Television ( India Tv )

Television service in India is available throughout the country. Broadcasting is a central government monopoly under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, but the only network system, Doordarshan, also known as TV1, accepts advertisements for some programs. Doordarshan, established in 1959 and a part of All India Radio until 1976, consists of one national network and seven regional networks. In 1992 there were sixty-three high-power television transmitters, 369 medium-power transmitters, seventy-six low-power transmitters, and twenty-three transposers. Regular satellite transmissions began in 1982 (the same year color transmission began).

Indian television viewers - By 1994 some 6 million people were receiving television broadcasts via satellite, and the number was expected to increase rapidly throughout the rest of the decade. Cable television was even more prolific, with an estimated 12 to 15 million subscribers in 1994.

Besides Doordarshan, Zee TV--an independent station broadcasting from Bombay since 1992--uses satellite transmissions.n fact, because Doordarshan is the only network that is permitted to broadcast television signals domestically, Zee TV and other entrepreneurs broadcast their Indian-made videotapes via foreign transmitters.

TV channels in India. Other networks joining the fray are Cable News Network (CNN--starting in 1990); Asia Television Network (1991); Hong Kong-based Star TV (1991); Jain TV, near Bombay (1994); EL TV, a spinoff of Zee TV in Bombay (1994); HTV, an affiliate of the Hindustan Times in New Delhi (1994); and Sun TV, a Tamil- language service in Madras (1994) (see Broadcast Media, ch. 8). In a communications breakthrough for Indian Televiosn in July 1995, Doordarshan agreed, for a US$1.5 million annual fee and 50 percent of advertising revenue when it exceeds US$1.5 million, to allow CNN to broadcast twenty- four hours a day via an Indian satellite.

Indian television channel Doordarshan offers national, regional, and local service for Indian television viewers. The number of televisions in India sets increased from around 500,000 in 1976 to 9 million in early 1987 and to around 47 million in 1994; increases are expected to continue at around 6 million sets per year.

More than 75 percent of television sets in India were black and white models in 1992, but the proportion of color sets is increasing annually. Most television sets are produced in India. ±

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Television in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This article is about television in India. For a more general coverage of media in India see Indian media.

Television in India is a huge industry and has thousands of programmes in all the states of India. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities of their own kind some even attaining national fame. TV soaps are extremely popular with housewives as well as working women. Approximately half of all Indian households own a television.[1] As of 2010, a total number of 515 channels are available in the country out of which 150 are pay channels.[2]

Contents [hide]

y 1 History y 2 Post Liberalisation Television o 2.1 Cable television y 3 Audience Metrics o 3.1 DART o 3.2 TAM & INTAM o 3.3 aMap o 3.4 Broadcast Audience Research Council y 4 Conditional Access System y 5 Satellite television o 5.1 Direct to Home y 6 Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) y 7 See also y 8 References y 9 External links

[edit] History

Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India. Television services were separated from radio in 1976. National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was introduced in the Indian market.Indian small screen programming started off in the early 1980s. At that time there was only one national channel Doordarshan, which was government owned. The Ramayana and Mahabharata (both being Hindu mythological stories based on religious scriptures of the same names) were the first major television series produced. This serial notched up the world record in viewership numbers for a single program. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast terrestrially.

[edit] Post Liberalisation Television

The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations. Foreign channels like CNN, Star TV and domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1991 TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels. A large relatively untapped market, easy accessibility of relevant technology.

[edit] Cable television

As per the TAM Annual Universe Update - 2010, India now has over 134 million households (out of 223 million) with television sets, of which over 103 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 20 million households are DTH subscribers. In Urban India, 85% of all households have a TV and over 70% of all households have access to Satellite, Cable or DTH services. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%, while growth in Satellite/Cable homes exceeded 15% and DTH subscribers grew 28% over 2009. (However, some analysts place the number of households with television access at closer to 180 million since roughly a third of all rural families may watch television at a neighboring relatives home, and argue that Cable TV households are probably closer to 120 million owing to a certain percentage of informal/unregistered Cable Networks that aren't counted by mainstream surveys). It is also estimated that India now has over 500 TV channels covering all the main languages spoken in the nation.

The cable TV industry exploded in the early 1990s when the broadcast industry was liberalized, and saw the entry of many foreign players like Rupert Murdoch's Star TV Network in 1991, MTV, and others. The emergence and notification of the HDVSL standard as a home grown Indian digital cable standard is likely to open an era of interactivity on cable networks.

Sun TV (India) was launched in 1992 as the first private channel in South India. Today it has 20 channels. Channels of the Sun TV network are also available outside of India. Recently Sun TV launched a DTH service. The Raj Television Network was started in 1994 and continues to be an important player in the South Indian cable TV provider space.

In 1992, the government liberated its markets, opening them up to cable television. Five new channels belonging to the Hong Kong-based STAR TV gave Indians a fresh breath of life. MTV, STAR Plus, Star Movies, BBC, Prime Sports and STAR Chinese Channel were the 5 channels. Zee TV was the first private owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable. A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel made its foray into India. Star expanded its bouquet introducing STAR World India, STAR Sports, ESPN, Channel V and STAR Gold. Regional channels flourished along with a multitude of Hindi channels and a few English channels. By 2001 HBO and History Channel were the other international channels to enter India. By 1999±2003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney came into foray. In 2003 news channels started to boom.The most recent channels that have come up are UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM.

[edit] Audience Metrics

Television Metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented, consolidated and then fragmented again.

[edit] DART

During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART (Doordarshan Audience Research Team) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India [3]. DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART till this date is the only rating system that still measures audience metrics in Rural India [4].

[edit] TAM & INTAM

In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement). Ex-officials of DD (Doordarshan) claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered.[5]

In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by AC Nielsen[6]) as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics [5]. Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programs.

In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data [5][7][8]. This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM [9]. For several years after this, in spite of misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the defacto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game.[10]. [edit] aMap

In 2004, a rival ratings service, funded by a slew of American NRI investors, called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited (aMap) was launched[11][12][13]. Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAM monopoly was broken.

aMap USP is that ratings are available as early as next day as compared to TAM's timeline of next week.[12]

[edit] Broadcast Audience Research Council

An even newer industry body called Broadcast Audience Research Council, seeks to setup an almost real-time audience metrics system. Plans for this were announced in march 2008 and work is said to be in progress.[13][14]

[edit] Conditional Access System

CAS or conditional access system, is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set- top box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.

The idea of CAS was mooted in 2001, due to a furore over charge hikes by channels and subsequently by cable operators. Poor reception of certain channels; arbitrary pricing and increase in prices; bundling of channels; poor service delivery by Cable Television Operators (CTOs); monopolies in each area; lack of regulatory framework and redress avenues were some of the issues that were to be addressed by implementation of CAS

It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

As of April 2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.

The Indian TV regulatory authority has recommended that all Cable operators be given 5 years to change from the analogue system to the digital platform (July 2008).

[edit] Satellite television

As of 2010, over 500 TV Satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned STAR TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Sun Network and Zee TV. Direct To Home service is provided by Airtel Digital Tv, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, DishTV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon. DishTV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.

Tata Sky Dish India

These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as [15] INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS 6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.

[edit] Direct to Home

DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home.

DTH does not compete with CAS.[citation needed] Cable TV and DTH are two methods of delivery of television content. CAS is integral to both the systems in delivering pay channels.

Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.

India currently has 6 major DTH service providers and a total of over 20 million subscriber households in 2010. Dish TV(a ZEE TV subsidiary), Tata Sky, Tata Sky +, South India Media Giant Sun Network owned 'Sundirect DTH',Reliance owned BIG TV,Bharti Airtel's DTH Service 'Airtel Digital TV' and the public sector DD Direct Plus.As of 2010, India has the most competitive Direct-broadcast satellite market with 7 operators vying for more than 110 million TV homes. India is set to overtake the USA as the world's largest Direct-broadcast satellite market by 2012.[16]

The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, the need to measure viewership in this space is more than ever; aMap, the overnight ratings agency, has mounted a peoplemeter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes in India.[17]. [edit] Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)

IPTV launched only in some cities around 2006-2007 by Mtnl/Bsnl later Expands to many urban areas and still expanding. Private Broadband provider Bharti Airtel also starts its IPTV service in Delhi,NCR region. At present (2009/2010) IPTV in India is hardly making any impact in the market. But IPTV and Online Video Services in India [18] are expected to expand. Screen Digest estimates broadband penetration of TV households to increase from 4.2 percent in 2009 to 13.4 percent in 2013 [19].

[edit] See also

A Snapshot of Indian Television History Television in India has been in existence for nigh on four decades. For the first 17 years, it spread haltingly and transmission was mainly in black & white. The thinkers and policy makers of the country, which had just been liberated from centuries of colonial rule, frowned upon television, looking on at it as a luxury Indians could do without. In 1955 a Cabinet decision was taken disallowing any foreign investments in print media which has since been followed religiously for nearly 45 years. Sales of TV sets, as reflected by licences issued to buyers were just 676,615 until 1977. Television has come to the forefront only in the past 21 years and more so in the past 13. There were initially two ignition points: the first in the eighties when colour TV was introduced by state-owned broadcaster Doordarshan (DD) timed with the 1982 Asian Games which India hosted. It then proceeded to install transmitters nationwide rapidly for terrestrial broadcasting. In this period no private enterprise was allowed to set up TV stations or to transmit TV signals. The second spark came in the early nineties with the broadcast of satellite TV by foreign programmers like CNN followed by Star TV and a little later by domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV into Indian homes. Prior to this, Indian viewers had to make do with DD's chosen fare which was dull, non-commercial in nature, directed towardsonly education and socio-economic development. Entertainment programmes were few and far between. And when the solitary few soaps like Hum Log (1984), and mythological dramas: Ramayan (1987-88) and Mahabharat (1988-89) were televised, millions of viewers stayed glued to their sets When, urban Indians learnt that it was possible to watch the Gulf War on television, they rushed out and bought dishes for their homes. Others turned entrepreneurs and started offering the signal to their neighbours by flinging cable over treetops and verandahs. From the large metros satellite TV delivered via cable moved into smaller towns, spurring the purchase of TV sets and even the upgradation from black & white to colour TVs. DD responded to this satellite TV invasion by launching an entertainment and commercially driven channel and introduced entertainment programming on its terrestrial network. This again fuelled the purchase of sets in the hinterlands where cable TV was not available.

