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History of India (1207-1757Ad) HISTORY OF INDIA (1207-1757AD) BA (History) Second Semester (ENGLISH EDITION) MA [Political Science] Second Semester PS 202 English Edition Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Nirja Sharma Assistant Professor, University of Delhi, Ph.D (Chaudhary Charan Singh University) Authors: Eesha Narang, Units (1.5, 2.2-2.3) © Eesha Narang, 2016 Dr Shubhra Singh & Dr Sumit Verma, Units (2.5.5, 4.3) © Dr Shubhra Singh & Dr Sumit Verma, 2016 Neeru Sood, Units (1.2, 4.4) © Reserved, 2016 Vikas Publishing House, Units (1.0-1.1, 1.3-1.4, 1.6-1.10, 2.0-2.1, 2.4 -2.5.4, 2.6-2.10, Unit 3, 4.0- 4.2, 4.5-4.10) © Reserved, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi - 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE History of India (1207-1757AD) Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit I Unit 1: The Delhi Sultanate 1. Sources of the Medieval Indian History (Pages: 3-60) 2. Delhi Sultanate: Iltutmish, Razia, Balban 3. Alauddin Khilji, Md-bin-Tughlaq and Feroze Shah Tughlaq—Reforms and Assesment 4. North West Frontier Policy—Balban, Alauddin Khilji Unit II Unit 2: Disintegration of the Delhi 1. Decline of Delhi Sultanate- Causes Sultanate and the Rise of Afghans 2. Rise of Provincial Kingdoms—Vijayanagar and Bahamani (Pages: 61-111) 3. Bhakti and Sufi Movements—Origin and Features 4. Sher Shah–Emergence, Reforms, & Achievements. Unit III Unit 3: Rise and Fall of the 1. Consolidation of Mughal Rule and Akbar: Conquest, Administration Mughal Empire & Revenue Reforms (Pages: 113-168) 2. Rajput and Religious Policy: Akbar & Aurangzeb 3. Cultural Development under the Mughals: Art, Architecture, Literature 4. Fall of the Mughal Empire Unit IV 1. Rise of the Sikhs-Mughal—Sikh Relations till 1720 Unit 4: Rise of Regional Powers 2. Rise of Shivaji: Mughal–Maratha Relations till 1707 (Pages: 169-202) 3. Murshid Quli Khan: Land Revenue & Administration 4. English East India Company’s Relation with Alivardi Khan & Siraj- ud-Daula: Battle of Plassey CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1-2 UNIT 1 THE DELHI SULTANATE 3-60 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Sources of History of Medieval Indian 1.2.1 Literary Sources of History of Medieval India 1.2.2 Archaeological Sources 1.2.3 Coins 1.2.4 Inscriptions 1.3 Delhi Sultanate: Iltutmish, Razia Sultan and Balban 1.3.1 Iltutmish 1.3.2 Razia Sultan 1.3.3 Balban 1.4 Alauddin Khilji, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and Feroz Shah Tughlaq: Reforms and Assessment 1.4.1 Reforms and Assessment of Alauddin Khilji 1.4.2 Reforms and Assessment of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq 1.4.3 Reforms and Assessment of Feroze Shah Tughlaq 1.5 North-West Frontier Policy of Balban and Alauddin Khilji 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key terms 1.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.9 Questions and Exercises 1.10 Further Reading UNIT 2 DISINTEGRATION OF THE DELHI SULTANATE AND 61-111 THE RISE OF AFGHANS 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Decline of the Delhi Sultanate: Causes 2.3 Rise of Provincial Kingdoms: Vijayanagar and Bahamani 2.3.1 Rise and Extension of the Vijaynagar Empire 2.3.2 Rise and Extension of the Bahmani Empire 2.4 Bhakti and Sufi Movements: Origin and Features 2.4.1 Sufi Movement 2.4.2 Bhakti Movement and Socio-cultural Reforms in the Hindu Religion 2.5 Sher Shah Suri 2.5.1 Emergence of Sher Shah Suri 2.5.2 Achievements of Sher Shah 2.5.3 Reforms 2.5.4 Land Revenue System 2.5.5 Islam Shah, Successor of Sher Shah Suri 2.6 Summary 2.7 Key Terms 2.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.9 Questions and Exercises 2.10 Further Reading UNIT 3 RISE AND FALL OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE 113-168 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Consolidation of Mughal Rule and Akbar: Conquest, Administration and Revenue Reforms 3.2.1 Establishment of the Mughal Empire 3.2.2 Consolidation under Babur 3.2.3 Consolidation under Humayun 3.2.4 Consolidation under Akbar 3.3 Rajput and Religious Policy of Akbar and Aurangzeb 3.3.1 Rajput and the Religious Policy of Akbar 3.3.2 Rajput and Religious Policy of Aurangzeb 3.4 Cultural Development under the Mughals: Art, Architecture and Literature 3.4.1 Paintings 3.4.2 Literature 3.5 Fall of