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Terrorist Incidents Against Jewish Communities and Israeli Citizens Abroad 1968–2010 Contents Terrorist Incidents against Jewish Communities and Israeli Citizens Abroad 1968–2010 Contents Executive summary 3 Terrorist Incidents Against Jewish Communities and Israeli Citizens Abroad, 1968–2010 Introduction 5 Terrorism and antisemitism 5 Islamist antisemitism 6 Salafi Jihadi terrorism against Jewish communities 11 Iranian-inspired terror 13 Palestinian and leftist terrorism 13 Anti-Jewish terrorism from the far right 15 Cooperation across extremes 17 Changing patterns 18 Home-grown radicalisation and diversifying threats 20 Future trends 21 Basis of the Chronology 23 Notes 26 Abbreviations 29 Chronology of Terrorist Attacks and Plots 30 Country and Incident Totals 55 Modus Operandi and Incident Totals 59 Target and Incident Totals 62 Year and Incident Totals 66 Year and Casualties Totals 74 Attacks by Organisation and Country 77 Attacks by Organisation and Target 79 Attacks by Organisation and Year 80 Attacks by Organisation and Modus Operandi 81 Organisation and Incident Totals 82 Terrorist Incidents 1968–2010 / 2 Executive summary During the 43 years since 1968, the Since 2000, the countries with the year when Palestinian terror groups highest number of attacks, both began to attack Jewish and Israeli successful and foiled, have been the targets outside the Middle East, some United States (eight attacks), Morocco 427 recorded attacks and foiled or (five attacks), the United Kingdom (five aborted plots are known to have attacks) and Germany (four attacks). taken place. Jewish communities were the target of These 427 actual and foiled terrorist 250 attacks or foiled attacks, whereas attacks have included plots by Israel-linked institutions and individuals Palestinian nationalists, neo-Nazis, were the target in 189 cases. Of the radical leftists and, most recently, 250 attacks on Jewish communities, both Shiite and Sunni Islamists. Jewish community buildings, organisations and events were the most The early 1980s saw the highest frequently attacked (96 incidents). number of attacks, which coincided with the largest number of terrorist Synagogues were the targets of 88 attacks against all other targets, in actual and attempted terrorist attacks, Europe and Latin America. This was while Jewish schools were targets on the era of revolutionary Marxist- 16 occasions. Leninist terror groups that evolved out of the post-1968 New Left movement, The organisations responsible for which received help from Soviet Bloc the largest numbers of attacks, both states and which forged ideological successful and foiled, during the period and tactical alliances with Palestinian covered by the report are the Palestine terror groups. Liberation Organisation (PLO) and its various affiliates, with 35 attacks; The collapse of the Soviet Bloc and the Popular Front for the Liberation the signing of the Oslo Accords led of Palestine (PFLP), with 31 attacks; to a dramatic reduction in terrorism Abu Nidal’s Fatah Revolutionary Council against Jewish and Israeli targets (FRC, 24 attacks); Al-Qaeda and its outside Israel in the second half of affiliates (19 attacks); and Hizbollah the 1990s. However, the first decade (14 attacks). of the twenty-first century saw the growth of global jihadi and neo-Nazi A total of 208 incidents involved terrorism, replacing old sources bombings and employed improvised of terrorism with new ones. explosive devices of all kinds; 76 incidents involved shootings; There were actual and foiled terrorist while 27 incidents involved letter or attacks on Jews and Israelis abroad parcel bombs. These are the normal in a total of 57 countries outside modus operandi of sub-state actors. Israel. The countries with the Twelve attacks involved vehicle-borne highest number of attacks were bombs and seven plots involved France (51 attacks); the United suicide bombers. In 80 cases, attacks States (34 attacks); Italy (33 attacks), were interdicted by the authorities, Argentina and Germany (29 attacks aborted or otherwise foiled during in each). the planning stages. 3 / Terrorist Incidents 1968–2010 The early years of the period covered that of multiple-site armed attacks by in this report were characterised by small groups, known as ‘swarming’. shootings and the use of improvised Information subsequently made public explosive devices delivered to suggests that the global jihad buildings as letter or parcel bombs; movement is increasingly inclined to the intermediate years by car bombs; adopt this strategy, which relies on and the latter years by suicide self-radicalised small groups who may bombings. This reflects the change not have undergone extensive training from far-left and far-right terrorism, by Al-Qaeda and its affiliates. through secular Palestinian terrorism, to global jihad movement terrorism. Far-right, ‘lone wolf’ activists are increasingly resorting to terrorism in A new terrorist method, which emerged Europe and the USA under the influence with the 2008 Mumbai attacks, was of the leaderless resistance model. