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I Mughal Empire

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 40 - EARLY- MEDIEVAL PERIOD (8th-12th Century)

THE  Some Important Rajputs Kingdoms  IMPORTANT RAJPUTS DYNASTIES o The Pawar/Parmar of : 790-1036 AD o The Gahadval/Rathor of : 1090-1194AD o The /Chahaman of -: 7th -12th Century AD o The Karkota, Utpala and Lohara of : 800-1200 AD ) o The Chandellas of Jejakabhukti: 831-1202 AD o The Senas : 1095-1230 AD o The Guhilota/Sisodiya of Mewar: 8th - 20th Century AD o Tomars of Delhi : 736 AD  Salient features of the Kingdoms.  Causes of the Decline of Rajputas ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND (712-1206 AD) MEDIEVAL The Medieval period of Indian History: This period lies between 8th and 18th century AD and is classified as :  The Early Medieval period (8th to 12th century AD)  The Later Medieval period (13th to 18th century AD). EARLY- MEDIEVAL PERIOD (8th to 12th Century) The Ancient Indian history came to an end with the rule of Harsha and Pulakeshin-II. From the death of Harsha to the 12th century, the destiny of India was mostly in the hands of various Rajput dynasties. MPPSCADDA THE RAJPUTS  Different theories about the origin of the Rajputs : (i) They are the descendants of Lord Rama (Surya Vansha) or Lord Krishna (Chandra Vansha) or the hero who sprang from the sacrificial fire (Agni Kula theory). (ii) They belong to the Kshatriya families. (iii) The most accepted theory is that Rajputs were of a foreign origin, who came as conquerors and settled in West India. MPPSC PRELIMS 2020- MPPSCADDA ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS (MPPSC PRELIMS TEST SERIES 2020 Enroll @2499) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY The two main clans of Rajputs are : (i) Surya Vansha (Sun family) (ii) Chandra Vansha (Moon family).

The Rajputs clans claims to have descendent from a mythical figure that arose out of a sacrificial fire pit near , i.e. of Agnikula origin.

They are : 1. Chauhans of East 2. Prathiharas of South Rajasthan 3. Chalukyas of Kathiawar 4. Parmars of Malwa.

Some Important Rajputs Kingdoms

Rajputa kingdoms Capital Founder

Chalukya/Chahaman of Delhi Vasudeva Delhi-Ajmer

Chalukya/Solanki of Anihalvada Mularaja-I Kathiawar

Chandela of Khajjuraho, , Nannuk Chandela Jejakabhukti Kalinga

Gadhawal/Rathor of Kannauj Chandradeva Kannauj

Sisodiya of Chiittor Bappa Rawal, Mewar Hammir I

Kalchuri/Haihaya of Tripura Kokkala I Chedi

Pratihara/Parihar of Avanti, Kannauj Nagabhatt I Kannauj MPPSCADDAPawar/Parmar of , Sri Harsha Malwa

Rasthrakuta of Malkhand/Manyakheta Dantidurg Malkhed

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY IMPORTANT REGIONAL RAJPUTS DYNASTIES

The Pawar/Parmar of Malwa (790-1036 AD)  Vakpati Munj was the founder of the Parmara dynasty.  The Parmaras ruled in the Malwa region.  The Parmaras initially had their capital at Ujjain.  The Parmaras later transferred their capital to Dhar.  Vakpati was a great patron of art and literature.  Padmagupta and Dhananjya graced the court of Vakpati.  The greatest ruler of dynasty was . He built the city of Bhojpur and founded a college, Bhojshala near Dhara.

The Gadhval/Rathor of Kannauj (1090-1194 AD)  The Gadhval dynasty was founded by Chandradeva.  The capital of Gahadaval was Kannauj.  Govindchandra conquered east Malwa. Govind Chandra's minister Lakshmidhara wrote Krityakalpataru.  In the Battle of Chandawar (1194 A.D.) Mohammad Ghori defeated Jaichandra.  Harischandra was the last ruler of Gadhval dynasty.

The Chauhans/Chahaman of Delhi-Ajmer: (7th -12th Century AD)  The Chauhans were the feudatories of Pratihara.  The Chahamana () dynasty emerged near Sakambhari (Ajmer).  declared independence in the middle of 10th century.  Ajayraja founded the city of Ajaymeru (Ajmer).  Prithviraja Chauhan ascended to the throne in 1177 AD.  Prithviraja Chauhan defeated Muhammad Ghori in the (1191 AD).  In the (1192 AD) Mohammad Ghori defeated .

The Karkota, Utpala and Lohara of Kashmir (800-1200 AD)  Three dynasties Karkota, Utpala and Lohara ruled Kashmir during 800 AD to 1200AD.  Karkota dynasty was founded by Durlabh Vardhana.  Lalitaditya Muktapida defeated Yasovarman of Kannauj.  Lalitaditya built the famous Sun temple at Martand.  Utpala dynasty was founded by Avantivarman.  Queen Didda ruled from 990 AD to 1003 AD.  Sangramraja founded the Lohara dynasty.  Kalhana wrote Rajatarangini in 12th century.

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti (831-1202 AD)  The dynastyMPPSCADDA was founded by Nanuka in the early years of 9th century and his capital was Khajuraho.  The Chandelas ruled in .  was the first independent king of the Chandela dynasty and assumed the title Maharajadhiraja.  He was succeeded by Ganda who was succeeded by Vidyadhara.  During Vidyadhara's reign, Mahmud of invaded Kalinjar in 1019 and again in 1022.  In 1165, Parmardideva was defeated by Prithviraj a Chauhan.  Temples of Khajuraho were built by Chandelas. MPPSC PRELIMS 2020- MPPSCADDA ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS (MPPSC PRELIMS TEST SERIES 2020 Enroll @2499) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY The Senas (1095-1230 AD)  The Senas supercede and replaced the Palas in .  The Senas called themselves Brahma Kshatriya.  Vijaysena ascended the throne in 1095 AD and enlarged the frontiers of Senas.  Vijayapuri and Vikrampuri were two capitals of Senas.  Vijayasena was succeeded by his son Ballalsena.  Ballalsena established the tradition of Kulinism.  Ballalsena wrote Adbhutsagar and Dansagar.  Ballalsena was succeeded by Lakshmansena.  Bakhtiyar Khalji invaded Bengal during the reign of Lakshmansena.  Jayadeva, Dhoyi , Umapati Dhar and Halayudha adorned Lakshman sena's court.

The Guhilota/Sisodiya of Mewar (8th - 20th Century AD)  Rana Kumbha was the famous ruler of Mewar.  He defeated Mohammad Khilji and erected the Tower of victory (Vijay Stambha) in Chittor.  His successors Rana Sangram Singh () and were also great kings of Mewar state. Maharana Pratap  A Rajput ruler of Mewar, he belonged to the clan of Suryavanshi Rajputs, he was a son of Udai Singh II.  The was fought on 18th June, 1576, in which Maharana Pratap was defeated by ‘s army, led by Raja Maan Singh.  Maharana Pratap had to flee the field on his trusted horse- Chetak.  He had to retreat into the Aravallis, from where he continued his struggle through the tactics of guerilla warfare, he died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident.

Tomars of Delhi : 736 AD  Delhi was established by the Tomars in 736 AD.  In the beginning, Tomars remained feudatory of Pratiharas. Afterwards they became independent.  Chauhan Vigraharaja III took the Tomars under his suzerainty.

