Index

Abdul Aziz Angkat 17 Turkmenistan and 88 Abdul Qadir Baloch, Lieutenant US and 83, 99, 143–4, 195, General 102–3 252, 253, 256 Abeywardana, Lakshman Yapa 172 Uyghurs and 194, 196 Abu Ghraib 119 Zaranj–Delarum link highway 95 Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) 251, 260 Africa 5, 244 Abuza, Z. 43, 44 Ahmad Humam 24 15–16, 17, 31–2 Aimols 123 armed resistance and 27 Akbar Khan Bugti, Nawab 103, 104 sentiment and 28 , Sardar 103, 104 as Military Operation Zone Akkaripattu- Oluvil area 165 (DOM) 20, 21 Aksu disturbances 193 peace process and 54 Albania 194 secessionism 18–25 Algeria Aceh Legislative Council 24 colonial brutality and 245 Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) 24 radicalization in 264 Aceh Referendum Information Centre Ali Jan Orakzai, Lieutenant General 103 (SIRA) 22, 24 44 Acheh- National Liberation All Manipur Social Reformation, women Front (ASNLF) 19 protesters of 126–7 Aceh Transition Committee (Komite All Party Committee on Development Peralihan Aceh) (KPA) 24 and Reconciliation ‘act of free choice’, 1969 Papuan () 174, 176 ‘plebiscite’ 27 All Party Representative Committee Adivasi Cobra Force 131 (APRC), Sri Lanka 170–1 adivasis (original inhabitants) 131, All- Students’ Union (AASU) 132 132–3 All- Bodo Students’ Union–Bodo 1–2, 74, 199 Peoples’ Action Committee and 83, 100 (ABSU–BPAC) 128–9, 130 Central Asian republics and 85 Bansbari conference 129 China and 183–4, 189, 198 Langhin Tinali conference 130 and 143 al- Qaeda 99, 143, 207 Iraq War and 197 Bangladesh and 133–4 jihadis and 134 China and 184, 190 Kashmir and 145, 147–9, 152, 155, ETIM and 254 261 in Federally Administered Tribal and 93, 143 Areas 147 pipeline projects and 85, 88, 90–1 geopolitics and 256, 263–4 refugees in Balochistan 99 Kyrgyzstan and 194 Soviet invasion of 247 Thailand and 40, 42, 44 Tajikistan and 93 in Xinjiang 185, 188, 197, 253 Thailand and 41, 44, 53 al- Zawahiri, Dr Ayman 185 training camps in 183–4, 188, Amangul 187 190, 196 Amarasekera, Sirisena 166

269 270 Index

Ambon 17, 32 Myanmar and 57, 59, 60, 62, 66–7, Amirthalingham, A. 162 71–2, 74–5, 76–7 Amman, Pottu 163 US–China–ASEAN Forum (USCAF), on Amungme people 27 Myanmar 60, 72 Anals 123 Atasu pipeline 197 , Prime 103–4 Minister 47 Athens, pro- protesters and Beijing Anandasangaree, V. 165, 167 Olympics 207 Anargul 187 Athulathmudali, Minister for National Andorra 149 Security Lalith 162 Anglo-Manipur war 122 Atlantic Council 143–4 Anglo- Siamese Treaty (1909) 37 Aung San Suu Kyi 58–9, 62–4, 70–2, Arabian Sea 85 75, 77 Arab–Israeli conflict 246, 247, 251 Arakan gas fields 67 East Timor and 258 Armed Forces Journal 1 Papua New Guinea (PNG) and 234, Armed Forces Special Powers Act 236, 237 (AFSPA) (India) 118, 126 Autonomous Bougainville Government Armitage, Richard L. 194 (ABG) 231, 238–40 Arunachal Pradesh 120, 129 Awami League 133 Asahi Shimbun 74 Ayutthaya 37 ASEAN see Association of Southeast Aziz, Tariq 255 Asian (ASEAN) Baglihar Dam dispute 145–6 and 244 Bahasa (Indonesian rise of 9 language) 20 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 167 Bakhtiar Abdullah 24 Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation , Nawabzada 104 (APEC) 254 Balasingham, Anton S. 257 ‘Asia’s rice bowl’, Myanmar as 59 ‘balkanization’ theory, Myanmar Askew, M. 40 and 64 (AGP) 129, 130 Baloch 2 Aspinall, E. 17 107 Assam 120, 121, 122, 124, 127, 134 Balochistan 83–115, 145 Assam movement 128 95–100 Assamese 131 energy issues 86–7, 88–91, 91–5 ‘dominant Assamese Gwadar, Central Asia transport nationalism’ 127 corridor and 91–5 Governor of 122 natural gas pipelines 88–91 117 Pakistan state responses 100–7 Scheduled Tribes 131 Balochistan Liberation Army ‘Assam Bandh’ (shutdown) 132 (BLA) 96, 104, 107 Assam Disturbed Areas Act 118, 130 Balochistan Liberation Front Assam Jatiyatabadi Yuva Chatra Parishad (BLF) 96, 107 (AJYCP) 132 Balochistan National Party (BNP) 103 17th Assam Rifles 126, 127 Baman Kampu Mayai Leikei Association of Southeast Asian Nations village 126 (ASEAN) Ban Ki- Moon 175–6 ASEAN + 3 60–1 Banda Aceh 22, 23 ASEAN + 5 60 Bandar Abbas 94 Index 271

Bangladesh 120, 133, 134, 251–2 Bodo Women’s Justice Forum 131 al- Qaeda and 133–4 Bodoland 117–18, 120, 122 Bangladesh Nationalist Party 133 Autonomous Council (BAC) 130–1, Bansbari 129 132 Banten 16–17 Hinduism and 119 Baren uprising 192, 196 Territorial Council (BTC) 117–18, Barisan Nasional Pembebasan 132, 135 Pattani 38 Bougainville 231–43 Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN) 38, 43 Autonomous Bougainville Barisan Revolusi Nasional–Koordinasi Government (ABG) 231, 238–40 (BRN–C) 42–3, 51, 52 Constitution 231, 238 Barpujari, H. K. 129 Constitutional Planning Committee Baruah, Paresh 134 (CPC) 234–5 Baruah, S. 116, 135 identity 234–8 Basumatary, Golap 131 peace agreement (2001) 237–8 Basumtary, Binay Khungur 128 referendum on independence 238–9 Battagliadi Algeri (film) 245 Strategic Action Plan 2006–2010 239 Beall, C. 209 weapons disposal plan 238–9 Beijing Olympics (2008) see also Papua New Guinea (PNG) terrorism and 184, 186 Bougainville Interim Government Tibet and 206–7 (BIG) 236–7 Bengal 127 Bougainville Peace Agreement, Joint Bengalis in Thailand 250 Supervisory Body 239 Bengalis in Tripura 117, 121 Bougainville Resistance Forces Bengali, K. 97 (BRF) 234 Bequelin, Nicholas 185 Bougainville Revolutionary Army Bereueh, Daud 19 (BRA) 233, 236–7 Bertrand, J. 17 Brahma, Upendra 129 ‘Better Institutions, Not Partition’ Brahmaputra (Weinstein) 5 Tibetan Plateau as source of 219 Bhanugachh 133 valley 127 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Britain see United Kingdom (UK) (India) 219, 255 Brunei, 2005 joint maritime patrols Bhattacharjee, C. 127, 131 agreement 260 Bhaumik, S. 133, 134 Brus, conflict with Mizos 122 , King 38 brutality Bhutan 120, 134, 209 colonialism and 245–6 Bhutto, President Zulfikar Ali 84, 100, in 251 103, 107 Buddhists Bhutto, Prime Minister Benazir 63 in China 188 bin Laden, Osama 185, 194, 196 Dalai Lama and 209 Bintang Kejora (Morning Star) 26, 28 Shan in Myanmar 58 Bishkek 194 Sri Lanka and 169 ‘Blood Borders: How a Better Middle Thai 37–8, 259 East Would Look’ (Peters) 1 in US 217 Bodman, Samuel W. 90 Bugti tribe (Balochistan) 86, 95, Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT) 130, 96, 102 132, 133 Burgher community (Sri Lanka) Bodo Sahitya Sabha (Bodo Literary 168, 169 Society) 128 Burki, S. J. 150 272 Index

