A Thesis Submittedtothe Pune University
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ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH A Study of Special Economic Zones: Problems & Prospects with special reference to Raigad & Pune District, India A Thesis Submittedtothe Pune University For the the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the faculty of commerce BY MORTEZA SABERI HAKAMI Under The Guidance of Principal Dr. SANJEEV S. LATE (M.A., M.phil., G.D.C.&A., Ph. D) Amrutashwar Art & Commerce Collage Vinzar, Dis. Pune Research Center Department of Commerce & Research Center, University of Pune Pune 411007(India) 1 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Acknowledgment I express my whole hearted deep senses of gratitude and indebted to my research guide, Principal Dr. Sanjeev S, Late for his keen interest, constant inspiration, value scholastic guidance, constant encouragement and sympathetic altitude. I am thanks also to Dr, Sanjay kaptan, professor and Head Department Commerce and Research Center, University of Pune. I thank also to all stuff of Pune university specialy department of commerce and ph. D section. I will remember also kindly help of Mr. Godake, who help me to translate Marti language to English at the duration of the study. I am also grateful to, my wife Mrs. Nargis, my sons Mr. Farjam and Farshad and my daughters Ms. Fathemeh and Faezeh for their good co-operating during the study. Research Student MortezaSaberiHakami Date:june-13-2013 2 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Declaration by the Candidate I declare that the thesis entitled ‗‗A Study of Special Economic Zones: Problems & Prospects with special reference to Raigad & Pune District‘‘ submitted by me for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is the record of work carried out by me during the period from July2009 to June 2012 under the guidance of Dr. Sanjeev S. Late and has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship, titles in this or any other University or other institution of Higher learning. I further declare that the material obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis. Research Student MortezaSaberiHakami Date:june-13-2013 3 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Certificate of the Guide Certified that the work incorporated in the theses ‗‗A Study of Special Economic Zones: Problems & Prospects with special reference to Raigad & Pune District‘‘ Submitted by Mr. MortezaSaberiHakami was carried out by the candidate under my guidance. Such material as has been obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis. Research Guide Dr. Sanjeev S. Late Date:june-13-2013 4 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Contents Chapter No. Particulars Page No. Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Legislative support 8 1.3 Evolution of Special Economic Zone 9 1.4 Definition of Special Economic Zone 11 1.5 The Objective of Special Economic Zone 13 1.6 International experience 14 1.6.1. Islamic Republic Of Iran 15 1.6.2 The United States 24 1.6.3 Ireland 25 1.6.4 Poland 25 1.6.5 Mauritius 26 1.6.6 Africa 27 1.6.7 South East Asia 27 1.6.8 Special Economic Zones in China 28 1.6.8.1 Objectives of SEZ 28 1.6.8.2 Development of SEZs 29 1.7 A Brief History of India’s Special Economic Zones 30 1.8 Special Economic Zones in India 32 1.9 Categories of Special Economic Zone 35 1.10 Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 35 1.11 Custom Policy 37 1.12 Management Structure of SEZs 37 1.13 Facilities and Incentives for Units in SEZs 39 1.14 Incentives by State Government 42 1.15 Facilities for Developers of SEZs 43 1.16 Special Economic Zone Rule, 2006 44 1.16.1 Size of the SEZs 44 1.17 SEZs in Operation 45 1.18 Development of SEZs 48 1.19 Special Economic Zones in Maharashtra 50 1.20Maha Mumbai SEZ 53 1.20.1 An overview 53 1.20.2 The Reliance MMSEZ project 54 1.20.3 The History of the Resistance against MMSEZ 55 5 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Chapter No. Particulars Page No. Chapter I 1.21Khed SEZ 66 1.22 SEZs Policy in Maharashtra 70 1.22.1 Preamble 70 1.22.2 Resolution 71 1.22.2.1 Environment 71 1.22.2.2 Water Supply 72 1.22.2.3 Power 72 1.22.2.4 State Taxes, Duties, local taxes and levies 73 1.22.2.5 Labor Regulations 73 1.22.2.6 SSI and ITS Registration 74 1.22.3 SEZs as Industrial 74 1.22.3.1 Townships 74 1.22.3.2 Law & Order 75 1.22.3 Committee for review & development of SEZs 75 1.23 MIDC of Maharashtra 75 1.23.1Who can establish