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Sati – Suicide by Widows Sanctioned by Hindu Scriptures and Society? by Latha Nrugham

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SUICIDOLOGI 2013, ÅRG. 18, NR. 1 Sati – suicide by widows sanctioned by Hindu scriptures and society? By Latha Nrugham Introduction It is not a contract between two indivi- such as distress about and fear of damage duals but is the union of two individuals to body issue and death itself, in addition In India, sati is the term usually applied to a Hindu widow dressed as a bride coming together in all ways to support to being endowed with the ability to ceremoniously ascending alive the funeral each other for the goals of life laid down endure fire in silence. A wife, who was pyre of her dead husband and being burnt in the Vedic scriptures. also a mother or pregnant, could not to ashes on that pyre. Such a person is I refer to the Vedic scriptures because consider sati, as that would make the said to have become a sati by this deed, they are several texts, not one book. These child an orphan. texts can be grouped into two: Shruti one who did not become a widow, but Sati in the Vedic scriptures remained a wife until her last breath. (heard) and Smriti (remembered). Shruti Outside India, the word sati is commonly has verses that are composed as a result Vedic scriptures do not have a central understood as suicide sanctioned by Hindu of stable consciousness states of insight authority like the Pope for Christians or scriptures and widely practiced in India resulting from deep meditation for several even organised dissemination of its con- today. In order to comment on this under- years and has three divisions: the four tents like Islamic madrassas (schools of standing, I will first describe sati in the Vedas, the main Upanishads and the Quran) or the Sunday schools of Christi- Hindu scriptures and then present sati in Brahmasutras. On the other hand, Smriti anity. They wait for the ordinary individual practice today. Marriage is a sacred invio- is composed by human intelligence in the to approach them and work their own lable bond, according to Vedic (Hindu in ordinary waking consciousness and con- ways through the maze of syntax and popular imagination and usage) scriptures. tains a mix of historical and metaphorical semantics before taking notice. However, stories. Whenever there is a conflict the vast majority of persons in society between the Shruti and the Smriti, Shruti could not be left without spiritual know- ABSTRACT has precedence in all ways. Smriti changes ledge. And the potential for the others over time and adjusts to changing social becoming deviated from/weakened in The word sati is commonly under- conditions. Shruti endures all social their resolve to pursue individual spiritual stood as suicide by self-immolating changes. I present my understanding after goals being high, the scriptures had to be so pervasive in society that all human widows widely practiced in India today a long study of texts from both, Shruti beings encountered the same contents, and sanctioned by ancient Hindu and Smriti. I have not examined all the in some form or the other, during daily scriptures, although it is also claimed Vedic texts, yet claim that I possess an life. Therefore, the spiritual knowledge that Hindu scriptures condemn suicide. understanding of the main texts which (shruti) which a brahmin (teachers of Without delving into details, the is adequate to comment on sati in them. spiritual knowledge, preferably after self- scriptural understanding of sati and Meaning of the word sati verification, but maybe applied to all those the history of sati alongwith its The word 'sati' has many meanings, as is whose wealth is knowledge, any knowledge) practice today will be described and usual in Sanskrit. The most easily under- was expected to learn, grasp, realise and discussed. Is sati suicide or is it stood meaning is: she who is the embodi- share to a greater extent with competent something else, for example, murder? ment of truth (sat = truth, i = indicative others was made simple and spread through- of feminity). Another meaning is she who hout society in the form of stories (smriti) Ordet sati blir gjerne forstått som et is the personification of spiritual know- that could capture the imagination of ledge itself, the consort of the personifica- and be understood by even children. utbredt hindurituale av enker som tion of Absolute Auspiciousness (shiva). Abstract concepts are personified and tenner på seg selv til døden sammen Yet another meaning is that of a faithful named in a slightly disguised or undis- med sine ektemenn, som foreskrevet wife, as her resolve and words are equal guised manner in these stories so that i gamle hinduskrifter, selv om det også