the besieging troops soldiers and comrades, be prepared. You and was on the last lap of his ride to safety. may die fighting but do not desert your Baji the Brave : In the meantime, post. Do not allow the enemy to conquer the battle at the pass continued unabated. the pass, no matter what price has to be Enraged at the defeat of his first two paid.” So Baji Prabhu and his Mavlas attacks, Siddi Masaud organized and stood at the mouth of the pass, firm and despatched a third batch of troops against fearless, awaiting the enemy. The pass Baji Prabhu and his brave men. They was difficult to cross, there being only a surrounded Baji Prabhu who fought narrow and a zigzag passage across it. with great courage. Though wounded At the other end, Shivaji was speeding and attacked from all sides, with his towards Vishalgad. The fort was still body covered with blood, Baji would not some distance away and it would take withdraw from the pass but continued Shivaji at least two hours to reach it. If the fight. At the same time, he urged his Baji Prabhu could hold out for those two Mavlas to attack the enemy. Disheartened hours, Shivaji would be safe. by the fearful attack, the enemy again The Battle of Ghodkhind : By now withdrew. But Baji was fatally wounded. the enemy was at the mouth of the pass He was hanging on to life just to hear the where a fierce battle was in progress. The sound of gun-fire from Vishalgad. Mavlas who were adept at the use of the Ghodkhind becomes Pavan Khind : sling harassed the enemy with showers And then the sound of gun-fire was heard of stones and boulders from the hill- from Vishalgad. “Maharaj has reached top and killed many of them. The first Vishalgad. I have done my duty. Now I batch of the attacking troops withdrew in can die in peace.” So saying, Baji breathed confusion. Another batch took their place. his last on this historic battlefield. When Baji Prabhu urged his troops into the Shivaji heard this news on Vishalgad, he attack. The Maratha war cry “Har Har was greatly grieved. He exclaimed, “Baji Mahadeo” echoed through the hills and Prabhu Deshpande laid down his life on the brave Mavlas cut down the enemy troops in the fierce and desperate attack. the battlefield in the cause of Swaraj. The Through the din of battle they heard Bandals gave a great battle.” their captain shouting encouragement to It was because of brave patriots like them : “Bravo, my lads, go ahead, attack Baji Prabhu that Swaraj was won. Their and destroy the enemy”. The second batch blood made the Ghodkhind a place holy of the enemy troops was also defeated. in Swaraj. Ghodkhind became immortal Shivaji was by now, almost at the in history as ‘Pavan Khind’. We pay our foot of Vishalgad. Vishalgad was also repeated homage to the brave Baji Prabhu besieged by the enemy. Shivaji fought and his brave men.

40 EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : (b) What preparation did Baji Prabhu make (a) Siddi Jauhar laid a siege to ...... to halt the enemy in the Ghodkhind pass ? (b) Baji Prabhu’s sense of ...... brought 4. Give reasons. tears to Shivaji’s eyes. (a) Adilshah was thrown into a fit of wild (c) Ghodkhind became immortal in history rage. as ...... (b) Shiva Kashid in service of Shivaji 2. Write the answer in one sentence. Maharaj became immortal. (a) What message was sent to Siddhi Jauhar (c) Pavan Khind became immortal in by Shivaji, in order to escape from the History. siege ? 5. Write the name of the person : (b) Why did Siddhi Jauhar become livid (a) Brave and yet was cruel ...... with rage ? (b) Gave most gallant fight at the (c) What did Shivaji say to Baji Prabhu, ‘Ghodkhind’ pass ...... while leaving for Vishalgad fort ? (c) Escaped from the siege ......

3. Write the answers in two or three Activity sentences. Obtain more information about the dedicated (a) Which plan was hit upon for Shivaji’s people in the service of Shivaji Maharaj with escape from the siege ? the guidance of your teacher.

41 11. The Discomfiture of Shaistakhan

Shaistakhan’s Campaign : In spite of harassment by the Maratha troops, he at repeated efforts in which he left no stone last raised the siege of Purandar. unturned, Adilshah of Bijapur could not Firangoji Narsala : Shaistakhan force Shivaji to surrender. Every Sardar then continued his march on Pune. First of Bijapur who was sent against Shivaji he captured the fort of Chakan. Firangoji was defeated. Adilshah at last gave up the Narsala fought to defend the fort with fight, made peace with Shivaji and gave great bravery and skill against the recognition to his independent Kingdom. army of Shaistakhan. For two months Shivaji thus had peace for some time on he kept Shaistakhan at bay, but he was his southern border. helpless against the guns of Shaistakhan. In the meanwhile, constant Shaistakhan was much impressed with Moghul attacks from the north had the way Firangoji defended the fort and practically ruined Maharashtra. Shivaji, offered him service with the Moghul therefore, turned his attention northwards Emperor. Firangoji however refused this and carried out raids in the territory tempting offer. of the Moghul Emperor, . Shaistakhan in Lal Mahal : This enraged Aurangzeb and he sent Shaistakhan came to Pune and made Shaistakhan, his uncle, to deal with Shivaji Lal Mahal, Shivaji’s residence, his and teach him a lesson. Shaistakhan headquarters. One year passed, then with a huge army of 75,000 men and another year. Shaistakhan would not leave hundreds of elephants, camels and pieces Pune. On the contrary, his troops would of cannon marched on Pune. On the raid Shivaji’s territory, destroy crops and way he captured the towns of Shirval, take away the cattle. In this way he started Shivapur, Saswad and finally laid siege devastating the surrounding countryside. to the fort of Purandar. Nothing could A Bold Plan : At last Shivaji decided stop his advance. But once the Maratha to teach Shaistakhan a lesson. In a way army surrounded him in a mountain pass. it was good that Shaistakhan was staying The Maratha troops moved very fast on in Lal Mahal. Shivaji knew the place their swift Bhimthadi ponies. They also inside out, with all its entrances and exits, travelled very light. They could traverse its secret passages, doors and windows. the hills and valleys in the shortest possible Besides, Shivaji’s spies were keeping time on army rations consisting of onions him well informed about the disposition and bajra bread. This type of warfare, of the Khan’s troops. Shivaji, therefore, perfected by the Marathas, was unknown decided to enter Lal Mahal one night and to Shaistakhan. Tired of the continuous kill Shaistakhan. This was indeed a very 42 Shivaji attacks Shaistakhan. bold plan. Lal Mahal was so well guarded clothes were in the procession. Some that even an ant would find it difficult to were in Palanquins, others in ‘Menas’, get through. 75,000 troops were camping while many more were on foot. Shivaji outside the palace. No armed Maratha with his band of trusted followers joined was allowed to enter the town. But the procession to give the impression that Shivaji had made up his mind and there they were a part of it. After some time was none who could turn him away from the procession proceeded on its way, but his resolve. Shivaji and his men moved away quietly Shivaji fixed the date to carry out the in the direction of Lal Mahal. Shaistakhan plan. On the night of 5th April, 1663, a was fast asleep at this hour. marriage procession was passing along Shaistakhan Learns a Lesson : the streets of Pune. There was music, and Shivaji made a hole in the wall and entered fireworks accompanied the procession. Lal Mahal. He had no trouble in finding Hundreds of people dressed in fine his way about, because it was after all,

