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Indo-Muslim Historiography During the Reign of Sultanate of Delhi: Its Genesis and Major Trends
Pakistan Perspectives Vol. 18, No.2, July-December 2013 Indo-Muslim Historiography during the reign of Sultanate of Delhi: Its genesis and major trends Humera Naz* Abstract This article aims to highlight impacts of Muslim rule on origin and development of Indian historiography. The period of the Sultanate of Delhi is significant for origin and introduction of some trends and traditions in Indian historiography for which we have find no records before this era. This essay is fundamentally based upon the literature review which offers an overview of the historical literature concerning different categories in history produced under the royal aegis. Besides the political history, some new aspects in terms of non-political historical literature are also considered on the basis of the mulfuzat, manaqib and insha literature. The paper explores the idea and concept regarding History was not considered as a recognized science (‘ilm) either secular or religious in medieval India with a specific object and methodology. In spite, as a subject, it was an elegant art and a noble discipline (fan-i sharif). The paper concludes by identifying the major prevailing historiographical trends during this era which were trend setter for the future historians. I anticipate that this endeavor would reveal some extent the true perception about the prevailing traditions and characteristics in Indo-Persian historiography. ––––––––– Introduction Unlike China, Greece and Rome, the literature of the ancient Indian history is not extant. Most of the modern scholars hold the view that before the dawn of the modern age, the people of India never had a developed sense for history writing of any value.1 Rather its accounts seem to be merged in a particular form of religious literature which may not be considered as much authentic. -
Copyright by Mohammad Raisur Rahman 2008
Copyright by Mohammad Raisur Rahman 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Mohammad Raisur Rahman certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India Committee: _____________________________________ Gail Minault, Supervisor _____________________________________ Cynthia M. Talbot _____________________________________ Denise A. Spellberg _____________________________________ Michael H. Fisher _____________________________________ Syed Akbar Hyder Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India by Mohammad Raisur Rahman, B.A. Honors; M.A.; M.Phil. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the fond memories of my parents, Najma Bano and Azizur Rahman, and to Kulsum Acknowledgements Many people have assisted me in the completion of this project. This work could not have taken its current shape in the absence of their contributions. I thank them all. First and foremost, I owe my greatest debt of gratitude to my advisor Gail Minault for her guidance and assistance. I am grateful for her useful comments, sharp criticisms, and invaluable suggestions on the earlier drafts, and for her constant encouragement, support, and generous time throughout my doctoral work. I must add that it was her path breaking scholarship in South Asian Islam that inspired me to come to Austin, Texas all the way from New Delhi, India. While it brought me an opportunity to work under her supervision, I benefited myself further at the prospect of working with some of the finest scholars and excellent human beings I have ever known. -
I Mughal Empire
MPPSCADDA ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 40 - EARLY- MEDIEVAL PERIOD (8th-12th Century) THE RAJPUTS Some Important Rajputs Kingdoms IMPORTANT RAJPUTS DYNASTIES o The Pawar/Parmar of Malwa: 790-1036 AD o The Gahadval/Rathor of Kannauj : 1090-1194AD o The Chauhans/Chahaman of Delhi-Ajmer: 7th -12th Century AD o The Karkota, Utpala and Lohara of Kashmir : 800-1200 AD ) o The Chandellas of Jejakabhukti: 831-1202 AD o The Senas : 1095-1230 AD o The Guhilota/Sisodiya of Mewar: 8th - 20th Century AD o Tomars of Delhi : 736 AD Salient features of the Rajput Kingdoms. Causes of the Decline of Rajputas ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND (712-1206 AD) MEDIEVAL INDIA The Medieval period of Indian History: This period lies between 8th and 18th century AD and is classified as : The Early Medieval period (8th to 12th century AD) The Later Medieval period (13th to 18th century AD). EARLY- MEDIEVAL PERIOD (8th to 12th Century) The Ancient Indian history came to an end with the rule of Harsha and Pulakeshin-II. From the death of Harsha to the 12th century, the destiny of India was mostly in the hands of various Rajput dynasties. MPPSCADDA THE RAJPUTS Different theories about the origin of the Rajputs : (i) They are the descendants of Lord Rama (Surya Vansha) or Lord Krishna (Chandra Vansha) or the hero who sprang from the sacrificial fire (Agni Kula theory). (ii) They belong to the Kshatriya families. (iii) The most accepted theory is that Rajputs were of a foreign origin, who came as conquerors and settled in West India. -