to truth itself. It is this third meaning relationships could be easily understood hevdes at hinduskriftene fordømmer that is one of the two commonly used by the simplest of minds with minimal selvmord. Forståelsen av sati og satis meanings today. Another meaning of sati effort, for example: Dharma (righteous- historie, samt dagens praksis i India, understood today is of a wife who decides ness) marries Daya (compassion) to beget blir i denne artikkelen beskrevet to ascend while still alive, the funeral pyre Abhaya (fearlessness), Dharma marries og diskutert. Er sati selvmord eller of her dead husband making his funeral Unnati (growth through accomplishment) noe annet – for eksempel mord? pyre equally hers. Such a person was and to beget Darpa (superciliousness/ contempt is considered equal to divinity, having for others), Dharma marries Pushti (abun- transcended, while alive, human qualities dance) to beget Garva (pride/arrogance), LEVERT: 01/12-12 REVIDERT: 09/04-13 AKSEPTERT: 19/04-13 18 Sati – suicide by widows sanctioned by Hindu scriptures and society? SUICIDOLOGI 2013, ÅRG. 18, NR. 1 Krodha (anger) marries Himsa (violence), Suruchi (one who is pleasant/tends towards the pleasures) has Kumati (unhealthy intellectual qualities) as her servant and Sumati (one who is ruled by the intellect, not the emotions and therefore tends away from pleasures) as her elder co-wife, Jatila WICIMEDIA COMMONS (rigidity) is the sister of Abhimanyu (one who is quick to defend his personal pride). It is in these smriti stories that one first comes across the word 'sati', among Kshatriyas, the rulers, warriors and administrators. Manusmriti, one of the texts which has no stories but provides codes of conduct and was considered important from the 1800s to the 1900s, does not mention 'sati' as a practice for young widows. There are verses in some Smriti texts which support or encourage sati as one of the The Sati of Ramabai, wife of Madhavrao Peshwa (reigned 1761–1772), circa 1772–1775 courses open to a widow. However, these texts are not considered to be of high Sati – in practice cate that the burning of widows were not status even within the Smriti itself and An incident in 1987 in Rajasthan where isolated incidents then. It is important therefore have no status at all as guide a young wife ascended the funeral pyre to note that Brahmo Samaj was from for living life or dying. One of these Smriti Bengal, in the north-east of India. The of her husband in the presence of a crowd texts forbid sati for Brahmin widows. The property laws of Bengal provide an equal watching this event sent shock waves Mahabharata, one of the two epics and part for widows as it did to other inheri- throughout India which sat up for yet part of Smriti, mentions a widow, Madri, tors. The widows of Bengal have suffered another round of introspection. Her death who chose to accompany her husband much on account of these laws by being was followed by a court trial of the in- on the funeral pyre. Madri was the youn- socially ostracised, burnt or simply cast laws and family members of the widow, out to fend for themselves in any way ger wife and considered herself respon- for murder, which ended in acquittal in sible for her husband's death. Overcome they can, purely in order to deprive them 2004. The Prevention of Sati Act was also of their rightful inheritance. Bengal has by guilt, not just the distress of bereave- passed in 1987 which made it illegal to ment, she is the only person in the scrip- documented 706 cases of sati in a single abet, glorify or attempt to commit sati. year: 1817; the same year when Bengal tures who chose this way to die, despite Abetment of sati, including coercing or was hit hard by a cholera pandemic being mother of two young sons. Her forcing someone to commit sati is punish- (Sarkar & Sarkar, 2008). decision or death is neither referred to able by death sentence or life imprison- What could motivate a woman to ascend as sati nor glorified in any manner in the ment, while glorifying sati is punishable alive a funeral pyre, during peace times, Mahabharata. Neither is it condemned. with 1 to 7 years in prison. Due to the apart from political goals? Is it suicide, Although attempts to make Madri recon- consistent efforts of a well-known social sanctioned by scriptures? As she does not sider her decision were made, she was reformer, Raja Ram Mohan Roy and pressure live to enjoy worldly gains, could such a not forced to live. Madri's co-wife, Prtha, from his group, the Brahmo Samaj, the death be an escape route from the ascetic lived on as a widowed mother and single- British government banned sati in 1829 life that she is expected to lead as a widow handedly brought up all five sons of her (Sarkar & Sarkar, 2008).
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