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Purana Qila.Indd 1 1/25/1015/03/11 12:46:30 1:44 PM 1
8. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM The Archaeological Museum a walk around The interesting Archaeological Museum next to Bada Darwaza is devoted to the archaeological finds at Purana Qila; and also the history of Delhi. PURANA The exhibits at the museum trace in chronological order the history of Delhi. Another interesting part of the museum is its QILA collection of photographs of work at the Purana Qila archaeological site. The Museum is housed in part of Purana Qila itself. The hall is part of the original fort and there is fine incised plaster, in the form of medallions, on the vaulted roof of the museum. Lal Darwaza 10. LAL DARWAZA On Mathura Road opposite Purana Qila is another structure that is often associated with Purana Qila: Lal Darwaza (`red gate’). It was built during the reign of Sher Shah Sur (the early 16th century) and is one of the few remains of Sher Garh outside of Purana Qila. It is approached via a short road flanked by thick walls made of rubble and marked by a series of recessed arches forming kiosk-like structures, which may have been shops. At the end of this short stretch is the gate, which stands between two curving bastions. The gate is dressed with red sandstone, with some buff sandstone and grey Delhi quartzite, and there are signs of decorative elements such as jharokhas and medallions which have since fallen off. Very minor traces of ornamentation do remain, for instance on the jharokha to the left is some fine blue glazed tile, along with carving. 9. -
Indo-Muslim Historiography During the Reign of Sultanate of Delhi: Its Genesis and Major Trends
Pakistan Perspectives Vol. 18, No.2, July-December 2013 Indo-Muslim Historiography during the reign of Sultanate of Delhi: Its genesis and major trends Humera Naz* Abstract This article aims to highlight impacts of Muslim rule on origin and development of Indian historiography. The period of the Sultanate of Delhi is significant for origin and introduction of some trends and traditions in Indian historiography for which we have find no records before this era. This essay is fundamentally based upon the literature review which offers an overview of the historical literature concerning different categories in history produced under the royal aegis. Besides the political history, some new aspects in terms of non-political historical literature are also considered on the basis of the mulfuzat, manaqib and insha literature. The paper explores the idea and concept regarding History was not considered as a recognized science (‘ilm) either secular or religious in medieval India with a specific object and methodology. In spite, as a subject, it was an elegant art and a noble discipline (fan-i sharif). The paper concludes by identifying the major prevailing historiographical trends during this era which were trend setter for the future historians. I anticipate that this endeavor would reveal some extent the true perception about the prevailing traditions and characteristics in Indo-Persian historiography. ––––––––– Introduction Unlike China, Greece and Rome, the literature of the ancient Indian history is not extant. Most of the modern scholars hold the view that before the dawn of the modern age, the people of India never had a developed sense for history writing of any value.1 Rather its accounts seem to be merged in a particular form of religious literature which may not be considered as much authentic. -
Copyright by Mohammad Raisur Rahman 2008
Copyright by Mohammad Raisur Rahman 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Mohammad Raisur Rahman certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India Committee: _____________________________________ Gail Minault, Supervisor _____________________________________ Cynthia M. Talbot _____________________________________ Denise A. Spellberg _____________________________________ Michael H. Fisher _____________________________________ Syed Akbar Hyder Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India by Mohammad Raisur Rahman, B.A. Honors; M.A.; M.Phil. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the fond memories of my parents, Najma Bano and Azizur Rahman, and to Kulsum Acknowledgements Many people have assisted me in the completion of this project. This work could not have taken its current shape in the absence of their contributions. I thank them all. First and foremost, I owe my greatest debt of gratitude to my advisor Gail Minault for her guidance and assistance. I am grateful for her useful comments, sharp criticisms, and invaluable suggestions on the earlier drafts, and for her constant encouragement, support, and generous time throughout my doctoral work. I must add that it was her path breaking scholarship in South Asian Islam that inspired me to come to Austin, Texas all the way from New Delhi, India. While it brought me an opportunity to work under her supervision, I benefited myself further at the prospect of working with some of the finest scholars and excellent human beings I have ever known. -
Purana Qila, Delhi
Purana Qila Purana Qila, Delhi Purana Qila or Old Fort in Delhi is considered to be one of the oldest fort of India. The construction of the fort was started by Sher Shah Suri and his son Islam Shah completed it. Surveys tell that some painted grey ware were found during excavations which shows that the area was in used in 1000 BC. This tutorial will let you know about the history of the fort along with the structures present inside. You will also get the information about the best time to visit it along with how to reach the fort. Audience This tutorial is designed for the people who would like to know about the history of Purana Qila or Old Fort of Delhi along with the interiors and design of the fort. This fort is visited by many people from India and abroad. Prerequisites This is a brief tutorial designed only for informational purpose. There are no prerequisites as such. All that you should have is a keen interest to explore new places and experience their charm. Copyright & Disclaimer Copyright 2017 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute, or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. -