43 his own house. The Khan’s bodyguards In the confusion that followed, Shivaji and were half asleep. Shivaji’s followers his men made their escape and reached tied them up. Shivaji went deeper inside. Sinhagad. The Khan’s troops spent the Suddenly, someone rushed at him with whole night looking in vain for Shivaji and a sword. Shivaji killed him. He thought his troops. it was Shaistakhan, but it was his son. This incident took the fight out of There was a commotion. People woke up. Shaistakhan. He was afraid that if he lost Shivaji went straight to the Khan’s only his fingers in the first attack, Shivaji chambers and took out his sword. Terrified, might cut his head off in the second. the Khan started shouting ‘the Devil, the Aurangzeb was furious when he heard of Devil’ and tried to escape through the this episode. Shaistakhan lost the Emperor’s window. Shivaji struck him with the sword favour and was transferred to . which cut off three fingers of the Khan. This was the first serious blow to the The Khan could have lost his life, but he Moghul Power. Shivaji had successfully escaped with the loss of three fingers only. bearded the lion in his own den. Gunfire The Khan jumped out of the window and announced the victory and a wave of joy made for safety. To deceive the Khan’s went all over Maharashtra. troops, Shivaji and his men raised the cry, “Shivaji has attacked. Run, catch him,” and started to run themselves. The Khan’s troops also started running in all directions.

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : 3. Give reasons. (a) Shaistakhan laid siege to the fort of (a) Emperor Aurangzeb was enraged and ...... sent Shaistakhan to deal with Shivaji. (Purandar, Panhala, Shivneri) (b) Shaistakhan tried to escape through the (b) In Pune, Shaistakhan made ...... his window. headquarters. 4. Write the incidents or events (, Lal Mahal, ) chronologically : (c) Aurangzeb transferred Shaistakhan to (a) Shivaji and his men departed towards ...... Sinhagad fort. (Assam, Karnatak, Bengal) (b) Shaistakhan made Lal Mahal his 2. Write the answer in one sentence. headquarters. (a) Which towns did Shaistakhan capture (c) Shaistakhan captured the fort of Chakan. on the way to Pune ? (d) Shivaji taught Shaistakhan a lesson. (b) Why did Shaistakhan at last raise the siege of Purandar ? Activity (c) What was Shaistakhan afraid that might Arrange a trip to visit Lal Mahal. happen ? 44 12. The Siege of Purandar and the Treaty with the Moghul Emperor

Raid on : After this triumph, The raid on Surat drove Aurangzeb Shivaji did not sit idle. Aurangzeb’s into a furious rage. He now decided to troops were laying waste the whole of put an end to the Maratha Kingdom. He Maharashtra. To bring the Emperor to his ordered his great general, Raje senses, Shivaji carried out his daring raid Jaising, to humble Shivaji. To assist on Surat. Surat was so far away from Pune Mirza Raje in the campaign, he sent with that no one but Shivaji could have thought him his trusted Sardar, Dilerkhan. The of this daring raid. Surat was then a great two landed in the Deccan with a huge centre of trade in the Moghul empire and army and unlimited funds. Swaraj was in a very rich city. Shivaji carried out the real danger. raid successfully and brought home a booty worth lakhs of rupees. Shivaji did Immediately after his return from the not forsake ethics in the raid on Surat. He expedition of Surat, in 1664 AD, Shivaji spared the churches and mosques. He did Maharaj heard a sad news. Shahaji Raje not show disrespect to women. had suffered an accidental death while on

Fort Purandar

45 a hunt. Shivaji and Jijabai were greatly and the Marathas in pursuit. Cries and grieved. Holding his mother close to his shouts filled the whole camp. In great bosom, Shivaji Maharaj consoled her. hurry Dilerkhan mounted his elephant Siege of Purandar by the Moghul and looked ahead. There was Murarbaji Army : Purandar was one of Shivaji’s hacking the soldiers to pieces. His sword big and strong forts. Dilerkhan knew that moved like lightning, cut throats, broke Shivaji could not be defeated as long heads and pierced the hearts of the enemy. as he was the master of Purandar. He, No one could stop him or hold him in therefore, laid siege to this powerful fort. check. Dilerkhan watched in admiration He had a huge army under his command. his great deeds of bravery. Murarbaji was in charge of the fort. He Murarbaji’s Incomparable Valour : was a determined fighter who would Seeing Dilerkhan, Murarbaji asked his not easily yield to threats. He was also troops to attack in full force and himself supported by brave troops. With their help advanced towards Dilerkhan. Whoever Murarbaji decided to defend the fort. tried to obstruct him was cut to pieces. Dilerkhan’s guns went into action. The Moghul troops at last surrounded Fiery cannon balls began to drop on the Murarbaji on all sides. Just then Dilerkhan fort. Murarbaji and his brave men held on. shouted, “Wait ; Hold back your swords !” The first bastion on the ‘Machi’ collapsed The Moghul troops halted and moved under gun-fire. Dilerkhan’s troops back a little. Then Dilerkhan addressed captured the lower fort. The Marathas Murarbaji, “Until now I have not seen a withdrew to the upper fort and continued swordsman like you. You come over to to fight. Dilerkhan was watching the our side. I promise you complete safety. battle from his camp. The Emperor will make you a Sardar, and Furious with rage, Murarbaji decided reward you with a Jagir”. His eyes red to attack the Moghul troops with a select with anger, Murarbaji said in return, “We contingent of five hundred men. He opened are the loyal servants of Shivaji Maharaj. the gates of the upper fort. Shouting their Who wants to buy safety from you ? Why war cry, “Har Har Mahadeo,” the Mavlas should we come over to your side ? And fell on the Moghul troops. After a fierce who wants your Emperor’s Jagir ?” He battle which lasted for a short time, the then moved forward in the direction of Marathas routed the huge Moghul army Dilerkhan and again started attacking his which fled towards Dilerkhan’s camp. soldiers. Dilerkhan who was seated in the Murarbaji followed them in hot houdah on the elephants back, released pursuit. With his troops he entered the an arrow which pierced Murarbaji’s neck. camp of Dilerkhan and wrought havoc Murarbaji fell to the ground. His followers there. The enemy troops were in flight lifted his dead body and took it back to

46 The Battle between Murarbaji Deshpande and Dilerkhan the upper fort. ‘What if one Murarbaji is temporary withdrawal from the fight. He fallen ! We, too, are brave like him. We would enter into a treaty with the Moghul will fight with courage.’ Saying so, they Emperor. He went and saw Jaising. This began to fight again without losing heart. was a very sensible and statesmanlike Shivaji heard the news with great thing to do. He said to Jaising, “Mirza sorrow. He knew that he could hold each Raje, you are a . You can understand one of his forts against the Moghul army our suffering. The Emperor’s campaigns for at least more than a year. But he was have laid the country waste and people unwilling to do so at the cost of his men are in great misery. I have undertaken who would die in the attempt. this task of establishing Swaraj so that Treaty of Purandar : What could be people may be happy. You should join me in this uphill task. If you agree to lead done ? He was not strong enough to fight the powerful Moghuls. All his political us, myself and my Mavlas will be your skill was also of no avail. There was only trusted followers.” Jaising was a shrewd one thing he could do. He decided on a diplomat. He persuaded Shivaji to sign