Salient features of the Rajput Kingdoms  The country remained free from invasions but lost foreign contact.  The caste system was rigid.  The Rajputs were proud warriors and hospitable people. In the field of culture many great fortresses and temples were built by them such as  Khajuraho ()  Lingaraj a temple (Bhubaneswar, Orissa)  Sun temple (Konarka, Orissa) the JagannathMPPSCADDA temple (Puri)   Dilwara temple (Mount Abu). Religion  The Rajputs were staunch followers of .  They also patronized Buddhism and .  It was during their period that the Bhakti Cult started.  They made war as their chief occupation. However, trade and agriculture also prospered.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY  They built strong forts. Language and Literature Some of the literary works of this period are  Kalhana's Rajatarangini  Jayadeva' s Gita Govindam  Somadeva's Kathasaritasagar.  Chand Bardai, the court poet of Prithviraj Chauhan; wrote in which he refers to the military exploits of Prithviraj Chauhan.  Bhaskara Charya wrote Siddhanta Shiromani, a book on astronomy.  Rajasekhara was the court poet of Mahendrapala and Mahipala. His best known works were Karpuramanjari and Bala Ramayana. Causes of the Decline of Rajputas  Lack of unity and foresightedness  Caste system and  Defective military organisation were some of the causes for the downfall of the Rajputs.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 41 - I (1206-1526 AD)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Today we are going to study the following topics: The Delhi Sultanate Period (1602-1526 AD) 1. The Ilbari/Slave dynasty (1206-1290 AD);  Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210 AD)  Shamsuddin (1211-1236 AD)  (1236-1240 AD)  Ghiyasuddin Balban (1265 - 1286 AD) 2. The (1290-1320AD);  Jalaluddin Khalji (1290 - 1296 AD)  (1296-1316 AD)

Delhi Sultanate Period (1206-1526 AD) The Sultanate of Delhi had 5 ruling dynasties: 1. The Ilbari/Slave dynasty (1206-1290 AD) 2. The Khalji dynasty (1290-1320 AD) 3. The (1320-1414 AD) 4. The dynasty (1414-1451 AD) 5. The Lodhis dynasty (1451-1526 AD)

THE ILBARI/SLAVE DYNASTY (1206-1290 AD) The Slave Dynasty Rulers Qutubuddin Aibak 1206-10 AD MPPSCADDAAram Shahi 1211 AD Shamsuddin IItutmish 1211-36 AD

Ruknuddin Feroz 1236 AD

Razia Sultan 1236-40 AD

Muizuddin Behram 1242 AD

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

Alaudin Masud 1246 AD

Naseeruddin Mahmud 1246-44 AD

Ghiyasuddin Balban 1266-86 AD

Muizuddin Qaiqabad 1287-90 AD

Kaimur 1290 AD

Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210 AD)  Mohammad Ghori left his Indian possessions in his hands.  He ruled on the death of his master and founded the slave dynasty.  and later Delhi were his capitals.  Famous for his generosity, he was given the title of Lakh Bakhsh (Giver of Lakhs).  Built the first mosque in India-Quwwat-ul- (Delhi) and Adhai Din Ka Jhonpara (at Ajmer).  He also began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.  He died at Lahore in 1210 while playing Chaugan (Polo). The Turks introduced polo in India.  He was a great patron of learning and patronized writers like Hasan-un-Nizami, author of Taj-ul-Massir and Fakhruddin, author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi.

Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD)  Iltutmish was the real founder of Delhi Sultanate.  He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore. He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak and occupied the throne of Delhi in 1211 after deposing Aram Shah (son of Qutubuddin Aibak).  He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Chengiz Khan (the Mongol leader) by refusing shelter to Khwarizm Shah, whom Chengiz was chasing.  He got his authority (Sultanate of Delhi) recognized by the Caliph of Baghdad (Khalifa), as a member of world fraternity of Islamic states.  He formed Turkan-i-Chahalgani or Chalisa (a group of 40 powerful Turkish nobles).  He divided his empire into Iqtas, the system of assigning of land in lieu of salary, which he distributed to his officers.  Introduced reforms in civil administration and army.  He introduced, the Silver Tanka and the Copper Jital, two basic coins of the Sultanate.  He patronised Minhaj-us-siraj, author of Tabaqat-i-Nasiri.  He is called the Father of Tomb Building (built Sultan Garhi).  He declared Razia as his successor. Razia Sultan (1236MPPSCADDA-1240 AD)  She was the first and the last Muslim woman ruler of Medieval India.  Though Iltutmish had nominated his daughter Razia Sultan as the successor, the nobles placed Ruknuddin Firoz on the throne. However Razia got rid of Ruknuddin and ascended the throne.  The wazir Junaidi, who had opposed her elevation to the throne, was defeated by Raziya.  Razia was popular among the people but she was not acceptable to the nobles and theologians  She further offended the nobles by her preference for Abyssinian slave-Yakut.  She discarded the female apparel and started holding the court with her face unveiled.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY  Raziya successfully crushed the rebellions Jhanshi.  She also sent an expedition against Ranthambhor to control the Rajputas. There was serious rebellion in Bhatinda. Altunia (Governor of Bhatinda) refused to accept suzerainty of Razia. She accompained by Yakut marched against Altunia. Altunia got Yakut murdered and imprisoned Razia. Subsequently, Razia married Altunia and both of them marched towards Delhi.  In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim of a conspiracy and was assassinated near Kaithal ().

After Razia, the battle of succession continued in which the following rulers ruled insignificantly  Muizuddin Bahram Shah (1240 - 1242)  Alauddin Musud Shah (1242-1264)  Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246 - 1264) : He was the son of Iltutmish and was known as the Darvesi King as he was very pious and noble.

Ghiyasuddin Balban (1265 - 1286 AD)  Ghiyasuddin Balban, who was also known as Ulugh Khan, served as Naib or regent to Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud.  Balban ascended the throne in 1265, after killing all members of Iltutmish's family.  He was a member of the chalisa or chahalgani but he broke the power of chahalgani and restored the prestige of the crown.  He declared the Sultan as the representative of God on earth.  He impressed upon the people that king was the deputy of God (Niyabat-i-Khudai) and the Shadow of God (Zil-i-Ilahi).  He also instructed to the ulemas to confine themselves to religious affairs and not to engage in political activities.  He introduced Sijdah or Paibos practice, in which the people were required to kneel and touch the ground with their head to greet the Sultan.  In order to win the confidence of the public, he administered justice with extreme impartiality.  He employed an efficient spy system.  He ordered the separation of military department from the finance department (Diwan-i-Wizarat), and the former was placed under a ministry for military affairs (Diwan-i-Ariz).  He was a liberal patron of Persian literature and showed specia1 favour to the poet, Amir Khusrau.  He was deeply racist and excluded non - Turks from the administration Muizuddin Qaiqabad (1287-90) When Balban died, one of his grandsons Qaiqabad was made the Sultan of Delhi. After four years of incompetent rule, Jalaluddin Khalji (the commander of Balban) captured the throne of Delhi in 1290.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

THE KHALJI DYNASTY (1290-1320 AD)  A group of Khalji nobles led by Jalaluddin Khalji overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in AD 1290.  The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish nobility.  The Khaljis did not exclude the Turks from high offices and did not end the Turkish monopoly.

The Khalji Dynasty MPPSCADDAJalaluddin Khalji 1290-96 AD Alauddin Khalji 1296-1316 AD

Mubarak Khalji 1316-20 AD

Khusro Khan 1320 AD

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

Jalaluddin Khalji (1290 - 1296 AD)  Jalaluddin Khalji founded the Khalji dynasty.  Married his daughter to Ulugh Khan, a descendent of Chengiz Khan, to win their goodwill.  He adopted the policy of tolerance and avoiding harsh punishment.  The most important aspect of his reign was the invasion of Devagiri in 1294, by his nephew and son-in- law Alauddin Khalji. The Mongol Invasion Jalaluddin defeated and arrested the Mongols in 1292 A.D. He pardoned them as they sued for peace. A few of the Mongols stayed back in India after the invasion.

Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 AD)  Alauddin Khalji ascended the throne after getting his uncle and father-in-law Jalaluddin murdered.  He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics.  He proclaimed Kingship knows no Kinship.  He firstly conquered and married Raja's wife Kamla Devi and acquired Malik Kafur from there.  Then he annexed Ranthambhor (1301), Mewar (1303), Malwa (1305), Jalor (1311).  In Deccan, Alauddin's army led by Malik Kafur defeated Ram Chandra (Yadava ruler of Devagiri), Pratap Rudradeva (Kakatiya ruler of Warangal), Vir Ballal III (Hoyasala ruler of Dwarsamudra) and Vir pandya (Pandya ruler of Madurai).  He is said to have reached as far as Rameshwaram, where he build a mosque.  He introduced the system of Dagh (the branding of horse) and Chehra (descriptive roll of soldiers).  Ordered that all land was to be measured and then the share of state was to be fixed.  The post of special officers was created called Mustakharaj (for collection of revenue).  Added an entrance door to Qutab Minar called Alai Darwaza and built his capital at Siri.  Also built Hauz Khas, Mahal Hazar Sutan (palace of thousand Pillars) and Jamait Khana mosque.  Though Alauddin was illiterate, he was a patron of learning and art. Both Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlvi enjoyed his patronage. The Mongols Invasion Alauddin successfully repelled the Mongols invasion. The northwestern frontier was fortified and Gazi Malik was appointed as the Warden of Marches to protect the frontier.