Burma Chin National Front (CNF) 58 ‘Burma Forum’ 59, 74, 77 China 9 Burma Plus Three discussions 68 Balochistan and 99 ‘Burmanization’ 58 China– Burmans 58, 62–3 summit 220 see also Myanmar Defence White Paper (2008) 188 Bush, President G. W. 89–90, 142, 154, energy cooperation with 253–4, 255, 256, 263 Kazakhstan 197 ethnic groups and 245–6 Call for Global Islamic Resistance (al- Suri garrisons, Xinjiang region 189 video) 184–5 geopolitics 253–4, 261, 264 Cambodia 71, 73–4, 250 Gwadar project and 92–3 Cambodian Muslims, in Thailand 44 India and 120, 134 Camp Hale, Leadville, Colorado, Japanese invasion of 209 training camp 214 Kazakhstan rail link 197 Canada Myanmar and 57, 59–62, 64, 66–7, Tamils and 175 68–74, 76–7, 249 Xinjiang and 195 Pakistan and 85, 105 Carter, President Jimmy 247 post-9/11 253 Caspian Sea 94 Shanghai Cooperation Organization oil/gas reserves 197 (SCO) and 189, 253 Ceasefire Agreement (CFA) (Sri Lanka, Sino- Burmese oil pipeline 69 2002) 161, 162 Sino- Indian relations 212, 222 Center for American Progress Sino- Pakistani strategic interests 93 (CAP) 142, 143, 148 Sino- Soviet relations 215 Central Asia State Council 189 republics (CARs) 85, 92–4, 105, 149 ‘strike hard’ campaigns 193, 198, transport corridor 85, 91–5 199, 212 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 214, Thailand and 41 215, 248 Tibet and 248 Central Kalimantan 17 Tibet White Paper 208, 212, 222 Central Treaty Organization Turkmenistan gas pipeline 198 (CENTO) 247 United Liberation Front of Assam Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (ULFA) and 134 (HDC) 22 US and 73, 214–15, 218–19, 252 Cessation of Hostilities Agreement US–China–ASEAN Forum (USCAF), on (CoHA), in Aceh 23 Myanmar 60, 72 Chabahar 92, 94 Western Development policies Chakri Dynasty 37 191–2, 197 Cham Muslims, in Thailand 250 see also Tibet; Uyghur Chaudhry Shujat Hussain, Prime China Southern Airlines Flight CZ6901, Minister 105 attempted bombing 187 Chechen secessionism 254 China Tibetology Research Chechnya 199 Centre 211 Chelvanayakam, S. J. V. 160 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chelyabinsk 190 187, 217 Chen Jian 212 anti- rightist policy 189 Chenab river 145–6 Central Committee 208 Chevron 69 Tibet, governance in 207, 209–12, Chin 58, 62 213, 215 Index 273

Chinese National Islamic Council 190 Council for National Security (CNS) Chinese People’s Political Consultative (Thailand) 48 Congress (CPPCC) 190, 191 Croats, population movement 4 Chirus 123 Cultural Revolution (1966–76) Chittagong Hills Tracts 133 189, 211 Chothes 123 cyclone Nargis 58 Chotodamai 133 Czechoslovakia 5 Christians Filipinos 250–1 Daimary, Ranjan 130 in Indonesia 15, 17–18, 26, 30 Dalai Lama 206, 209, 210–12, 213–15, in Myanmar 58 220, 248 National Democratic Front of Nobel Peace Prize 217 Bodoland (NDFB) and 133 Damal people 27 Chua, A. 8–9 Danish cartoons 192 Chulanont, General Surayud 37 Darrang 129 Chushi Gangdrug 214 19–20 Civilian Military Police Unit 43 Dauletabad gas field 88 (CPM–43) 39, 41 Davis, A. 63 civil–military relations, Myanmar decapitation 103–4 57–60 Delaram highway link, Zaranj 92, 94, Clinton, President Bill 141, 153, 154, 95 248, 255 Delhi Durbar 125 Clinton, Hillary, Secretary of Democratic Party (Thailand) 41 State 153 ‘Democratic Reform in 1959’ 211 Cold War 252–3 Deng Xiaoping 191, 211 post- Cold war years 246–52, Der Spiegel (magazine) 8 260–1 Dera Bugti 86, 102, 103, 104 Tibet and 214, 215, 216 ‘de-Sanskritizing’ 123 Coll, S. 150–2 ‘destroy the four olds’ campaign in colonialism 232, 244–5, 261 Tibet 211 ‘Colour Revolutions’ 197 Devanagari script 128 Commission for National Integration Devananda, Douglas 172 (CNI) (Philippines) 251 Development Samaj, women protesters Committee against the Brutal Killing of of 127 Thangjam Manorama Devi by 17 devolution, Sri Lanka 170 AR 127 dewan (secretary) to maharajah of Communist Party of Thailand 38, 70 Manipur 122 Composite Dialogue, India and di Tiro, Chik 19 Pakistan 140 di Tiro, Hasan 19–20, 23 Conflict Affected Rehabilitation Project Dien Bien Phu 248 (CAARP) (ADB) 167 Dimasas, conflict with Karbis 117, 122 Congress on Papuan independence Dr Ram Manohar Lohia v. V. Sundaram, (2000) 28 District Magistrate of Manipur 123 Congress Party (India) 256 Drepung Monastery, Tibet 206 Congressional Human Rights Caucus drug trade (US) 217 Myanmar and 57, 74, 77 Congressional Research Service Xinjiang and 183 (US) 194 Dunne, J. 108 ‘constructive engagement’ 57 Dusun Nyor Rebellion 38, 46 Corruption Perceptions Index 57 19, 31 274 Index