a SEZ? 76 1.23.2 Application procedure 77 1.23.3 Procedure of board of approval for SEZs 77 1.23.4 Terms and condition applicable to developer of SEZ 78 1.23.5 Benefit and exemption available to developer in SEZ 79 1.23.6 SEZ being developed on the land acquired by MIDC 80 1.24 Concept of Regional Imbalance 81 1.24.1. Causes of Regional Imbalances 83 1.24.2 SEZs Impact on Regional Development 84 1.25 Land Acquisition 86 1.25.1 History and issues 86 1.25.2 Consent and the Right to Land 88 1.26 Land use pattern in India 90 1.27 Waste lands in India 91 1.28 Purchase of Land for Setting up SEZs 94 1.28.1 Involuntary Displacement - Rehabilitation Conflicts 97 1.29 SEZs and Employment Generation 103 1.29.1 Direct Employment Generation 103 1.29.2 Indirect employment generation 111 1.29.3 SEZs Employment and Skill Formation 116 1.29.4 The job training and skill formation 117 6 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Chapter No. Particulars Page No. Chapter I 1.29.5 SEZs, Employment & Agriculture Sector 117 1.30 Infrastructure Development in India 118 1.30.1. Urban Infrastructure 119 1.30.2 Urban transport 119 1.30.3 SEZs, Infrastructure Facilities & Agriculture Sector 121 1.31 Anti SEZ Struggle in Maharashtra 122 1.31.1 Raigad farmers protest against MMSEZ 122 1.31.2 Anti SEZ struggle Pune 124 1.31.3 Farmer Plugging 125 Chapter II Research Methodology 128 2.1 Introduction 128 2.2 The method of research 130 2.2.1Qualitative Research 130 2.2.2 Quantitative Research 130 2.2.3 Knowing when to use each 130 2.2.4 Combining methods 131 2.3 Sampling and population 131 2.4 Variables definition 133 2.5 Data collection 134 2.5.1 Secondary data 134 2.5.2 Primary data 134 2.6 Study Area 135 2.7 Conceptual frame work of the study 136 2.8 Scope of thestudy 136 2.9 Statement of the problem 137 2.10 Significant of the study 141 2.11 Objectives of the study 142 2.12 Research questions 143 2.13 Hypothesis of Research 144 2.14 Questionnaire 144 2.15 Analyses of Data 144 2.15.1 Descriptive analysis 145 2.15.2 Inferential analysis 146 2.15.3 Hypothesis testing 148 2.15.3.1 Hypothesis Tests 149 2.15.3.2 Decision Errors 150 7 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Chapter No. Particulars Page No. Chapter II 2.15.3.3 Decision Rules 150 2.15.3.4 One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests 151 2.15.3.5 Formulation of hypothesis testing 151 2.16 Chapter Schemes 152 2.17 Limitations of the Study 154 Chapter III Review of Literature 155 3.1 Introduction 155 3.2 AggarwalAradhna (2006) 155 3.3 TantriMalini L. (2010) 156 3.4 Sharma Naresh Kumar (2009) 156 3.5 SampatPreeti (2008) 157 3.6 DohrmannJonaAravind (2008) 158 3.7 Kale Sampat (2010) 158 3.8 Olga ZajaczkowskaDrozdz (2010) 159 3.9 DhingraTarun, SinhaAmbalika and Singh Tripti 159 3.10 Jin Wang (2009) 160 3.11 SinhaShalini (2008) 160 3.12 Iyer SH (2008) 161 3.13 JonaAravindDohrmann (2008) 161 3.14 M. Balajee (2007) 162 3.15 Kothe S.K. &MungaseSachin G. (2007) 163 3.16 ShettyVijetha S. (2007) 163 3.17Nimbalkar Ratna&Nimbalkar K.G. (2007) 164 3.18 DeolankarVivek (2007) 164 3.19 Kothe S.K. &Mungase S.G. 169 3.20 ShettyVijetha S. (2007) 169 3.21 Al-AduwanAtefSaleh (2007) 170 3.22 Kumar Sunil (2007) 170 3.23 Raju A.J. &Pawar R.S. (2007) 171 3.24 Kulkarni A. V. &Lakde S.B.(2007) 172 3.25 Gawali S.N. (2007) 173 3.26 Late Sanjeev&Shinde K.H. (2007) 173 3.27 Ghorude K.N. 174 3.28 DalviSubhash&Kutty C.M. Sankaran (2007) 175 3.29 MandrekarSunita, Chari Rupali&BordeNilesh (2007) 175 3.30 SinhaShalini (2008) 176 8 ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016) Chapter No. Particulars Page No. Chapter III 3.31 Editorial pages (2008) 177 3.32 PratapSurendra (2008) 178 3.33 PanditaSanjiv (2008) 179 3.34 Tripathi S.N. (2008) 180 Chapter IV Profile of Pune and Raigad District 181 4.1. Introduction 181 4.2. Maharashtra 181 4.3 Pune District 185 4.3.1 Demographic Features 188 4.3.2 Occupational Distribution of Population 190 4.3.3 Industrial Development 191 4.3.4 Educational Development 192 4.3.5 Topography 193 4.3.6 Climate and Rainfall 194 4.3.7 Rivers and Dams 195 4.3.8 Agriculture 196 4.3.9 Soil and Cropping Pattern 197 4.3.10 Irrigation Sources 200 4.3.11 Mechanization of Agriculture 202 4.3.12 Electricity 202 4.3.13 Forestry 203 4.3.14 Livestock 203 4.4 KhedTluoga 205 4.4.1 Culture 205 4.4.2 Demographics 206 4.4.3 Industry 206 4.4.4 Transport 206 4.4.5 Education 207 4.5 Raigad District 211 4.5.1 Introduction 211 4.5.2 Demographical Features 211 4.5.3 Rivers 212 4.5.4 Seaside 212 4.5.5 Economy of District 212 4.