End of the Khalji Dynasty  Alauddin died in 1316 A.D  Weak successorsMPPSCADDA like Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah (1316-1320 AD) and Nasiruddin Khusrav Shah (1320 AD).  Nasiruddin Shah was killed by Mubarak Shah and he was killed by Ghazi Malik (the Governor of ).

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 42 - THE DELHI SULTANATE II (1206-1526 AD)

THE DELHI SULTANATE PERIOD (1206-1526 AD): The Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414 AD);  Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325AD)  Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD)  Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 AD)  After Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1388-1414 AD) The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD)  Khizr Khan  Mubarak Shah  The Lodhis dynasty (1451-1526 AD).  Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1489 AD)  Sikander Lodhi (1498-1517 AD)  (1517-1526AD) Causes of decline of the-Delhi sultanate Architecture of the-Delhi sultanate

The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412 AD)  Finally in 1320 AD a group of nobles led by Ghazi Malik, the Governor of Punjab, invaded Delhi and captured the throne.  Ghazi Malik assumed the title of GhiyasuddinTughlaq and founded a new line of rulers at Delhi known as the Tughlaq Dynasty. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325AD)  Khusrau KhanMPPSCADDA the last king of the Khilji dynasty was killed by Ghazi Malik.  Ghazi Malik ascended the throne assuming the title Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.  Built the fortified city of Tughlaqabad and made it his capital.  Sufi saint Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia said "Delhi is far away", in regard to him.  Dispatched his son, Jauna Khan to re-establish the authority in Warangal (Kakatiyas)& Madurai (Pandyas).  Died in 1325, after a fall from a high-raised pavilion.  Ibn Batuta (the Moroccan traveller) said that his death was due to sabotage by his son, Jauna Khan.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD)  Real name was Jauna Khan, title Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.  Regarded as the most controversial figure in Indian history, because of his five ambitious projects: 1. Increase in the land revenue in the Doab (1326) : The measure proved to be ill-timed, as Doab was passing through famine which was followed by plague.. 2. Transfer of capital to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in 1327 : But Daulatabad was found to be unsuitable because it was not possible to control from there. So he decided to retransfer the capital to Delhi. 3. Introduction of token currency (1329) : Token currency meant introduction of bronze tankas in place of silver tankas with equal value. But his experiment failed, due to counterfeit coins. So he withdrew the scheme and all token coins were exchanged for silver coins. 4. The plan for the conquest of Qarachil (Kullu Kangra region) (1330) : It also met with a disastrous end. 5. Proposed Khurasan Expedition: The Sultan had a vision of universal conquest. He decided to conquest Khurasan and Iraq and mobilised a huge army for the purpose. He was encouraged to do so by Khurasani nobles who had taken shelter in his court. This project was also abandoned.

 A new department for agriculture Dewan-i-Kohi was set up.  The famous traveler, Ibn Batuta came to Delhi during 1334. He won employment as a judge under Muhammad Tughluq.  He acted as the Quazi of the capital for 8 years.  He has recorded the contemporary Indian scene in his Safarnamah (called Rehla).  During his last days, the whole of became independent and three major independent states : a. Vijaynagar Empire b. Bahmani kingdom c. Sultanate of Mudurai was founded.  He died in Thatta while campaigning in against Thagi (a turkish slave).

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 AD)  He was Muhammad's cousin. He was chosen the Sultan by the nobles.  He made Iqtadari System hereditary.  The principle of heredity was recognised not only in civil offices, but also in army.  Soldiers were given land assignments instead of cash payment.  He built new towns - Hissar, Firozpur, Fatehabad, Firoz Shah Kotla and Jaunpur.  Repaired Qutub Minar when it was struck by lightening.  Built his capital Firozabad and beautify it, brought two Ashoka Pillars, one from Topra in Ambala and the other from Meerut.  He wrote a book Fatuhat Firozshahi  Al-Baruni-(the historian was in his court), wrote Tarikh-i-Firozshahi and Al-Fatwa-i-Jahandari.  Khwaja Abdul Malik Isami wrote Futuh-us-Salatin.  He introducedMPPSCADDA four kinds of taxes: o Kharaj o Zakat o Jizya o Khams.  He imposed Haque-i-sharb or Hajil-i-sharb (water tax). He formed Diwan-i-Khairat and built Dar-ul- Shafa or a charitable hospital.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY  Also introduced 2 new coins-Adha (50% jital) and bikh (25% jital).  His rule was marked by peace and tranquility, and the credit for it goes to his Prime Minister Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul.  He died in 1388.

After Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1388-1414 AD)  The Tughlaq dynasty could not survive much after Firoz Shah's death. The Malwa, Gujarat and Sharqi (Jaunpur) Kingdoms broke away from the Sultanate.  After Firoz Shah Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah-I succeeded. He was succeeded by Abu Bakr Shah in AD 1389.  Abu Bakr was succeeded by Nasiruddin Muhammad in AD 1390.  Nasiruddin Muhammad was succeeded by Alauddin Sikandar Shah for a brief period in 1394, but regained the throne after Sikandar's death.  He ruled till AD 1412. During his period, Timur invaded India. Timur‟s Invasion (1398 AD)  The ruler of Samarkand, Timur was attracted by the enormous wealth of Hindustan.  He invaded India during the period of Nasiruddin Muhammad Tughluq.  He.crossed the river Indus and reached Delhi. The Sultan and his Prime Minister opposed Timur.  Timur, defeated them and occupied Delhi in 1398 AD.  Timur inflicted untold miseries on the people by plundering and massacring them. His invasion led to the decline of the Tughlaq Dynasty.  Timur nominated Khizr Khan to rule over Punjab and himself returned to Central Asia. He died on his way to conquer China, in AD 1404.  Khizr Khan captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.

THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414-1451 AD) Khizr Khan (1414-21)  He was the first of the Sayyid dynasty which ruled over Delhi and surrounding districts.  He helped Timur in his invasion, so was given the governorship of Lahore.  Khizr Khan took the title of Rayat-i-Ala and not of a king.  The coins were struck and Khutba was read in the name of Timur and his successor Shahrukh.

Mubarak Shah (1421-34)  He succeeded Khizr at the throne one after his successful expeditions against Mewatis, Katehars and the Gangetic Doab area.  He was killed and deposed by the nobles in his own court.

Muhammad Shah (1434-43)  The nobles putMPPSCADDA Muhammad Shah on the throne, but he could not survive the in-fight among the nobles in the court.  He was authorised to rule only an area around 30 miles, and rest of the sultanate were ruled by nobles.  Yahya-bin-Ahmed Sirhindi wrote Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi (History of Muhammad Shah of Sayyid Dynasty).