East Bengal 121 East Kalimantan 16 ethnic Tibetans and 208 120, 251–2 Monroe Doctrine and 244 see also Bangladesh European Community 4 East Timor 15, 31 European Parliament 217 armed resistance and 27 European Union (EU) 261 geopolitics 257–8 China–European Union summit 220 UN peacekeeping force and 258 Myanmar and 59, 60–1, 66 International Xinjiang and 195 Committee 193 extremism 190, 207 East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) 184–5, 187–8, 193, 194–6, Failed States Index 57 254 Fearon, J. D. 5 East Turkestan Islamic Party 193 Federal Party (FP) (Sri Lanka) 160 East Turkestan Islamic Party of Federally Administered Tribal Areas Allah 193 (FATA) 145, 147 East Turkestan Liberation Organization Ferghana Valley 197 (ETLO) 193, 194 Fernando, Admiral Clancy 162 East Turkestan Opposition Party 193 Fixing Failed States: a Framework for ‘East Turkestan terrorists’ Rebuilding a Fractured World (Ghani (publication) 193 & Lockhart) 59 Eastern Province (Sri Lanka) 173 Fonseka, Lieutenant General Economic Cooperation Sarath 161, 162 Organization 93 Foreign Affairs (publication) 3, 5, Education Department (Thailand) 51 6, 142 education, in Thailand 50–1, 258–9 Foreign Ministry (China) 195 Eelam People’s Democratic Party Foreign Office (EPDP) 172, 174 Pakistan 146 Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation United Kingdom (UK) 27 Front (EPRLF) 160 Foreign Relations Committee, US Eelam Revolutionary Organization Senate 216 (EROS) 160, 173 Eelam War IV 159, 161–4, 163 colonialism and 245 Eisenhower, President Dwight D. Thailand and 49 214–15 (Grakan Aceh Enembe, Lukas 29 ) (GAM) 19–25, 27, energy issues 32, 53 Balochistan 86–7, 88–91, 91–5 27, 30, 32 Pakistan 105 Free Papua Organization–National Uyghur separatism and 197–8 Liberation Army (TPN–OPM) 30 ethnic cleansing 2, 131, 244 Free Tibetan Government 213–14 ethnic conflicts, India 117 Free Turkestan Movement 194 ethnic identity, Wirsing’s Freeport McMoran Copper and Gold definition 245 Inc. 27 ethnic separatism 1–11, 190, 207 Friedman, T. L. 7–8 3–7, 9 ‘From Great Game to Grand Bargain: globalization vs group identity 7–9 Ending Chaos in Afghanistan and rise of Asia 9 Pakistan’ (Rubin & Rashid) 142 Xinjiang and 197 Front de Liberation Nationale see also geopolitics (FLN) 245 Index 275

Galula, D. 45 Guangzhou, plastics factory GAM (Grakan Aceh Merdeka) (Free Aceh bombing 184 Movement) 19–25, 27, 32, 53 Guantanamo Bay 119, 194–5 Gambari, Ibrahim 58 Gutierrez, Carlos 93 Gambari Process 72 Guzalinur Turdi 187 Gandhi, Prime Minister Rajiv 162 Gwadar Ganges, Tibetan Plateau as source Central Asia transport corridor of 219 and 91–5 Gansu 206, 207 military 104 gas port facility 85, 91, 106 pipelines 69, 86, 88–91, 104–5, Gwadar Port Authority 105 108, 197–8 production, in Aceh 22 Habibie, President B. J. 15, 16–17, Geneva 23 21, 28 geopolitics 244–67 Hamaneh, Kazem Vaziri 89 Balochistan 86–7, 88–91, 91–5 186, 187, 192, 198 Cold war/ post- Cold war years Han police officers 193 246–52 ul Haq, Mahbub 98 defined 246 Harish, S. P. 44 India 133–5, 254–6, 261, 264 Harrison, S. S. 83–4, 97, 101 Kashmir 155, 247–8, 254–6, Hasbi Abdullah 24 261–2, 264 Hazarika, S. 125 Myanmar 249–50 Agreement, on Aceh Northeast India 133–5 (2005) 23 Pakistan 254–6, 261–2 Helsinki negotiations, GAM and 23 Philippines 250–1, 259–60 Hindu (publication) 164 post-9/11 era 252–60, 261–4 Hinduism 119, 140, 148, 154 Russia 261, 264 HIV/AIDS, Myanmar and 57, 68, 77 Sri Lanka 247, 256–7, 262–3 Hizb- ut- Tahrir 30, 197 Tibet 212–16, 248 Holbrooke, Ambassador Richard Timor- Leste 257–8 144, 154 Gerakan Mujahideen Islam Pattani 43 Home of East Turkestan Youth 194 Gere, Richard 216 Hotan, protests 186 German Empire 244 Hu Jintao, President 190–1, 197, German New Guinea 236 198, 221 Germans, ethnic, population Hu Yaobang, Premier 211 movement 4 Huang, Y. 207 Ghani, A. 59 Hui Minorities War 188 ‘Globalization 3.0’ 7 Hui, in Xinjiang 192 globalization Human Development Index (HDI), Tibet and 216–18 northeast India and 125 vs. group identity 7–9 human rights Goalpara 127 groups 190 Gohain, H. 128 Indonesia and 31 Gohpur riots 129 Kashmir and 141 Goldstein, M. 209 Thailand and 46 Golkar Party 28 Tibet and 216–18 Gopalakrishnan, R. 123 Human Rights Commission of Pakistan ‘Gram- raj system’ 171 (HRCP) 103 group identity vs. globalization 7–9 Human Rights Commission (UN) 232 276 Index

Human Rights Watch (HRW) 28, 43, Sri Lanka and 161, 171, 175 51, 165 Supreme Court 123 Asia Division 185 Tibet and 212–15, 219–20 human trafficking, Myanmar 77 Turkmenistan and 88 ‘Humanitarian Pause’, in Aceh 22 Union of 116 Hungary, Soviet invasion of 214 US–India strategic partnership 254 Hussein, Saddam 261 see also Kashmir hydropower projects 146–7 Indian Muslims, in Assam 132–3 Indian Ocean, Pakistan naval identity presence 93 ethnic 234–8 Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 161 group 7–9 Indonesia 15–35, 53 Ilango, Tamil police chief 163 2005 joint maritime patrols Imphal 123, 126 agreement 260 improvised explosive devices (IEDs) Aceh, secessionism 18–25 46, 52 anti- Dutch struggle 25 In Afghanistan’s Shadow (Harrison) 83 Law 21/2001 (Papuan autonomy) 28 ‘inassimilable alterity’ 132 Myanmar and 61, 66 India 8, 9, 116–39, 262 Papua 25–31 Afghanistan and 94 state relations 16–18 Baglihar Dam and 146 Timor- Leste and 257–8 Balochistan and 99–100 US and 258 Bodo insurgency 127–33 Indonesian Republic 19 British 140 Indonesians, in Thailand 250 Buddhists in 209 Indonesia––Thailand Growth Chabahar port and 94 Triangle, 1993 initiative 50 China and 120, 134 Indo- Pakistan war (1965), Kashmir civilian nuclear accord with US 90 and 247, 251 Cold War and 247–8, 251 Indo- Pakistan war (1971), East Pakistan Constitution 117, 120, 135–6 and 251–2 ethnic groups and 208, 245–6 Indo- Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship geopolitics 133–5, 254–6 and Cooperation 252 India–Pakistan peace process 89 Indo- Sri Lanka Accord (1987) 161, 171 India–Pakistan relations 149, 254–6 Indus 145, 219 Indo- Myanmar border 134 Indus Waters Commissioners 146 INSTC and 94 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) 146 –Pakistan–India (IPI) information management, pipeline 88–90 zero- tolerance approach 101–2 ‘Look East Policy’ 135 INSTC (International North–South Manipur 122–7 Transport Corridor) 94 military occupation of Kashmir 141 Intellectual Deep South Watch Myanmar and 59–60, 60–1, 66–8, 70, (IDSW) 51 76–7, 249 internally displaced persons (IDPs), Sri natural gas pipelines and 88, 91 Lanka 159, 164–5, 175–6, 177 Northeast ethnic separatism 120–2 International Campaign for Tibet 216 Pakistan and 84–5, 246 International Crisis Group (ICG) partition plan 140 Aceh and 24 post-9/11 253 Balochistan and 100, 106 Sino-Indian relations 212, 222 Papua and 30 Soviet Union and 252 Thailand and 52, 250 Index 277

