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Ethno-Nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) By Muhammad Hassan National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) By: Muhammad Hassan A Dissertation Submitted to the National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quai-i-Azam University Islamabad, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pakistan Studies. National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 Dedication This work is dedicated to the people of Balochistan. vi Acknowledgements This thesis has been enhanced by many fruitful encounters with a number of people in Islamabad and elsewhere. First and foremost, I am thankful to my supervisor Dr. Masood Akhtar Zahid, who not only ignited a curiosity within me to study and research nationalist politics of South Asia but encouraged me to explore it in the context of Baloch nationalist struggle. I greatly value his abundant support, insightful remarks, and keen interest in my work. Without his expert guidance and attention to detail, this thesis would not have appeared in its present form. I am duly grateful to Professor Tahir Amin, the incumbent Vice Chancellor of Bahauddin Zakariya University, who guided me at the early stages of this research. During my six months fellowship at University of Southampton, I worked under the supervision of Professor Ian Talbot and benefitted from his expertise and specialist knowledge of modern South Asian politics in wide variety of ways. He went through the design as well as the early drafts of my thesis. I am very thankful to my parent department National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (NIHCR) and the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, (HEC) for facilitating a six months Fellowship to United Kingdom. I am much obliged to Ambassador Riffat Masood and Shahbaz Bhatti at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Islamabad who at the last moment facilitated my British visa. While collecting material for this thesis, I accumulated lots of debt to various libraries and their staff including the British Library (South Asian and African Center), vii SOAS Library, Hartley Library at University of Southampton, National Archives of Pakistan, National Documentation Center Islamabad, Balochistan Archives, National Library of Pakistan, and National Institute of Pakistan Studies Library at Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. It will be little unfair not to make a specific mention of NIHCR and its academic and support staff who were patient and generous enough to answer myriad requests and face my intrusive presence. In particular, I am grateful to my friend and senior Librarian, Hazoor Bux Channa who was exceptionally helpful and forthcoming at every stage. During the course of the study, I received invaluable help and support from different individuals. I am thankful to Dr. Andrea Fleschenberg (Long Term Guest Professor at NIPS) for having arranged a short but fruitful visit to German universities of Marburg and Humboldt. Thanks are also due to Dr. Jalal Faiz and Waja Dolat Khan at London as animated discussions with both of them sharpened my arguments. To Professor Dibyesh Anand, I am grateful as he commented on my theoretical chapter. Thanks also to Dr. Syed Manzoor Ahmad, who went an extra mile pushing me to complete the work. He went through the thesis pointing out inadvertent lapses on my part. Words alone cannot express my gratitude to Dr. Farhan Hanif Siddiqi for his constructive criticism on the draft and positive suggestions. Despite his busy schedule, Dr. Siddiqi had his doors open for me always. During my field work, a number of individuals in Balochistan offered their valuable support and time to facilitate my research. I am thankful to Prof. Manzoor Baloch and Prof. Abdul Baki Jatak of the University of Balochistan for identifying viii potential interviewees in Balochistan. To Malik Muhammad Aslam Shahwani, I am grateful as he kept me from harm’s way in the troubled districts that I visited. I am also thankful to former directors of NIHCR, Professor Khurram Qadir, Professor Eatzaz Ahmed and Professor Waqar Ali Shah whose support was crucial in resolving some administrative hindrances. Thanks to my colleagues Pir Akhtar Rasool Bodla, Dr. Sajid Awan, Dr. Rahat Zubair, Dr. Himaytullah Yaqubi, Dr. Altafullah, Dr. Syed Umar Hayat, Dr. Farah Gul Baqai, Noor Jamal Khattak, and Miss Iffat Humayun Khan for their support during the research. I would like to acknowledge particularly the support and encouragement of my friend Miss Farhat Nasim during this journey. I would like to acknowledge the persistent encouragement of Professor Rafique Afzal, Dr. Muzaffar Khan Zaffar and Professor Nazir Hussain for the timely completion of the thesis. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Syed Hussain Tahir Naqvi, Mr. Malik Muhammad Latif, Mr. Zahid Bakhtiyar, Mr. Irfanullah Khan, and Atlas Khan in assisting with administrative issues. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their love and support without which I would not have been able to complete this work. I extend my sincere thanks to my brother Gul Hassan who was very anxious about the completion of my work and showed his great concern at every stage. ix Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) Table of Contents Author’s Declaration ......................................................................................................... i Plagiarism Undertaking ................................................................................................... ii Supervisor’s Declaration ................................................................................................. iii Evaluation Report of Viva-Voce Examination .............................................................. iv Certificate of Approval ......................................................................................................v Dedication ......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................. vii Contents ..............................................................................................................................x Glossary .......................................................................................................................... xiv Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. xvi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................xx List of Maps .................................................................................................................... xxi Abstract ...........................................................................................................................xxv Introduction Hypothesis............................................................................................................................7 Research Questions .............................................................................................................7 Literature Review.................................................................................................................8 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................20 Research Methodology ......................................................................................................21 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................22 Organization of the Study ..................................................................................................24 Chapter 1 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................................27 1.1. Definitions ...............................................................................................................29 x 1.1.1. Nation ...........................................................................................................30 1.1.2. Nationalism ..................................................................................................33 1.1.3. Ethno-nationalism ........................................................................................36 1.2. Approaches to the Study of Nationalism ...............................................................39 1.2.1. Primordialism .............................................................................................39 1.2.2. Modernism .................................................................................................42 1.2.3. Ethno-symbolism .......................................................................................47 1.3. Theories of Ethnic Conflict ...................................................................................51 1.3.1. Greed and Grievance....................................................................................51 1.3.2. Ethno-political Mobilization ........................................................................56 1.3.3. Relative Deprivation ....................................................................................58 Chapter 2 Balochistan in Context .....................................................................................................61
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