The initial success of the channels had a snowball effect: more foreign programmers and Indian entrepreneurs flagged off their own versions. From two channels prior to 1991, Indian viewers were exposed to more than 50 channels by 1996. Software producers emerged to cater to the programming boom almost overnight. Some talent came from the film industry, some from advertising and some from journalism.

More and more people set up networks until there was a time in 1995-96 when an estimated 60,000 cable operators were existing in the country. Some of them had subscriber bases as low as 50 to as high as in the thousands. Most of the networks could relay just 6 to 14 channels as higher channel relaying capacity required heavy investments, which cable operators were loathe to make. American and European cable networks evinced interest, as well as large Indian business groups, who set up sophisticated headends capable of delivering more than 30 channels. These multi-system operators (MSOs) started buying up local networks or franchising cable TV feeds to the smaller operators for a fee. This phenomenon led to resistance from smaller cable operators who joined forces and started functioning as MSOs. The net outcome was that the number of cable operators in the country has fallen to 30,000. The rash of players who rushed to set up satellite channels discovered that advertising revenue was not large enough to support them. This led to a shakeout. At least half a dozen either folded up or aborted the high-flying plans they had drawn up, and started operating in a restricted manner. Some of them converted their channels into basic subscription services charging cable operators a carriage fee. Foreign cable TV MSOs discovered that the cable TV market was too disorganised for them to operate in and at least three of them decided to postpone their plans and got out of the market.. The government started taxing cable operators in a bid to generate revenue. The rates varied in the 26 states that go to form India and ranged from 35 per cent upwards. The authorities moved in to regulate the business and a Cable TV Act was passed in 1995. The apex court in the country, the Supreme Court, passed a judgement that the air waves are not the property of the Indian government and any Indian citizen wanting to use them should be allowed to do so. The government reacted by making efforts to get some regulation in place by setting up committees to suggest what the broadcasting law of India should be, as the sector was still being governed by laws which were passed in 19th century India. A broadcasting bill was drawn up in 1997 and introduced in parliament. But it was not passed into an Act. State-owned telecaster Doordarshan and radiocaster All India Radio were brought under a holding company called the Prasar Bharati under an act that had been gathering dust for seven years, the Prasar Bharati Act, 1990. The Act served to give autonomy to the broadcasters as their management was left to a supervisory board consisting of retired professionals and bureaucrats. A committee headed by a senior Congress (I) politician Sharad Pawar and consisting of other politicians and industrialist was set up to review the contents of the Broadcasting Bill. It held discussions with industry, politicians, and consumers and a report was even drawn up. But the United Front government fell and since then the report and the Bill have been consigned to the dustbin. But before that it issued a ban on the sale of Ku-band dishes and on digital direct-to-home Ku-band broadcasting, which the Rupert Murdoch-owned News Television was threatening to start in India. ISkyB, the Murdoch DTH venture, has since been wallowing in quicksand and in recent times has even shed a lot of employees. But News Corp has been running a C-band DTH venture in the country which has around 20,000 subscribers. In 1999, a BJP-led government has been threatening to once again allow DTH Ku-band broadcasting and it has been talking of dismantling the Prasar Bharati and once again reverting Doordarshan's and All India Radio's control back in the government's hands. Some things change only to remain the same. For yearwise updates on how the television landscape has been evolving click below...

Do you have any other insights on how television developed in India that may have not been posted on this page? Do you disagree with anything that is mentioned in this short snapshot?

2000 - KBC THRUSTS STAR PLUS TO NUMERO UNO POSITION

The year 2000 will be remembered for a single show that dominated the Indian television industry and went on to switch the fortunes of some media companies. Kaun Banega Crorepati, the Amitabh Bachchan hosted game show based on Who Wants to be a Millionaire, not only became the most-watched programme on private satellite television but also catapaulted Star Plus into leadership position.

On the back of the success of Star Plus, Rupert Murdoch built his media empire. If Subhash Chandra had tasted success all through these years since Zee launched, 2000 was a turning point in Zee's history. Chandra's dream of creating a media company that would march into the convergence era faced severe threat and the internal weakness of his organisation stood exposed.

It was clearly Murdoch's year. After divorcing his business from Zee, his Star Group acquired a 26 per cent stake in the Rajan Raheja-owned Hathway Cable & Datacom for an estimated $50-60 million. This marked a re-entry of Murdoch into cable after selling his 50 per cent stake in Chandra's Siticable and gave him a presence in a cable network which had around one million subscribers.

Sony Entertainment Television, which was competing fiercely against Zee at the time, also floundered as it came under the attack from three Star Plus programmes - Bachchan's show which gave away prize money of Rs 10 million, flanked by the Balaji Telefilms' produced soaps Kyunki saas bhi kabhie bahu thi and Kahaani ghar ghar kii.

The year saw the entry of Kerry Packer's Channel Nine in a joint venture with HFCL. The HFCL-Channel Nine JV sealed a deal with Prasar Bharati, agreeing to pay a whopping Rs 1200- odd million for a three-hour prime time band on the floundering DD Metro channel. This revenue model was unsustainable, as would be proved later when Channel Nine withdrew from renewing the contract on the same commercial terms. DD Sports was also launched as a pay channel, trying to cash in on the India cricket rights which Prasar Bharati bagged in a successful bid for five years.

It was also the year that saw the birth of a Hindi news channel, Aaj Tak, from the India Today stable. This was to later fuel a news channel boom in the country. B4U, promoted by LN Mittal, Kishore Lulla and Binani, was also launched during the year.

There was activity in the regional channel space. Down south, Sun Network continued to rule supreme. Zee made a foray into regional language broadcasting with the launch of four channels under the Alpha brand - in Marathi, Punjabi, Gujarati and Bengali. Rathikant Basu, ending his stint as CEO in Star India, launched the Tara group of regional channels. ETV Network also made a foray into regional language broadcasting.

Cable TV was getting high valuation on the back of ambitious convergence plans. Intel forked out $59.23 million to pick up 3.3 per cent stake in Hinduja-owned IndusInd Media & Communications. Chandra's Siticable was valued by HSBC at $1.9 billion. MSOs announced upgradation plans, but the investments were more promised than made. The cable TV industry grew to over 30 million subscribers in the year, up from around 28 million a year ago.

Telecom operators like Reliance, Bharti, BPL and Spectranet also began to dream of the convergence play. Hopes on broadband emerged with players like NumTv.com, broadcastindia.com, sharkstream.com, homelandnetworks, and spectranet.com surfacing.

On the policy front, Ku-band DTH broadcasting was permitted after a three year ban. Guidelines were issued but a detailed note on how DTH will roll out mysteriously did not see the light of day. Uplinking and ownership of earth stations by private broadcasters from Indian soil were opened up.

No final word was heard on the broadcasting bill however. The idea of a convergence bill was mooted, but it was caught up in a tussle between the IT, telecom and I&B ministries as to who would play the steering role for convergence.

The door was open for private players to own and operate communication satellite systems. The local INSAT system was offered for commercial use by private agencies. Sun TV and Eenadu TV were the first players to get permission to enter the fray. They set up their own earth stations and were granted uplinking facilities.

Meanwhile, Chandra's ambitious Agrani satellite project ran into export licence issues under US munitions restrictions imposed after India's nuclear explosions.

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2001 - MARRED BY CONTROVERSIES

The year 2001 was marred by a series of controversies, starting with diamond merchant and noted film financier Bharat Shah's arrest and Ketan Parekh's expose which led to the collapse of the stock market and the media stocks. B4U's initial public offering (IPO) plans went for a toss as Shah was to play a prime role in the company.

Then came the accusation against the prevailing ratings system - the currency advertising industry used to measure the popularity of television programmes - being rigged, an effort by some organisations that ultimately fizzled out as they could not back it with adequate proof. And just as this mudslinging effort continued, the news came that a unified rating system would

emerge after Dutch Communications giant VNU NV had acquired AC Nielsen. This meant VNU would own TAM and INTAM, the two companies that were monitoring TV viewership in India.

It was also a dark year with three events spelling disaster: the earthquake in Gujarat, the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and the US-led offensive on Afghanistan. But this was fodder for the news channels and Aaj Tak gained audiences to become the leading news channel in the country.

Kerry Packer's dream to expand his base in India ended rather unfortunately as Doordarshan did not bend to sweeten the commercial terms with HFCL-Channel Nine. By no stretch of imagination would DD Metro find somebody to bet Rs 1.2 billion a year for a three-hour prime time possession on the channel. Packer had done it as an entry strategy, but hoping that he would repeat it for another year was a little too much to expect. And with the exit of Packer also ended Balaji Telefilms' hopes of roping in Channel Nine as a minor equity partner in the company.

Zee continued to fall and its much-hyped relaunch with 24 shows initiated by newly inducted chief executive Sandeep Goyal flopped miserably.

Star retained its premium leadership position, climbing up the charts. Sony failed to stem Star's onslaught and its Jeeto Chappar Phaad Ke, a game show hosted by actor Govinda, managed to create initial hype but fizzled out fast.

Chandra's attempt at getting Turner International to invest as an equity partner in Zee may have failed, but he managed to get a joint venture agreement for distribution. While Zee Telefilms would hold 76 per cent stake in the distribution company, the balance 26 per cent would be with Turner. Such distribution alliances to strengthen bouquet offerings to cable operators would prove to be the trend in future.

The government continued to be hazy on outlining a broadcast policy that would free foreign media companies from the clutches of regulation and be attractive for investments. But the government finally tabled the Convergence Bill which envisaged a super convergence commission with control of broadcasting as its major plank.

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2002 - PARLIAMENT LEGISLATES ON CAS

Making conditional access system (CAS) mandatory for viewing of pay channels was the most important piece of legislation to be passed by Indian Parliament in 2002, though it came after several hurdles. On 7 May 2002, the Cabinet passed a bill in the Lok Sabha (lower house) seeking to amend The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act 1995. Cable TV operators would have to transmit or retransmit programmes of any pay channel through an addressable system. For the free-to-air channels that were to form part of the basic tier, the government would decide the minimum number of channels and the maximum rate that cable operators were to charge viewers.

And on 15 May, the Cable TV Networks (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2002 was passed through voice vote by the Lok Sabha after a marathon debate that lasted three hours.

However, hectic lobbying by a section of politicians and broadcasters delayed the passage of the Bill in the Rajya Sabha (upper house). Finally on 10 December, it won overwhelming support in the Rajya Sabha.

The credit to bring legislation in for CAS must go to then information and broadcasting minister Sushma Swaraj. Multi system operators welcomed CAS which they believed would change their fortunes as they were squeezed in between broadcasters asking for more payout and last mile operators who were under-reporting their actual subscribers. Independent cable operators also saw this as an opportunity.