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY Alam Shah (1443-51)  The last Sayyid king descended in favour of Bahlol Lodhi and himself retired. Thus began the Lodhi dynasty, which confined to Delhi and a few surrounding areas. He founded the Lodhi dynasty.  Thus began the Lodhi dynasty which was confined to Delhi and a few surrounding areas

The Sayyid Dyanasty Khizr Khan 1414-20 AD Mubarak Shah 1421-33 AD Muhammad Shah 1434-43 AD Alauddin Alam Shah 1443-51 AD

LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526 AD) Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1489 AD)  He founded the Lodhi dynasty.  Bahlol Lodhi was one of the Afghan Sardar. He established himself in Punjab after the invasion of Timur.  Bahlol Lodi did not take his seat on the throne but sat on the carpet in front of the throne along with his nobles in order to get their recognition and support.  He revived Sultanate to quite an extent and annexed entire Sharqi kingdom.  He issued Bahlol coins.  He died in 1489 and was succeeded by his son, Sikandar Lodi. Lodhi Dynasty Bahlol Lodhi 1415-89 AD Sikander Lodhi 1498-1517 AD Ibrahim Lodhi 1517-1526 AD

Sikander Lodhi (1498-1517 AD)  Sikander Lodhi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi who conquered and Tirhut.  He transferred his capital from Delhi to (city founded by him)  He broke the sacred images of the Jwalamukhi Temple at Nagarkot and ordered to destroy the temples of Mathura.  He took a keen interest in the development of agriculture. He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields.  He set up an efficient espionage and judiciary system and introduced the system of auditing of accounts.  He was a poet and wrote verses in Persian under the pen-name of Gulrukhi.  He repaired the Qutub Minar. Ibrahim Lodhi (1517MPPSCADDA-1526AD)  Ibrahim Lodhi was the son of Sikander Lodhi. He was the last king of the Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi.  Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punjab, invited to over throw Ibrahim.  Babur accepted the offer and inflicted a crushing defeat on Ibraham in the in 1526 AD.  Ibrahim was killed in the battle and with him ended the Delhi Sultanate.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY CAUSES OF DECLINE OF THE-DELHI SULTANATE  Despotic and military type of government which did not have the confidence of the people.  Degeneration of Delhi Sultans (esp. the wild projects of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, Incompetence of Firoz Tughlaq).  War of succession as there was no fixed law for succession.  Greed and incompetency of the nobles.  Defective military organisation;  Vastness of empire and poor means of communication.  Financial instability.  Number of slaves increased to 1,80,000 in Firoz Tughlaq's time which was a burden on the treasury.  Invasion of Timur.

Architecture  : It was built by Qutubuddin Aibak in Ajmer. It was a college in the beginning.  Qutub Minar : It was built in memory of Shaikh Qutubuddin Baktiyar Kaki by Qutubuddin Aibak. Aibek could built only one storey. It was completed by Illtutmish.  Tomb of Iltutmish : It is near Quwatul Islam Mosque.  Sultan Garhi : It was built by Iltutmish on 'the grave of his son Nasiruddin Mahmud'.  Balban's Tomb : It is situated near Qila-i-Rai-Pithora.  Alai Darawaja: It was built by Alauddin Khalji.  Siri : The second city of Delhi was built by Alauddin Khalji.  Hauz Khas : It was built by Alauddin Khalji.  Mahal Hazaar Mosque : It was built by Alauddin Khalji.  Jamait Khana Mosque : It was built by Alauddin Khalji.  Tughlaqabad : The third city of Delhi was built by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.  Jahanpanah : The fourth city of Delhi was built by Mohammad Bin Tughlaq.  Firozabad : The fifth city of Delhi was built by Firoz Shah Tughlaq.  Tomb of Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul : It was an octagonal tomb built by Jauna Shah in 1368.  Tomb of Sikandar Lodhi : It has a double dome. Regional Architecture Atala Devi Masji -Ibrahim Shah Sharqi in Jaunpur.Its ecial feature is that it has no minaret of the manual type. Mandu: it has Hushang Shah‘s tomb, JAMI Majid, Hindola Mahal, Jahaz Mahl. Adina Masjid: it was built by Sikander Shah in Pandua. Chota Sona Masjid: it was built by Wali Muhammad in the reign in Hussain Shah in Gaur. Bara Sona Masjid: it was built by Nusrat Shah in Gaur. Qadam MPPSCADDARasual : it is in Ahmedabad. Jami Masjid : Gulbarga (Kalaburagi) Chand Minar : Daulatabad College of Mahmud Gawan: Gol Gumbad : Tomb of Muhammad Adil Shah, Mirjapur. Ibrahim Rauza : Tomb of Ibrahim II.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

Central Administration

Department Headed/Founded by

Diwan-i-Wizarat (Department of Finance) Wazir

Diwan-i-Ariz (Military Department) Ariz-i-Mumalik

Diwan-i-Insha (Department of Correspondence) Dabir-i-Mumalik

Diwan-i-Risalat (Department of Appeals) Dabir-i-Mulq

Diwan-i-Mustakharaj (Department of Arrears) (by Alauddin Khilji)

Diwan-i-Riyasat (Department of Commerce) Rais-i-Mumalik (by Alauddin Khilji)

Diwan-i-Kohi (Departement of Argriculture) (By Md-bin- Tughlaq)

Diwan-i-Bandgan (Department of Slaves) (by Firoz Tughlaq)

Diwan-i-Khairat (Department of Charity) (by Firoz Tughlaq)

Dian-i-Ishiaq (Department of Pensions) (by Firoz Tughlaq)

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 43 - VIJAYNAGAR AND BAHMANI

 Vijaynagar Kingdom (1336-1580)  The Sangamas (1336-1485 AD)  The Tuluvas (1505-1570 AD)  Vijaynagar Architecture  Bahmani Kingdom VIJAYNAGAR KINGDOM (1336-1580)  Founded in 1336 as a result of the political and cultural movement against the Tughlaq authority in the South.  Vijaynagar was ruled by four dynasties: 1. Sangam dynasty 2. Saluva (First Usurpation) 3. Tuluva ( Second Usurpation) 4. Aravidu (Third Usurpation)

The Sangamas (1336-1485 AD)  The empire of Vijaynagar was founded by Harihara-I and Bukka,two of the five sons of Sangama.  They were originally feudatories of Kakatiyas.  Harihara-I was the first ruler. A Bhakti saint Vidyaranya motivated him.

Deva Raya-I  The next ruler was Deva Raya-I(1406-1422). He constructed a dam across the river Tungabhadra to bring the canals into the city to relieve the shortage of water.  Italian travelers Nicolo Conti and Russian traveller Nikitin visited during his reign.  His court wasMPPSCADDA adorned by the gifted Telegu poet Srinatha, the author of Haravilasam.  There was a Pearl Hall in the palace where he honoured men of eminence.

Deva Raya-II  Deve Raya-II (1423-46) was the greatest Sangama ruler.  During his time, Vijaynagar became the most wealthy and powerful state.  The commoners believed that he was the incarnation of Indra.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY  He wrote Mahanataka Sudhanidhi and a commentary on the Brahma Sutras of Badaryana (Both in Sanskrit).  The inscriptions speak of his title Gajabetekara, i.e., the elephant hunter.  Persian ambassador Abdur Razzaq visited his court.  Sangama dynasty was replaced by Saluva dynasty, (1486-1505 AD) which lasted for 2 decades.  Ultimately, a new dynasty called the Tuluva dynasty (1503-69 AD) was founded by Vira Narsimha.

The Tuluvas (1505-1570 AD)

 Krishnadeva Raya (1509-29) was their greatest ruler.  Portuguese traveler, Domingo Paes, wrote high about him. Berbosa also came as a traveler.  He was a warrior, an administrator and a patron of art and literature.  Built a new city Nagalapuram and decorated it with Hazara temple and Vithalswamy temple.  His political ideas are contained in his Telegu work Amuktamalyada (also Jambavati Kalyanam in Sanskrit).  As a great patron of literature, he was known as Abhinava Bhoja, Andhra Pitamaha and Andhra Bhoja.  Eight great poets of Telugu, known as Ashta Diggaja adorned his court.  Pedanna wrote Manucharitam, while Tenalirama was the author of Panduranga Mahatyam.  The successors of Krishnadeva Raya were weak and incompetent rulers.  Achyuta Raya followed him. .  A Portuguese traveler Fernoa Nuniz came during his reign.  Sadasiva, the last ruler of the dynasty, was a puppet in the hands of his PM, Rama Raya, who was an able but arrogant man.  In 1565, Battle of Talikota was fought between an alliance of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golkonda and Bidar on one side and Sadasiva on the other side. Sadasiva was defeated.  After that, Aravidu dynasty (1570-1650 AD) was founded by Rama Raya's brother, Thinimala.  Aravidu dynasty lingered on for almost 10 years, but no political influence.  Caesar Frederick (1567-68 AD) visited Vijaynagar after the Battle of Talikota.