47 Shivaji Maharaj meets Mirza Raje Jaising. a treaty of peace with the Emperor. guaranteed Shivaji’s safe return. Shivaji Shivaji signed the treaty and according thought over the suggestion. He knew that to its terms, twenty-three forts and a the Emperor could not be trusted. He had territory with a revenue of four lakh Hons proved treacherous to his own brothers. (a gold coin) were to be handed over to But, in the end, Shivaji decided to take the the Emperor. The treaty of Purandar was risk and face the situation as cautiously signed in 1665. as he could. He informed Jaising that After the treaty was signed, Jaising he was willing to go to to meet the suggested to Shivaji that he should go Emperor. to Agra and see the Emperor. He also lll

48 EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : 3. Write the answer in two or three sentences. (a) ...... was a great centre of trade in the (a) What did Dilerkhan say to Murarbaji on Moghul empire. seeing his valour ? (Pune, Surat, Delhi) (b) What did Murarbaji say in return ? (b) ...... was in charge of the fort of Purandar. 4. Complete these names from the lesson (Baji Prabhu, Tanaji, Murarbaji) with the help of the given first letters. (a) Au ...... (b) Pu ...... 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (c) Mu ...... (a) Why did Shivaji carry out a raid on (d) Ja ...... Surat ? (e) Di ...... (b) Why did Dilerkhan lay siege to the Activity Purandar fort ? Arrange a trip to visit a fort nearby. Obtain (c) Why did Shivaji enter into a treaty with some information about it from your teachers. the Moghul Emperor ? (d) According to the treaty of Purandar, what territory was to be handed over to the Moghuls ?

49 13. Shivaji gives the slip to the Emperor.

Putting his trust in Jaising, Shivaji accompanied him. It was Aurangzeb’s left for Agra to visit the Emperor. Before fiftieth birthday. After finishing court in leaving for Agra, Shivaji handed over the Diwan-i-Khas, the Emperor entered the administration of his Swaraj to his mother hall where matters of state were discussed. Jijabai and took her blessings. With him In front of him stood his chief Sardars were his son Sambhaji Raje, some chosen in serial ranks according to their status. Sardars, and a few trusted people. He also Jaswantsing Rathod whom the Marathas carried with him a large treasure. In due had put to flight on many occasions was course he reached Agra. in the rank ahead of Shivaji. The Emperor Shivaji Shows his Spirit at the put Shivaji in one of the back rows. Shivaji Emperor’s Court : On a prearranged became angry. After all, he was the King day Shivaji Maharaj attended the of the sovereign State of Maharashtra Emperor’s . Young Sambhaji Raje and his status demanded that he should

Shivaji Maharaj in the Emperor’s Court 50 be in the front rank. This was a deliberate Shivaji started sending out huge baskets insult which he would not suffer lying of sweets to and Maulavis for his down. Angry and insulted, he turned his quick recovery. back on the royal presence and made for Escape from Agra : In the beginning his residence. He decided never to see the the guards outside would examine the Emperor’s face again. baskets. In the course of time they got The visit was thus a failure. The news tired of this daily routine and stopped it. of the incident spread everywhere. One evening Shivaji made Hiroji sleep in his bed and asked Madari to massage his The Emperor’s Treachery : feet. Then Shivaji Maharaj and Sambhaji Aurangzeb ordered guards to be posted Raje hid themselves in two of the many around Shivaji’s residence. Shivaji baskets that were going out. The baskets Maharaj and Sambhaji Raje thus were supposed to contain sweets and became, for all practical purposes, the allowed to pass unchecked. At a place Emperor’s prisoners. Shivaji understood previously fixed, Shivaji Maharaj and the Emperor’s treachery. He realised that Sambhaji Raje got out of the baskets. the Emperor would never let him return to Their faithful servants were waiting for Maharashtra. them with horses kept ready for flight. Days and weeks passed. Then, In the meantime, Hiroji and Madari left one day, Shivaji Maharaj petitioned to the house in Agra under the pretext that the Emperor for permission to return to they were going to the doctor to get some Maharashtra. He tried again and again, but medicine. The two of them risked their every time his request was turned down. own life and made a valuable contribution Then Shivaji Maharaj made up his mind to to the task of freeing Maharaj from escape from the Emperor’s clutches, come imprisonment. what may. To begin with, he obtained the The Emperor came to know of Emperor’s permission to send back to the Shivaji’s escape the next day. He was wild South the persons who had accompanied with rage. His Sardars were frightened. him to Agra. The Emperor was happy. He The Emperor sent spies all over the thought that Shivaji Maharaj would now country to trace Shivaji. All the search, be completely isolated. The only persons however, was in vain. Once escaped, the left with him now were Sambhaji Raje Maratha lion was never again caught in and the two servants Hiroji Farjand and the Emperor’s net. In disguise, Shivaji Madari Mehetar. Maharaj started towards Maharashtra. Soon after, Shivaji Maharaj He left young Sambhaji Raje behind in a pretended to be ill. He complained of safe place at Mathura and in due course, severe pain in the stomach. Doctors were reached Rajgad. Jijamata was overjoyed called. They started treating the patient. to see Shivaji safe and back home. Two

51 Shivaji Maharaj escapes from Agra. months later, Sambhaji Raje also arrived the Emperor and returned to the safety of safely at Rajgad. In this way, with great his Kingdom. This was in 1666. skill and daring, Shivaji gave the slip to

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : 3. Give the answers in two or three sentences. (a) Shivaji Maharaj attended the Emperor’s (a) Why did Shivaji leave the court of Darbar. It was Emperor Aurangzeb’s Aurangzeb angrily ? ...... birthday. (b) What strategy did Shivaji use to escape (fiftieth, fortieth, sixtieth) from Agra ? (b) Shivaji Maharaj left young Sambhaji Activity Raje behind in a safe place at ...... (Jhansi, Mathura, Delhi) Paint / Prepare a scene depicting the incident of Shivaji’s escape from Agra. 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) To whom did Shivaji hand over the administration of Swaraj before leaving for Agra ? (b) Who were the only persons left with Shivaji in Agra ? (c) What did Shivaji do for his quick recovery ?

52 14. The Fort is captured but the Lion is dead.