The complexity of implementing CAS would only surface in 2003 as it would require massive investments and seeding of CAS boxes. In 2002, it was seen by the MSOs and independent cable operators as a victory for them.

Sony Entertainment Television India also had reason to celebrate as it bagged the exclusive cable and satellite TV rights for live telecast of ICC cricket tournaments to be held from 2002 to 2007 covering the Indian subcontinent. The cost: a whopping $ 208 million in the biggest ever licensing deal in Indian broadcast history.

Sports broadcasting saw a new entrant with the launch of Ten Sports in April. The channel was immediately in the limelight as it had bagged the exclusive terrestrial and C&S telecast rights to the FIFA soccer World Cup for a piffling $3 million. Sports properties would thus get fragmented, a situation that ESPN Star Sports had wanted to avoid when they set up the joint venture.

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2003 - STAR NEWS AND NDTV GO THEIR SEPARATE WAYS

The big news of the year was the split between Star and NDTV. While Murdoch wanted complete control, Prannoy Roy did not want to let go of editorial independence. Star would take full control of Star News from 31 March 2003 after the five-year exclusive supply contract ended while NDTV announced it would launch two channels of its own around the same time.

The government also set in motion a process whereby FDI in TV channels operating in the news category was to be reviewed and likely to be linked to the parameters prevailing in the print medium. In the print arena (except trade publications), the government allows 26 per cent FDI investment.

Zee Telefilms was on an acquisition spree, buying stake into ETC Networks and Padmalaya Telefilms. The size of the all-cash deal for ETC Networks which owned ETC Punjabi and ETC Music was approximately Rs 250 million (Rs 180 million for purchase of shares from promoters and Rs 70 million for preferential allotment).

Zee's stake in Padmalaya Telefilms (a listed company) was through an acquisition of a 64.3 per cent stake in the holding company, Padmalaya Enterprises Pvt Ltd (PEPL). This gave Zee a 32.8 per cent stake in Padmalaya Telefilms, a Hyderabad-based content company. Zee was to pay Rs 590 million for the deal including an open offer of 20 per cent as required by regulations.

The year also saw the exit of Zee Telefilms CEO Sandeep Goyal. Chandra decided to run the company at the operational level as well and brought back his brothers Jawahar Goel and Laxmi Goel to manage Siticable and news businesses of Zee.

For the major players like Sun and ETV in the southern region, it was a period of consolidation. Vijay TV led the move towards pay in Tamil Nadu. Sun announced plans to take Telugu channel Gemini TV pay.

Doordarshan's revenues were being taken away by the private satellite players. During 1999- 2000, DD's revenues stood at Rs 5,971.9 million and AIR's at Rs 808.4 million. DD's earnings increased in 2000-2001 to Rs 6,375.1 million while AIR's dipped to Rs 739 million. For 2001- 2002, DD earned Rs 6,152 million (indicating a dip in earnings), while AIR's revenues increased to Rs 966.8 million. By the time this financial year closes, Prasar Bharati expects that DD would have mopped up about Rs 6,250 million, while AIR is expected to do another Rs 1,000 million.

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Universe The Total/Actual number of people in a defined target audience.

Reach

For Media Planners Attention

Media planning is all about being able to communicate efficiently and effectively with your potential consumers. Not only selection of media vehicle but content, timing, and placement of the ads can be aptly mapped to reach out to the potential Target Group, making them an invaluable part of any campaign. In view of that, TAM ratings become the backbone and one of the most vital variable for any media plan.

Step1 Conquering The Dilemma Of Mismatch Between Planned Vs Actual Deliveries Of Tv Media-Plan

Step2 Evaluate yourself

y Number of individuals from the universe who are exposed to the medium or vehicle y Reach is normally expressed in Percent terms

Calculation of Reach Universe: 10 individuals. For a single episode of Chhoti Maa: if out of the above 10 people 6 saw atleast 1 minute of the programme then, Reach:6 out of 10 Therefore, reach = 60%

Variations of the reach concept

y Gross Reach y Cumulative Reach y Net Reach

Gross Reach

y Gross Reach = Summation of all audiences who have been exposed to the vehicle y Week 1 : 1000 y Week 2 : 2000 y Week 3 : 1500 y Week 4 : 1200

Hence, Gross Reach = ? 1000+2000+1500+1200=5700

Management styles From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

Management styles are characteristic ways of making decisions and relating to subordinates. Different management styles can be employed dependent on the culture of the business, the nature of the task, the nature of the workforce and the personality and skills of the leaders. This idea was further developed by Robert Tannenbaum and Warren H. Schmidt (1958, 1973), who argued that the style of leadership is dependent upon the prevailing circumstance; therefore leaders should exercise a range of management styles and should deploy them as appropriate..

Contents [hide]

y 1 Autocratic y 2 Paternalistic y 3 Democratic y 4 Laissez-faire y 5 MBWA y 6 See also y 7 References

[edit] Autocratic

An Autocratic style means that the manager makes decisions unilaterally, and without much regard for subordinates. As a result, decisions will reflect the opinions and personality of the manager; this in turn can project an image of a confident, well managed business. On the other hand, subordinates may become overly dependent upon the leaders and more supervision may be needed.

There are two types of autocratic leaders:

y the Directive Autocrat makes decisions unilaterally and closely supervises subordinates; y the Permissive Autocrat makes decisions unilaterally, but gives subordinates latitude in carrying out their work.[1]

[edit] Paternalistic

A more Paternalistic form is also essentially dictatorial; however, decisions take into account the best interests of the employees as well as the business. A good example of this would be David Brent or Michael Scott running the business in the fictional television show The Office. The leader explains most decisions to the employees and ensures that their social and leisure needs are always met. This can help balance out the lack of worker motivation caused by an autocratic management style. Communication is again generally downward, but feedback to the management is encouraged to maintain morale. This style can be highly advantageous when it engenders loyalty from the employees, leading to a lower labour turnover, thanks to the emphasis on social needs. It shares disadvantages with an autocratic style, such as employees becoming dependent on the leader..

[edit] Democratic

In a Democratic style, the manager allows the employees to take part in decision-making: therefore everything is agreed by the majority. The communication is extensive in both directions (from subordinates to leaders and vice-versa). This style can be particularly useful when complex decisions need to be made that require a range of specialist skills: for example, when a new ICT system needs to be put in place, and the upper management of the business is computer-illiterate. From the overall business's point of view, job satisfaction and quality of work will improve. However, the decision-making process is severely slowed down, and the need of a consensus may avoid taking the 'best' decision for the business. It can go against a better choice of action. As the autocratic leaders, democratic leaders are also two types i.e. permissive and directive.[1]

[edit] Laissez-faire

In a Laissez-faire leadership style, the leader's role is peripheral and staff manage their own areas of the business; the leader therefore evades the duties of management and uncoordinated delegation occurs. The communication in this style is horizontal, meaning that it is equal in both directions, however very little communication occurs in comparison with other styles. The style brings out the best in highly professional and creative groups of employees, however in many cases it is not deliberate and is simply a result of poor management. This leads to a lack of staff focus and sense of direction, which in turn leads to much dissatisfaction, and a poor company image.

We could perhaps include "accountable hierarchies" as a sub group here. Please see "Elliot Jacques" in reference to this'

[edit] MBWA

Management by Walking Around (MBWA) is a classic technique used by good managers who are proactive listeners. Managers using this style gather as much information as possible so that a challenging situation doesn't turn into a bigger problem. Listening carefully to employees' suggestions and concerns will help evade potential crises. MBWA benefits managers by providing unfiltered, real-time information about processes and policies that is often left out of formal communication channels. By walking around, management gets an idea of the level of morale in the organization and can offer help if there is trouble.

A potential concern of MBWA is that the manager will second-guess employees' decisions. The manager must maintain his or her role as coach and counselor, not director. By leaving decision- making responsibilities with the employees, managers can be assured of the fastest possible response time.

TRAI From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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For other uses, see TRAI (disambiguation).

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

TRAI logo

Abbreviation TRAI

Formation 1997

Created by Telecom Regulatory Authority Legal status of India Act, 1997

Purpose/focus Independent regulator

Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan, Headquarters Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, New Delhi 110 002

Region served India

Chairman DR. J.S. SARMA

Website http://www.trai.gov.in/ The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Hindi: ê÷íâùì äûíóÁØ÷í ƨðƨæëìÓ ŏ÷ƨåÓíá) or TRAI (established 1997) is the independent regulator established by the Government of India to regulate the telecommunications business in India.[1]

Contents [hide]

y 1 Responsibilities y 2 See also y 3 References y 4 External links

[edit] Responsibilities

Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, the functions of the Authority shall be to:

a. make recommendations, either suo motu or on a request from the licensor, on the following matters, namely: i. need and timing for introduction of new service provider; ii. terms and conditions of license to a service provider; iii. revocation of license for non-compliance for terms and conditions of license: iv. measures to facilitate competition and promote efficiency in the operation of telecommunication services so as to facilitate growth in such services. v. technological improvements in the services provided by the service providers. vi. type of equipment to be used by the service providers after inspection of equipment used in the network. vii. measures for the development of telecommunication technology and any other matter relatable to telecommunication industry in general; viii. efficient management of available spectrum;

b. discharge the following functions, namely: i. ensure compliance of terms and conditions of license; ii. notwithstanding anything contained in the terms and conditions of the license granted before the commencement of the Telecom Regulatory Authority (Amendment) Ordinance,2000, fix the terms and conditions of inter-connectivity between the service providers; iii. ensure technical compatibility and effective inter-connection between different service providers. iv. regulate arrangement amongst service providers of sharing their revenue derived from providing telecommunication services; v. lay down the standards of quality of service to be provided by the service providers and ensure the quality of service and conduct the periodical survey of such service provided by the service providers so as to protect interest of the consumers of telecommunication services; vi. lay down and ensure the time period for providing local and long distance circuits of telecommunication between different service providers; vii. maintain register of interconnect agreements and of all such other matters as may be provided in the regulations; viii. keep register maintained under clause (viii) open for inspection to any member of public on payment of such fee and compliance of such other requirement as may be provided in the regulations; ix. ensure effective compliance of universal service obligations:

c. levy fees and other charges at such rates and in respect of such services as may be determined by regulations.

d. perform such other functions including such administrative and financial functions as may be entrusted to it by the Central Government or as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act: o Provided that the recommendations of the Authority specified in the clause (a) of this sub-section shall not be binding upon the Central Government: o Provided further that the Central Government shall seek the recommendations of the Authority in respect of matters specified in sub-clauses (i) and (ii) of clause (a) of this sub-section in respect of new licence to be issued to a service provider and the Authority shall forward its recommendations within a period of sixty days from the date on which that Government sought the recommendations: o Provided also that the Authority may request the Central Government to furnish such information or documents as may be necessary for the purpose of making recommendations under sub-clauses (i) and (ii) of clause (a) of this sub-section and that Government shall supply such information within a period of seven days from receipt of such request: o Provided also that the Central Government may issue a licence to a service provider if no recommendations are received from the Authority within the period of specified in the second provision or within such period as may be mutually agreed upon between the Central Government and the Authority. o Provided also that if the Central Government having considered that recommendation of the Authority comes to a prima facie conclusion that such recommendation cannot be accepted or needs modifications, it shall, refer the recommendations back to the Authority for its reconsideration, and the Authority may within fifteen days from the date of receipt of such reference, forward to the Central Government its recommendation after considering the reference made by the Government. After receipt of further recommendation, if any, the Central Government shall take a final decision.