International North–South Transport Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) Corridor (INSTC) 94 170, 171 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) 70 (Pakistan) 262 Myanmar and 59, 60, 68, 74, 76 Inverse Population Density (IPD) Pearl Harbor and 252 formula 98 (JHU) 170, 171 Iran 16 Balochistan and 85, 99–100, 108 Darul Islam and 19 Economic Cooperation Organization Islamic militants from 17 and 93 Muslim migrants from 18 INSTC and 94 Jayatilleka, Dayan 172 natural gas reserves 89 (JI) 17, 32, 42, 44, transport links with Xinjiang 191 263–4 Iran– Sanctions Act (1996) Jia Qinglin 190 (US) 89 Jiang Zemin, President 253 Iran–Pakistan–India (IPI) pipeline ‘Jihad in Eastern Turkestan’ 184 88–90 Jonai 130 Iraq 2, 199 Jones, S. 24, 30, 44 Thailand and 41, 44, 53 US invasion of 61, 197, 245 Kacharis 127 Irrawaddy Delta 58 Kachhi Canal irrigation 24 project 106 Isaak–Muivah Group 122 Kachin 58, 62 Iskandar Muda, Sultan 19, 20 Kachins, Myanmar and 134 Iskandar Thani, Sultan 19 Kachin Independence Organization Islam, South Asia and radical 120 (KIO) 58 Islamic education, in south Kadeer, Rebiya 188 Thailand 51 Kadir, Ismail 195 Islamic fundamentalism 51, 134 Kadirgamar, Foreign Minister Islamic Holy Warriors 193 Lakshman 162 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Kandy 169 (IMU) 185, 197 Kangla Fort 127 Islamic Reformist Party ‘Shock Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup Brigade’ 193 (KYKL) 123 Islamist extremism Kankesanthurai 166, 167 China and 191 Anti- Terrorism Court 103 Xinjiang and 197 Karbi Anglong 130 Islamist groups 17–18 Karbis, conflict with Dimasas GAM and 20 117, 122 rhetoric, China and 190 Karen 58, 62 Islamist movements 198 Karen National Union (KNU) 58 Israel, Cold War and 246–7 Karenni (Kayah) 58, 62 Karenni National Progressive Party Jaffar Umar Thalib 17 (KNPP) 58 Jaffna 162, 164, 166, 167, 172 Kargil ‘ Charter’ 18 conflict 255 Jamestown Foundation 86 invasion 141, 152 Jamhoori Watan Party (Republican Karuna (compassion) 169 National Party) 103 Karuna (LTTE) 162 Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) 140–1, 145 Kashgar 186, 193 278 Index

Kashmir 84, 140–58, 152 Kukis 117, 122, 123, 124 Afghanistan and 147–9, 155 Kumaratunga, President Chandrika 161 geopolitics 247–8, 254–6, 261–2, 264 Kunming 69 India–Pakistan relations 144–9, Kurds 2 152, 155 Kyrgyzstan 189 Indo- Pakistan war (1965) 251 China and 198 river resource rivalry 145–7 counter-terrorism and 190 self-determination for 142 Shanghai Cooperation Organization solutions, search for 149–52 (SCO) and 189, 253 US and 152–4 training camps in 196 Kasuri, Khurshid 151 transport links with Xinjiang 192 Kayani, General 155 US embassy in 194 Kazakhstan 189 China and 197, 198 Laitin, D. D. 5 counter- terrorism and 190 Lalungs 127 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Lamgong 123 (SCO) and 189, 253 Langhin Tinali 130 training camps in 196 Langkawi Process 47 transport links with Xinjiang 191, Laskar Jihad 17 192, 197 Laskar Jundullah 17 Kazaks, in Xinjiang 192 Latin America Kei Islands of Maluku 30 nationalism and 244 Kelsang Gyaltsen 220 US and 244 Kennedy, President J. F. 26, 248 Law on the Governing of Aceh 23 Khair Baksh Marri, Nawab 104 Lhasa 188, 206 khalwat (‘approaching adultery’) 23 Li Shen 92 Khin Nyunt 65 ‘liberal-optimist’ 3 Khotan disturbances 193 Liberation Tigers of Khrushchev, Nikita 215 (LTTE) 159–60, 249 Khuzdar 102 decimation of 161–4 Kilinochchi 162, 173 geopolitics 256–7, 262–3 Kim Jong Il 73 international community and Kingsbury, D. 23 175–6 Kirgiz, in Xinjiang 192 postwar politics 173–5 Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project state management 164–73 (KHP) 146 see also Sri Lanka Klein, J. 153 Libya Koch- Rajbangshis 131 GAM and 20 Kohlu 86, 102, 103, 104 Iran–Libya Sanctions Act (1996) Koirengs 123 (US) 89 Kokrajhar 129, 129–30 ‘licence to kill’ (Thai emergency decree Kolas, A. 208 2005) 47 Korb, L. 142 Lincoln, President Abraham 244 Korean Peninsula 248 Line of Control, Kashmir 141–2, Korean War 215 151, 255 Krishna Godavari (KG) natural gas Linggadjati Agreement 25 fields 89 Liow, J. 44 Kristiarto Legowo 75 Liu Naiqiang 71 Krue Se Mosque incident 46, 47, 50 Lockhart, C. 59 Kucha incident 186, 187 Lodi Gyari 220 Index 279

Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol ‘ market- dominant minorities’ 8 (Sri Lanka) 162 Marri tribe (Balochistan) 95, 96, 102, Longanathan, Kethesh 162 104 ‘Look East’ policy, of India 67 Marwah, V. 125 Lyotard, J.-F. 118 Mavil Aru 161 McCargo, D. 41 Ma Ying- Jeou, President 221 McElroy, N. 214 Macapagal- Arroyo, President Mech- Kacharis 127 Gloria 260 Medan 17 MacIntyre, A. 31 Media Centre for National Security Mahanta, Prafulla 129 (MCNS) 162 , Prime Minister 47 media, pro- Tibet bias in Western 207 Mahbubani, K. 9 Megawati, President 17, 21, 23, 28 Mahsum, Hasan 194, 196, 254 Meghalaya 120, 125 Malacca, Straits of 69 Mehmet Emin Hazret 194 Malay community (Sri Lanka) 168, 169 Meiteis 119, 123, 124, 133 Malay Muslims, in Thailand 37–9, Mekong River, Tibetan Plateau 40–1, 43–4, 45–6, 48, 49–50, as source of 219 52–3, 259 Melanesia 231, 233 Malaya 38 ‘Melanesian race’, defining native Malayan Peninsula 19 Papuans 29 Malays, ethnic, in Indonesia 16, 26 Memeti, Memetiming 184 Malaysia 47–8 Memorandum of Settlement, 2005 joint maritime patrols Assam 128, 132 agreement 260 Mengal tribe (Balochistan) 96, 102, Thailand and 250, 258 103 Malik, M. 250 Menon, P. N. 214 Malik Mahmud 23 Menon, Shiv Shankar 175, 219 Mamet Sadyk 194 Merauke 29 Mamet Yasyn 194 Metha (loving kindness) 169 Manchu emperors, Tibet and 209 Metz, S. 108 Manchu garrisons, Xinjiang region 189 Micronesia 233 Mandala Command, operation in Middle East 1–2, 198, 247, 263 Papua 26 militant groups, Thailand 42–5 Mangaldoi 129 military intervention, Myanmar Manik Farm IDP camp 164 and 66 Manipur 116–18, 120–2, 133 military junta, Myanmar 57–60 1891 war 122 Military Operation Zone (Daerah Council of Ministers 122–3 Operasi Militar) (DOM) 20, 21 Hinduism and 119 military- security measures, Thailand 45 Legislative Assembly 124 Milosevic, Slobodan 244 ‘Manipur Culture Policy 2020’ 124 Mindanao 25, 45, 259 State Constitution Act 122–3 Mindanao–Sulawesi corridor, joint United Committee 123 maritime patrols 260 Mannar 162, 164 Minister for Communication Manorama, Thangjam (aka (China) 92 Henthoi) 126–7 Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka) 162 Mao Zedong 211 Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) Maoism, Manipur separatists and 123 (India) 135, 214 Marcos, President Ferdinand 251 Ministry of Interior (China) 195 280 Index

Miris 128 in Philippines 250, 250–1, 259, 264 Mishra, Brijesh 255 in Sri Lanka 168, 169, 170 Misra, T. 129 in Thailand 250, 258, 264 Misra, U. 129 in Xinjiang 188–9 Mitzner, M. 29 Mutallip Hajim 186 Mizo National Front (MNF) 122 Muzakkir Manaf 24 Mizoram 120–1, 122, 125 Myanmar 57–79 Mizos 133 army (Tatmadaw) 63, 65 insurgency 117, 121, 122 ASEAN and 74–5, 76–7 Mohammed, Prophet 192 China and 68–74, 76–7 Mohan, C. R. 153 civil–military relations 57–60 Mon 58 ethnic groups and 264 Mongolia 70, 209 geopolitics 249–50 , in Xinjiang 192 India and 66–8, 76, 120, 133 Monroe Doctrine 244 Indo- Myanmar border 134 Monsengs 123 Japan and 74, 76 Moro Islamic Liberation Front Kachins and 134 (MILF) 53, 251, 259–60 multilateralize, need to 60–1 Moro National Liberation Front power- sharing 62–5 (MNLF) 251 Sino- Burmese oil pipeline 69 Moscow State Institute for International Thailand and 65–6 Relations 221 Moulavi Bazar 133 Nadesan, B. 163 Moyons 123 Naga Hills 121 MRP (Majelis Rakyat Papua) 29 Naga National Council (NNC) 122, 124 Muditha (rejoicing in others’ joy) 169 Naga Peoples’ Movement for Human Muhammad Nazar 24 Rights (NPMHR) 127 Mujib- ur- Rahman 133 120, 121 Mukherjee, D. P. 128 Nagas 58, 123–4, 133 Mukherjee, S. P. 128 insurgency 117, 122 Mullaitivu 162, 173 Nagalim 124, 135 Muller, J. Z. 3–6 Nagdhari 133 multinational corporations, Chinese in Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam 22 Myanmar 69 Narathiwat Province, Thailand 36, 37, Mumbai, attacks in 142, 152, 256 39, 40, 43, 45–6, 50, 250, 258 Münster, peace treaty of 244 Narayanan, M. K. 175 Muralidhar 167 Narokobi, Bernard 232 MUSA (Muslim students’ union, Nasioi language group Assam) 132 (Bougainville) 236 Musa’ad, Muhammad 29 Nasori Saesaeng 43 Musharraf, President Pervez 84, 92–3, Nath, Sunil 134 96, 99, 100–7, 151, 196, 255 (newspaper) 96 Muslims National Democratic Front of Bodoland Bengali- speaking 131 (NDFB) 130, 133 in China 190, 192 National Development and Reform in Indonesia 15, 17–18, 30, 32 Commission (China) 191 in Jammu & Kashmir 140, 141, 148 National Intelligence Council in Kashmir 147, 150, 154 (US) 218 in Mindanao 250 National League for Democracy Mumbai attack and 142 (NLD) 59, 63–4, 77 Index 281

National Liberation Front of Tripura North America, ethnic Tibetans (NLFT) 121 and 208 National Minorities Policy and Its Practice North Atlantic Treaty Organization in China (State Council) 189 (NATO) 83–4 National People’s Congress (NPC) North Cachar Hills, Assam 117 (China) 187 North Korea 61–2, 72–3, 76 National Reconciliation Commission 129 (NRC) (Thailand) 47, 48, 49 North Maluku 17 National Socialist Council of Nagalim North Sumatra 17 (NSCN), Isaak-Muivah Group North Vietnam 248 (NSCN (I–M)) 122, 124, 127, 135 North West Frontier Province nationalism, ethnic 3–7, 9 (NWFP) 97–8, 145 Nationalists, Republic of China 189 Northern Alliance (Afghanistan) 94 NATO 195 Northern Ireland 149 ethnic cleansing and 244 Northern Province (Sri Lanka) 167, forces in Afghanistan 147, 222 170, 174 Serbia and 260–1 , mediation in Sri Lanka natural gas pipelines, Pakistan 88–91, 161, 256 105, 108 Northeast Provincial Council Nazarbayev, President Abishevich 197 (Sri Lanka) 171 Nazi regime 4 Nyan Win 72, 75 Needed: a Comprehensive US Policy Nye, J. S. 7 Towards Pakistan (Atlantic Council) 143 Obama, President Barack 60, 142–3, Neelum- Jhelum Hydroelectric Project 152–4, 195, 256, 261, 266 (NJHP) 147 oil Negroponte, John 219 in Aceh 22 Nehru, Prime Minister Pandit pipelines, China and 69 Jawaharlal 213, 215 , Gulf of 92 Nepal 120, 208, 209 Ona, Francis 236, 239 Nepalis, in Assam 133 Onde, William 28 One Plus Three framework, Myanmar Indonesian independence and 25–6 and 66 Papuan natural resources and 27 Ong Keng Yong 63 New PULO 43 Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) (Free see also Pattani United Liberation Papua Movement) 27, 30, 32 Organization (PULO) Organization for the Liberation of New York Agreement (1962), Indonesian Uyghurstan 194 Papua and 26 Oslo Declaration (Sri Lanka, 2002) 161 New Zealand, Bougainville and 237 Osnabrück, peace treaty of 244 Nixon, President Richard 252 outsiders, in Bougainville 236 Niyazov, President Saparmurat 197 Owais Ahmad Ghani 103 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 176 non- governmental organizations Paites 122, 123 (NGOs) Pakistan 1–2, 63, 68, 194 Indonesia 20, 22, 29 Afghanistan and 93 Sri Lanka 165 China and 189, 195, 198 Thailand 43 Coast Guard 105 Norbulingka 210–11 Cold War and 251 Norochcholai power project 166 Constitution 100 282 Index