Jijamata’s Wish : The twenty-three could be entrusted with this task ? It was forts which Shivaji handed over to Jaising very difficult to capture Kondana. were still in the hands of the Moghuls. Tanaji Malusare : Tanaji was Kondana was one of these twenty-three Shivaji’s comrade right from the forts. One day Jijamata said to Shivaji, beginning. He came from the village “Shivba, it is not safe to leave the strong Umrathe near in the Konkan. Kondana fort in enemy hands. You must He was ever ready to put his heart and recapture it.” Shivaji was thinking on soul into any work assigned to him by the same lines. He was very unhappy Shivaji. Tanaji was strong and well-built, that Kondana was in Moghul hands. and as clever as he was brave. He was Both Shivaji and Jijabaisaheb were very passionately devoted to Shivaji. unhappy about it. It was like a thorn in their side. Shivaji started making his Kondana’s Marriage First : Tanaji plans for the recapture of Kondana. Who was busy making preparations for his

Tanaji’s Resolve 53 son Raiba’s wedding. Everyone in went to Shivaji Maharaj to give him and the house was busy with the marriage Maasaheb his personal invitation to the preparations. The marriage wedding. On receiving the invitation from was only four days away. Shelarmama, Shivaji said, “Shelarmama, Tanaji thought that he you go back and celebrate the wedding. would go and invite I am sorry I shall be unable to attend. I Shivaji Maharaj have decided to lead a campaign for the and Maasaheb recapture of Kondana.” to the wedding. As soon as Tanaji heard this he said, Accompanied by “Maharaj, do you propose to undertake Shelarmama, he this difficult and dangerous campaign while Tanaji is still alive ? Then what is the use of persons like me ? This will not do. I shall first perform the marriage of Kondana by capturing it. Raiba’s wedding can wait. You must allow me to lead this campaign and give me your blessings for its success.” Tanaji’s Plan : With these words Tanaji took charge of the campaign and left for Kondana. The fort was then under the immediate control of Udaybhan, a Rajput officer appointed by Jaising. Udaybhan was a disciplined and vigilant officer. There were two entrances

Tanaji’s Assault on Kondana

54 to the fort. Both were heavily guarded by the fort started. Udaybhan heard of the Udaybhan’s men. How then to mount an attack. The battle drum was sounded. assault ? Tanaji quietly made a detailed Udaybhan’s garrison attacked Tanaji’s inspection of the fort. On the western side men. A grim battle started between the two there was a steep precipice where there forces in the light of dancing torches. The were no guards. Tanaji decided to attack Mavlas opened the doors of the from that side. He explained his plan to gate. Tanaji was fighting like a brave his younger brother. He said, “You take a lion. Udaybhan attacked him. Both were detachment of five hundred troops and try very brave and the battle between them and reach the ‘Kalyan’ gate. With another was fierce. Tanaji’s shield was broken. three hundred I shall scale this precipice So he tied his upper garment round his and get inside the fort. As soon as we are defending hand to parry Udaybhan’s there, we shall throw open the doors of the blows and continued the fight. In the end ‘Kalyan’ gate. Then you step in and join both were mortally wounded and fell us. Together we shall destroy the Moghul fighting. troops defending the fort.” With the plan The Fort is captured but the Lion thus finalised, Suryaji and Tanaji went is dead : With the death of Tanaji the their different ways. Mavlas found themselves without a leader Over the Precipice and into the and began to retreat. By then Suryaji and Fort : It was a dark night. Tanaji and his men had arrived on the scene of battle. his men were gathered at the foot of the Suryaji was deeply grieved to know that precipice. The sound of crickets could his brother was dead. But he had no time be heard all round. Five or six members for grief. He had to continue the fight. He of Tanaji’s party started to scale the cut off the rope by which the Mavlas had precipice. It was indeed very high and climbed the fort. Then he stood in the path steep. But somehow they managed to get a of the retreating Mavlas and said, “Don’t foothold in the rock, pulled themselves up you see that your father is lying dead here by pushing their fingers into rock crevices on the battlefield ? Are you not ashamed to and began the difficult and dangerous run away like a bunch of cowards ? Turn climb. Slowly but surely they reached the back and fight, for I have blocked your top. As soon as they were on safe ground, retreat by cutting off the rope by which they tied a thick rope to a strong tree and you climbed up. The only choice before let it down the precipice. The others took you is either to jump to your death over hold of the rope and climbed up to the top the precipice or to turn back and fight to like monkeys. destroy the enemy.” Tanaji’s Valour : By now Suryaji So the Mavlas returned to the fight had reached the Kalyan gate. He waited and attacked the enemy. A fierce battle there for the doors to open. The battle on raged. The Mavlas ultimately conquered 55 the fort but in the process had lost their So Kondana became Sinhagad, in brave and lion-hearted leader, Tanaji. memory of the great warrior who gave his Jijamata and Shivaji Maharaj heard the life to recapture it. This event took place news. They were struck with grief. Shivaji in 1670. Later on, Shivaji Raje personally Maharaj expressed his sorrow in a single went to Umrathe and performed the sentence : “The fort is won but the lion is wedding of Raiba. dead.”

EXERCISES

1. Colour the circle of the correct option. (b) What did Jijamata say to Shivaji about (a) Tanaji was the resident of this place. Kondana ? (i) Mahad (ii) (c) Who took charge of the campaign of Kondana ? (iii) Umrathe (iv) (b) Udaybhan, appointed by Jaising, was the chief of the ...... fort. 3. Write the answers in two or three (i) Purandar (ii) Kondana sentences. (iii) Raigad (iv) Pratapgad (a) What did Shivaji say on receiving the invitation from Shelarmama ? (c) The name of Tanaji’s brother was : (b) What did Suryaji say to the retreating (i) Raiba (ii) Suryaji Mavlas ? (iii) Murarbaji (iv) Firangoji

Activity 2. Write the answer in one sentence. Make a list of historical monuments in your (a) In whose hands was the Kondana fort ? area.

56 15. A Memorable Ceremony

Why did Shivaji have himself Preparations for the Coronation : crowned ? : Shivaji took the oath of Then Shivaji Raje ordered a golden Swaraj in the temple of Raireshwar. He throne to be made and had it studded had to face numerous difficulties and with precious stones. He put a white royal calamities in his efforts to win Swaraj umbrella over the throne. Invitations to for his people. But with great courage the coronation were sent out to and skill Shivaji overcame them all. and kings, learned , all the Swaraj had stepped out of its childhood Sardars under his command and other and was growing fast. Men like Baji officers. Gagabhatt came from Prabhu, Murarbaji, Tanaji nursed it with to act as the chief priest at the ceremony. their blood. The new Kingdom was both Gagabhatt originally belonged to Paithan respected and feared. but had settled down in Varanasi. He was With a view to having this kingdom a great and renowned scholar respected in recognized by all other princes in the Varanasi. land, big and small, Shivaji decided to Shivaji Maharaj made detailed have himself crowned. After hundreds of preparations for the coronation. Men were years, a king was born in Maharashtra sent out to bring waters of the seven rivers who would treat all religions equally and and the sea. Nearly fifty thousand people give justice and happiness to his subjects. gathered at Raigad. Small tents, big tents, Shivaji decided to have himself crowned spacious shamianas to accommodate the so that everyone would come to know guests could be seen everywhere. that Swaraj had been firmly established. The Coronation Ceremony : The He did not do it for self-glorification or Coronation Day dawned. It was indeed the personal happiness. He did it to give the most auspicious day. Musicians began to newly founded Swaraj a firm footing. play on their instruments. Singers began to The Capital of Swaraj : Shivaji sing, music and singing filled the air. There selected Raigad as the capital of his was an atmosphere of joy everywhere. kingdom. Raigad was a strong hill fort Shivaji Raje sat on a golden seat in full from where it was easy to administer the regalia. A canopy (chhatra) and the fans kingdom and keep a watch on the enemy. (chamare) were held over his head. There Shivaji Raje inspected his troops were priests, each one carrying vessels of at Chiplun. He visited Pratapgad and ghee, dahi and honey. Gagabhatt himself took the goddess Bhavani’s ‘Darshan’. carried a gold vessel filled with the waters In grateful memory he presented to the of the seven rivers, Ganga, Sindhu, temple a golden canopy for the goddess. , Godavari, Krishna, Narmada

