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In: O Guru, O Iniciador E Outras Variações \ FREDRIK BARTH [organização: Tomke Lask 1 ColeçãokjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBAOypog1'apbos Direção:Antonio Carlos deSouza Lima I. Processos e escolhas: estudos de sociologia política Elisa Pereira Reis 2. O guru, o iniciador e outras variações antropológicas o guru) O iniciador Frtdrik Barth [organizarão: Tomk, LaskPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA1 e outras variações antropológicas 3. Criatividade social, subjetividade coletiva ;]A e a modernidade brasileira contemporânea !~f.,<if+J l/;.-, v [os! Maurício Domingues UNIDADE ..L J... t; I /.:z..r:tJ~J. NA CHAMADA 501,''-=+' "( t-I"f G? <.:\,;.:.\ " ..•". '.'''l..,. "r,y T V __ .__ ~EX ;~~~1K'8~ C~ DO PRECO ~ ~2. DATA 170 - O l: Tradução l-l'-I'I 6 q ~ t John Cunha Comeiford :11"10107l~403 1"" "1 «., r.IE 301.28282g /,,- c· ~~fp ( c. lJi\liCAlP ~~~SiJ.;!-!rlç.~Cl! .•. Copyrighc Cl 2000. Fredrik Barrh SumáriokjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA TrtHiUfio Jobn Cunba Comerjord IMutrc t Oouloundo pelo PPGAS/Muscu N~.:ionJIJ R,yistio ütnic« Apresentação - Tomke Lask 7 Antonio Csrlo: deSouza Lima Projeto Cr4fieo l prtp.,llfio . Os grupos étnicos e suas fronteiras 25 Contra Capa Aidentidade pathan esuamanutenção 69 Processos étnicos na fronteira entre os Pathan e os Baluchi 95PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA BARTH. FredrikA J O guru. o iniciador e outras variações antropolôgicas. - Fredrik Buth. A análise da cultura nas sociedades complexas 107 Tradução de John Cunha Comerford. Rio de [aneiro: Contra C'P' Livrari•. 2000. O guru e o iniciador: transações de conhecimento e [lj'pographos n" 2] - 2H p.: 1+ • 21 cm. moldagem da cultura no sudeste da Ásia e na Melanésia 141 Por um maior naturalismo na conceptualização das sociedades 167 Inclui Bibliografi a. ISBN 85-86011-35-5 Metodologias comparativas na análise dos dados antropológicos 187 Entrevista 201 Referências bibliográficas 229 Posfãcio - Marco Martiniello 239 2000 Todos os direitos desta edição reservados à Contra Capa Livraria Ltda, <[email protected]> Rua Barata Ribeiro. 370 - Loja 325 22040-000 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ Te! (55 21) 236-1999 Fax (55 21) 256-0526 \ ApresentaçãozyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Existem boas razões para publicar uma antologia de textos do an- tropólogo norueguês Fredrik Barth. Em primeiro lugar, alguns as- pectos de sua obra são muito difundidos no ensino de pós-gradu- ação em antropologia no Brasil, e se pode afirmar, sem exagero, que esta obra faz parte dos clássicos da antropologia. Em segundo, a força de sua teoria das fronteiras étnicas, datada do fim da década de 1960, continua a estimular as discussões científicas entre as novas gerações de antropólogos tanto no Brasil, quanto no resto do mundo. Por fim, em dezembro de 1998, Fredrik Barth comple- tou seu septuagésimo aniversário e a publicação de uma antologia que rerraça a evolução de seu pensamento é uma bela maneira de homenageá-Io. Essa homenagem, contudo, não deve ser interpretada como uma indicação do ponto final das atividades de Fredrik Barth, pois homenagens costumam começar no fim da vida de uma personali- dade ou depois da sua morte. Neste caso, ela deve ser vista como ênfase de seu grande dinamismo, pois Barth, além de se lançar cada vez mais na vida pública, continua a pesquisar e aproduzir textos e livros. Sua última experiência de campo, por exemplo, foi no Butão - um pequeno eisolado país no nordeste da Índia - onde traba- lhou durante dez meses entre 1985 e 1993. Aos setenta anos, ele não perdeu nada de seu espírito empreendedor e projetos não lhe faltam. Como se pode ver na entrevista publicada neste volume, okjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA babitus da aventura científica lhe foi inculcado cedo e com muita eficácia. Desde garoto, acompanhava o pai, geólogo, nas expedi- ções cartográficas realizadas durante o verão, incorporando imper- ceptivelmente a sensibilidade para a relação entre o meio ambiente físico e as interpretações científicas sobre ele. Mais tarde, a necessidade FREDRI~ BARTH APRESENTAÇÃOPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA de expor-se à convivência com o ambiente socioecológico se torna- antropológica.'