Pakistan – continued Pattani United Liberation Organization Economic Cooperation Organization (PULO) 38, 43 and 93 see also New PULO energy security and 105 Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai 123 ethnic composition 98 Pathmanathan, K. 173, 174–5 ETIM and 185 Pattaya 49 105 paukphaw (kinsmen) relationships 70 geopolitics 254–6, 261–2 PDI- P party (Indonesia) 23, 29 India–Pakistan peace process 89 Pegu, J. 128 India–Pakistan relations 149, 246, Pentagon 1–2, 142 254–6 People’s Armed Police Force (PAPF) Iran–Pakistan–India (IPI) (China) 188, 206 pipeline 88–90 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Kashmir and 247 China 210–11, 213 natural gas pipelines 88–91, 108 Manipur 126 radicalization in 264 People’s Liberation Organization of Sino-Pakistani strategic Tamil Eelam (PLOTE) 160 interests 93 Peoples’ Revolutionary Party of Supreme Court 151 Kangleipak (PREPAK) 127 training camps in 183–4, 188 Pertamina Oil Company 30 transport links with Xinjiang 191 Peters, R. 1–2, 4 Turkmenistan and 88 Phibun Songkhram, Prime US and 93, 105, 142–4, 149, 153, Minister 37–8 195, 247, 255 Philippines 25, 45, 53, 70, 250 Zaranj–Delaram highway link 2005 joint maritime patrols and 94 agreement 260 see also Balochistan; Kashmir armed forces of (AFP) 260 Pakistan Muslim League–Quaid-i- Azam Constitution 260 (PML–Q) 96 geopolitics 250–1, 259–60, 263–4 Palestine 246 Supreme Court of 259–60 Panguna copper mine 235, 236 Plains Tribal Council of Assam Papua (Indonesian) 15–16, 17, 22, (PTCA) 128 25–31, 32 Poland, visit of Dalai Lama 220 Papuan People’s Council (Majelis Poles, population movement 4 Rakyat Papua) (MRP) 29 political management, zero- tolerance Papuan Presidium Council 28 approach and 102–4, 104–5 Papua New Guinea (PNG) 30 Polynesia 233 Defence Force 236, 237 Ponnambalam, G. G. 160 Supreme Court 238 Pontecovo, Gillo 245 see also Bougainville Poso 17, 32 Paris, pro- Tibet protesters and Beijing post-9/11 era 252–60, 261–4, 266 Olympics 207 post- LTTE conflict management 160 Partnership for Progress: Advancing post- Soeharto era (Indonesia) 16 a New Strategy for Prosperity and power- sharing, Myanmar 62–5 Stability in Pakistan and the Region Prabhakaran, Velupillai 159, 161, 163, (CAP) 142 173, 175, 256–7, 262 98–9, 102 Pranai Suwannarat 50 Pattani nationalism 51 Prem Tinsulanonda, General 38–9, Pattani province 25, 36, 37, 40, 43, 46, 41, 49 50, 250, 258 Premadasa, President R. 161, 162 Index 283

Presidential Task Force on development river resource rivalry, Kashmir 145–7 (Sri Lanka) 166 Robinson, G. 25 Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) Roosevelt, President Franklin D. 214, (Sri Lanka) 173 252, 253 Prince of Songkhla University 51 Rosecrance, R. 6, 7 prophet Mohammed 192 (RTA) 42, 52 Provincial Councils, Sri Lanka 171 Rubin, B. R. 142–3, 148 PT Freeport Indonesia Company 27 Rundu Kumpulan Kecil (RKK) 43, 52 Pulithevan, S. 163 Russia Punjab 87, 97–8, 146 Balochistan and 83, 100 Punjabis, in Thailand 250 counter-terrorism and 190 putra daerah (sons of the region) 15, 16 geopolitics 261, 264 Pyanj river 93 INSTC and 94 Kashmir and 248 qanun (Aceh ‘constitution’) 22–3 natural gas reserves 89 Qin Gang 195 post-9/11 253 189, 209 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Qinghai 206, 208 (SCO) and 189, 253 Qinghai–Tibet (Qingzang) railway transport links with Xinjiang 191 191, 219 see also Soviet Union Qizilboy, terrorist attack 186 Ryacudu, General Ryamizard 28 Quetta 99, 103, 104 Sadaqat, M. 97 Rabhas 128 Saddam Hussein 261 Rabi Ram Brahma 129 130 Radio Free Asia 194 ‘saffron revolution’, in Tibet 70 Rajapaksa, Defence Secretary Saikia, Hiteswar 131 Gotabaya 161 Saipan 214 Rajapaksa, President Mahinda 159, Salafists 17, 30 161–2, 164–6, 168–70, 172–3, 175– Salween river, Tibetan plateau as source 7, 257, 263 of 219 Rakhine (Arakan) 58 Sampanthan, Rajavarothajam 171 Ram, N. 164, 169, 173 Samuel, G. 217 Ramage, D. E. 31 Sanamahi cult 123 Rammohan, E. N. 125 ‘sanctions versus engagement’ 59 Ramnagar 133 Sanmilit Janagoshthi Sangram Samiti Rangpur 133 (SJSS) 131 Rashid, A. 142–3, 148, 255 Santhals 131 Reagan, President R. 142, 247 Sanz, Ortiz 27 ‘realist-pessimist’ 3 sardari system 101 Reangs, conflict with Mizos 122 Sarei, Bougainville provincial ‘Redeclaration of Independence for premier 235 Aceh’ 19 Sarkozy, President Nicolas 220 ‘redskins’ of PNG 233–4 Satchari 133 Reilly, B. 233 Satun Province, Thailand 50 religion, Israel and 246 Saudi Arabia 2 ‘Republic of North Solomons’ 235 Sautmann, B. 217 Republican National Party (Jamhoori Scheduled Tribes (Assam) 131 Watan Party) 103 Sea Tigers 163 Riau 16–17 secessionism, Aceh 18–25 284 Index