57 The Coronation Ceremony

58 and and of the sea. Gagabhatt canopy lined with gold and pearl tassels held the vessel over Shivaji’s head and over his head and said, “Victory be to started reciting the coronation . Shiva Chhatrapati, now crowned King, From a hundred tiny holes in the vessel, the ornament of the race of warriors.” water started dripping down on Shivaji’s Everyone present followed suit and in one head. After ablution by the sacred waters voice wished victory to Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj got up and bowed before Guns were fired from fort after fort. The Jijamata and touched her feet. Jijamata whole of Maharashtra echoed with one held him in close embrace. Her eyes were voice, “Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai.” Shivaji’s filled with tears of joy. Her thirty years’ coronation took place in 1674. From efforts had at last borne fruit. The dream that year Shivaji Maharaj started a new she had nursed even before Shivaji’s birth calendar, the Coronation Calendar. He had at last come true. The tears in her eyes became a great king like those in whose were tears of joy and fulfilment. Shivaji name people start a new era. He struck Maharaj was also deeply moved. Glory his own coins. Some foreign envoys were be to both of them ! present at the Coronation. The English had After meeting Maasaheb, Shivaji sent their envoy Oxinden with valuable Maharaj sat on the throne. Maharani presents. Subjects from far-off areas and Soyarabai and the Crown Prince Sambhaji places had also come to see this ceremony. Raje sat next to him. His eight ministers The whole world came to know of the big stood on either side. Gagabhatt held the event. Shivaji’s fame spread everywhere.

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : (c) Why were Jijamata’s eyes filled with (a) Shivaji selected ...... as the capital of tears of joy ? his kingdom. Activity (Sinhagad, Raigad, Panhalgad) (a) From your teacher, obtain information (b) Shivaji’s coronation took place in about the coins that Shivaji Maharaj ...... struck at the time of his Coronation. (1674, 1675, 1647) (b) Make a collection of various postal 2. Write the answer in one sentence. stamps. Make an exhibition of them (a) The water of which seven rivers was in your class with the help of your filled in the golden vessel ? class-mates. (b) What Calendar did Shivaji Maharaj start from the year of his Coronation ? 3. Write the answers in two or three sentences. (a) Why did Shivaji Maharaj have himself crowned ? (b) Why did Shivaji select Raigad as the capital of his Kingdom ? 59 16. Campaign in the South

Plan of Campaign : The coronation any love for Swaraj. He treated Shivaji ceremony was over but its joy was short- with indifference. Shivaji thought that lived. A short while after the coronation, a personal meeting would resolve the on 17 June 1674, Maasaheb passed dispute and Vyankoji could be persuaded away. While all his subjects looked to help in the work of Swaraj. upon Shivaji Maharaj as their protector, Visit to Golconda : Shivaji Maharaj Shivaji Maharaj himself depended upon started on his Southern campaign. the advice and help of Maasaheb. She Abulhasan Kutubshah of Golconda was the true guide and Guru in his life. had invited him to visit Golconda. He, He was deeply grieved at the loss of his therefore, decided to visit Golconda first mother. But he had very little time for and then proceed with his conquest of the sorrow because he had to administer the South. kingdom which he had established. Golconda was the capital of He decided to attack Karnatak. He Kutubshah’s Kingdom. He made great was no longer afraid of Adilshah because preparations to receive Shivaji. A the Kingdom of Bijapur was practically special shamiana was put up where the on its last legs. The real threat to Swaraj two would meet. As Shivaji entered the was from the North, for the Moghul capital, people lined the streets to have Emperor Aurangzeb was bidding his time to destroy the Maratha Kingdom. There his ‘Darshan’. Stories of his exploits were was no knowing when he would attack the talk of the whole country. People had and swallow the new kingdom. Shivaji heard of the death of Afzalkhan at his thought that this campaign would create hands, of the discomfiture of Shaistakhan a powerful base in the South from where and of Shivaji’s miraculous escape he could resist the blows of the Moghuls. from Agra. Because of this, Shivaji With this in view, he planned his Southern Maharaj received a royal welcome. campaign. He approached Kutubshah of People showered flower petals on him Golconda for help and the Shah readily from the house-tops. Acknowledging agreed to give whatever help was needed. this wonderful reception, Shivaji entered Kutubshah’s darbar. Kutubshah came There was yet another reason for down half-way to receive him. He seated the Campaign. Shivaji’s step-brother Shivaji Maharaj alongside himself as an Vyankoji was looking after Shahaji equal on a specially prepared throne. He Raje’s Tanjavur Jagir in the South. He left nothing undone as far as reception would not give Shivaji his share of the was concerned. ancestral Jagir. Neither did he display

60 The Historic Visit of Shivaji Maharaj to Golconda

Conquest of Jinji : Taking leave Meeting with Vyankoji Raje : of Kutubshah, Shivaji proceeded south Shivaji Maharaj invited Vyankoji Raje, and reached the east coast. To the south his step-brother, to meet him. Vyankoji of is the fort of Jinji. It is a Raje reluctantly agreed. Shivaji received big fort, as big and strong as Raigad. him with great honour and tried to win Shivaji besieged and captured it. A him over. He appealed to Vyankoji strong Southern base was thus created for Raje to help him in the work of Swaraj. Swaraj. Then he besieged the fort. For a few days, Vyankoji Raje stayed The siege lasted for several months but with Shivaji Maharaj but one night he the fort could not be conquered. Shivaji returned to Tanjavur without even taking had to train his guns on the fort from a leave of Shivaji Maharaj. From Tanjavur neighbouring hill before he could conquer he actually attacked Shivaji’s forces. it. His southern campaign brought under Shivaji’s forces took heavy toll of the his rule several forts and a territory with attacking troops and Vyankoji Raje was an annual revenue of twenty lakhs. defeated. Shivaji Maharaj was deeply