Delhi Sultanate Questions (Quiz) Answers
www.gradeup.co Delhi Sultanate Questions (Quiz) Answers 1. In 1210, Qutubuddin Aibak died while playing which of the following sport? Ans. Chaugan 2. Iltutmish, the real founder of Slave dynasty belonged to which of the following tribe? Ans. Ilbari 3. Which of the following is India’s first Islamic Mausoleum? Ans. Sultan Garhi in Delhi 4. Who among the following Sultanate ruler built Hauz Shamshi in Delhi? Ans. Iltutmish 5. Iltutmish mainly introduced two types of coin, i.e. Tanka and Jittal which were of the following metals respectively? Ans. Silver and Copper 6. Who issued coins with seated Lakshmi in imitation to the Gahadwals? Ans. Mohammad Ghori 7. Who among the following Sultanate ruler was the first to issue Arabic coins in India? Ans. Iltutmish 8. Who introduced the practice of Zaminbosi {to kiss the earth} and Paibosi {kiss the feet of Sultan} as per the Iranian theory of divine rights which believe that King is God’s representative on Earth? Ans. Balban 9. Who was the last effective ruler of slave dynasty? Ans. Balban 10. Which of the following ruler was the first Muslim ruler to cross Vindhyas, Satpuras and Narmada River to conquer Deccan? Ans. Allauddin Khilji 11. At which place Qutubuddin Aibak was buried after his death? Ans. Lahore near the Anarkali Bazaar 1 www.gradeup.co 12. At first who among the following purchased Qutubuddin Aibak from slave market? Ans. Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi 13. The very first post given to Qutubuddin Aibak in the army of Ghori? Ans. Amir-e-Akhur 14. Who among the following ruler of Delhi Sultanate attained the title of Lakh Baksha? Ans. -
I Mughal Empire
MPPSCADDA ATMANIRBHAR PT 100 DAYS - HISTORY MPPSC PRELIMS 2020 ATMANIRBHAR PROGRAM PRELIMS QUICK REVISION NOTES HISTORY DAY 40 - EARLY- MEDIEVAL PERIOD (8th-12th Century) THE RAJPUTS Some Important Rajputs Kingdoms IMPORTANT RAJPUTS DYNASTIES o The Pawar/Parmar of Malwa: 790-1036 AD o The Gahadval/Rathor of Kannauj : 1090-1194AD o The Chauhans/Chahaman of Delhi-Ajmer: 7th -12th Century AD o The Karkota, Utpala and Lohara of Kashmir : 800-1200 AD ) o The Chandellas of Jejakabhukti: 831-1202 AD o The Senas : 1095-1230 AD o The Guhilota/Sisodiya of Mewar: 8th - 20th Century AD o Tomars of Delhi : 736 AD Salient features of the Rajput Kingdoms. Causes of the Decline of Rajputas ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND (712-1206 AD) MEDIEVAL INDIA The Medieval period of Indian History: This period lies between 8th and 18th century AD and is classified as : The Early Medieval period (8th to 12th century AD) The Later Medieval period (13th to 18th century AD). EARLY- MEDIEVAL PERIOD (8th to 12th Century) The Ancient Indian history came to an end with the rule of Harsha and Pulakeshin-II. From the death of Harsha to the 12th century, the destiny of India was mostly in the hands of various Rajput dynasties. MPPSCADDA THE RAJPUTS Different theories about the origin of the Rajputs : (i) They are the descendants of Lord Rama (Surya Vansha) or Lord Krishna (Chandra Vansha) or the hero who sprang from the sacrificial fire (Agni Kula theory). (ii) They belong to the Kshatriya families. (iii) The most accepted theory is that Rajputs were of a foreign origin, who came as conquerors and settled in West India. -
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III. -
The Age of Akbar
CHAPTER 3 THE AGE OF AKBAR MUGHAL THEORIES OF KINGSHIP AND STATE POLITY Akbar is generally recognized as the greatest and most capable of the Mughal rulers. Under him Mughal polity and statecraft reached maturity; and under his guidance the Mughals changed from a petty power to a major dynastic state. From his time to the end of the Mughal period, artistic production on both an imperial and sub-imperial level was closely linked to notions of state polity, religion and kingship. Humayun died in 1556, only one year after his return to Hindustan. Upon hearing the call to prayers, he slipped on the steep stone steps of the library in his Din-Panah citadel in Delhi. Humayun's only surviving son and heir- apparent, Akbar, then just fourteen years of age, ascended the throne and ruled until 1605 the expanding Mughal empire. Until about 1561, Akbar was under the control of powerful court factions, first his guardian, Bhairam Khan, and then the scheming Maham Anga, a former imperial wet-nurse. Between about 1560 and 1580, Akbar devoted his energies to the conquest and then the con- solidation of territory in north India. This he achieved through battle, marriage, treaty and, most significantly, administrative reform. Concurrent with these activities, Akbar developed an interest in religion that, while initially a personal concern, ultimately transformed his concept of state. Many of the policies he adopted, such as the renunciation of the poll-tax (jiziya) for non- Muslims, had a solid political basis as well as a personal one, for Akbar, much more than his Mughal predecessors, saw every advantage in maintaining good relations with the Hindu majority. -
Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture Historical Section
RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION Prepared by: Sabri Jarrar András Riedlmayer Jeffrey B. Spurr © 1994 AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPONENT Historical Section, Bibliographic Component Reference Books BASIC REFERENCE TOOLS FOR THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE This list covers bibliographies, periodical indexes and other basic research tools; also included is a selection of monographs and surveys of architecture, with an emphasis on recent and well-illustrated works published after 1980. For an annotated guide to the most important such works published prior to that date, see Terry Allen, Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass., 1979 (available in photocopy from the Aga Khan Program at Harvard). For more comprehensive listings, see Creswell's Bibliography and its supplements, as well as the following subject bibliographies. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES Creswell, K. A. C. A Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of Islam to 1st Jan. 1960 Cairo, 1961; reprt. 1978. /the largest and most comprehensive compilation of books and articles on all aspects of Islamic art and architecture (except numismatics- for titles on Islamic coins and medals see: L.A. Mayer, Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics and the periodical Numismatic Literature). Intelligently organized; incl. detailed annotations, e.g. listing buildings and objects illustrated in each of the works cited. Supplements: [1st]: 1961-1972 (Cairo, 1973); [2nd]: 1972-1980, with omissions from previous years (Cairo, 1984)./ Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography, ed. Terry Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1979. /a selective and intelligently organized general overview of the literature to that date, with detailed and often critical annotations./ Index Islamicus 1665-1905, ed. -
Structure As a Document
Structural Analysis of Historic Construction – D’Ayala & Fodde (eds) © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-46872-5 Structure as a document Jinisha Jain Conservation Architect, Delhi, India ABSTRACT: Known as the ‘Old Fort’, Purana Qila, the first Mughal capital city, is situated on the eastern edge of Delhi, along the river Jumna. Humayun, the second Mughal emperor (1530–38 A.D.) began constructing a walled city and fortress on this site in 1533 A.D., and named it Din-Panah, or ‘Refuge of Religion’. He was temporarily deposed by Sher Shah Sur (1538–45 A.D.), who extended the Old Fort but the fort was finally completed by Humayun (1555–56 A.D.), the founder king. The comeback of Humayun and physical additions to the site which can visibly be discerned but not assigned to any one ruler with confirmation compound the problems of authorship and the historic sources in this respect fail to give any conclusive or corroborative evidence. The fort walls are over one mile long, and contain three gates, a triple storey octagonal structure called Sher Mandal and a mosque called Qila-I-Kunha Masjid meaning the ‘Mosque of the Old Fort’. The paper focuses on Qila-I-Kunha and uses documentation of this structure as a tool to unveil the mystery. 1 HISTORIC SITES: AN EXISTING 2 ON SITE OF PURANA QILA TESTIMONY Known as the ‘Old Fort’ of Delhi, Purana Qila, the Historic sites are not just places for aesthetic admira- first Mughal capital city, is situated on the eastern edge tion, for exercising nostalgic moments or for eliciting of Delhi, along the river Jumna. -
Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
DICTIONARY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE DICTIONARY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Andrew Petersen London and New York First published 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 First published in paperback 1999 © 1996 Andrew Petersen All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-415-06084-2 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-21332-0 (pbk) ISBN 0-203-20387-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-20390-9 (Glassbook Format) Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements ix Entries 1 Appendix The Mediterranean World showing principal historic cities and sites 320 The Middle East and Central Asia showing principal historic cities and sites 321 Dedication This book is dedicated to my friend Jamie Cameron (1962–95) historian of James V of Scotland. Preface In one of the quarters of the city is the Muhammadan town, where the Muslims have their cathedral, mosque, hospice and bazar. They have also a qadi and a shaykh, for in every one of the cities of China there must always be a shaykh al- Islam, to whom all matters concerning Muslims are referred. -
The Great Mughal Emperors
International Journal of Applied Research 2018; 4(11): 212-217 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 The great Mughal emperors: A brief account of Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2018; 4(11): 212-217 history and achievements www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 07-09-2018 Accepted: 08-10-2018 Dr. Rahul Maurya Dr. Rahul Maurya PhD, National Museum Abstract Institute, New Delhi, India Many dynasties ruled in India in medieval period, but Mughals were magnificent in all of them and his Empire is considered one of the classic periods of India's long and legendry history. This powerful dynasty holds up the same value in medieval history like Safavids and Ottoman dynasty. Babur, the ruler of Fargana was founder of Mughal Empire in India. His life was full of struggling and disturbance. Even he captured Samarqand for two times but could not stay there for more than hundred days and he lost his native land too. But he never bowed in front of the circumstances nor did he give up. He stood up again to change his destiny with his limited source and this time his eye was on Hindustan. The victory over Kabul set the plot to conquer the Hindustan. He attacked on Hindustan and finally captured on 21 April, 1526 A.D. after defeating Ibrahim, the Lodi king at the first battle of Panipat. This remarkable victory opened the door of immense possibilities for him and his successors. But after his death, his son Emperor Humayun had lost his Empire after defeating by Sher Shah, the great Emperor of Sur dynasty in 1540 A.D.