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Les Anecdotes Dans Les Récits De Voyage Français Aux Indes Orientales (XVII Et XVIII Siècles)

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Les Anecdotes Dans Les Récits De Voyage Français Aux Indes Orientales (XVII Et XVIII Siècles) Les anecdotes dans les récits de voyage français aux Indes orientales (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles) by Devika Vijayan A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 ©Devika Vijayan 2013 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii RÉSUMÉ Nous étudions, dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat, les récits de voyage français aux Indes orientales durant les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Nous analyserons ainsi les œuvres du Père Pierre Du Jarric, de François Pyrard de Laval, de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, de François Bernier, de Jean Thévenot, du comte de Modave et d’Anquetil-Duperron. Notre étude porte en particulier sur l’insertion des anecdotes personnelles, des récits brefs et digressifs qui rompent avec le discours général du voyage. Cette pratique d’écriture n’a jamais été traitée de manière approfondie surtout pour les récits de voyage aux Indes orientales. Notre thèse propose aussi d’examiner l’existence des topoï ou leitmotive parmi ces anecdotes (le « sati » ou le sacrifice des veuves, les dieux monstrueux du panthéon hindou, les curiosités, le prêtre lascif) où convergent souvent les notions d’altérité. En d’autres mots, nous analyserons l’image discursive de l’Inde et de l’Indien qui se construit à partir de ces anecdotes. iii REMERCIEMENTS Tout d’abord, mes plus sincères remerciements à mon directeur de thèse le Professeur Guy Poirier, pour sa patience, ses commentaires et sa lecture minutieuse et pointue de mon travail. Sans vous, ce travail n’aurait jamais vu le jour. Je voudrais aussi exprimer toute ma reconnaissance au Professeur Marie-Christine Gomez- Géraud. Merci pour vos conseils et vos mots d’encouragement. Mes remerciements aussi aux membres de mon comité : les Professeurs Catherine Dubeau et François Paré. Vos conseils et vos suggestions m’ont permis de mener à bien ce travail. Je dois un grand merci à tous mes amis du Département d’études françaises : Fadi, Godrick, Maria, Mark et Nadia. Un grand merci à Kanstantsin d’avoir patiemment résolu tous mes problèmes d’ordinateur Mac et PC. Et bien sûr mes pensées vont à mon fils Ashvin, à mon mari Matt et à ma mère. Je vous remercie d’avoir suivi mon cheminement, année après année, dans l’anxiété et dans l’espoir. iv Dédicace À mon très cher papa! v Table de matières AUTHOR'S DECLARATION ...............................................................................................................ii Résumé ..................................................................................................................................................iii Remerciements ...................................................................................................................................... iv Dédicace ................................................................................................................................................. v Table de matières................................................................................................................................... vi Illustrations…………………………………………………………………………………………….ix Tableaux……………………………………………………………………………………………......x Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 1 I. Objectifs……………………………………………………………………………………………...2 II. Méthodologie………………………………………………………………………………………3 III. Plan de la thèse……………………………………………………………………………………..4 Chapitre 1: Altérité et l'Orient………………………………………………………………………….6 I. Identité et altérité……………………………………………………………………………………..9 II. Relations de voyage et altérité……………………………………………………………………..16 III. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...25 Chapitre 2: L'anecdote………………………………………………………………………………..27 I. Origine du mot……………………………………………………………………………………...27 II. Anecdotes et relations de voyage…………………………………………………………………..32 i. L'anecdote et les singularités………………………………………………………………………..34 ii. L'anecdote et les miracles…………………………………………………………………………..38 iii. L'anecdote et les curiosités………………………………………………………………………...41 III. L'anecdote: tentative de définition……………………………………………………………….43 IV. L'anecdote à la lisière des genres………………………………………………………………..52 i. Anecdote et ana…………………………………………………………………………………….52 ii. Anecdote et exemplum…………………………………………………………………………….55 iii. Anecdote et nouvelle………………………………………………………………………………59 V. Typologie des anecdotes…………………………………………………………………………..62 i. Sources primaires…………………………………………………………………………………...63 ii. Sources secondaires………………………………………………………………………………..64 VI. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..66 Chapitre 3: Genèse des récits de voyage français aux Indes orientales………………………………67 vi L'Inde imaginée selon la tradition occidentale………………………………………………………67 i. L'Antiquité…………………………………………………………………………………………68 ii. Le Moyen Âge…………………………………………………………………………………….74 iii. Monstres et iconographie indienne………………………………………………………………..77 II. L'Inde imaginée: autres perspectives………………………………………………………………80 i. L'Antiquité…………………………………………………………………………………………..80 ii. Le Moyen Âge……………………………………………………………………………………...82 iii. Voyageurs arabes………………………………………………………………………………….87 III. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….94 Chapitre 4: Le régime des anecdotes dans les récits de voyage (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles): le cas particulier de Pierre Du Jarric…………………………………………………………………………95 I. Biographie…………………………………………………………………………………………..96 II. Une cosmographie tardive?..............................................................................................................98 III. Les anecdotes indiennes de Pierre Du Jarric…………………………………………………….106 i. L'Inde musulmane…………………………………………………………………………………107 ii. L'Inde hindoue…………………………………………………………………………………….111 IV. Anecdote et exemplum…………………………………………………………………………..121 V. Du Jarric et les lettres indiennes………………………………………………………………….124 VI. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….127 Chapitre5: Anecdote à quatre mains…………………………………………………………………128 I. Le voyageur-écrivain……………………………………………………………………………...129 II. François Pyrard de Laval…………………………………………………………………………131 III.Pyrard de Laval et les anecdotes…………………………………………………………………133 i. Anecdotes à la lisière du romanesque……………………………………………………………..140 IV. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier………………………………………………………………………….149 V. Tavernier et les anecdotes………………………………………………………………………..151 VI. Jean Thévenot……………………………………………………………………………………162 VII.Thévenot et les anecdotes……………………………………………………………………….164 VIII. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..170 Chapitre 6: L'anecdote scientifique………………………………………………………………….174 I. François Bernier…………………………………………………………………………………...174 II. Bernier et les récits anecdotiques sur l'Inde………………………………………………………177 vii i. Les anecdotes tragiques……………………………………………………………………………181 ii. Les anecdotes comiques…………………………………………………………………………..186 iii. L'anecdote et la fable…………………………………………………………………………….189 iv. L'anecdote et l'argument économique……………………………………………………………194 III. Le comte de Modave…………………………………………………………………………….201 i. Anecdote: le récit bref d'un fait singulier………………………………………………………….205 ii. Anecdote comme synonyme d'historiette…………………………………………………………210 iii. L'anecdote: un détail secondaire…………………………………………………………………213 IV. Anquetil-Duperron………………………………………………………………………………214 V. Catalogue des anecdotes indiennes……………………………………………………………….218 i. Anecdotes personnelles……………………………………………………………………………223 ii. Anecdotes et singularités…………………………………………………………………………231 VI. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………234 Chapitre 7: Anecdote itérative……………………………………………………………………….236 I. Le sati: discours sur l'altérité barbare………………………………………………………….......239 II. Le sati: discours sur la femme perverse…………………………………………………………..244 III. Le sati: discours sur la femme vertueuse………………………………………………………...250 IV. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..252 Conclusion finale……………………………………………………………………………………254 Bibliographie………………………………………………………………………………………...262 viii Illustrations Illusration 1: Typologie des monstres en Inde. .....................................................................................71 Illustration 2: Les devadasis de Coromandel .......................................................................................78 Illustration 3: Le festival de Jagannath en Inde ..................................................................................101 Illustratio 4: L’idole de Calicut dans Mitter........................................................................................120 Illustration 5: “The burning of a Hindu widow at her husband’s funeral pyre” .................................242 Illustration 6: “The burning of Urbain Grandier” (1634)....................................................................242 Illustration 7: “The deceit of women”………………………………………………………............247 ix Tableaux Tableau 1: Le schéma narratif des anecdotes dans l’oeuvre de Pierre Du Jarric…………………..123 Tableau 2: Les anecdotes dans le récit de Pyrard de Laval…………………………………………133 Tableau 3: Les anecdotes dans le récit de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier…………………………………152 Tableau 4: Les anecdotes dans le récit de Jean Thévenot…………………………………………...164 Tableau 5: Les anecdotes indiennes de François Bernier…………………………………………...177 Tableau 6: Les anecdotes
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