Vijaynagar Architecture

 Pioneered a new style of architecture called as Provida style (prominence of pillar, and piers).  Horse was the most common animal on the pillars.  Another important feature was the Mandapa or open pavilion with a raised platform, meant for seating deities.  The Vijaynagar rulers inscribed the stories of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata on the walls of the various temples.  Hazara templeMPPSCADDA and Vithalswami temples are examples of this type of wall inscription.  Important temples were Vithalswami and Hazara temples at Hampi, Tadapatri and Paravati temples at Chidambaram and Varadraja and Ekambarnatha temples at Kanchipuram.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY BAHMANI KINGDOM  Founded in 1347 by Abul Muzaffar during the reign of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq.  Gulbarga was his capital, renamed it as Ahsanabad.  Ahmad Shah transferred his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar.  , a Bahmani Sultan, was called Zalim.  Khawaja Mahmud Gawan was the chief advisor of Mohammad Shah-III.  He captured Goa from Vijaynagar and looted the Kanchi temples.

By the end of the 15th century the Bahmani Kingdom was split into 5 independent units :

 Bijapur (1489) Adil Shahi dylnasty;  Ahmednagar (1490) : Nizam Shahi dynasty  Berar (1484) : Imad Shahi dynasty  Qutbshahis of Golconda  Bidar (1526) :Barid Shahi dynasty.

Bijapur (1489) Adil Shahi dylnasty

 Adil Shahi of Bijapur (1490-1686)  Founded by Yusuf Adil Shah  Greatest ruler was Ibrahim Adil Shah.  Introduced Dakhirii in place of Persian as court language.  Gol Gumbaz, was built by Muhammad Adil Shah.  It is also famous for the so-called Wispering Gallery.  Bijapur was later conquered and annexed by (1687).

Ahmednagar (1490) : Nizam Shahi dynasty

 Nizam Shahi of Ahmednagar (1490-1633)  Founder of city of Ahmednagar and the Kingdom was Ahmad Nizam-Shah.  Later conqueredMPPSCADDA and annexed by (1633).

Berar (1484) : Imad Shahi dynasty

 Imad Shahi of Berar (1490-1574)  Founded by Fataullah Khan Imad-ul-mulk with Daulatabad as capital  Later it was conquered and annexed by one of the Nizam of Ahmednagar. MPPSC PRELIMS 2020- MPPSCADDA ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS (MPPSC PRELIMS TEST SERIES 2020 Enroll @2499) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

Golconda (1512) : Qutub Shahi dynasty

 Qutub Shahi of Golconda. (1518-1687)  Founded, by Quli Qutub Shah (1518-43) who built the famous and made it his capital.  Another Qutub Shahi ruler, Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah, was the greatest of all and it was he who founded the city of (originally known as Bhagyanagar after the name of the Sultaa's favourite, Bhagyamati) and he also built the famous Charminar.  Most important port of Qutub Shahi Kingdom was.Masulipatnam.  The kingdom was later annexed by Aurangzeb (1687).

Bidar (1526) :Barid Shahi dynasty.

 Barid Shahi of Bidar (1528-1619) : Founded by Ali Band.  It was later annexed by the Adil Shahis of Bijapur.

Kingdom Year Founder Dynasty Annexation Berar 1484 Fataullah Imad Ahmednagar Shah Shahi Bijapur 1489 Yusuf Adil Adil Shahi Aurangzeb Ahmednagar 1490 Ahmed Nizam Shah Jahan Nizam Shahi Shah Golconda 1512 Quli Shah Qutub Aurangzeb Shahi Bidar 1526 Amir Ali Barid bijapur Band Shahi

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 44 - - I

MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1857)  Babur (1526-1530)  Humayun (1530-1556)  Akbar (1556-1605)

Babur (1526-1530)  Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur descended from his father's side from Timur and through his mother from Chenghiz Khan.  Originally ruled over Ferghana (Afghanistan). He was invited to attack India by Daulat Khan Lodhi (Subedar of Punjab), Alam Khan (uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi) and Rana Sanga.  He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.  In this, Babur used the Rumi (Ottoman) device of lashing a large number of carts to form a defending wall with breastwork in between to rest guns (Tulghama system of warfare).  His artillery was led by Ustad Ali and Mustafa. His victories led to rapid popularisation of gunpowder and artillery in India.  He defeated Sangram Singh (Rana Sanga of Mewar) in the in 1527. This weakened the Rajput confederacy and strengthened Babur's position.  He defeated another Rajput ruler, Medini Rai of Chanderi in the in 1528.  He defeated the Afghan chiefs under Mahmud Lodhi (brother of Ibrahim Lodi) in the Battle of Ghagra in 1529.  Died in 1530 and buried at Aram Bagh in Agra, later his body was taken to Aram Bagh, .  His memoir, the Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turki language is a classic of world literature. It shows his humane outlookMPPSCADDA and sensitivity to the beauty of nature. Humayun (1530-1556)  Humayun was, the son of Babur and Mahim Anga Begum, ascended the throne in 1530.  His succession was challenged by his brother Kamran, Hindal and Askari alongwith the Afghans.  Humayun means fortune but he remained the most unfortunate ruler of the Mughal Empire.  gradually gained power during his time.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY  Humayun was attacked by Sher Shah at Chausa in the in 1539, but escaped.  Humayun was saved by Nizam, a water carrier (saqqa). But in the Battle of Kannauj (or Bilgrama) in 1540, he was defeated by Sher Shah and had to flee.  First fled to Sind, which was under Shah Hussain Arghuna.  In 1545, he went to the Persian emperor's court. Passed nearly 12 years in exile.  Had the chance to return in 1555, Bairam Khan, his most faithful officer, helped him in this.  After the Battle of Machhiwara against the Afghans and Battle of Sirhind against Sikandar Shah, Humayun's second coronation was organised.  He built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second capital in 1533. Shēr Shah, who overthrew Humāyūn in 1540, razed Din Panah to the ground and built his new capital, the Sher Shahi, now known as fort, in southeastern Delhi.  Died in 1556, due to fall from his library building stairs (Sher Mandal, Delhi) seven months after he captured Delhi.  His sister, Gulbadan Begum, wrote his biography Humayunama.

Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545) The Afghan Interlude  Real name was Farad.  Given the title Sher Khan by Baba Khan Lohani (Governor of Bihar) who appointed him Vakil (deputy).  He was the son of Hasan khan, the Jagidar of Sasaram.  Ibrahim Lodhi transferred his father‘s to him. He joined the Babur Khan Lohanis service and then was appointed as Deputy Governor of Bihar.  Sher Shah usurped throne as Hazarat-i-Ala. He gained by marrying Lad Malika, the widow of governor of .  In 1539, he defeated Humayun in the Battle of Chausa and assumed the title Sher Shah as emperor.  In 1540, he defeated Humayun in the Battle of Kannauj/Bilgram and annexed Kannauj.  Sher shah‘s last campaign was against Kalinjar.  He succeeded but died from an explosion (fire in the bundle of rockets) in 1545.  Shershah personally supervised the recruitment of the soldiers and paid them directly.  He revived Alauddin‟s system of branding the horse (daag) and keeping a descriptive roll of soldiers (chehra).  Introduced a regular postal service.  He also attempted to fix standard weights and measures.  Introduced the silver Rupia and the copper Dam and abolished all old and mixed metal currency.  He restored the old imperial road called Grand Trunk Road, from the to Sonargaon in Bengal.  Built his tomb at Sasaram.  Malik Mohammad Jaisi composed Padmavat (in hindi) during his reign.  Abbas khan Sarwani was his historian, who wrote Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi.  Shershah was succeeded by Islam Shah (1545-54); Islam Shah by Muhammad Adil Shah (1554-55). Akbar (1556-1605)MPPSCADDA  Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar was the son of Humayun and Hamida Banu Begam.  He was born at Amarkot in the palace of Rana Virasal in 1542.  Bairam Khan coronated him at Kalanaur when he was 14 years old.  Bairam Khan represented him in the in 1556 against .  Hemu was the commander-in-chief of Mohammad Adil Shah and had adopted the title of Vikramaditya.  Between 1556-1560, Akbar ruled under Bairam Khan's regency. (Bairam Khan was assassinated at Patan, Gujarat, on his way to Mecca by one of his old Afghan enemies).