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III. -
Forumias Prelims Marathon May, 2021
ForumIAS Prelims Marathon May, 2021 HISTORY ECONOMICS POLITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT PRELIMS MARATHON COMPILATION FOR THE MONTH OF MAY, 2021 Early Janpaths Q.1) Consider the following pair of cities of second urbanization: City Important centre of 1. Rajgriha Political and administrative centre 2. Ujjain Holy Centre 3. Taxila Centre of trade and commerce Which of the above given pair is/are correctly matched? a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 2 and 3 only ANS: C Explanation: Agricultural surplus, the growth of crafts and trade, and the growing population led to the emergence of towns in the Gangetic plains. This is called the second urbanisation in Indian history after the first urbanisation evident in the Harappan Civilization. Different types of towns came into being: (i) Political and administrative centres such as Rajgriha, Shravasti, Kaushambi and Champa (ii) Centres of trade and commerce such as Ujjain and Taxila (iii) Holy centres such as Vaishali. Source: Tamil Nadu state board class 11. Q.2) Which one of the following state is best known gana-sangha or oligarchies? a) Vajji b) Magadha c) Assaka d) Kuru ANS: A Explanation: The proto-states of the Gangetic region were known as janapadas and comprised chiefdoms, republics and small kingdoms. Sixteen mahajanapadas find mention in the early texts. • There were also ganasanghas or oligarchies, which were centred on clans. The Vrijjis were one of the best known of the gana-sanghas, and Vaishali was their capital in the Mithila region. • These kingdoms did not come under the single decision-making authority of a king but decisions were taken on a collective basis by the heads of the different clans together. -
Paper 7 INDIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
DDCE/SLM/M.A. Hist-Paper-VII Paper-VII INDIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY By Dr. Binod Bihari Satpathy 0 CONTENT INDIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY Unit.No. Chapter Name Page No Unit-I. Ancient Indian Historiography 1. Historical Sense in Ancient India, Idea of Bharatvarsha in Indian Tradition 2. Itihasa-Purana Tradition in Ancient India; Traditional History from the Vedas, Epics and Puranas 3. Jain Historiography and Buddhist Historiography Unit-II Medieval Indian Historiography 1. Historical Biography of Banabhatta and the Kashmir Chronicle of Kalhana 2. Arrival of Islam and its influence on Historical Tradition of India; Historiography of the Sultanate period – Alberuni’s –Kitab-ul-Hind and Amir Khusrau 3. Historiography of the Mughal Period – Baburnama, Abul Fazl and Badauni Unit-III. Orientalist, Imperial and colonial ideology and historian 1. William Jones and Orientalist writings on India 2. Colonial/ Imperialist Approach to Indian History and Historiography: James Mill, Elphinstone, and Vincent Smith 3. Nationalist Approach and writings to Indian History: R.G.Bhandarkar, H.C Raychoudhiri, and J.N.Sarkar Unit-IV. Marxist and Subaltern Approach to Indian History 1. Marxist approach to Indian History: D.D.Kosambi, R.S.Sharma, Romilla Thaper and Irfan Habib 2. Marxist writings on Modern India: Major assumptions 3. Subaltern Approach to Indian History- Ranjit Guha 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is pleasure to be able to complete this compilation work. containing various aspects of Indian historical writing tradition through ages. This material is prepared with an objective to familiarize the students of M.A History, DDCE Utkal University on the various aspcets of Indian historiography. This work would not have been possible without the support of the Directorate of Distance and Continuing Education, Utkal University. -
A Critique of the Theocratic Model of the Sultanate of Delhi