---- Telecom Dispute Settlement Administrative Tribunal (TDSAT),

Analysis Of The Media Industry In India By: Sherry Robert

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Introduction Media industry in India is among the fastest growing industries of the present Indian economy. The media industry has benefited a lot from the Indian current economic growth coupled by the rising earnings levels in India. The media industry is presently in a critical stage of revolution. Since 2006, the media industry has enjoyed a good time in terms of growth and development as it has been characterized by realignment, consolidation and expansion in many sectors of the media industry. In addition, the media industry is anticipated to grow up faster than GDP growth of India and subsequently more spending is being expected in the media industry.

This report will analyze internal and external environment of the Media Industry in India through applying the SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and the Porter's Five Forces Analysis. In addition the paper will also focus on Future of the Media Industry in India, it will highlight the Different types Of Media in India which includes the Print media, radio, electronic, outdoor and Television. Indias foreign direct investment will also be assessed and finally a conclusion will be given inline with the findings.

SWOT analysis of the India Media Industry in India Strength The media industry is a strong and well developed industry which is currently growing at high rate; this aspect gives the industry a lot of strength. With the increase in the level of education and media industry has a well educated and skilled workforce with innovative ideas and technology which is an added positive aspect of the industry. The competitiveness of the media industry has enabled the industry to grow technically both vertically and horizontally, which is another positive aspect in the industry. India also offers strategic location and market in terms of its high population which is a boost to the industry. (Bird, 2003)

Weakness Among the weakness in the industry, a current weakness may be inability to adhere to ethical standards in the industry which has lead to lawsuits filled against some media industries. The industry also has been slow in its growth only picking up in the recent past, thus its innovation and marketing strategies may be not competitive on the global arena. (Bird, 2003)

Opportunities According to the industry experts the industry still has room to expand within India as the market is wide. Media services are being sought with many organizations and thus this offers the industry to increase its market share. The high technological innovation which is happening everyday also presents a good opportunity for the media industry to utilize the latest technology in expanding its product mix or improving existing ones hence reaching or increasing its market. There is exists new business in the global market for the industry. (Bird, 2003)

Threats Though India can be said to be stable political, the country his known for frequent changes in government administration and instability in some regions or states, this issue negatively affects the media and it is threat to the media. Also government legislations in India are known to some extend as hindering the growth of industry especially for foreign companies. Also, the current threat poised by piracy, which persists to deter investments in all media sectors has continued to threaten the industry growth. (Bird, 2003)

PESTEL analysis of the media Industry in India PESTLE stands for: political, economic, social/cultural, technological, legal, environmental. A description of developments (known) and rising issues (unknown) which may impact on an industry/sector,

Political Over the past year the media industry has continued to witness increased political interest increase because of the recognition of the media industry economic importance to the overall economic growth f the country. Policy stage Changes of administration or political principles have changed along the media industry making it to be freer than before. (Johnson, 2001)

Economic In the past few years the media industry has witnessed an improved growth in the industry, this is attributed to India positive economic growth in recent years. The growth of the industry is expected to grow by 16% in the current year. Improved competition in other sectors also boots the media industry as these sectors services of the media industry such as promotion. (Johnson, 2001)

Social aspect Media plays a big role in form information dissemination to the people of India, which of late due to globalization have developed a high infinite for information. The impact of intense media attention has brought about a more revolution in the social aspect and created a society which is more enlightened and which appreciates the industry. Even though the Indians are known to be conservative and traditional they attitudes towards the media industry are very positive. (Johnson, 2001)

Technological advances Modern information technological advancement in media is making the industry players adapt faster to the new environments they are participating. The technological advancement taking place in industry is high and this calls for increased spending and research so as to be innovative in the industry.

Legal environment The media industry in India is hot highly regulated as such, but there are laws and regulations which are enforced for the industry to comply. However, in the recent past the government has become to lessen to laws so as not to hinder competition in the face of increasing global challenges from the external markets. Legislations such as anti-piracy laws have been enacted and the government tries to enforce the fully even though it is difficult

Porters five forces used for Media Industry in India This part is an outline of positional assessment of the media industry using porters five forces model Barrier to entry: moderate, legislations and cost of research and development Industry competition: high, advantage gained through technology and marketing strategies Suppliers: supplier power is high Buyers: buyer power is low Substitutes: low

Future of the Media Industry in India According to a report done by PricewaterhouseCoopers, and carried in the New Delhi, March 11, 2006, The Indian Media industry is positioned to grow up at 19% compound yearly growth rate. This rate is expected to go on until 2010. (PWC, 2007) Unravelled potential, good Economic growth, increasing earnings levels, consumerism, and technological innovations and policy plans undertaken by the Indian administration which are currently encouraging inflow of investments in the country, will attest to be significant drivers for the media industry in India. The media industry has been predicted to surpass the overall economic growth in every year, till the year 2010. (PWC, 2007)

Two main factors which will contribute to the industry growth are, low media access or penetration in lesser socio-economic groups and low advert expends; At present media penetration is slow in lower socio-economic groups, however efforts to raise it even just slightly are possible to bring much high results, merely owing to the total numbers being great. India bully economic growth, increasing consumer spending couple with regulatory rectifications are pulling foreign investment in many sectors of the media industry, particularly the print segment. The sector needs a consistent and uniform media policy for increase in investments (PWC, 2007).

Different types of Media-Print media, radio, electronic, outdoor, Television all in India Media in India aims at reaching an extensive audience. Apart form the news media segment, which include radio, print and television, the internet also plays an increasing function, alongside with the increasing o Indian blogging community.

Television Television presently is the key driving strength of media industry in India. Television is predicted to be a main source to Indias GDP in the recent future. As at present, television is accessible by roughly hundred million households in India. Out of these, roughly half are satellite and cable. India is the third biggest television market, in the whole world coming after china and USA. India also is amongst the cheapest subscription of cable market, where in numerous places a monthly cable cost is merely averagely US $ 4 and hardly ever surpasses US $ 10.

Print media: A roaring Indian economy leading to increasing necessitates for contents and regime initiatives which have opened up the segment to foreign investments are pushing growth in print media. Also, with increasing literate population, more folks in rural and urban regions are reading the newspapers and the magazines nowadays. The internet at present offers a fresh avenue to create more advertising income. (PWC, 2007)

Radio: The most cheap and oldest model of media in the India that is dominated by AIR, the sector is witnessing a myriad-change very. In 2005, the India announced three main policy proposals which have driven growth in the sector. These policies were migrating to a returns share administration, permitting foreign investments into the sector and opening up licenses to the private players of the sector. This surge of radio stations have resulted in increasing requirement for content and experts. Latest concepts such as satellite, community radio and internet have also started to punch the market more and more, and radio is gradually making a return in the lifestyles of the people. (PWC, 2007)

Out-of-home advertising: Outdoor media locations in India are mainly owned or run by small, local players and are usually, who directly markets them to the advertisers and also advertising agencies. Nonetheless, this sector also is witnessing a myriad-change through technological innovations. (PWC, 2007)

Internet advertising: Roughly 28 million Indians are presently connected on the internet. And this increasing number is resulting to the increase of internet advertisement, which at present stands at around Rs 100 crore. Internet is used for a various reasons, in addition to work, for instance chatting, doing transactions, leisure and writing blogs. Internet provides a vast opportunity to marketers selling their products. With broadband increasingly becoming popular, this sector is projected to grow by leaps and jumps. (PWC, 2007)

Foreign Direct Investment in India The liberalized investment administration, rapidly growing economy, good and strong macro economic policies, continuous de-licensing of industry sectors and the easing in business transactions has attracted multinational corporations to put investment in India.

And subsequent to policy amendments and bureaucratic simplifications, the FDI capital inflows have witnessed an exceptional upswing. The FDI inflows in India have recorded more than five-fold increment in the previous three years, rising from US$ 2.2 billion in 2003-04 financial years, to US$ 15.7 billion in 2006-07. Concurrently, FDI amount in GDP of India has gone up from 0.77%to 2.31% (in that period). Considerably, FDI currently plays an increasing position in Indias economic growth of The FDI share in overall investments is more than twofold from 2.55 % in 2003-04 to 6.42 % in 2006-07. Evidently, India is presently doing well, and the figures seem to be getting better each day. (IBEF, 2008):

Conclusion Media industry in India remains among the fastest growing industries of the present Indian economy, industry has benefited a lot from the Indian rapid economic growth coupled by the rising earnings levels in India. Good laws and liberations of the market are other factors which have enhanced the media industry, though there is high competition in the industry there is room for new players and expansion of the current players. The television and the print media are the biggest segments of the industry. Of late FDI in India is a rise and the country is positioned has a major market global for the media industry.

Reference: Bird, S. E. (2003): The audience in everyday life: Living in a media world. New York: Routledge.

Jeffery, R. (2000): India's Newspaper Revolution: Capitalism, Politics and the Indian-Language Press 1977-99. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Johnson, K. (2001): Television and the Social Change in Rural India. New Delhi: Sage Publication. IBEF (2008): Indian Economy Overview; Foreign Direct Investment, available online on; www.ibef.org/economy/fdi.aspx ; accessed on 3/3/08

PWC (2007): FICCI PricewaterhouseCoopers forecast Indian Entertainment and Media industry to grow 19% CAGR through 2010. Available online on; www.pwc.com/extweb/home.nsf ; accessed on 3/3/08

Read more: http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Analysis-Of-The-Media-Industry-In- India/995277#ixzz17s0QNAbL Under Creative Commons License: Attribution No Derivatives

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In this area of indiantelevision.com you can find most of the legal resources related to the Indian Television industry

TRAI Consultation Paper on Issues related to Broadcasting and distribution of TV channels - CP No 9/2004 REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON INTRODUCTION OF CONDITIONAL ACCESS SYSTEM The Indian Broadcasting Regulations Forum.