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Bulletin, 1983 Terrorist Incidents against Jewish Communities Introduction importantly – in their targeting. For The phenomenon of terrorism against this reason, both types of target are Jewish communities and Israeli included in the Chronology of Terrorist targets abroad represents the most Attacks and Plots, which forms the violent aspect of contemporary main body of this publication. antisemitism, and the greatest physical danger to diaspora Jewish Terrorism and antisemitism communities. It demonstrates how Many terrorist groups that target Jews the rational calculations of political are rooted in political ideologies that violence and the irrational fantasies incorporate antisemitism into their of extreme ideologies can combine world view. Neo-Nazi groups, for to threaten the lives of ordinary Jews example, adhere to the view that and others all over the world. It Jews are racially inferior and conspire explains in the starkest terms why to destroy the white race. Islamist Jewish communities require security terrorists of both Shia and Sunni at their synagogues, schools and varieties believe that Jews are morally community buildings. inferior and conspire to undermine and destroy Islam. Leftist terrorist When the first edition of this report groups that have targeted Jews have was published in 2003, it was the first often conflated antisemitism with their time that the history of post-1967 anti-American and anti-capitalist anti-Jewish terrorism had been collated viewpoints. The belief in a Jewish or comprehensively. It showed that Zionist conspiracy is common to the Jewish communities and ideologies that drive most terrorist Israeli-linked targets outside Israel groups that target Jews and Israel. have been attacked by violent The idea that Jews, Zionism or Israel extremists from diverse backgrounds: are preventing the creation of a new, neo-Nazis, Marxist-Leninists, better world for all is also common anarchists, Palestinian and other Arab across different extremist ideologies. nationalists, Khomeinite revolutionaries and radical Sunni Islamists. In the This ideological antisemitism, with its intervening seven years since this conspiratorial and millennial fantasies, chronology was first published, this combines with real-world grievances picture has come to be dominated by such as the Israel/Palestine conflict, the new wave of terrorism perpetrated to create a specific threat to Jews by Salafi Jihadists linked to, or and their communities from terrorist supportive of, Al-Qaeda. These are groups of different hues. For many referred to collectively as the global extremists, Israel and Jews are closely jihad movement, which targets Jews linked in a symbiotic and mutually as part of wider terrorist campaigns supportive relationship. They believe in Western and Muslim countries. that attacking Jewish communities, which are sometimes considered soft The report also demonstrates that targets, may undermine Israel’s many terrorists do not make a clear national resolve. In addition, Jews are distinction between Jewish and Israeli perceived as a particular enemy, as targets outside Israel, either in their opposed to a general opponent such ideology, their propaganda or – most as the West or global capitalism. Jews 5 / Terrorist Incidents 1968–2010 and Israeli Citizens Abroad, 1968–2010 are not the primary target for many sometimes publicised their interdiction terrorists; these are currently the USA of terrorist plots against Jewish and and states with military forces in Iraq Israeli targets. Jewish communities and Afghanistan. The extent to which continue to receive discreet warnings terrorists consider Jews to be a to enhance security at communal primary target may depend in part buildings, and in some countries they on how much traditional antisemitic receive extra Police protection. tropes dominate their world view. Islamist antisemitism Terrorist threats to Jews in the In several recently foiled plots, twenty-first century come in the main Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in the from three directions: the global jihad global jihad movement planned to movement (i.e., Al-Qaeda and its attack Jewish institutions and affiliates and followers); Iran and its individuals. Elements of their now surrogates; and neo-Nazis and white widespread ideology manifest a supremacists. Far-left and anarchist contemporary version of the Protocols groups carried out many terrorist of the Learned Elders of Zion, the attacks against Jewish communities tzarist-era forgery that provided the in the
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