Secretary of Commerce (US) 93 Sinhalization 160 Security Operations Command Sino- Burmese oil pipeline 69 (Thailand) 50 Sino- Indian relations 212, 222 Semed, Ismail 196 Sino- Pakistani strategic interests 93 Seneviratne, John 167 Sino- Soviet relations 215 separatism see ethnic separatism Sino- Thais 37 ‘separatist project’ 5 SIRA (Aceh Referendum Information 11 September 2001 40–1, 189, 246 Centre) 22, 24, 32 post-9/11 era 252–60, 261–4, 266 Sistan 92 Serbia 260 Sittwe 69 1990s crisis 244 Six- Party Talks Serbs, population movement 4 Myanmar 60–1 ‘Serfs Emancipation Day’ (Tibet) 218 North Korea 66, 72–3, 76 ‘Seven Sisters’ (India) 120 Slovaks, population movement 4 ‘Seventeen Point Agreement for the Smith, A. D. 31 Peaceful Liberation of Tibet’ Soeharto, President 15, 27, 31 210, 214 Soekarno, President 26, 27, 31 Seyfullah, Commander 184 Sofyan Dawood 24 Shamshernagar 133 Solomon Islands 233, 236 Shan 58, 62 Somalia 74, 264 State Army (SSA) 58 Somchai Nilaphaichit 46 Shanghai 189 , Thailand 50, 250 bus bombing 184 Sonowal- Kacharis 127 Shanghai Cooperation Organization , General 43, (SCO) 189, 190–1, 195, 198, 253 48, 258 law, Thailand and 38, 49 Soosai, Sea Tiger chief 163 Sharif, Prime Minister Nawaz 255 South Africa, China and 220 Shia 2, 250 South Asia Shillong 122 radical Islam and 120 Shinawatra, Prime Minister Thaksin 37, transport link to Central Asia 94 39–42, 45–8, 49–50, 52, 53, 258 South East Asia 19 Siam see Thailand India and 135 Sibi 104 70 Sichuan 206, 208 South Pars gas field 88 earthquake 207 South Vietnam 248 Sikkim 120, 121, 125, 209 Southeast Asian Treaty Organization Siliguri corridor 120 (SEATO) 247 Silva, Nimal Siripala 173 Southern Border Provinces Simon Commission (India) 127 Administration Centre (SBPAC) 39, Simpang KKA 21 40, 41, 48, 50 Sindh 86–7, 98, 99 sovereignty 1, 49, 244 Singapore, Myanmar and 62 Soviet Union 5, 73, 252 Singh, His Highness Maharaja Afghanistan and 247–8 Bodhachandra 123 arms supplies 251 Singh, Maharaja Hari 140 Communist Party of (CPSU) 215 Singh, Okram Ibobi 125 expansionism and 83–4 Singh, Prime Minister Hungary and 214 Dr Manmohan 135 India and 252 Sinhalese community 159, 160, 167, Israel and 246–7 168, 176–7, 249, 262 Kashmir and 247–8 suspected resettlement of 165 Sino- Soviet relations 215 Index 285

Xinjiang and 189, 196 Sulong, Haji 38 see also Russia Sulu 25 Special Forces Sumatra 19 Thailand 48 Sunni Muslims 250 US 260 Surayud, Prime Minister 44, 48–53, 66 Special Services Bureau (Assam) 129 , Aceh exiles in 23 Spence, Jonathan D. 189 Syariah law 18, 21–2 Sperling, E. 208 Syed Hamid Albar 75 Sri Jayawardenapura 168 Sylhet 133 Sri Lanka 159–80 Syria 2 ‘13th Amendment plus’ 171–3, 177 All Party Representative Committee Tabrani Rab 16 (APRC) 170–1 Taiping Rebellion 188 armed forces 162 70, 188, 221 Constitution 160, 170, 171 Tajikistan 189 devolution debate 170 Afghanistan and 93, 94 drivers of Tamil conflict 160–4 China and 183, 198 Eelam War IV, LTTE decimation counter-terrorism and 190 161–4 Shanghai Cooperation Organization ‘fight- to-finish’ campaign (2006) 161 (SCO) and 189, 253 geopolitics 247, 256–7, 262–3 training camps in 196 High Courts 171 transport links with Xinjiang internally displaced persons 191, 192 (IDPs) 159, 164–5, 177 Tak Bai atrocity 46, 47, 49–50 international community and 175–6 Taliban 44, 94, 99, 197, 253, official languages 171, 172 255, 256 postwar Tamil politics 173–5 ETIM and 194 solutions, search for 167–70 in Federally Administered Tribal state management, post LTTE 164–73 Areas 147 Supreme Court of 171 in Pakistani borderlands 153 Sri Lanka Muslim Congress Tamil Congress (TC) 160 (SLMC) 170, 173 Tamil Eelam 159, 160–1, 175 Sri Prakash 122 Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization Srikantha, N. 174 (TELO) 160, 173 State Administration for Religious Affairs Tamil Makkai Viduthalai Puligai (China) 190 (TMVP) 173, 174 State of Emergency (Sri Lanka) 173 (TNA) 169, State Peace and Development Council 170, 171, 173, 174 (SPDC) (Myanmar) 58, 64, 75 Tamil United Liberation Front Stein, A. 6, 7 (TULF) 160, 162, 165, 167, Steinberg, Jim 60 171, 172, 174 Steingart, G. 8 TamilNet 162, 163, 173 Sudarsono, Juwono 63 Tamils Suebu, Barnabas 29 community 159, 162, 168, 169, 177 Suez Canal 94 conflict, drivers of 160–4 Sufi Islam 254 diaspora 172 Sui natural gas fields 86, 104 geopolitics 249, 257, 262–3 Sui Southern Gas Company Limited 86 postwar politics 173–5 suicide bombings 183, 187 in Thailand 250 Sulawesi 18 see also Sri Lanka Darul Islam and 19 Tang Jiaxuan 72 286 Index

Tapanuli 17 globalization and human rights Tarapot, P. 126 216–18 Tashkent Conference (1966) 248 monks’ demonstration/hunger Tatmadaw (Burmese army) 63, 65 strike 206 Tehrik- e-Talaba- e- Pakistan (TTP) 256 resistance fighters, CIA and 214 Tekas County, Xinjiang 193 Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) 207, Temple, D. 89–90 209, 219, 221–2 Tempo (magazine) 21, 24 Tibetan Youth Congress 220 Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) 17, Timor- Leste see East Timor 21, 24–5, 30 Tinsulanonda, Prime Minister terrorism 190–1, 207, 246 Prem 250 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Tiruchelvam, Dr Neelan 162 (Prevention) Act (TADA) Tiwas 128 (India) 118, 129 TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) 17, Texaco 69 21, 24–5 Thadous 123 Toheti, Tuersun 184 Thai Buddhists 38, 40, 43, 50, 51–2 Track II dialogue 68 Thai Muslims 37, 41, 48, 258–9 transnational security 68 Thai Rak Thai 41 Transparency International 57 Thailand 25, 36–56 transport corridors 85, 91–5, 105 geopolitics 250, 258–9, 263–4 Trieste 149 historical context 37–9 Trikora ultimatum 26 militant groups 42–5 Tripura 120, 121 Myanmar and 60–1, 62, 65–6, tribes, conflict with Bengalis 117 66, 68 tsunami (‘Boxing Day’ 2004) 23 Prime Minister Surayud 44, tumandari system 101 48–53, 66 Tumeng, Johanes 28 Prime Minister Thaksin Turbat 104 Shinawatra 37, 39–42, 45–8, 49– Turkestan Islamic Party 183–4 50, 52, 53, 258 Turkey 2 Sino-Thais 37 Economic Cooperation Organization state actions, resentment to 39–45 and 93 Than Shwe 65 transport links with Xinjiang 191 Thandikulam 166 Turkmenistan 88, 197–8 Thant Myint-U 65 Balochistan and 85, 108 Theys Eluay 28 INSTC and 94 Thiranagama, Rajani 162 Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan ‘13th Amendment plus’, (TAP) pipeline 91 Sri Lanka 171–3, 177 Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan– Tiananmen Square 217 India (TAPI) pipeline 88, 90–1 Tibet 70, 71, 120, 133, 188, 206–27 Turkmenistan–China gas 1959 rebellion 210–11, 213 pipeline 198 China and 248 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Udalguri 129 governance 209–12 5 Chinese power and 218–20 Ukrainians, population movement 4 controversy, origins and Union Territory (Assam) 128 parameters 207–9 100 Democratic Reform in (1959) 218 United Kingdom (UK) future 221–2 colonial brutality and 245 geopolitics 212–16, 248 Manipur and 122 Index 287