61 Shivaji Maharaj meets Vyankoji Raje. pained at Vyankoji Raje’s behaviour. He Siddi of Janjira. At this time, Maharaj was wrote to him and tried to persuade him fifty years old. He had toiled continuously to change his ways. He conferred on him for nearly thirty-five years, without any the territory south of Jinji and set aside time to rest. a small part of Karnatak as a gift for The People’s Protector Is No More : Deepabai, Vyankoji’s wife. He said in his On 3rd April, 1680, Shivaji Maharaj died, letter to Vyankoji Raje, ‘Do not put your plunging his people into a sea of sorrow. trust in your enemies. Follow the path of The protector of people passed away. valour.’ In his lifetime, Maharaj achieved so After the conclusion of this successful many great things. He vanquished very campaign of Karnatak Shivaji returned to powerful enemies and founded Hindavi Raigad. While he was yet to overcome Swaraj. There was none in the whole of the strain of this campaign, he had to India who could match his achievements. undertake a naval campaign against the He was a great national figure. lll

62 The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © , Copyright : 2014. (2) The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the "North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971," but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. 63 EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks : (c) What did Shivaji Maharaj say in his (a) Vyankoji Raje was looking after letter to Vyankoji Raje ? Shahaji Raje’s ...... Jagir in the South. 3. Give reasons. (Vellore, Tanjavur, Bangalore) (a) Shivaji Maharaj planned a campaign of the South. (b) The capital of Kutubshah’s kingdom was ...... (b) Shivaji Maharaj wrote to Vyankoji Raje and tried to persuade him to (Delhi, Jinji, Golconda) change his ways.

2. Write the answer in one sentence. Activity (a) Why did Shivaji Maharaj want to meet Dramatize the conversation between Shivaji Vyankoji Raje ? Maharaj and Vyankoji Raje at their meeting. (b) What appeal was made by Shivaji Maharaj to Vyankoji Raje ?

The Samadhi of Shivaji Maharaj - Raigad

64 17. Management of Forts and the Navy

Shivaji Maharaj conquered many ‘Janjira’. He employed experts like Hiroji enemies to establish his Swaraj. Be it Indulkar and Arjoji Yadav to build many war or governance, his management skill new forts like Rajgad, Pratapgad and can be seen in all areas. Let us learn Sindhudurg. He repaired some old forts about the management skills of Shivaji like Vijaydurg, Torana and Rangna and Maharaj in this lesson. built the new fort of Raigad. He had about 300 forts. Do you know? l What is management skill? Do you know? Management skill means working in a disciplined manner, on a task one l It is believed that the book has undertaken to achieve a definite ‘Aadnyaapatra’ was written by goal. Ramchandrapant Amatya at the order of Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj, the The management skills of Shivaji younger son of Shivaji Maharaj. Maharaj are seen at all times in the battles he fought all his life and also in his overall administration. Let us look at a few You can do this. examples : Building Forts l In the Diwali vacation, construct the model of a fort with the help of Shivaji Maharaj protected his Swaraj your friends. with the help of forts. In the book - List the materials you will need ‘Aadnyaapatra’ or ‘Royal Edict’, the to build the fort. importance of forts has been aptly - Choose a suitable place. summed up as follows : ‘The essence of - Prepare a blueprint to show the the whole kingdom is forts’. Shivaji arrangements for houses and water. Maharaj had roamed through the Sahyadri ranges in his youth. On countless occasions, he had gazed at the Can you tell? forts situated in the Sahyadri. He had understood the importance of forts in the l Name a fort or cave-sculpture in protection of Swaraj. your locality. l What articles / buildings can be Shivaji Maharaj built all three types seen on it? of forts - forest forts, hill forts and sea l What type of fort is it? forts. A sea fort is also known as 65 Building a Fort

Management of Forts Sabnis and Karkhanis were appointed. Shivaji Maharaj had made definite The Sabnis and Karkhanis worked under arrangements for the protection of forts. the Killedar. Their work is shown in the On each fort, the officers Killedar, chart below.

Killedar (Havaldar)

l To protect and administer the fort. l To issue orders to the Sabnis and Karkhanis. l To follow government orders, instructions and letters.

Sabnis Karkhanis l To keep accounts (Record income l Supply grains and goods to the people and expenses on the fort). living on the fort. l To arrange for the ammunition for the l To collect revenue / tax from the guns and firearms at the time of war. subjects on the fort and around it. l To look after and maintain the fort l To handle the correspondence. and the buildings on it.

66 Guns and Ammunition Discuss : At the time of Shivaji Maharaj, guns l The guns on the fort were given (cannons) of various sizes were used to a coating of wax. protect the forts from the enemy. The guns were placed on the bastions and Can you tell? fortifications of the fort. Some forts like Purandar and Bhimgad had provisions l Name the types of the vessels in for making guns. Guns were made from Shivaji Maharaj’s navy, for example, gurab, galbat, pal, metals like iron, brass, copper, etc. In machwa, nav, hodi (boat). the rainy season, the guns were given l Name the ships in the Navy a wax-coating to prevent rusting. Iron of Independent India. and stone cannonballs and canister The Navy shots were fired at the enemy from the A navy consists of warships. The guns. To fire the shots, an explosive English, the Portuguese, the and the mixture was used. Dutch had a strong naval force. Some of these people used to plunder the villages

Shivaji Maharaj inspecting the navy 67 on the sea coast and torture the villagers. that he obtained helped greatly in making Shivaji Maharaj created an independent the campaigns like the Surat campaign navy to permanently subdue these enemies successful. Shivaji’s spies found out on the sea. detailed information about the enemy Shivaji Maharaj raised several camp. Shivaji Maharaj started no dockyards to build ships of various sizes. offensive unless he had gathered He gained control over old sea forts by information from his spies. That is how winning them in battles. He repaired sea he planned his campaigns. forts like and Vijaydurg. Guerilla Tactics : In the defence He built a new sea fort called Sindhudurg strategy of Shivaji Maharaj, guerilla on the Kurte island near . He also tactics were especially important. built the fort of near Mumbai. Guerilla tactics include sudden and unexpected attacks on the enemy at a The Swaraj navy included people strategic place and time. The guerilla belonging to various sea-faring army attacks the enemy, and without communities like Koli, , and giving them time to recover, reaches a Agari. Daulatkhan, Maynak Bhandari, safe destination. Shivaji Maharaj was Lai Patil, Daryasarang, Tukoji Angre helped by the dense forests and hill forts were some of the great men of his period, in the Sahyadris and the support of his skilled in naval warfare. subjects in this guerilla warfare. Because of the Maratha navy, the English, the Portuguese, the Siddis and Do you know? the Dutch who were the enemies of the Marathas began to fear and respect them. l Shivaji Maharaj had a disciplined Their nuisance to Swaraj was reduced. army. His soldiers treated women with By raising an independent and strong respect. Shivaji Maharaj, therefore, navy, Shivaji Maharaj defined his came to be known as the protector of territorial waters and established women. He had strictly warned his domination over the coastal area. He soldiers not to drink alcohol, not to safeguarded his sea-coast. This navy was trouble his subjects and not to extort the first of its kind in medieval India. money from them. That is why he is rightly regarded as the ‘Father of the ’. Do you know? Intelligence Department : There l A few of the associates of Shivaji was a well-organized and very efficient Maharaj - Kanhoji Jedhe, Veer Baji system of army intelligence and Pasalkar, Firangoji Narsala, Prataprao espionage. Bahirji Naik was the chief of Gujar, Sidhoji Nimbalkar and Siddi this branch. The accurate information Hilal. 68 Exercise 1. Can you tell these names? 4. Show the following on an outline map (a) The book which tells us about the of Maharashtra. importance of forts ...... (a) Fort Sindhudurg (b) Vijaydurg (b) Another name for sea forts ...... (c) Mumbai (d) Pratapgad