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY  Conquered Malwa in 1561 defeating Baz Bahadur.  He defeated Garh-Katanga (ruled by Rani Durgawati) followed by Chittor and Ranthambhore.  Won Gujarat in 1572. It was in order to commemorate his victory of Gujarat that Akbar got the Buland Darwaza constructed at .  Fought Battle of Haldighati with Mewar forces on 18 June, 1576.  Mughals were represented by Raja Maan Singh and Rajputs by Rana Pratap Singh. Rajputs were defeated.  Raja Maan Singh conquered Bihar, Bengal and Orissa for him.  In 1586, he conquered Kashmir and in 1593, he conquered Sindh.  His last conquest was at the fort of Asirgarh in Deccan.  When Akbar died in 1605, he was buried at Sikandara near Agra.

Important Facts of Akbar's Rule  Tulsidas (Ramcharitamanas) also lived during Akbar's period.  Birbal was killed in the battle with Yusufzai Tribe (1586).  Abul Fazl was murdered by Bir Singh Bundela (1601).  Akbar gave Mughal India one official language (Persian).  Ralph Fitch (1585) was the first Englishman to visit Akbar's court.  Abolished Jaziyah in 1564 and the tax on pilgrims. The use of beef was also forbidden.  Regularly visited the shrine of Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti at Ajmer.  Believed in Sulh-i-Kul or peace to.all.  Built Ibadatkhana (Hall of prayers) at Fatehpur Sikri.  He used to conduct religious discussions there with : Purshottam Das (Hindu), Maharaji Rana (Parsi), Harivijaya Suri (Jain), Monserate and Aquaviva (Christian).  In 1579, Akbar issued the 'Decree of Infallibility'.  Formulated an order called Tauhid-i-Ilahi (Divine Monotheism) in 1582. Birbal, Abul Fazal and Faizi joined the order.  His Land Revenue System was known as Todar Mal Bandobast or Zabti System. Three salient features of Zabti system were— measurement of land, classification of land and fixation of rates. Todar Mal and Muzaffar Khan Turbati were the important revenue officers.  Also introduced the Mansabdari System to organise the nobility as well as the army.  meant holder of a rank. There were two ranks : Zat and Sawar. Zat fixed the status and standing in the administrative hierarchy while Sawar fixed the number of troopers held by the Mansabdar. It wasn't a hereditary system. Akbar‟s Navaratana or Nine Gems 1. Birbal 2. Todarmal 3. Tansen 4. Abdur-Rahim-Khan-i-Khana 5. Faizi 6. Abul Fazl 7. Bhagwan MPPSCADDADas 8. Mullah-do-Pyaja 9. Man Singh

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 45 - MUGHAL EMPIRE II

MUGHAL EMPIRE - II  (1605-1627)  Shahjahan (1628-1658)  Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658-1707)  Later Mughals  Literature of Mughal Period  Buildings of Mughal Period

Jahangir (1605-1627)  Akbar's eldest son Salim assumed the title of Jahangir and ascended the throne.  He mostly lived in Lahore which he adorned with gardens and buildings. But soon, his eldest son Khusrau revolted, which was suppressed.  The fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev had helped Khusrau. So he was also executed after 5 days of torture.  Rana Amar Singh (son of Maharana Pratap) of Mewar submitted before Jahangir in 1615.  Rana's Son Karan Singh was made a Mansabdar in the Mughal court.  His greatest failure was the loss of Kandahar to Persia in 1622.  The most important event in Jahangir's life was his marriage to Mehrun Nisa, the widow of Sher Afghan in 1611. The title of was conferred on her. She had great influence on Jahangir's life, as she was given the status of Padshah Begum, coins were struck in her name and all royal farmans bore her name.  He also married Manmati/Jagat Gosai/Jodha Bai of Marwar, and a Kachhwara Princess.  Had a chain of justice outside his palace in Agra (called Zanzir-i-Adil).  He also laid a number of gardens, such as the Shalimar and Nishat gardens in Kashmir.  Captain Hawkins (1608-1611) and Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1619) visited his court.  Due to the efforts of Sir Thomas Roe English factories were established at Surat and some other places.  Pietro ValleMPPSCADDA, famous Italian traveler came during his reign.  Tobacco growing started during his reign. It was brought by the Portuguese.

Shahjahan (1628-1658)  Mother's name Jagat Gosai/Jodha Bai (Daughter of Raja Jagat Singh).  His childhood name was Khurram. He was crowned in Agra in 1628.  In 1612, he married Arzumand Banu Begum who became famous as .  Had to face revolts in Bundelkhand (Jujhar Singh Bundela of Orchcha) and in the Deccan (Khan Jahan

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY Lodi) in the initial years.  Shahjahan's policy of annexing the Deccan was quite successful. Ahmednagar was annexed while Bijapur and Golconda accepted his overlordship.  Shahjahan also expelled the Portuguese from Hughli, as they were abusing their trading privileges.  In 1639, Shahjahan secured Kandahar and immediately fortified it. But Persia wrested Kandahar from the Mughals in 1694. Shahjahan sent three expeditions to recover Kandahar, but all failed.  Made his son, Aurangzeb, the Viceroy of Deccan in 1636. Aurangzeb's first tenure was till 1644. Aurangzeb's second term as Viceroy in Deccan began in 1653 and continued till 1658. Aurangzeb built an effective Revenue System there ( was his dewan there).  His reign is considered the 'Golden Age' of the Mughal Empire. The , Jama Masjid and are some of magnificent structures built during his reign. He was buried at Taj Mahal (Agra).  Note : The Taj Mahal is the most famous building of Shah Jahan. It was built at Agra on the banks of river , in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz. It was built by Ustad Isa, the chief architect of that time. The estimated cost was about Rs. 20 lakhs and took nearly 22 years to complete it.  Shahjahan's reign is described by French traveller Manucci.  Peter Mundy described the famine that occurred during Shahjahan's time and the timely measures taken by the emperor.

Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658-1707)  At the time of Shahjahan's illness, there was a brutal war of succession among his four sons — Dara, Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad. Dara was his favourite but Aurangzeb was the ablest one.  Ultimately, Aurangzeb took control and Shahjahan was made the prisoner in the (till death in 1666), being looked after by his daughter, Jahan Ara.  Aurangzeb first defeated the Imperial army at Battle of Dharmat and then defeated a force led by Dara in the . Thereafter, he entered Agra and crowned himself with the title of Alamgir (conqueror of the world).  In his rule, various rebellions took place : 1. Jat peasantry at Mathura 2. Satnami peasantry in Punjab 3. Bundelas in Bundelkhand.  He caused serious rift in the Mughal-Rajput alliance by his policy of annexation of Marwar in 1639 after the death of Raja Jaswant Singh.  In 1675, he ordered the arrest and execution of ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur.  In 1679, he reimposed Jaziyah. Also, Nauroj, singing in the court, and the practice of jharokha-darshan were banned. Also forbade inscription of Kalima (the Muslim credo) on the coins.  When he was conducting the campaign against Marwar, his son Akbar rebelled in 1681.  The Mughal conquests reached the territorial climax during his reign, as Bijapur (1686) and Golconda (1687) were annexed to the Mughal Empire.  The MughalMPPSCADDA Empire stretched from Kashmir in the north to Jinji in the south, from the Hindukush in the west to Chittagong in the east.  He was called a ‗Darvesh' or a `Zinda Pir'. He also forbade Sati.  Decline of the Mughal Empire : After Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire rapidly declined.  Important causes of the decline were: 1. Aurangzeb's Rajput, Deccan and religious policies; 2. Weak successors;

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY 3. Wars of succession; 4. Factionalism among nobles after Aurangzeb; 5. Jagirdari Crisis; 6. Growth of and other regional powers; 7. Foreign invasions by Nadir Shah (1739) and Abdali; 8. British Conquest of India.

