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Il Giardino Indo-Islamico Mughal

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Il Giardino Indo-Islamico Mughal Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Antropologia Culturale, Etnologia, Etnolinguistica Tesi di Laurea L’effimera arte dei giardini islamici: il giardino indo-islamico mughal Relatore Ch. Dott.sa Sara Mondini Laureando Giulia Cazzola Matricola 818770 Anno Accademico 2015 / 2016 This page is intentionally left blank 2 Sommario Premessa ............................................................................................................................ 5 Introduzione ...................................................................................................................... 7 Capitolo 1 - La dinastia mughal .................................................................................... 10 Babur, la ‘Tigre’ .............................................................................................................. 13 Humayun, Naser Ad-Din ............................................................................................... 25 Akbar, Allahu-Akbar ....................................................................................................... 31 Jahangir, il ‘Conquistatore del mondo’ ........................................................................... 36 Shah Jahan, ‘Re del Mondo’ ........................................................................................... 39 Aurangzeb - Alangir , ‘Conquistatore dell’universo’ ..................................................... 45 Verso la disgregazione dell’Impero ................................................................................ 47 Necessità di affermazione: costruzione della sovranità .................................................. 52 Capitolo 2 - Giardini mughal- impianti formali .......................................................... 55 Le architetture ................................................................................................................. 59 Luce ed acqua: dal materiale al simbolico ...................................................................... 65 Luce .............................................................................................................................. 65 Acqua ............................................................................................................................ 70 Vegetazione ..................................................................................................................... 79 Chahār bāgh, produttività del modello persiano ............................................................ 81 L’ideale paradisiaco e l’eredità persiana ...................................................................... 81 La via del paradiso: il chahār bāgh nella tradizione funeraria mughal ......................... 87 Il Kashmir fonte del modello terrazzato........................................................................ 101 Il giardino fronte-fiume o kursī-cum-chahārbāgh ........................................................ 108 Shahjahanabad. Il giardino fronte-fiume, da modulo palaziale a modulo urbano ...... 119 Costruzione del territorio: un giardino grande un impero .......................................... 123 Dal simbolismo all’asserzione politica: pluri-funzionalità del giardino nel contesto culturale mughal ............................................................................................................ 129 1 Simbolismo ................................................................................................................... 129 Simbolismo paradisiaco ................................................................................................ 130 Rappresentatività .......................................................................................................... 140 Assertività ..................................................................................................................... 143 Indispensabilità per il movimento ................................................................................ 144 Visibilità ....................................................................................................................... 150 Ristoro spirituale e fisico .............................................................................................. 154 Interesse naturalistico, sperimentazione e funzionalità economica .............................. 157 Laboratori di Sperimentazione ................................................................................... 158 Capitolo 3 - Le tradizioni degli imperi coevi e del subcontinente indiano all’arrivo dei Mughal .................................................................................................................... 165 Il chahār bāgh dei Safavidi .......................................................................................... 165 Il giardino nella cultura ottomana ................................................................................. 170 Il subcontinente indiano all’arrivo dei Mughal: il contesto indo-islamico ................... 180 Il Sultanato di Delhi ...................................................................................................... 184 Timur-e-Lenk in India .................................................................................................. 186 Vijayanagara ................................................................................................................. 187 Concezioni e tradizioni costruttive Hindu legate ai giardini ........................................ 190 Capitolo 4 - Le origini mongoliche: l’esempio della mobilità timuride e la valenza agricola del giardino .................................................................................................... 197 Premessa ....................................................................................................................... 197 Le tradizioni mongole del giardino .............................................................................. 199 Il contesto geografico ................................................................................................... 202 La dinastia timuride ...................................................................................................... 209 Paesaggio e passato: strategie di legittimazione ........................................................... 210 Paesaggio e asserzioni politiche ................................................................................... 212 Capitali in ‘movimento’................................................................................................ 215 Samarcanda ................................................................................................................ 220 2 Ordū-yi-humāyūn, l’accampamento reale ..................................................................... 223 Modello e chahār bāgh ................................................................................................. 229 Il Bagh-i Dilghusha ....................................................................................................... 232 Giardino timuride come fondazione agricola ................................................................ 233 Irshād al-Zirāʿa .......................................................................................................... 235 L’ottavo capitolo nell’Irshād al-Zirāʿa, descrizione del chahār bāgh ....................... 238 ‘Rauża’-i hashtum’ o Ottavo giardino ........................................................................ 241 E dopo Timur?............................................................................................................... 246 Herat e la discendenza timuride.................................................................................. 248 Committenza altra: Committenza non reale .................................................................. 256 Committenza reale ........................................................................................................ 259 Committenza femminile ................................................................................................ 261 Le raffigurazioni artistiche ............................................................................................ 269 Giardiniere per professione: figure professionali e corporazioni .................................. 274 Sintesi sui giardini timuridi ........................................................................................... 276 Conclusioni .................................................................................................................... 279 Appendice Architettura e Maestranze ........................................................................ 282 Maestranze .................................................................................................................... 286 Materiali e tecniche costruttive ..................................................................................... 289 La pregressa esperienza timuride .................................................................................. 292 Indice delle immagini ................................................................................................... 296 Bibliografia .................................................................................................................... 304 Fonti primarie ................................................................................................................ 304 Fonti secondarie
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