2. Write what you feel. 5. Which aspect of Shivaji Maharaj’s (a) Shivaji Maharaj is rightly called the management skills did you like the ‘Father of the Indian Navy’. most? How will you use it in your (b) Areas in which we can see Shivaji daily routine? Maharaj’s management skills. Activity :

3. Write two of the things that these (a) Present a play in the classroom on the subject of ‘An interview with officers did. Shivaji Maharaj’. (a) Killedar 1...... 2...... (b) Obtain information about the (b) Sabnis 1...... 2...... warships in the Indian Navy. (c) Karkhanis 1...... 2...... (c) Visit different types of forts and find out the names of the various places on it.

69 18. Management of the Welfare State of Swaraj

eight ministers and other important Can you tell? officers on the basis of their eligibility and merit. He supervised all their work. l Name the various powers that Shivaji Maharaj fought. Do you know? Shivaji Maharaj struggled long Food, clothing and shelter are the against many unjust powers. They were basic necessities of life. In a welfare the Adilshahi and Moghul powers, the State, these needs of people are satisfied. Portuguese, and the Siddis of Janjira. Women are honoured. Common people, That is how an independent Hindavi peasants are not deceived. Injustice is Swaraj was created. not done to anyone. Justice is dispensed For smooth working, Shivaji Maharaj quickly. Agriculture and industries divided the administration into eight develop well. Folk arts flourish. People departments. He appointed a Minister in can live a happy, contented life. charge of each. This was his famous council of eight ministers. The Swaraj of People lived happily in the Swaraj Shivaji Maharaj was a State run for the created by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. welfare of the people in the true sense of Therefore, the qualities of confidence, the term. It was run with the assistance of self-respect and patriotism strongly the eight ministers. Shivaji Maharaj emerged among the people of himself made the appointments of these Maharashtra. The Council of Eight Ministers Name of the Minister Designation Department 1. Moro Trimbak Pingle Pradhan Administration (Political)

2. Ramchandra Nilkanth Amatya Revenue and Accounts of the Muzumdar State 3. Hambirrao Mohite Defence

4. Moreshwar Panditrao Panditrao Religious Matters 5. Niraji Rawaji Nyayadhish Justice 6. Annaji Datto Sachiv Government Orders 7. Dattaji Trimbak Waknis Mantri Correspondence 8. Ramchandra Trimbak Sumant Foreign Relations Dabir 70 Shivaji distributing pairs of oxen and other basic necessities Shivaji Maharaj saw to it that the Something for you to do. forests in his kingdom would not be destroyed by the people. From the ‘Royal l Copy the ‘Royal Edict for the Edict’, we can see that he had issued Protection of Environment’ given in many orders like the following : For the this textbook in big and beautiful letters navy, it is necessary to build boats and and make a chart. Read it aloud in the ships of various sizes and their beams, classroom. masts, oars, etc., for which wood is required. To obtain this wood, only teak Protection of Environment trees should be cut. If more teakwood is ‘Natural environment’ includes the required, it should be purchased from land in nature, as also factors like air, foreign territories. But on no account rain, rivers and streams, seas, forests, the should mango, jackfruit or other trees be birds and animals, light received from cut. They don’t grow in a year or two. the sun, etc. It is beneficial for man to People look after them like their own make use of this environment only to children in order to grow them. Cutting meet his necessities. them is to inflict sorrow on the people. It should not be done. Even when a tree is Shivaji Maharaj took precautions to greatly worn out, it should be cut only avoid the destruction of these after paying the owner and getting environmental factors. his consent. 71 Protection of Environment

Maharaj, the number of people living on Always remember ! forts was quite large. Shivaji Maharaj ‘World Environment Day’ is took care to make proper arrangements celebrated every year on 5th June, to for water on the forts. Before building a emphasize the importance of conserving fort, the place was inspected to see and protecting the environment. whether enough water was available there. In case it didn’t have water, tanks Water Management and reservoirs were built there, before the Shivaji Maharaj had various bunds onset of the rainy season, and rainwater built near the villages in Swaraj, to make was stored in them. drinking water available to the people. The stored water was used Canals were dug out to make water economically. Due to such water available for agriculture. Due to this, management, people on the forts and there was an increase in the produce. other subjects in Swaraj did not suffer People in Swaraj never felt the severity from shortage of water even during of droughts. During the regime of Shivaji drought periods.