Tamils and 175 protest movements and 246 Thailand and 49 South Asia region and 144 United Liberation Front of Assam Supreme Court 194 (ULFA) 122, 134, 135 Taiwan and 221 United National Liberation Front of Thailand and 41 Manipur (UNLF) 122, 127 Tibet and 217, 219, 221–2 (Sri Lanka) 170, US Special Forces, Philippines and 260 172 US–China dialogue 252 United National Revolutionary Front of US–China–ASEAN Forum (USCAF), on East Turkestan (UNRF) 193 Myanmar 60, 72 Temporary Executive US–India strategic partnership 254 (UNTEA), Indonesian Papua US–Pakistan cooperation 255 and 26–7 ‘’ 41, 53, 141, 142–3, United Nations (UN) 145, 253–4, 263–4 Bougainville and 235 see also 11 September 2001 China and 71, 72 ‘ of Indonesia’, Development Programme proposed 26 (UNDP) 167 United Tribal Nationalist Liberation Human Rights Commission 232 Front (UTNLF) 128 Indonesia and 27, 28, 31 Unocal 69 Japan and 74 Upeksha (equanimity) 169 Myanmar and 58, 64, 66, 68, 69, 72 Upper Kotmale power project 166 peacekeeping force, East Timor 258 Urumqi 187, 193, 196 Security Council (UNSC) 59, 64, 67, ‘Us and Them: the Enduring Power of 68, 75, 194–5, 216, 254 Ethnic Nationalism’ (Muller) 3 Sri Lanka and 165, 175–6 USS Enterprise 252 United People’s Freedom Alliance Uyghur American Association 186 (UPFA) (Sri Lanka) 172, 173 Uyghur Liberation Organization United Revolutionary Front of Eastern 193, 194 Turkestan 194 Uyghur separatism 183–205, 264 United States of America (USA) alternate futures 198 Afghanistan and 83, 99, 143–4, 252, energy issues 197–8 253, 256 family protest (2009) 186 AfPak Strategy 256 international responses 193–7 arms supplies 251–2 as Muslim state 183 Balochistan and 100 Muslims, al- Qaeda and 253 China and 73, 214–15, 218–19 state responses 188–93 Civil War 244 violent incidents 183–8 civilian nuclear accord with India 90 Uyghurstan Liberation Front 193 concept of ‘manifest destiny’ 244 Uzbekistan 189, 197 embargo on Pakistan 247 counter- terrorism and 190–1 ETIM and 194 Shanghai Cooperation Organization extraditions by 194–5 (SCO) and 253 geopolitics 91, 260–5 transport links with Xinjiang 191 India and 149 India–Pakistan relations and 255–6 Vaddokoddai resolution 160 invasion of Iraq 61, 197, 245, 254 Vajpayee, Prime Minister Atal Kashmir and 152–4, 247–8 Bihari 255–6 Monroe Doctrine 244 Vanni (Wanni) 165, 166 Myanmar and 59, 60–1 Varna- Hindu Assamese society Pakistan and 93, 105, 142–4, 149, 153 127–8, 131 288 Index

Vavuniya 164, 172, 175 World is Flat: a Brief History of the Vavuniya–Kankesanthurai railway 166 Twenty-First Century (Friedman) 7 Vietnam 73 World Trade Centre 142 Vietnam War 215 World War One 4 Virginia, training camp for World War Two 4, 19, 25, 151, Tibetans 214 244, 252 Vishva Keerthi Sri Thri Sinhaladheeshawara 169 Xinjiang Communist Party of 196 Wahid, President A. 17, 22, 28 see also Uyghur separatism Wan Kadir Che Wan 44 Xinjiang Autonomous Region 71, Wan Li, Vice Premier 211 85, 105 Wang Jinxiang 191 Xinjiang Liberation Organization 194 Wang Lequan 196 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Wanni (Tamil heartland) 165, 166 Region 190 ‘wantok’ language group 232 Xinjiang–Shanghai gas pipeline 197 ‘war on drugs’ (Thailand) 41–2, 53 ‘war on terror’ 41, 53, 141, 143, 145, Yadana gas field 69 253, 256, 263 Yala Province, Thailand 37, 40, 43, 50, War Heroes Commemoration rally 250, 258 (Sri Lanka) 168 Yamanya, terrorist attack 186 Washington Post 154 Yang Jiechi, Foreign Minister Watanachai Chaimuanwong, 211–12, 220 General 44 Yangtze river, Tibetan plateau Watubun, Komaruddin 29 as source of 219 Waziristan, Uyghur militants and 185 Yawi (Malay dialect) 37–8, 40 Weerasinghe, Sumith 166 Ye Xiaowen 190 Weeratunga, Lalith 172 Yellow river, Tibetan plateau Weinstein, J. 5–6 as source of 219 Weiss, S. 73 Yetagun gas field 69 Welgama, Kumar 167 Yili County, Xinjiang 193 Wen Jiabao, Premier 191 Yining disturbances 193 Wenzhou, attack on police 184 Yuan Dynasty 208 West Kalimantan 17 Yudhoyono, President S. B. 18, 23, 32 West Nieuw Guinea 25 Yugoslavia 5, 199, 260 West Pakistan 251 Yunnan province 208 Western People’s Front (WPF) 170 bus bombings 184 Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 1, 244 Wickrematunge, L. 257 23–4 Wijeratne, Defence Minister Zaranj–Delaram highway link 92, Ranjan 162 94, 95 Wolves of Lop Nor 194 Zardari, President Asif Ali 84, 100, women 153–4, 185, 256 organizations for (Assam) 130 Zehri tribe (Balochistan) 102 Xinjiang violence and 186–7 Zhongnanhai, bus explosion 187 World Bank 146, 150 Zhu Rongji, Premier 191 World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Zhu Weiqun 208 Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Ziarek, E. 132 Global Instability (Chua) 8 Žižek, S. 118