Goverment Rules & Policies

The New Telecom Policy [NTP 1999]announced by the New Telecom Policy.. government . The Media Policy announced by the BJP government as a part of

Media Policy their Election manifesto for the forthcoming Lok Sabha elections. National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Information Technology Development Information Technology Action Plan. Action Plan

Acts & Regulations for Cable & Television in India The Cable Television The Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994

Networks Rules, 1994

The National Security Act,

The National Security Act, 1980 1980

Almost everybody in the country is familiar with the cable The Cable Television

television. It has been spreading its wings from the initial urban Networks (Regulation) Act cities, right to the remote villages. There has been a haphazard mushrooming of cable television networks all over the country due to the availability of signals of foreign television networks via satellites. To check the screening of undesirable programmes and advertisements which are screened on these channels and to regulate the operation of the cable television networks in the country, so as to bring uniformity in their functioning, the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act was passed in both the Houses of the Parliament. The Prasar Bharati Act ,1990 was passed to provide for the The Prasar Bharati Act establishment of a Broadcasting Corporation for India, to be known ,1990 as Prasar Bharati. It says that it shall be the primary duty of the Corporation to organize and conduct public broadcasting services to inform, educate and entertain the public and to ensure a balanced development of broadcasting on radio and television. The Bill is to provide for an independent authority to be known as The Broadcasting Bill , 1997 the Broadcasting Authority of India which is for the purpose of facilitating and regulating broadcasting services in India. The Indian Telegraph Act 1885 came into force on 1st The Indian Telegraph Act

October,1885. "Telegraph" means any appliance, instrument, 1885 material or apparatus used or capable of use for transmission or reception of signs, signals, writing, images, and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, visual or other electro-magnetic emissions, Radio waves or Hertzian waves, galvanic, electric or magnetic means. The Indian Telegraphic Act, 1885 was an Act to amend the law relating to Telegraphs in India.

"The importance of copyright was recognized after the invention of The Copyright Act ... the printing press which enabled the reproduction of books in large quantity. The Indian Copyright Act was thus passed in 1914. But, during the last four decades, modern and advanced means of communications like broadcasting, litho-photography, television, etc made inroads in the Indian economy. It necessitated the fulfillment of international obligations in the field of Copyright. A comprehensive legislation had to be introduced to completely revise the Copyright law. This was achieved by the introduction of a Copyright Bill, 1957 in the Parliament."

"The Union Government has taken a decision on 25th July, 2000 to further liberalise its Uplinking Policy and permit the Indian private companies to set up uplinking hub/teleports for licensing/hiring out to other broadcasters. The new policy also permits uplinking of any television channel from India. It also allows the Indian news agencies to have their own uplinking facilities for purposes of newsgathering and its further distribution." Guidelines for uplinking from

India.

THE CABLE TELEVISION NETWORKS (REGULATION) AMENDMENT BILL, 2002 Latest CAS amedments of the Cable A BILL Television Act further to amend the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995.

W The proceedings in the Rajya Sabha regarding the passage of THE CABLE TELEVISION hat the speakers had to say. NETWORKS (REGULATION) AMENDMENT BILL 2002

Important Judgements & Committee Reports Judgement for ownership of Excerpts from the historic judgment in 1995 which stated that the Air Waves are not the monopoly of the Indian government. Air Waves

The Nitesh Sengupta Committee was set up to review the The Nitesh Sengupta provisions of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Committee Report Act, 1990 and to make recommendations regarding the restructuring of Prasar Bharati. Read the contents of the report submitted by The Nitesh Sengupta Committee Excerpts from 'Major Recommendations' of Shri B.G. Verghese Recommendations of

Working Group on Autonomy for Akashvani and Verghese Working Group Doordarshan,February 1978.

"We envisage an autonomous national trust as the authority under which Akashvani and Doordarshan should grow. This we are naming Akash Bharati - the National Broadcast Trust." Summary of the recommendations given by the Ram Vilas Recommendations by Ram Paswan Consultative committee on National Media Policy for the Vilas Paswan Consultative

Information and Broadcasting Ministry,1996. Comittee.

"9.1 - The broadcasting should observe a greater degree of responsibility and sensitivity to Indian culture and ethos and cater to the developmental requirement of the country. It should achieve an Indian personality in telecasting/ broadcasting." (Para 6.4.1.1)

Summary of the recommendations of the interdepartmental Varadan Committee Report committee on electronic media under the chairmanship of Shri K.A.Varadan, Additional Secretary in the Ministry of Information and broadcasting. India's dream of becoming a super-power in Information Interim Report of the Sub-

Technology. India is in a competitive race for investment and it is Group on convergence believed that investment in this new millenium will flow to countries where there is visible evidence of a strong policy framework, supported by clear and precise laws facilitating growth of business in a converged environment. A complete report presented by Fali Nariman Committee to Final Report of the Sub-Group

Cabinet. on convergence

Draft Communication Convergence Bill, 2000 Draft Communication

Convergence Bill, 2000

Incorporating Comments/suggestions received from interested Revised Draft Communication organisations and individuals on the Draft Bill prepared by the Convergence Bill, 2001 Sub-Group on Convergence* in January 2001. The Communication Convergence Bill 2001 which was Communication Convergence introduced in Parliament on 31 August 2001 by Former Bill 2001 Communications minister Ram Vilas Paswan.

Policies for Doordarshan

The DD Notice The DD Notice

The DD Advertising Code The DD Advertising Code The Code for commercial advertising on Doordarshan.

Guidelines for Commissioning of Programmes in Doordarshan DD Press release

THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957

INTRODUCTION

In ancient days creative persons like artists, musicians and writers made, composed or wrote their works for fame and recognition rather than to earn a living, thus, the question of copyright never arose. The importance of copyright was recognised only after the invention of printing press which enabled the reproduction of books in large quantity practicable. In India the first legislation of its kind the Indian Copyright Act was passed in 1914 which was mainly based on the U.K. Copyright Act, 1911.

During the last four decades modern and advanced means of communications like broadcasting, litho- photography, television, etc. have made inroads in the Indian economy with the result that it became essential to fulfil international obligations in the field of copyright. This necessitated that a comprehensive legislation may be introduced to completely revise the copyright law. To this effect a Copyright Bill, 1957 was introduced in the Parliament.

STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS

The existing law relating to copyright is contained in the Copyright Act, 1911 of the United Kingdom (hereinafter referred to as the United Kingdom Act) as modified by the Indian Copyright Act, 1914. Apart from the fact that the United Kingdom Act does not fit in with the changed constitutional status of India, it is necessary to enact an independent self-contained law on the subject of copyright in the light of growing public consciousness of the rights and obligations of authors and in the light of experience gained in the working of the existing law during the last forty years. New and advanced means of communications like broadcasting, litho-photography, etc., also call for certain amendments in the existing law. Adequate provision has also to be made for fulfilment of international obligations in the field of copyright which India might accept. A complete revision of law of copyright, therefore, seemed inevitable, and the Bill attempts such a revision.

2. Though the draft Bill follows generally, in a re-arranged form the main principles of the existing law, it has introduced several new features which are briefly indicated below:

1) A Copyright Office is sought to be established under the immediate control of a Registrar of Copyrights who shall act under the superintendence and direction of the Central Government. The principal function of the Copyright Office will be to maintain Register of Copyrights in which may be entered, at the option of the authors, the names and addresses of authors and owners of copyright for the time being, and other relevant particulars. Such Register will easily make available useful information to interested members of public in regard to copyrighted works. In order to encourage registration of copyrights, provision is made that no proceeding regarding infringement of copyright shall be instituted unless copyright is registered in the Copyright Office. In addition to being in charge of the Copyright Office, the duties of the Registrar of Copyrights will be to entertain and dispose of applications for compulsory licences and to inquire into complaints of importation of infringing copies. An appeal to the Copyright Board is provided for against the orders of the Registrar of Copyrights.

(2) Provision is made for setting up a Copyright Board which will determine the reasonableness of the rates of fees, charges or royalties claimed by Performing rights societies, consider applications for general licences for public performances of works and will assess compensation payable under the Bill in certain circumstances. An appeal will lie to the High Court against the decisions of the Copyright Board.

(3) The definition of "copyright" is enlarged to include the exclusive right to communicate works by radio- diffusion.

(4) A cinematograph film will have a separate copyright apart from its various components, namely, story, music, etc.

(5) An author assigning copyright in his work is allowed the option to re-acquire the copyright after seven years but before ten years of the assignment on the condition that he returns the amount received by him at the time of the assignment with interest thereon.

(6) The normal term of the copyright is fixed to be the life of the author and a period of 25 years after his death as against the existing term of the life of the author, and a period of 50 years after his death. Shorter terms are fixed for anonymous or pseudonymous works, cinematograph films, mechanical contrivances, photographs, etc.

(7) Under the existing law, the sole right to produce a translation of a work first published in India is extinguished after ten years, unless a translation thereof is produced with in that period. The Draft Bill makes the right co-extensive with other rights arising out of copyright.

(8) Provision is made for the issue of a general or special licence for public performances of any work by means of a radio-receiving set or a mechanical contrivance.

(9) A licence may be issued to any library to make or cause to be made one copy of any book in which copyright subsists and which is not available for sale.

(10) Provision is made for regulating the activities of performing rights societies and also for controlling the fees, charges or royalties to he collected by them.

(11) Certain rights akin to copyright are conferred on Broadcasting authorities in respect of programmes broadcast by them.

(12) International copyright relations which are based on international treaties will be regulated by specific orders to be made by the Central Government.

(13) A fair dealing with any work for the purposes of radio summary or judicial proceeding will not hereafter constitute an infringement of copyright.

3. In preparing the Bill, the British Copyright Report, 1952, the suggestions of various Ministries of the Government of India, the State Governments, the Indian Universities and certain interested industries and associations, who were invited to send their comments on the subject, have been taken into consideration.

ACT 14 OF 1957

The Copyright Bill, 1957 as passed by both the Houses of Parliament received the Assent of the President on 4th June, 1957 and came into the Statute Book as THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 (14 of 1957). However, this Act came into force on the 21st January, 1958.