. Além disso. este conceito se tornou um dos ins- ria uma regra geral para a concepção de seu trabalho antropológico. trumentos mais requisitados pela análise sociológica. Sob sua ins- Alimentar constantemente o debate intelectual com suas idéias piração, outros conceitos como. por exemplo. o de nacionalismo inovadoras e instigar o questionamento de conceitos aparente- puderam ser vistos com outros olhos e, dessa maneira. responder mente bem estabelecidos, tais como etnicidade e grupo itnico, é um de maneira mais consistente às mudanças geopolíticas interpreta- dos maiores méritos da obra de Fredrik Barth. A discussão origi- das pelas análises científicas. nada pela publicação de Etbnic groups and boundaries (1969) I, por Barth, porém. não se contentou em dar uma nova concepção exemplo, e que na época provocou uma série de reações, continua ao conceito de etnicidade. Aprimorando a lógica de seu raciocínio a sustentar o debate na comunidade científica internaciona1.2 Na inicial, aplicou-o ao estudo das sociedades complexas e elaborou década de 1970, antropólogos como Abner Cohen, Ronald Cohen uma metodologia comparativa adequada para explicar a diversidade e Charles Keyes, inspirados pelo conceito de etnicidade de Barth, cultural nesse tipo de sociedade." Aliás, na sua introdução a Etbnic tentaram desenvolver novos instrumentos teóricos para a pesquisa groups and boundaries já há um esboço teórico dessa preocupação sob a noção de sociedade poliétnica, na qual explica a existência de variáveis de uma mesma cultura a partir das diferentes condições ecológicas em que os subgrupos da sociedade vivem. Dito de outro modo. a relação entre o meio ambiente e seu efeito sobre as expres- I Para mais detalhes, cf. a introdução de Barth aesta obra "Os grupos étnicos e sões culturais é onipresente na análise científica de Barth, que as- suas fronteiras", p. 25-67. sim deixa transparecer sua formação inicial em ciências exatas. Para 2 O livro de Martiniello (I 99 5) sobre a etnicidade nas ciências sociais representa um dos exemplos franceses mais recentes da persistência do interesse pelo ele. descobrir os princípios que articulam em uma única base a di- conceito de etnicidade. A tensão que se faz presente na França em relação ao versidade cultural de uma civilização complexa é uma questão que problema dos imigrantes - criada pelo evidente fracasso da política de integraçãokjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA passa, em primeiro lugar e necessariamente. pela etnografia.' à Iafi"anfaise- está presente tanto no contexto da construção européia, quanto em termos mundiais: os movimentos migratórios mantêm aproblemática do Assim, não foi fortuito que Barth, no início da sua carreira, contato interétnico na pauta do dia. Isso talvez explique o interesse francês pela quando ainda estudava paleontologia na Universidade de Chicago, introdução de Fredrik Barth ao livro Etbnic groups and boundaries, finalmente tenha se encantado com a antropologia social britânica através da publicada em 1995, mesmo que de maneira bastante discreta, como um adendo ao livro Tbiorus de I'ithnicit/ (Paris, PUF), de Philippe Poutignat et Jocelyne leitura da obra de Raymond Firth, com o qual estudaria na l.ondon Streiff-Fenart [Tradução brasileira: Teorias da etniciáad«. São Paulo. UNESP, 1998). Aapresentação de Barth incluída na contracapa do livro deixa claro que trata-se de uma descoberta recente de seu pensamento. pois as obras mencionadas como as mais importantes de Barth se limitam a três obras do início de sua \ O artigo "Aclass act: anthropology and the race to narion across ethnic carreira. Ethnicgroups and boundaries éo oitavo livro de Barth. Os nove livros que rerrain", de Brackette F.Williams, publicado naAnnualReviewsofAnthropology em o seguem não têm qualquer registro. Diga-se de passagem que a limitação do 1989, apresenta um ótimo retrato desse debate nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. pensamento de Barth aos problemas ligados à etnicidade é encontrada também no Brasil. Ver. por exemplo, Cunha (1986). 'Ver o capítulo "Metodologias comparativas na análise dos dados antropo- lógicos", p. 107-39. N. do E. Originalmente. a presente coletânea foi concebida por Tomke Lask para um público francófono. Para aedição brasileira. a organizadora. além de ter S Seu último estudo publicado sobre Bali (Barth 1993) é um exemplo perfeito redigido a introdução, elaborou com Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima a composição de sua exigência científica empirista, Este tema é abordado também no capítulo final e a ordenação dos textos. "Aanálise da cultura nas sociedades complexas", p. 187-200. 8 ..•. FREDRIK BARTH APRESENTAÇÃOkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Schoo/ O] Economics al1d Political Scimce (LSE). Nessa ocasião. conhe- sem privilegiar cronologicamente teoria e etnografia. transformou ceu Edmund Leach, que trabalhava nessa mesma instituição. Leach as incongruências da realidade pesquisada na fonte de informação passaria a exercer para Barth um papel. se não de mentor intelectual. mais rica: a teoria tem de se adaptar à realidade. enão o inverso. isto de grande influência e inspiração científica. a ponto de este segui- é. as categorias êrnicas são a base dos conceitos sociológicos." En- 10 até Cambridge para fazer o doutorado sob sua orientação. apoi- quanto Leach não abre mão da comparação posterior em termos ado por uma bolsa do governo norueguês. Embora hoje Barth não sociológicos. supondo uma sobreposição dos significados êrnicos chegue a se declarar discípulo de Leach - e não
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