Hamdard Islamicus 157 Vol. XLII, Nos. 1 & 2 A CRITIQUE OF THE THEOCRATIC MODEL OF THE SULTANATE OF DELHI TEHMEENA NOREEN Lecturer Department of History & Pakistan Studies International Islamic University Islamabad e-mail: [email protected] A number of historians have applied the term ‘theocracy’ for the political structure of the Delhi Sultanate. For them the Delhi Sultans were the Pope and Caesar combined in one. The sultans implemented Islamic sharÊ‘ah for all communities. The ulama exercised the strongest influence in political matters and the caliphs were considered to be the supreme sovereigns. The persecution of Hindus, their forceful conversions, destruction of temples and imposition of jizyah were all part of sultanate’s religious policy. This paper aims to rectify that these arguments are mainly generalizations based on few exceptions. The sultans had no religious authority nor was the sharÊ‘ah ever implemented. The sultans had only nominal allegiance to the caliphs and the majority of ulama worked for the sultans for their own vested interests. The conversions were also not forced although there were few exemptions but even they were politically motivated and same was the case with the destruction of temples. Keywords: Sultanate of Delhi, Religious Authority, Jizya, Theocracy. The political structure of the Sultanate of Delhi has been regarded as a theocracy by a number of historians like R.P. Tripathi, U.N. Day, R.C. Majumdar, Ishwari Prasad and Hans Raj among many others. Then there are others who did not use the term theocracy but their description of the Sultanate’s political system presents a similar picture. -
PRELIMS MEDIEVAL HISTORY.Indd
CHAPTER THE DELHI SULTANATE 3.1 (1206-1526 AD) Introduction After Muhammad Ghori’s death, his nephew Ghiyasuddin Mahmud became the ruler of Ghur, but he was in constant fear of internal revolts and foreign invasions. Tajuddin Yalduz, Nasiruddin Qubacha and Qutbud-din Aibak - the three able and trusted Turkish nobles of Muhammad Ghuri each one of them aspired for independence. Ghiyasuddin Mahmud could not suppress their revolts and hence immediately after the death of Muhammad Ghuri, partition of his empire started. Yalduz succeeded at Ghazni and as the ruler of Ghazni wished to bring India also under his suzerainty. Qubacha who had held Multan and Uchh since 1205, occupied the whole of Sind and decided to declare his independence. The Indian possession was held by Qutbud-din-Aibak. The establishment of Delhi Sultanate which existed from A.D. 1206 to 1526 had fi ve different dynasties - the Slave (Mamluk Sultans), Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyids and Lodis. Not only they extended their rule over North India, but they also penetrated into the Deccan and South India. Their rule in India resulted in far-reaching changes in society, administration and cultural life. Slave/Mamluk Dynasty (Ilbari Turks) The dynasty founded by the Ilbari Turks is generally called the ‘Slave Dynasty’ or ‘Mamluk Dynasty’ because many of the important rulers of this dynasty had originally been slaves like Qutbud-din was a slave of Mahmud Ghuri, and Iltutmish was slave of Qutbud-din. Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210 AD) Qutbuddin Aibak was a Turkish slave who had risen to high rank in Muhammad Ghori’s army. -
Prelims Compilation for the Month of December, 2020
ForumIAS Prelims Marathon December, 2020 HISTORY ECONOMICS POLITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT PRELIMS MARATHON COMPILATION FOR THE MONTH OF DECEMBER, 2020 Environmental Pollution and Environmental issues Q.1) Which of the following is/are the applications of fly ash? 1. Fly ash bricks are light in weight and offer high strength and durability. 2. It can be used in reclamation of wastelands. 3. It can increase the crop yield and it also enhances water holding capacity of the land. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 2 only d) 1, 2 and 3 ANS: D Explanation: Cement can be replaced by fly ash up to 35%, thus reducing the cost of construction, making roads, etc. • Fly ash bricks are light in weight and offer high strength and durability. • Fly ash is a better fill material for road embankments and in concrete roads. • Fly ash can be used in reclamation of wastelands. • Abandoned mines can be filled up with fly ash. • Fly ash can increase the crop yield and it also enhances water holding capacity of the land. Source: Shankar page no: 58 Q.2) Consider the following statements regarding “National Air Quality Index”: 1. It was launched in April, 2016 starting with 14 cities to disseminate air quality information. 2. CO2 and Carbon monoxide and Particulate Matter 10 (PM - 10) are part of National Air Quality Index. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 ANS: D Explanation: National Air Quality Index was launched by the Prime Minister in April, 2015 starting with 14 cities to disseminate air quality information. -
Muhammad Bin Ahmed As Governor of 1025 and 1026 A.D