LIST OF AMMENDING ACTS

1. The Copyright (Ammendment) Act, 1983 (23 of 1983) (w.e.f. 9.8.1884). 2. The Copyright (Ammendment) Act, 1984 (65 of 1984) (w.e.f. 9.10.1984). 3. The Copyright (Ammendment) Act, 1992 (13 of 1992) (w.e.f. 29.12.1991). 4. The Copyright (Ammendment) Act, 1994 (38 of 1994) (w.e.f. 10.5.1995).

Read

Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Chapter 7 Chapter 8

Chapter 9 Chapter 10

Chapter 11 Chapter 12

Chapter 13 Chapter 14

Chapter 15

GUIDELINES FOR UPLINKING FROM INDIA

The Union Government has taken a decision on 25th July, 2000 to further liberalise its Uplinking Policy and permit the Indian private companies to set up uplinking hub/teleports for licensing/hiring out to other broadcasters. The new policy also permits uplinking of any television channel from India. It also allows the Indian news agencies to have their own uplinking facilities for purposes of newsgathering and its further distribution. The salient features of eligibility criteria, basic conditions/obligations and procedure for obtaining the necessary permission for these services are briefly described below. For details, reference should be made to the relevant terms and conditions of Licences/Permission/Approval.

1. LICENCE FOR SETTING UP OF UPLINK HUB/TELEPORTS: (i) ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: · Company to be incorporated in India · Foreign equity holding including NRI/OCB/PIO not to exceed 49%

(ii) PERIOD OF LICENCE: · 10 years.

(iii) BASIC CONDITIONS/OBLIGATIONS: · To uplink only those TV channels which are specifically approved or permitted by the Ministry of I&B for uplinking from India. · To stop uplinking of TV channels whenever permission/approval to such a channel is withdrawn by the Ministry of I&B. · Can uplink both to Indian as well as foreign satellites. However, proposals envisaging use of Indian satellite will be accorded preferential treatment. · To keep record of materials uplinked for a period of 90 days and to produce the same before any agency of the Government as and when required. · To permit the Government agencies to inspect the facilities as and when required. · To furnish such information as may be required by the Ministry of I&B from time to time. · To provide the necessary monitoring facility at its own cost for monitoring of programme or content by the representative of the Ministry of I&B or any other Government agency as and when required. · To comply with the terms and conditions of the licensing Agreement to be signed between the Applicant and the Ministry of I&B. · To comply with the terms and conditions of the Wireless Operational licence to be issued by WPC. · To uplink in C-Band only. · The satellite to which uplinking is proposed should have been co- ordinated with Insat system. · Failure to comply with the terms and conditions of above licences would result in termination/cancellation of the licences.

iv) PROCEDURE: · To apply to the Secretary, Ministry of I&B, in triplicate, in the prescribed proforma (Form 1). · On the basis of information furnished in the application form, if the applicant is found eligible for setting up uplinking hub/teleport, its application will be sent for security clearance to the Ministry of Home Affairs and for clearance of satellite use to the Department of Space (wherever proposal is made for use of satellite). · As soon as these clearances are obtained, the applicant would be required to sign a licensing agreement with the Ministry of I&B as per prescribed proforma (Form-1 A). · After signing the licensing agreement with the Ministry of I&B, the applicant can approach to the Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC) Wing of the Ministry of Communications for seeking operating licence for establishment, maintenance and operation of uplinking facility.

· The applicant will pay the licence fee and royalty, as prescribed by WPC Wing from time to time, annually, for the total amount of spectrum assigned to Hub/Teleport station, as per norms & rules of the WPC Wing. · The Hub/Teleport station owner will inform WPC Wing the full technical and operations details of TV channels proposed to be uplinked through his/her Hub/Teleport in prescribed format.

2. PERMISSION/APPROVAL FOR UPLINKING A TV CHANNEL FROM INDIA (In case a TV channel proposes to set up its own uplinking facility/earth station, it has to apply separately for the same after following the procedure as in case of µ1¶ above.) i) ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA · Any TV channel irrespective of its ownership, equity structure or management control which is aimed at Indian viewership. ii) PERIOD OF APPROVAL/PERMISSION · 10 years.

Iii) BASIC CONDITIONS/OBLIGATIONS: · To undertake to comply with the Broadcasting (Programme & Advertising) Codes laid down by Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. · To keep record of materials uplinked for a period of 90 days and to produce the same before any agency of the Government as and when required. · To furnish such information as may be required by the Ministry of I&B from time to time.

· To provide the necessary monitoring facility at its own cost for monitoring of programme or content by the representative of the Ministry of I&B or any other Government agency as and when required. · If the applicant hires its own transponder on a satellite, the same should be in C-Band and should have been coordinated with INSAT system. · To comply with the terms and condition of the permission/approval of the Ministry of I&B. · Failure to comply with the terms and conditions of the permission/approval would result in withdrawal of such permission approval.

Iv) PROCEDURE: · To apply to the Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting in triplicate in the prescribed proforma (Form-2) along with an affidavit in Form 2 A. · After receiving the application and the affidavit as provided above, if the applicant is found eligible, the same will be sent for security clearance to the Ministry of Home Affairs and for clearance of satellite use to the Department of Space (Only in respect of those case where the applicant proposes use of a particular satellite instead of leasing it out from the uplink service provider). · As soon as these clearances are obtained, the applicant would be permitted to uplink its channel(s) through a hub/teleport as requested. · After receiving the permission for uplinking from India, the applicant can approach to the uplinking hub(teleports) owner for providing the necessary uplinking facility for their channel(s).

3. LICENCE FOR UPLINKING TO INDIAN NEWS AGENCIES: i) ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA · The Company/Agency to be incorporated in India · Accredited by Press Information Bureau (PIB). · 100% owned by Indian with Indian Management Control.

Ii) PERIOD OF LICENCE · As per WPC licence.

Iii) BASIC CONDITIONS/OBLIGATIONS: · To use uplinking for news-gathering and its further distribution to other news agencies/broadcasters only. · Not to uplink TV programmes/channels for direct reception by public. · To keep record of materials uplinked for a period of 90 days and to produce the same before any agency of the Government as and when required. · To furnish such information as may be required by the Ministry of I&B from time to time. · To provide the necessary monitoring facility at its own cost for monitoring of programme or content by the representative of the Ministry of I&B or any other Government agency as and when required. · Conformity with the provisions of inter-system coordination agreement between INSAT & the satellite to be used. · To comply with the terms and conditions of the µNo Objection Certificate¶ to be issued by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. · To comply with the terms and conditions of Wireless Operational Licence to be issued by the WPC. · Failure to comply with the terms and conditions of the µNo Objection Certificate¶ or the Wireless Operational Licence would result in withdrawal or cancellation of such certificate or licence.

Iv) PROCEDURE: · To apply to the Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting in triplicate in the prescribed proforma (Form-3). · On the basis of information furnished in the application form, if the applicant is found eligible for setting up uplinking facility, its application will be sent for security clearance to the Ministry of Home Affairs and for clearance of satellite use to the Department of Space. · As soon as these clearances are obtained, the applicant would be issued No Objection Certificate for uplinking by Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. · After issue of No Objection Certificate by Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, the applicant can approach the Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC) Wing of the Ministry of Communications for seeking operating licence for establishment, maintenance and operation of its own uplinking facility or approach another licensee of uplinking for hiring or leasing the hub/teleport facility. · The applicant will pay the licence fee and royalty as prescribed by WPC Wing from time to time, annually, for use of spectrum, as per norms and rules of the WPC (in case of its own facility).

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FORM 1 Application form for obtaining licence to set up uplinking facility (hub/Teleport)

The Secretary Ministry of Information & Broadcasting µA¶ Wing, Shastri Bhawan New Delhi-110 001

Application for permission to set up Teleport Station at ______.

1. i) Name of Applicant Company ii) Particulars of the Directors

Sl.No. Name Nationality Address

2. i) Address (Office) (a) Head Office (b) Regional Office ii) Telephone Number (s) iii) Registration details (enclose certificate of incorporation/registration)

3. Structure of Equity Capital i) Authorised share capital ii) Paid up share capital

4. Share-Holding pattern: (Enclose details as per Annexure) i) Direct investment (a) Indian______% (b) Foreign______%

Break-up of Foreign Direct Investment

Individual««««.% Company««««..% NRI««««««..% OCB««««««.% PIO««««««..% ii) @ Portfolio Investments (a) Indian««««% (b) Foreign«««..%

Breakup of Foreign portfolio Investment FIIs NRIs OCBs PIOs

5. Present field of activity

6. Details of teleport i) Location of teleport iii) Capacity of teleport (Proposed) (a) No. of channels: (b) No. of satellites: (c ) No. of proposed earth stations constituting teleport (d) Approximate date for commissioning the teleport (e) Antenna size of the teleport, EIRP 7. If the company proposes to lease satellites/transponders also for providing to the broadcasters, give details as under:

Signal Name of the Company Type and No. of Name of satellites Orbital strength in from which the transponders with proposed to be hired location primary zone satellite/transponder is to band-width over India be leased

(Enclose Lease Agreement and footprint of each satellite proposed to be hired)

I/We, ______the applicant(s) do hereby declare that the above facts are correct in all respects. Place : ------(Signature of Applicant) Date : Name Office Address:

Enclosures:

ANNEXURE FORMAT FOR SHAREHOLDING PATTERN TO BE FURNISHED ALONG WITH APPLICATION

TABLE-1

SHAREHOLDING PATTERN OF APPLICANT COMPANY M/s ______AS ON ______FACE VALUE OF THE SHARE RS.______

Category of S.No. Share Holding Shareholders. Direct Investment Portfolio investment % of total paid up % of total paid u No. of shares No. of shares shares shares 1 Indian individual 2* Indian company 3 Foreign individual 4 Foreign company 5 NRI 6 OCB 7 FII 8 PIO 9 Any other

* For Indian company, information as per proforma in Table-2 also to be supplied.

TABLE-2

DETAILS OF SHAREHOLDING PATTERN OF EACH INDIAN COMPANY HOLDING SHARE IN THE APPLICANT COMPANY AS IN SERIAL NO.2 IN COLUMN (1) OF TABLE-1 i) SHAREHOLDING PATTERN OF COMPANY M/s ______AS ON ______FACE VALUE OF THE SHARE RS.______

Category of S.No. Share Holding Shareholders. Direct Investment Portfolio investment % of total paid up % of total paid u No. of shares No. of shares shares shares 1 Indian individual 2* Indian company 3 Foreign individual 4 Foreign company 5 NRI 6 OCB 7 FII 8 PIO 9 Any other

ii) - Do -

iii) - Do -

Note:

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THE CABLE TELEVISION NETWORKS RULES, 1994

[29TH SEPTEMBER, 1994]

In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 22 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Ordinance, 1994 (9 of 1994)*, the Central Government makes the following rules, namely :- 1. Short title and commencement. (1) These rules may be called the Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994. (2)They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. 2.Definitions.- In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires.- (a) "cable operator" means any person who provides cable service through a cable television network or otherwise controls or is responsible for the management and operation of a cable television networks.