the Mughal Empire 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.9 Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Reading UNIT 4 RISE OF REGIONAL POWERS 169-202 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Rise of the Sikhs 4.2.1 Basic Elements of Sikhism 4.2.2 Mughal-Sikh Relations till 1720 4.3 Rise of Shivaji 4.3.1 Mughal-Maratha Relations till 1707 4.3.2 Administration of Shivaji 4.3.3 Coronation and Death of Shivaji 4.4 Murshid Quli Khan: Land Reforms and Administration 4.5 English East India Company’s Relation with Alivardi Khan and Siraj-ud-Daula 4.5.1 The Battle of Plassey (1757) 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Terms 4.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.9 Questions and Exercises 4.10 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION The culture and history of India are undoubtedly dynamic, unique and intriguing. It NOTES is one of the first civilizations to have come into existence. Historical records trace the beginnings of this nation to the Indus Valley Civilization — one of the oldest known civilizations in the world and an architectural marvel. India was plundered and invaded repeatedly by foreign rulers such as Timur and Mahmud Ghazni. These invasions laid the foundation for the establishment of Muslim rule in India by Qutubuddin Aibak. He was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and also the founder of the Slave dynasty. Aibak was followed by Iltutmish, who was followed by Razia Sultan — the first female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. However, she could not rule for long and the reigns ultimately went into the hands of Jalal-ud-din-Firuz Khilji. He established the Khilji Sultanate. Alauddin Khilji was the most able ruler of the Khilji dynasty. After his death, the Delhi Sultanate was left without any leader. The subsequent rulers were defeated by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. His victory led to the transfer in power of the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad- bin-Tughlaq and Feroz Shah Tughlaq were the two famous rulers of this dynasty. This dynasty was followed by the Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties. However, none of them could hold on to power for long and eventually Babur—the first Mughal emperor of India — defeated and conquered them. Babur (AD 1526–30), who founded the Mughal empire in India, was the descendant of Timur as well as Ghenghiz Khan. Ousted by his cousins, he came to India and defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last Lodi Sultan, in AD 1526 at the First Battle of Panipat. There was a short break (AD 1540–1555) in Mughal rule when Babur’s son Humayun was dethroned from Delhi by an Afghan ruler, Sher Shah Suri. Babur’s grandson, Akbar, consolidated political power and extended his empire over virtually the whole of north India and parts of the south. Akbar was followed by three illustrious Mughal emperors, namely, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. In western India, Shivaji succeeded in forging the Marathas into an efficient military machine and instilled in them a sense of national identity. They adopted guerrilla tactics to beat the Mughals and engaged them in too many conquests that eventually drained their economic resources. After the death of Shivaji, his successors soon faded away. Several foreign powers like the French, Dutch, Portuguese and English endeavoured to enter India. The advent of the Europeans for the purpose of trading later led to the invasion of the British in India who ruled over India for a long time. During the reign of the British, India was exploited for its economic resources to a great extent. This book, History of India (1207–1757 AD) introduces the students to the history of India from the Delhi Sultanate till the arrival of English East India Company in India. In this book, you will study about the rise and fall of the Delhi Self-Instructional Material Introduction Sultanate, rise of provincial kingdoms–Vijayanagar and Bahmani, emergence and disintegration of the Mughal empire, and the rise of regional powers in India till 1757. This book has been written in the self-instructional mode (SIM) wherein NOTES each unit begins with an Introduction to the topic followed by an outline of the Unit Objectives.
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