222 CHRONOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF SIND Masud, but soon afterwards, Ahmed, son of Muhammad, put Masud to death. 1040-48 A.D.—432-40 A.H. : Sultan Masud's son Maudud having The statement shows that Sind was not occupied Ghazni, sent Abu Nasar Bin subdued after Mahmud's expeditions of Muhammad Bin Ahmed as Governor of 1025 and 1026 A.D. Lahore. The latter took an expedition against Sind, but on his return Sind and Multan revolted. 1048-49 A.D.- 440 A.H. : i Sultan Maudud of Ghazni appointed his It simply shows that Ghazni's control son Abul-Qasim Mahmud as Governor over Sind since the sacking of Mansura of Punjab and Sind and sent him to in 1025 A.D. had not been enforced and Lahore. The same year his Kotwal the expeditions of Masud and Maudud Abu Ali crushed rebellions in Sind, Mul- were simply raids of no consequence. tan, Peshawar and Kashmir. Abul Hasan, a general seneschal of Ghazni was sent to subdue Mathila and Bhatia, the ruler of which, Ahannin, took to flight. 1048-49 A.D.— 440 A.H. : Abu Saeed Abdul Hayee Gardaizi wrote Text published from London, in 1928. Zainul-Akhbar. It deals with Ghaznavi —Sind relations. 1049 A.D., 22nd December : Maudud died and in accordance with his will his son Masud, aged three, was nominated as the king, but Maudud's brother Ali Abul Hassan deposed the infant and became Sultan. 1050 A.D. : Conquest of Baghdad by the Seljuk Turks. Since then, Abbasid Caliph's ^> power was limited to a small area around Baghdad and he was reduced to nominal religious head-ship for the purposes of Khutba and issue of Sanads. -
Delhi Sultanate (Political and Administrative Policies)
ForumIAS Prelims Marathon 13th to 20th December, 2020 HISTORY ECONOMICS POLITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT PRELIMS MARATHON COMPILATION FOR THE MONTH OF DECEMBER (THIRD WEEK), 2020 Delhi Sultanate (Political and Administrative policies) Q.1) Consider the following statements about the military campaign of Ala-ud-din Khaljis: 1. Ala-ud-din sent a large army commanded by Malik Kafur to plunder deccan powers. 2. The first target in the peninsula was Warangal. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 ANS: A Explanation: The inability of the Sultanate to effectively harness the agrarian resources of its North Indian territories to sustain its political ambitions was evident in its relentless military campaigns in search of loot and plunder. Ala-ud-din’s campaigns into Devagiri (1296, 1307, 1314), Gujarat (1299–1300), Ranthambhor (1301), Chittor (1303) and Malwa (1305) were meant to proclaim his political and military power as well as to collect loot from the defeated kingdoms. It was with the same plan that he unleashed his forces into the Deccan. The first target in the peninsula was Devagiri in the western Deccan. Ala-ud-din sent a large army commanded by Malik Kafur in 1307 to capture Devagiri fort. Following Devagiri, Prataparudradeva, the Kakatiya ruler of Warangal in the Telengana region, was defeated in 1309. In 1310 the Hoysala ruler Vira Ballala III surrendered all his treasures to the Delhi forces. Source: Tamil Nadu state board class 11, page 169. Q.2) Who among the following assisted Qutb-ud-din Aibak in conquering Biahar and Bengal? a) Muhammad Ghori b) Muhammad Bin Bhakthiyar Khalji c) Iltutmish d) Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki ANS: B Explanation: Qutb-ud-din Aibak was enslaved as a boy and sold to Sultan Muhammad Ghori at Ghazni. -
Medieval Peshawar
MEDIEVAL PESHAWAR (1000—1526 AD) By SYED WAQAR ALI SHAH AREA STUDY CENTER (RUSSIA, CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA) UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN 2013 1 MEDIEVAL PESHAWAR (1000—1526 AD) A dissertation submitted to the University of Peshawar in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2013 2 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the outcome of my individual research and that it has not been submitted to any other University for the grant of a degree. March, 2013 Syed Waqar Ali Shah 3 Area Study Centre University of Peshawar Peshawar 28 March 2013 Final Approval This is to certify that we have read the dissertation submitted by Syed Waqar Ali Shah and it is our judgement that this is of sufficient standard to warrant its acceptance by the University of Peshawar, for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Supervisor _________________________________ Examiner ___________________________ Director, Area Study Centre ___________________ 4 Dedicated to my wife and children for their support and sacrifice for the successful completion of this dissertation 5 CONTENTS Chapter Page No. Introduction i-ix Acknowledgement x-xi 1. Peshawar before Muslim Rule 1-37 2. Ghaznavids in Peshawar 986—1179 AD. 38-96 3. Ghorids and Peshawar 97-126 4. Era of Tajuddin Yalduz and Jalaluddin Khvarzam Shah 127-174 5. Mongols and Peshawar 175-244 6. Pukhtoons and Peshawar 245-281 Conclusions 282-286 Bibliography 287-298 Annexure A: Maps of Peshawar 299-307 Annexure B: Maps of Archaeological Sites of Peshawar 308-315 Annexure C: Ruling Dynasties of Gandhara 316-318 Annexure D: Numismatics 319-328 Annexure E: Miscellaneous 329-332 6 ABSTRACT MEDIEVAL PESHAWAR (1000—1526 AD) March 2013 Peshawar is located at a geographical fault line of Asia; any sort of political or cultural jerks or tremors in Central Asia, subcontinent, Middle East or sometimes even Europe never fail to express itself over here.