(b) " cable service" means the transmission by cables of programmes including re- transmission by cables of any broadcast television signals .

(c) "cable television network" means any system consisting of a set of closed transmission paths and associated signals generation, control and distribution equipment, designed to provide cable service for reception by multiple subscribers;

(d) "company" means a company defined in section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956;

(e) "form" means form appended to these rules;

(f)"person" means- (i) an individual who is a citizen of India; (ii) an association of individuals or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, whose members are citizens of India: (iii) a company in which not less than fifty-one percent, of the paid-up share capital is held by the citizens of India;

(g) "programme" means any television broadcast and includes - (i) exhibition of films, features, dramas, advertisements and serials through video cassette recorders or video cassette players ; (ii) any audio or visual or audio-visual live performance or presentation; and the expression ' programming service' shall be construed accordingly;

(h)"registering authority' means the registering authority notified under clause (h) of section 2 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Ordinance 1994*.

(i) "subscriber" means a person who receives the signal of cable television network at aplace indicated by him to the cable operator, witout furhter transmitting it to any other person.

Application for registration as a cable television network in India.- (1) Every application for registration as a cable television network in India shall be made in writing Vide Notification No. GSR 729(E), dated 29th Septemeber, 1994 published in the Gazette of India Extra., Pt.II, sec. 3(i) dated 29th September, 1994. *. Now the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act. 1995 (7 of 1995) Form 1 and shall be renewable after every twelve months.

(2) The application shall be addressed to the Registering Authority and delivered to his officer in form 1.

(3) Every application shall be accompanied by- (a) 1[a fee of Rs. 100] vide Postal Order No.------dated ------on Post Office and (b) the requisite documents mentioned in Forms 1 and 2. Examination of Applications. On receipt of an application under rule 3 of the registering authority shall examine the application having regard to the provisions of the section 4 of the Ordinance*.

Registration. On being satisfied that the applicant fulfils the provisions of the Act, the registering authority shall issue a registration certificate in Form 3: Provided that where the registering authority is satisfied that the registration cannot be granted to the applicant, he shall inform the applicant in Form 4.

6. Programme code. (1) No programme should be carried in the cable service which- (a) offends against good taste or decency ; (b) contains criticism of friendly countries ; (c) contains attack on religions or communities or visuals or words contemptuous of religious groups or which promote communal attitudes ; (d) contains anything obscene, defamatory, deliberate, false and suggestive innuendos and half truths; (e) is likely to encourage or incite violence or contains anything against maintenance of law and order or which promote anti-national attitudes. (f) contains anything amounting to contempt of court. (g) contains aspersions against the integrity of the President and Judiciary; (h) contains anything affecting the integrity of the Nation; (i) criticises, maligns or slanders any individual in person or certain groups, segments of social, public and moral life of the country; (j)encourages supersition or blind belief; (k)denigrates women through the depiction in any manner of the figure of a woman, her form or body or any part thereof in such a way as to have the effect of being indecent, or derogatory to women, or is likely to deprave, corrupt or injure the public mora;ity or morals ; (l)denigrates children; (m)contains visuals or words which reflect a slandering,ironical and snobbish attitude in the portrayal of certain ethnic,linguistic and regional groups; (n) contravenes the provisions of the cinematograph Act, 1952.

(2) The cable operator should strive to carry programmes in his cable service which project women in a positive, leader ship role of sobriety, moral and character building qualities.

(3) Programmes meant for adults should normally be carried in the cable service after 11 p.m. and before 6 a.m. * Now the cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 (7 of 1995). 1.Subs. by G.S.R. 820(E), dated 28th December, 1995 (w.e.f. 28-12-1995)

(4) Care should be taken to ensure that programmes meant for children do not contain any bad language or explicit scenes of violence.

(5) Programmes unsuitable for children must not be carried in the cable service at times when the largest numbers of children are viewing.

Advertising code. (1) Advertising carried in the cable service shall be so designed as to conform to the laws of the country and should not offend morality, decency and religious susceptibiities of the subscribers.

(2)No advertisement shall be permitted which- (i) derides any race, caste, colour, creed and nationality ; (ii)is against any provision oof the Constitution of India: (iii)tends to incite people to crime, cause disorder or violence or breach of law or glorifies violence or obscenity in any way; (iv)presents criminality as desirable; (v) exploits the national emblem, or any part of the Constitution or the person or personality of a national leader or a state dignitary; (vi)in its depiction of women violates the Constitutional guarantees to all citizens. In particular, no advertisement shall be permitted which projects a derogatory image of women. Women must not be portrayed in a manner that emphasises passive, submissive qualitites and encourages them to play a subordinate, secondary role in the family and society. The cable operator shall ensure that the portrayal of the female form, in the programmes carried in his cable service is tasteful and aesthetic, and is within the well established norms of good taste and decency; (vii) exploits social evils like dowry, child marriage.

(3)No advertisement shall be permitted the objects whereof are wholly or mainly of a religious or political nature; advertisements must not be directed towards any religious or political end.

(4) The goods or services advertised shall not suffer from any defect or deficiency as mentioned in the Consumer Protection Act. 1986.

(5) No advertisement shall contain references which are likely to lead the public to infer that the product advertised or any of its ingredients has some special or miraculous or super- natural property or quality, which is difficult of being proved.

(6)The picture and the audible matter of the advertisement shall not be excessively 'loud'

(7)No advertisement which endangers the safety of children or creates in them any interest in unhealthy practices or shows them begging or in an undignified or indecent manner shall not be carried in the cable service.

(8)Indecent, vulgar, suggestive, repulsive or offensive themes or treatment shall be avoided in all advertisements.

(9)No advertisement which violates the standards of practice for advertising agencies as approved by the Advertising Agencies Association of India, Bombay, from time to time shall be carried in the cable service.

(10)All advertisements should be clearly distinguishable from the programme and should not in any manner interfere with the programme viz., use of lower part of screen to carry captions, static or moving alongside the programme.

Register. Each cable operator shall maintain a register in Form 5 for each month of the year for which the registration is granted.

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THE BROADCASTING BILL,1997

The bill is to provide for an independent authority to be known as the broadcasting authority of India which is for the purpose of facilitating and regulating broadcasting services in India. The authority will have a perpetual succession and a common seal with powers to enter into a contract and can sue and can be sued in its name .it consists of a chairperson who will be appointed by President of India on recommendation from the Chairman of the states who will be the Chairman of the Committee the I & B minister and the Press council of India. It will also consist of maximum eleven part-time members to be appointed by the central government, a secretary to the government incharge of DOT,a secretary general .The Chairperson will be a whole time member and will hold office for a term of five years. He will be appointed from amongst the persons of eminence with more than fifteen years of experience in administration, law, broadcasting, programming, engineering, journalism etc .The part time members shall hold office for three years and also will be eligible for reappointment for the second term. The authority will hold minimum eight meetings every year. all questions raised or which come up at the meeting will be decided by majority.

The functions of authority will be : 1. To carry out frequency planning of such frequencies or band of frequencies assigned to it by the wireless adviser to the government for the purpose of ing services 2. To grant licences for broadcasting services. 3. To ensure that wide range of broadcasting services are available throughout India. 4. To ensure services of high quality and offer a wide range of programmes to appeal to variety of tastes and interests. 5. To determine the programme code and standard. 6. To take necessary action for violation of code ,violation of condition of licence. 7. To set technical and other quality standards to ensure a reasonable quality of reception.

The authority can appoint a committee of experts to advice on: 1. Practices to be followed in connection with unjust and unfair treatment to any person in programmes, unwarranted infringement of privacy included in programmes. 2. Practices to be followed in connection to portrayal of violence ,sexual conduct in the programmes i.e.,to set standards of decency for programmes. with regards to the attitude fo the public at large.

LICENCES No person is entitled to provide broadcasting services without obtaining a licence ,after commencement of this act. The authority can grant licences for the following broadcasting services ,namely :- 1. TERRESTRIAL RADIO BROADCASTING 2. TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION BROADCASTING 3. SATELLITE RADIO BROADCASTING 4. SATELLITE TELIVISION BROADCASTING 5. DIRECT TO HOME BROADCASTING 6. LOCAL DELIVERY SERVICES 7. Such other services as may be prescribed.

The Terrestrial broadcasting services can be further categeorised into analogue and digital and also into national ,regional , local , restricted local services or any other similar service for the purposes of the licences and prevention of heir accumulation.

The licence shall be provided subject to following conditions :- 1. The person granted the licence will ensure that nothing is included in the programmes of the licensee which is likely to encourage crime or lead to disorder or will be offensive to public feeling. 2. The licensee will ensure that news given in the programme will be presented with due accuracy and impartiality. 3. The licensee has to ensure that due impartiality is maintained in respect of social or political issues or matter relating to public policy. 4. The licensee will ensure due responsibility is exercised with respect to religious programmes with a view to avoiding - improper exploition of religious susceptibilities and offence to the religious views and beliefs of those belonging to a particular religion. 5.The licensee will ensure that due emphasis is given to promote national integration, Indian culture in his programmes. 6. The licensee will have to ensure that time, detemined by the Authority ,is earmarked for broadcasting of - children's programmes , educational programmes ,programmes of Indian origin , a range of diversity of independent production. 7. The licensee will have to follow the programme codes and standards and codes set by the Authority. 8. The licensee will pay the license fees in the same manner as may be determined by the regulations. 9. The Licensee will not carry out networking of local or regional broadcasting services without prior approval of the authority. 10. The conditions of the license can be changed by the Authority after giving to the licensee a reasonable opportunity of being heard.

The licence granted for Direct -To - Home service or Local Delivery service shall be subject to the following conditions in addition to the conditions referred above :- 1. The licensee will have to provide a tier basic service which may include a number and type of terrestrial broadcasting for every permitted services and also of the public service broadcaster. 2. the licensee will include only licensed services or permitted services in his delivery package for the purpose of distribution and also he will not use more than that no of channels as determined by the Authority out of the total channel capacity of the system for providing his own programming. The period of licence for each category will be for a period not exceeding ten years .The licence is not transferable and it will lapse prior to its normal expiry in case of insolvency or death of the licensee. No person will be given the number of licences for a category of services more than the number prescribed for the category of service. There are restrictions on cross media ownership between the newspaper and the broadcasting service. The government can modify any limit on interest or equity holding in the body corporate or companies by notification in the official gazette.