Later Mughals  Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712) : Assumed the title of Shah Alam I; Was also known as Shah-i-Bekhabar; He made peace with and Chhatrasal; He granted Sardeshmukhi to Marathas and also released Shahu.  Jahandar Shah (1712-13) : First puppet Mughal emperor; He abolished jaziya.  (1713-19) : Ascended the throne with the help of Sayyid brothers; He executed Banda Bahadur; Farrukhsiyar himself was murdered by the Sayyid brothers with Maratha help in 1719.  Mohammad Shah (1719-48) : Nadir Shah (of Egypt) defeated him in the Battle of Karnal (1739) and took away and Kohinoor diamond; During his tenure, Chin Kilich Khan (Nizam-ul- Mulk) founded Hyderabad, Murshid Quli Khan founded Bengal and Saddat Khan laid down the foundation of out of the realms of Mughal Empire; He was a pleasure-loving king and was nick- named Rangeela.  Ahmad Shah (1748-54) : During his period, Safdarjung, the , was the Wazir or Prime Minister of the empire.  Alamgir II (1754-59) : (Second son of Jahandar Shah); Murdered by conspiracy of Imad-ul-mulk and Maratha ruler Sadashivrao Bhau. Later, Delhi was plundered by Marathas.  Shah Alam II (1759-1806) : Nazib Khan become very powerful in Delhi so much so that he could not enter Delhi for 12 years. Shah Alam II joined hands with Mir Qasim of Bengal and Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh in the against the British in 1764. They were defeated.  Akbar II (1806-37) : He gave Rammohan Roy the title Raja and sent him to London to seek a raise in his allowance.  II (1837-57) : He was confined by the British to the Red Fort. During the revolt of 1857, he was proclaimed the Emperor by the rebels, He was deported to Rangoon after that.

Literature of Mughal Period Author Work Babur Tuzuk-i-Babari Abul Fazal Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnama Abdul Qadir Badauni Kitab-ul-Ahadish, Tarikh-i-Ailfi, Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh Khwaja Nizamuddi Tabaqat-i-Akbari Jahangir Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri Hamid MPPSCADDAPadshahnama Muntakhab-i-Lubab Darashikoh Majm-ul-Bahrain Md. Qazim Alamgirnama Ishwar Das Nagar Fatuhat-i-Alamgir

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

Buildings of Mughal Period

Emperor Buildings Babur Two mosques : One in Panipat, one in Sambhal Humayun Jamail Mosque Mosque of Isra Khan Akbar Agra Fort ; In Fatehpur Sikri- Panch Mahal Diwan-i-Khas Diwan-i-Aam Jodhabai‘s palace Sheikh Salim Chisti tomb Buland Darwaza (53 m high) own tomb at Sikandra Jahangir (Lahore) Own tomb at Shahdara (Lahore) Shahjahan Taj Mahal Moti Masjid (Agra) Jama Masjid , Red Fort Shalimar Bagh (Lahore) Sheesh Mahal Aurangzeb Moti Masjid (Delhi) Padshahi Mosque (Lahore) Bibi-ka-Maqbara ()

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY

DAY 46 - MARATHA AGE

THE MARATHA AGE o (1627-80) o Successors of Shivaji o The (1713-1818)

THE MARATHA AGE Shivaji (1627-80)  Born at to ShahjiBhonsle and Jija Bai, he inherited the Jagir of Poona from his father in 1637.  After the death of his guardian, Dadaji Konda Dev, in 1647, he assumed full charge of his jagir.  At the age of 18, he conquered Torna, built forts at Raigarh and Pratapgarh (1645-1647).  Afzal Khan was deputed by the Adil Shah ruler to punish Shivaji, but later he murdered Afzal in 1659.  Shaista Khan, governor of Deccan, was deputed by Aurangazeb to put down the rising power of Shivaji in 1660.  Shivaji lost Poona and suffered several defeats till he made a bold attack on Shaista's military camp and plundered Surat (1664) and later Ahmadnagar.  Raja Jai Singh of Amer was then appointed by Aurangazeb to put down Shivaji (1665) and Jai Singh succeeded in besieging Shivaji in the fort of Purandhar.  The treaty of Purandhar (1665) was signed according to which Shivaji ceded some forts to the Mughals and paid a visit to the Mughal court at Agra.  In 1674, heMPPSCADDA was coronated at Raigarh and assumed the title of HaindavaDharmodharak (Protector of Hinduism).  Shivaji died in 1680.

Shivaji's Administration  Shivaji divided his territory under his rule into three provinces, each under' a viceroy.Provinces were divided into Prams which were sub-divided into Parganas/Tarafs. The lowest unit was village headed by MPPSC PRELIMS 2020- MPPSCADDA ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS (MPPSC PRELIMS TEST SERIES 2020 Enroll @2499) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY the Headman/Patel.  Shivaji was helped by the Ashtapradhan(eight ministers) which was unlike a council of ministers, each minister was directly responsible to Shivaji.  Most of the administrative reforms of Shivaji were based on 's (Ahmadnagar) reforms.

Revenue Administration  Chauth was one-fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas so as not to be subjected to Maratha raids.  Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 per cent on those lands of over which the Marathas claimed hereditary rights, but which formed part of the Mughal Empire.

Successors of Shivaji Sambhaji (1680-89)  Sambhaji, the elder son, defeated Rajaram, the younger son of Shivaji, in the war of succession. He provided protection and support to Akbar, the rebellious son of Aurangzeb. He was captured at Sangamesvar by a Mughal noble and executed. Rajaram (1689-1700)  He succeeded the throne with the help of the ministers at Raigarh. He fled from Raigarh to Jinji in 1689 due to a Mughal invasion-in which Raigarh was captured along with Sambhaji's wife son (Shahu) by the Mughals. Rajaram died at Satara, which had became the capital after the fall of Jinji to Mughals in 1698. Rajaram created the new post of pratinidhi, thus taking the total number of ministers to nine. Shivaji II and Tarabai (1700-1707)  Rajaram was succeeded by his minor son under the guardianship of his mother Tarabai. Shahu (1707-1749)  Shahu was released by the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah.  Tarabai's army was defeated by Shahu at the Battle of Khed (1700) and Shahu occupied Satara.  But the southern part of the Maratha kingdom with its capital at Kolhapur continued to be under the control of the descendants of Rajaram (Shivaji II and later Sambhaji II).  Shahu's reign saw the rise of Peshwas and transformation of the Maratha kingdom into an empire based on the principle of confederacy.

Shivaji‟s Ashtapradhan

Peshwa(Mukhya Pradhan) Finance and general administration later he became Sar-i-Naubat(Senapati) Military Commander Majumdar(Amatya)MPPSCADDA Revenue and Finance minister Waqnavis(Mantri) Home Minister Surunavis(Sachiv) Head of Royal correspondence Dabir(Sumant) Foreign Minister PanditRao(Sadar) Head of Charities and religious affairs Nyayadhish Justice

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

THE PESHWAS (1713-1818) Balaji Viswanath (1713-20)  He began his career as a small revenue official and was given the title of SenaKarte (marker of the army) by Shahu in 1708.  He became the first in 1713 and made the post the most important and powerful as well as hereditary.  He played a crucial role in the final victory of Shahu by winning over almost all the Maratha sardars to the side of Shahu and concluded an agreement with the Sayyid brothers (1719) by which the Mughal emperor (FarukhSiyar) recognisedShahu as the king of the swarajya.

Baji Rao I (1720-40)  Baji Rao, the eldest son of Balaji Viswanath, succeeded him as Peshwa at the young age of 20.  He was considered the greatest expert of guerrilla tactics after Shivaji and Maratha power reached its zenith under him.  Under him, several Maratha families became prominent and got themselves entrenched in different parts of India: o the Gaekwad at Baroda o the Bhonsles at Nagpur, o the Holkars at Indore, o the Scindias at Gwalior and o the Peshwas at Poona.  After defeating and expelling the Siddhis of Janjira from the mainland (1722), he conquered Bassein and Salsetle from the Portuguese (1733).  He also defeated the Nizam ul-Mulk near Bhopal and concluded the treaty of Durai Sarai by which he got Malwa and Bundelkhand from the latter (1737).  He led innumerable successful expeditions into north India to weaken the Mughal empire and to make the Marathas the supreme power in India.

Balaji Baji Rao (1740 – 61)  Popularly known as Nana Saheb, he succeeded his father at the age of 20.  After the death of Shahu (1749), the management of all state affairs was left in his hands.  In an agreement with the Mughal emperor (Ahmad Shah), the Peshwa (1752) was to protect the Mughal Empire from internal & external (Ahmad Shah Abdali) enemies.  The Battle of Panipat (January 14, 1761) resulted in the defeat of the Marathas by Ahmad Shah Abdali and the death of Viswas Rao (son of Nana Saheb).  Nana Saheb died in 1761.  Madhav Rao (1761-72), Narayana Rao (1772-73), Sawai Dhav Rao (1773-95), and Baji Rao (1795-1818) succeeded. MPPSCADDA

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 47 - RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF MEDIEVAL AGE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF MEDIEVAL AGE Bhakti Saints  Ramanuja  Ramananda  Kabir  Namdeva  Ekanath  Tukaram  Ramadasa  Surdasa  Tulsi Das  Chaitanya  Mirabai  DaduDayal

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF MEDIEVAL AGE

BHAKTI SAINTS Ramanuja  In 11th century, Ramanuja tried to assimilate Bhakti to the tradition of Vedas.  He arguedMPPSCADDA that grace of God was more important than knowledge about him in order to attain salvation.  The tradition established by Ramanuja was followed by a number of thinkers such as Madhavacharya, Ramananda, Vallabhacharya and others.

