Journalism After September 11 Journalism After September 11 examines how the traumatic attacks of that day continue to transform the nature of journalism, particularly in the United States and Britain. Familiar notions of what it means to be a journalist, how best to practice journalism, and what the public can reasonably expect of journalists in the name of democracy, were shaken to their foundations. Ten years on, however, new questions arise regarding the lasting implications of that tragic day and its aftermath. Bringing together an internationally respected collection of scholars and media commentators, Journalism After September 11 addresses topics such as: journalism and public life at a time of crisis; broadsheet and tabloid newspaper coverage of the attacks; the role of sources in shaping the news; reporting by global news media such as CNN; Western representations of Islam; current affairs broadcasting; news photo- graphy and trauma; the emotional well-being of reporters; online journalism; as well as a host of pertinent issues around news, democracy, and citizenship. This second edition includes four new chapters—examining Arabic newspaper reporting of the attacks, the perceptions of television audiences, national magazine coverage of the ensuing crisis, and the media politics of “othering”—as well as revised chapters from the first edition and an updated introduction by the co-editors. A foreword is provided by Victor Navasky and an afterword by Phillip Knightley. Barbie Zelizer is Professor of Communication and holds the Raymond Williams Chair of Communication at the Annenberg School of Communication, University of Pennsylvania. Stuart Allan is Professor of Journalism in the Media School, Bournemouth University. Communication and Society Series Editor: James Curran This series encompasses the broad field of media and cultural studies. Its main concerns are the media and the public sphere: on whether the media empower or fail to empower popular forces in society; media organizations and public policy; the political and social consequences of media campaigns; and the role of media entertainment, ranging from potboilers and the human interest story to rock music and TV sport. Glasnost, Perestroika and the Advertising, the Uneasy Persuasion Soviet Media Its Dubious Impact on American society Brian McNair Michael Schudson Pluralism, Politics and the Marketplace Nation, Culture, Text The Regulation of German Broadcasting Australian Cultural and Media Studies Vincent Porter and Suzanne Hasselbach Edited by Graeme Turner Potboilers Television Producers Methods, Concepts and Case Studies in Jeremy Tunstall Popular Fiction Jerry Palmer What News? The Market, Politics and the Local Press Communication and Citizenship Bob Franklin and David Murphy Journalism and the Public Sphere Edited by Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks In Garageland Rock, Youth and Modernity Seeing and Believing Johan Fornäs, Ulf Lindberg and The Influence of Television Ove Sernhede Greg Philo The Crisis of Public Critical Communication Studies Communication Communication, History and Theory in Jay G. Blumler and Michael Gurevitch America Hanno Hardt Glasgow Media Group Reader, Volume 1 Media Moguls News Content, Language and Visuals Jeremy Tunstall and Michael Palmer Edited by John Eldridge Fields in Vision Glasgow Media Group Reader, Television Sport and Cultural Volume 2 Transformation Industry, Economy, War and Politics Garry Whannel Edited by Greg Philo Getting the Message The Global Jukebox News, Truth and Power The International Music Industry The Glasgow Media Group Robert Burnett Inside Prime Time Media on the Move Todd Gitlin Global Flow and Contra-Flow Daya Kishan Thussu Talk on Television Audience Participation and Public Debate An Introduction to Political Sonia Livingstone and Peter Lunt Communication Fourth Edition Media Effects and Beyond Brian McNair Culture, Socialization and Lifestyles Edited by Karl Erik Rosengren The Mediation of Power A Critical Introduction We Keep America on Top of the World Aeron Davis Television Journalism and the Public Sphere Television Entertainment Daniel C. Hallin Jonathan Gray A Journalism Reader Western Media Systems Edited by Michael Bromley and Tom O’Malley Jonathan Hardy Tabloid Television Narrating Media History Popular Journalism and the “Other News” Edited by Michael Bailey John Langer News and Journalism in the UK International Radio Journalism Fifth Edition History, Theory and Practice Brian McNair Tim Crook Political Communication and Media, Ritual and Identity Social Theory Edited by Tamar Liebes and James Curran Aeron Davis De-Westernizing Media Studies Media Perspectives for the 21st Edited by James Curran and Myung-Jin Park Century Edited by Stylianos Papathanassopoulos British Cinema in the Fifties Christine Geraghty Journalism After September 11 Second Edition Ill Effects Edited by Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan The Media Violence Debate, Second Edition Edited by Martin Barker and Julian Petley Media and Democracy James Curran Media and Power James Curran Misunderstanding the Internet (forthcoming) Remaking Media Edited by James Curran, Natalie Fenton and The Struggle to Democratize Public Des Freedman Communication Robert A. Hackett and William K. Carroll Journalism After September 11 Second Edition Edited by Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan First published 2002 by Routledge This edition published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2002, 2011 Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan, selection and editorial matter; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted, in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Journalism after September 11th / edited by Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Zelizer, Barbie. II. Allan, Stuart. PN4853.J59 2011 071’.3090511 – dc22 2010042158 ISBN 0-203-81896-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN: 978-0-415-46014-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-46015-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-81896-1 (ebk) “The subtlest change in New York is something people don’t speak much about but that is in everyone’s mind. The city, for the first time in its long history, is destructible. A single flight of planes no bigger than a wedge of geese can quickly end this island fantasy, burn the towers, crumble the bridges, turn the underground passages into lethal chambers, cremate the millions. The intimation of mortality is part of New York now: in the sounds of jets overhead, in the black headlines of the latest edition.” E. B. White, 1949 This book is dedicated to the memory of all those lost in the events of September 11, 2001 and their aftermath Contents List of contributors xiv Foreword xix Victor Navasky Introduction: when trauma shapes the news 1 Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan PART I The trauma of September 11 33 1 September 11 in the mind of American journalism 35 Jay Rosen 2 What’s unusual about covering politics as usual 44 Michael Schudson 3 Photography, journalism, and trauma 55 Barbie Zelizer 4 Mediating catastrophe: September 11 and the crisis of the other 75 Roger Silverstone PART II News and its contexts 83 5 American journalism on, before, and after September 11 85 James W. Carey xii Contents 6 September 11 and the structural limitations of US journalism 104 Robert W. McChesney 7 “Our duty to history”: newsmagazines and the national voice 113 Carolyn Kitch 8 Covering Muslims: journalism as cultural practice 131 Karim H. Karim 9 “Why do they hate us?”: seeking answers in the pan-Arab news coverage of 9/11 147 Noha Mellor PART III The changing boundaries of journalism 167 10 Reweaving the Internet: online news of September 11 169 Stuart Allan 11 Converging into irrelevance?: supermarket tabloids in the post-9/11 world 191 S. Elizabeth Bird 12 Media fundamentalism: the immediate response of the UK national press to terrorism—from 9/11 to 7/7 212 Michael Bromley and Stephen Cushion 13 Television agora and agoraphobia post-September 11 232 Simon Cottle 14 “Our ground zeros”: diaspora, media, and memory 252 Marie Gillespie PART IV Reporting trauma tomorrow 271 15 Journalism, risk, and patriotism 273 Silvio Waisbord 16 Trauma talk: reconfiguring the inside and outside 292 Annabelle Sreberny Contents xiii 17 Journalism and political crises in the global network society 308 Ingrid Volkmer 18 Reporting under fire: the physical safety and emotional welfare of journalists 319 Howard Tumber Afterword 335 Phillip Knightley Index 337 Contributors Stuart Allan is Professor