72 Shivaji Maharaj made arrangements for drinking water and irrigation by constructing bunds and canals drought was reduced for people in Swaraj. Can you tell? In a drought year, Shivaji Maharaj l Why should we use water distributed the grain stored in the State economically ? granaries free of cost to the people. He l Name a dam or lake situated near also undertook repairs of various forts your village or locality. and construction of dams, bunds and l What is water management? canals during drought years. This way, peasants and artisans or balutedars could l What are the government schemes for water management? earn their daily living and did not feel the severity of drought. As the peasant became wealthy, he Do you know? could afford to buy things like footwear, l The Government has started the clothes, etc. This provided work to the project ‘Jalyukt Shivar’ to make artisans. Those who were homeless till Maharashtra a drought free State. then, developed the capacity to build their own houses. This in turn provided Drought Relief work to the masons, the carpenters, the Shivaji Maharaj gave various blacksmiths, the brick-makers. This is facilities to drought-affected peasants. how, along with the peasants in Swaraj, He used to waive taxes. So the severity of artisans also become happy and wealthy. 73 people are being cheated in the coconut Can you tell? and betelnut trade in Konkan, he warned l Name the market in your village / the Subhedar of that region. locality. High Regard for Women l How did the market acquire that Shivaji Maharaj had ordered that the name? women and children in the enemy camp were not to be harmed in any way during Sea Trade and other Markets the period of war. In fact, they were to be treated with great respect. The behaviour Shivaji Maharaj raised his own of Shivaji Maharaj on several occasions, independent Navy in order to protect his set the ideal of how women were to be Swaraj well and to establish his rule over treated. the sea adjoining Swaraj. But that was The had marched not all. He also had special cargo ships upon Belawadi in Karnataka to vanquish built to promote trade in Swaraj. He the fortress there. Mallamma Desai, a developed trade ports like Rajapur. He brave woman, fought a great battle in built a special market on Raigad. He defence of the fortress. When Shivaji started a separate market place at Khed Maharaj came to know about her courage, Shivapur near Pune. He developed he called her his younger sister, returned marketplaces in big towns and roadside her fortress and villages to her with villages. A new ‘peth’ or settlement was honour and gave her the title ‘Savitri’. established at near Pune by the orders of Veermata Jijabai. It was Vigilance Regarding Cleanliness referred to as ‘Jijapur’. During the regime of Shivaji Shivaji Maharaj levied more taxes Maharaj, measures were taken to on goods imported from the outside maintain better cleanliness in homes and in public places. He issued orders telling regions to promote trade within Swaraj. people to make a fence of the nirgudi He levied more tax on the salt produced bush around the house to prevent the in the Portuguese territory, which made it entry of animals like mice, scorpions, costlier. On the other hand, he reduced insects and ants. Fumigation was also the tax on the salt produced in Swaraj so suggested to destroy the germs that are that people could buy it at a cheaper rate. harmful to health. Naturally, it led to an increase in the People were warned not to leave trade of salt produced in Swaraj. Thus, garbage lying on the roads and markets local trade was encouraged. on the fort. If garbage piled up in various Shivaji Maharaj made efforts for the places in spite of all this, it was not to be growth of trade and industries in Swaraj. thrown down the fort. It was to be burnt He personally made sure that his subjects on the spot and the ashes were to be used would not be cheated by the merchants in as manure for vegetables grown in any way. When he came to know that backyards. 74 Shivaji Maharaj honours Mallamma Desai of Belawadi Shivaji Maharaj’s management of Sharif, he would respectfully pass it on forts, guns and firearms, his navy, to the Muslims. He never hated Muslims protection of the environment, water simply because they were Muslims. If a management, sea trade, markets, person who had changed his religion cleanliness and hygiene is a guiding wished to return to his original religion, force for us even today. Shivaji always helped him. His brother- in-law, Bajaji Naik Nimbalkar, was in Hindavi Swaraj the service of Adilshah of Bijapur. Hindavi Swaraj was a dream of Adilshah made him accept the Muslim Shivaji Maharaj. Anyone who lived in faith. Bajaji made Bijapur his home. He Hindustan, no matter to what religion or lacked for nothing but he was unhappy community they belonged, was a that he had changed his religion. One ‘Hindavi’. Their raj was ‘Hindavi day, he made up his mind to come back Swaraj’. to his own religion. Shivaji Maharaj welcomed him back in his religion. The Religious Tolerance story of Netoji Palkar is similar. His The religious policy of Shivaji religion had been changed but he wished Maharaj was liberal. In his campaigns, to return to his original faith. Shivaji he never caused any harm to mosques. If Maharaj accepted him back into his he came across a copy of the Quran religion. 75 Remember Him : Shivaji was a torch-bearer in the dark night of slavery; Do you know? a fighter who got the better of all difficult situations; who slowly but surely increased his strength while giving fight l Shivaji Maharaj had great respect for to powerful enemies; who encouraged his saints and holy men. He honoured comrades and fooled his opponents and, temples. He also gave protection to in the end, achieved his goal. He was a masjids. He respected both the Bhagavad model son, a cautious leader, a skilled Geeta and the Quran Sharif. He gave organizer, a benevolent administrator, a protection to Christian churches also. He clever military strategist, a great warrior, honoured learned men. Paramanand, a terror to the wicked, a defender of the Gagabhatt, Dhundiraj, Bhushan and good, and an epoch maker. When one other learned men received his patronage. sees all these brilliant facets of his He bestowed great honour on Sant personality one cannot but say to oneself : Tukaram, Samarth Ramdas, Baba Yakut “Bring to memory his wonderful and Mauni Baba. image and remember his great achievements.”

Bring to memory, the wonderful image of Shivaji Maharaj ... 76 Exercise 1. Give reasons. 3. Discuss : (a) An independent Hindavi Swaraj was How did Shivaji Maharaj ensure that the created. various factors in the environment would (b) The people in Swaraj did not feel the not get destroyed? What are the things severity of drought. that you can do to protect the environment? (c) Shivaji Maharaj honoured 4. Read and tell. Mallamma Desai. Read the information on ‘water management’ and tell it in your own 2. Fill in the blanks to complete the table. words.

Name of the Minister Designation Department 1. Moro Trimbak Pingle …………. Administration (Political)

2. ……………… Amatya Revenue and Accounts of the State 3. Hambirrao Mohite Senapati ………….

4. Moreshwar Panditrao …………. Religious Matters 5. ……………… Nyayadhish …………. 6. Annaji Datto …………. …………. 7. ……………… …………. Correspondence 8. Ramchandra Trimbak Sumant …………. Dabir

Activity : (a) Hold a market in the premises of your (b) What trees have been planted in the school.List the various goods and their neighbourhood of your school ? What prices. Visit the local market to do that. do you do to conserve them?

77 ‘Royal Edict’ for the Protection of Environment

Ramchandrapant Amatya wrote ‘Adnya-patra’ (Royal Edict) which reflects the policies of Shivaji Maharaj. The following passage elucidates his attitude towards environment. “For ships of the navy are necessary planks, beams, masts and such other limbs of wood. With royal permission useful parts of teak and other trees which are in the forests of the kingdom should be cut and collected. Besides this, whatever is necessary should be purchased and brought from foreign territories. Wood of mango tree, jack tree, and other trees growing in one’s own kingdom are useful for building naval ships but they should not be touched. For these trees are not grown in a year or two. People have grown these trees by looking after them as after their children and by protecting them. If those trees are cut there will be no limit to their grief. One says that would one achieve one’s object causing grief to another, then the temporary advantage resulting to the doer of the work is ultimately lost completely. Nay, the king incurs the sin causing trouble to the people. In the absence of these trees there is even loss. For these reasons these things should not be allowed to happen. Even when a tree is greatly worn out and is of no use, then by getting the consent of its owner and by paying him for it, it should be cut without displeasing him. Force should not at all be used.”

(The above translation by Prof. S.V.Puntambekar is taken from ‘AmkmnÌ’ Ed. Dr A. R. , Diamond Publications, 2007.)

78 Fort Rajgad

The Upper Fort at Fort Jinji

The fort of Jinji is currently in the State of . Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj conquered this fort in his campaign of the South. This fort had always been strong and difficult to win. Even so Maharaj demolished the earlier fortifications and made the fort stronger by building new fortifications and watch towers. Shahaji Raje had trained him at a young age in making forts unassailable or difficult to win. It is seen that Shivaji Maharaj made use of that knowledge on this occasion. Later on, Rajaram Maharaj established his capital on this fort. The Moghuls beseiged the fort when he was there. But Rajaram Maharaj fought for nearly seven years defending the fort in a state of seige. He could stay safe in the fort for such a long period because Shivaji Maharaj had the foresight to make the fort even stronger. 79 Bhavanidevi - Pratapgad

80 Eng- pari. 4th, Eng- Khelu, Karu Std. 1st to 3rd