Ramananda  Ramananda was born in but settled in .  He founded the Ramanandi sect.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY  His disciples were : 1. Kabir (a Muslim weaver); 2. Raidasa (a cobbler); 3. Sena (a barber); 4. Sadhana (a butcher); 5. Dhanna (a Jat farmer); 6. Narahari (a goldsmith) and 7. Pipa (a Rajput prince) Kabir  Kabir was brought up in Varanasi.  According to him, Ram, Rahim, Allah, etc., were all the same.  His disciples formed the Kabirpanthi sect.  His songs are found in Adi Grantha.  He condemned the caste and religious distinction and preached universal brotherhood.

Jnandeva (1275-96 AD)  He was progenitor of Bhakti movement in Maharashtra. Namdeva (1270-1350 AD)  He was a NirgunaUpasaka.  Some of his abhangas are included in Guru Granth Sahib. Ekanath (1548 AD)  He was opposed to caste distinction and evinced greatest sympathy for men of low caste. Tukaram  He was a farmer's son and a great devotee of Vitthali or Vithoda ('s Forms). Ramadasa (1608)  He established ashramas all over India.  It was from him that Shivaji received the inspiration to overthrow Muslim authority and formed the Kingdom. Surdasa (1483-1513 AD)  He belonged to Saguna school. He was a disciple of famous religious teacher Vallabhacharya. He sang the glory of Krishna's childhood and youth in his Sursagar. Tulsi Das (1532-1623 AD)  He belonged to Saguna school of Hindu Mystics. He composed the famous Ramacharitamanas. Chaitanya (1486-1533)  One of the great saints of Krishna Bhakti cult and founder of Gaudiya or Bengal Vaishanavism. Mirabai (1498-1576)MPPSCADDA  The Rathor princess of Merata and daughter-in-law of Rana Sanga of Mewar.  The most well-known woman Bhakti saint of the Krishna cult of Vaishnavism. DaduDayal (1544-1603)  A Nirguna Bhakti saint belonging to the tanner caste who was born in Gujarat but spent his whole life in Rajasthan.  Founder of the Dadupanth.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

Shankaracharya  Shankaracharya was born in Kaladi (Kerala) in 788 AD.  He propounded the Advaita philosophy.

In south, the Bhakti movement was led by a series of popular saints called Nayanars and Alvars.  The chief object of their worship was and Vishnu respectively.  They spoke and wrote in Tamil and Telugu.  In the 12th Century Lingayat orVir Shaiva Movement was organised. Its founder was Basava and his nephew Channabasava lived at the courts of Kalchuri kings of .

SUFISM  The word Sufi came out of the word Sooph meaning wool.  Those saints among the Muslims who advocated a life of purity and renunciation were called Sufis.  Sufism sprang from the doctrine of Wahadat-ul Wajud or Unity of Being.  This doctrine was propounded by Ibn-Ul-Arabi (1165-1240 AD).  One of the earliest Sufis and a woman saint Rabia of Basra who laid great emphasis on love as bond between god and individual soul.  The Sufis were organised in 12 order or Silsilas.  The Silsilas were generally led by a prominent mystic who lived in Khanqah along with his disciples.  The link between the Teacher/Pir and his Disciple/Murid was a vital part of Sufi system.  Every Pir nominated a successor to carry out work.

The Sufi orders are widely divided into two :  Ba-sahara that is those who followed the Islamic law and  Be-Sahara that is those, who were not bound by it. In the Be-Sahara movement only two acquired significant influence. These were the Chisti and SuharawardiSilsilas.

In India the four major silsilas to take root were Chishti, Suhrawardi, Qadiri and Naqshabandi. From these major orders many suborders such as Shattariyya and Firdausi branched out. Chisti Silsila  The Chisti order was founded by KhwajaAbdalChisti in Herat, it was brought to India by KhwajaMuinuddinChistiMPPSCADDA (1141 - 1236). He arrived at Lahore in 1161 AD and settled at Ajmer about 1206 AD.  The most famous of Chisti saints were and Nasiruddin Chirag-i-Delhi.  Auliya was generally known as Mahbub-i-llahi (beloved of God): They made themselves popular by adopting Musical recitation called Saida to create mood of nearness to god.

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY Suhrawardi Silsila  It was founded by Sheikh ShihabuddinSuhrawardi.  The credit of organising it goes to Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya.  Its main centre was . Saints of this order had big and had close contact with state.

Qadiri Silsila  Shah NiamatullahQadri was probably the first notable saint of this order to enter India but it was. Syed Muhammad Maui who organised it on effective basis. , the eldest son of Shah Jahan was following of the order.

Naqshabandi Silsila  This Silsila was introduced in India by KhwajaBaqiBillah during the later years of Akbar's reign. It attained a position of great importance in India under the leadership of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi. He was opposed to pantheistic philosophy and propounded the theory of wandat-al-wujud.

SIKHISM  The word 'Sikh' in the Punjabi language means 'disciple'. are the disciples of God who follow the writings and teachings of the Ten Sikh Gurus.  Sikhs believe in one God. They believe they should remember God in everything they do. This is called simran.  The Sikhs call their faith Gurmat (Punjabi: ―the Way of the Guru‖). According to Sikh tradition, Sikhism was established by Guru Nanak (1469–1539) and subsequently led by a succession of nine other Gurus.  All 10 human Gurus, Sikhs believe, were inhabited by a single spirit. Upon the death of the 10th, Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708), the spirit of the eternal Guru transferred itself to the sacred scripture of Sikhism, Guru Granth Sahib (The Granth as the Guru), also known as the Adi Granth (First Volume), which thereafter was regarded as the sole Guru.  Sikhism was well established by the time of Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru. Guru Arjan completed the establishment of Amritsar as the capital of the Sikh world and compiled the first authorised book of Sikh scripture, the Adi Granth.

The Ten Gurus in Sikhism

The First Master Guru Nanak (1469 to 1539) The Second Master Guru Angad (1504 to 1552) The Third Master Guru Amar Das (1479 to 1574) The Fourth Master Guru Ram Das (1534 to 1581) The Fifth Master Guru Arjan (1563 to 1606) MPPSCADDAThe Sixth Master Guru Hargobind (1595 to 1644) The Seventh Master Guru Har Rai (1630 to 1661) The Eighth Master Guru Harkishan (1656 to 1664) The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621 to 1675) The Tenth Master Guru Gobind Singh (1666 to 1708)

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ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY

 Guru Nanak founded the Sikh sect.  He-started-free community kitchens called Guru ka Langar.  He was a mystic of Nirguna School and reflected the ideas of Kabir.  He was followed by Guru Angad and Guru Amardas.  The next Sikh guru was Ramdas. Akbar had a great veneration for this guru. Akbar granted Ramdas a plot of land in Amritsar on which the famous Sikh temple or Golden Temple was constructed.  Guru Arjundeva (1581-1606) compiled the Adigranth. He helped prince Khusrau which incensed Jahangir, who killed him in 1606.  Guru Hargovinda (1606-45) gathered a small army around him. He defeated a Mughal army at Sangama near Amritsar. In 1634, he shifted his headquarters to Kiratpur.  After Har Rai and Harkishan, Tegh Bahadur became the Guru who settled at Anandpur and was later executed by Aurangzeb in 1675.  Guru Govind Singh instituted the custom of Baptism (Pahul). Those who accepted it were called Khalsa. He compiled a supplementary granth called the DaswenPadshah ka Granth. An Afghan at Nandur stabbed him to death in 1708.  Kapur Singh founded the Dal Khalsa.

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