Grant of licence for satellite broadcasting services. 1. Any person desirous of obtaining a satellite broadcasting licence will have to apply to the Authority. 2.If the Authority is satisfied that the applicant --- a)has acquired transponder on an Indian satellite system or on a foreign satellite system . b) has obtained technical clearance for transponders from the wireless adviser . c) Has fulfilled all other condition laid down in the Act ;The Authority may grant a licence to such person on payment of fees ; If the Authority refuses to grant a licence it will have to give the applicant an opportunity to be heard. Provide further that such a person providing his broadcasting services immediately before the commencement of the Act may continue to do so without a licence for a period of one month from such commencement.

Grant of licence for Direct - To - Home Service. The Authority will invite bids for grant of licence and it will be granted to the highest bidder if he fulfils all the conditions for the grant of such licence. The Authority grant such no of licences (not less than two ) as may be prescribed.

Special Provisions for Satellite broadcasting and Direct-To-Home services. The wireless Adviser will give technical clearance for licensing (the clearance can be refused on technical or security reasons. In cases where operations of the services are permitted with foreign satellite system , while giving technical clearance for relicensing or renewal of such services, give priority for their operation with Indian Satellite system. The licensee shall carry out the up linking of satellite broadcasting services or direct - to - home services from India only up linking of coverage of live events taking place outside India can be permitted as determined by the regulations. The Authority can permit continuance of up linking of satellite broadcasting services from outside India till such time as it is reasonably required for shifting or creating the necessary up linking facility in India.

Grant of licence for terrestrial services The Authority will invite bids for granting of licence and it will be granted to the highest bidder .The Authority will grant licences to such as may be notified for terrestrial broadcasting services through restricted bids .No institution will be notified unless the object of such institution is to provide education ,community service, Health awareness etc. The wireless adviser will assign to the Authority for the purpose of grant of terrestrial broadcasting service licence such frequencies as it may determine .

Grant of licence for Local Delivery Services. The authority will grant two licences for Local Delivery Service for each telecom circle as identified by the Central government. The Authority will invite bids and licence will be granted to the highest bidder. The Wireless Adviser shall assign frequencies for MMDS for providing Local Delivery service, wherever it is required. The Authority may exempt the non-commercial establishments under common ownership from obtaining a licence for the purpose of providing cable telivision services for the exclusive use of their members.The government can by notification confer upon the licensee of the local delivery services ,such right and obligations as it may consider necessary in respect of placing and maintaining of his cable networks as available to the telegraph authority. Enforcement of Licences. The Authority can take any of the following actions in case of breach of any terms of the licence 1.Direct licensing to correction or apology or not to repeat a programme; 2.To impose a penalty which may extend up to rupees fifty lakhs. 3.suspend the licence for a specified period 4.curtail the period of the licence. 5.revoke the licence. Any aggrieved person may prefer an appeal an action of the Authority in High Court having Jurisdiction within thirty days of such action.

The proceeds of the licence fee will be credited to the consolidated Fund of India. The Authority will have its own fund and all receipts of the authority will be credited to the fund and all payments by the Authority will be from them. The Authority will submit a report at the end of each financial year to the central government.

Offence and Punishments:- A person who provides ,distributes or receives any broadcasting service which is neither a licensed service nor a permitted service or abets or assists transmission of such service in any manner which may include collection of subscription for his principal ,issuing of advertisements to such service, dealing in or distribution of decoders or dish antennas, shall be guilty of committing an offence of illegal broadcasting and on conviction , shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend up to five years ,or with fine which may extend up to rupees ten lakhs and in subsequent offence such fine may extend to rupees fifty lakhs, or with both.

Special provisions for certain foreign satellite broadcasting services. The authority after receiving a request in this regard ,may grant permission for reception of an unlicensed foriegn satellite brosdcasting service in India , if such broadcasting is service -- 1. Is free to Air broadcasting service; 2. Does not carry any Advertisements;or carries advertisements for the duration as amy be fixed by the Authority.and the service is evoted solely to sports or international news and current affairs 3. Fulfils the programme standard with respect to permitted service. Provided that the Authority may revoke such permission ,if it feels that the service has contravened any of the above conditions.

Prohibition of exclusive rights for live broadcasting of certain events. No licensee shall carry a live broadcast of any sporting or other event of national or internatinal interest held in India ,without the consent of the Authority unless the public service broadcasters have also been given the broadcasting right for carrying the same.

Procedure and powers of the Authority 1.The Authority will be guided by principles off natural justice and subject to the other provisions of this act and of any rules , the Authority will have powers to regulate its own procedure including the fixing of places and times of its inquiry. 2. The Authority will have for the purpose of discharging its functions under this Act,the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the code of Civil Procedure,while trying a suit , in respect of the following matters ,namely :- a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any peron and examining him on oath; b) receiving evidence on affidavits; c) Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents; d) Any other matter which may be prescibed. In event of any war or a natural calamity of national magnitude , the central government may , in public interest,take over the control and management of any broadcasting service or any facility connected therewith,suspend its operation or entrust the public service broadcaster to manage it i the manner directed by the government for such period as it deems fit.The government ,if it considers neccessary or expedient to do so,may, in public interest , at any time require the Authority to Direct any licensee to -- 1. Transmit in his broadcasting service such announcement in such a manner as may be considered necessary; 2. stop any broadcasting service which is considered prejudicial to friendly relations with a foreign country ,public order,security of state , or communal harmony. The central government may in public interest , issue such other directions ,to the Authority, from time to time as considered necessary.

Powers of the Authority to seek information conduct enquires ,take evidence , etc. 1. The licinsee will have start his service within the period specfied by the Authority and maintain documentry records and transmission scedules as may be specified and allow inspection of such records to the Authority. 2. The Authority can call for information from the licensee ehich it considers in the public interest and necessary for the transperency and accertaining the true ownership of the licensee.The Authority will have all the powers of an inspecting officer.If the licensee defaults with any conditons the Authority can cancel the licence. The application of this law is in addition to and not in deroation of the provisions of any other law.

POWER TO MAKE RULES: Central government can by notificaion make rules for carrying out provisions of this Act.The Rules will provide for all or any of the following matter. 1. Provide foe circumstances for communication. 2. salaries and allowances payable to the Chairperson and other part time members. 3.The functions to be performed by the Authority. 4. No of licences more than which can't be given.

POWER TO MAKE REGULATIONS. The Authority can make regulations and rules made their underby notification. The rules will provide for all or any of the following matter. 1. The time and place of the meetings,the procedure of transaction of business. 2. The manner of appointment of officers and employees and their salary. 3. The quality of reception and the programmme cod and standard. 4. The manner in which licence fee should be paid by the licensee and the conditions of granting licence. 5.The minimum no and type of ing service of public service broadcaster and of terrristrial broadcasting services for every permitted service. 6. The no. of channels to be used and the period of licence to the licensee. 7. The criteria subject to which the uplinking from outside India will be permitted in respect of these services for coverage of live events taking place outside India. 8. Restricted area under which permission may be granted. 9. Any sporting or other event of natonal or international interest of which live telecast shall be carried out iwithout Authority's permission 10.The documentry record and transmission schedule to be maintained. Every rules and regulations are to be laid before the parliament.The central government can make provisions in the Act within three years of commencemant of this bill and not after that, to remove any difficulties that arise.

REPEAL AND SAVING The cable telivision networks (regulation ) Act 1995 is repealed.The cable operators registered under this Act can make an application to the Authority for grant of licence within six months of commencement of this Act.The Authority may grant or refuse the licence to the operator . No licence will be granted to any cable TV network which provides such service to more than five thousand households and from more than one location.No refusal can be made unless the Applicant has a chance to present the case.The Authority will authorise a District Magistrate to look in to the complaints of the public . give notice to the operatorsmake inquires and take necassary action.

RESTRICTIONS ON THE HOLDING OF LICENCES

PART -- I

A Disqualification for holding of licences The following persons will be disqualified for the purpose of grant of licence :- General Disqualification : (a). An individual who is not an Indian national. (b). A partnership firm all of whose partners are not citizens of India. (c). Companies not incoperated in India. (d). Companies incorporated in India but with: (a) Foreign equity in case of terrestrial broadcasting services.(b) Foreign equity exceeding 49% in case of other services not mentioned in (i) above and management control not with Indian shareholders. (e). Governments and local authorities. (f). Any person convicted of an offence under this Act or convicted under Representation of the peoples Act or declared as insolvent. (g). A body , which is controlled by a person , referred to in any of clause (a) to (e) above. (h) A body corporate ,in which a body referred to in clause (g) above ,is a participant with more than a 5 percent interest. Foreign equity for this part will be notified to the government. from time to time.

Disqualification of religious bodies. 1.A body which is or is controlled by a body or controls a body whose objectives are wholly or mainly of a religious nature. 2.A body corporate in which the body referred above is a participant with more than five percent interest. 3.A person who is an officer of the body.

Disqualification of political bodies. 1.A body which is or affiliated to or is a participant with more than five percent interest to a body whose objects are or mainly of political nature. 2.An individual who is an officer of the body.

Disqualification of publicly funded bodies. 1. A body (other than a local Authority ) which has in its last financial year received more than half its income from public funds. 2.A body which is controlled or a corporate which has more than five percent interest in the above mentioned body.

Disqualification of advertising agencies. 1. An Advertising Agency ,its associate or a body corporate having more than five percent interest in a ad agency.

PART - I I

Restriction To Prevent Accumulation of interest in licensed Services. 1. A person will be allowed to hold licences in only one of the following category of services:-- [a] Terrestrial Radio Broadcasting . [b] Terrestrial Television Broadcasting . [c] Satellite Television or Radio Broadcasting . [d] Direct - To - Home Broadcasting . [e] Local Delivery Services . [f] Any other category of services which may be notified by the central government.

2. Any restriction on participation imposed as above on the holder of a licence shall apply to him as if he and every person connected with hi were one person.

PART - III

Restrictions On Controlling Interest in Both Newspapers and licensed services. 1. No proprietor of a newspaper will either be a participant with more than twenty percent interest in or control a body corporate which is the holder of a licence to provide a licensed service under this Act. 2. No proprietor of a newspaper who is a participant with more than five percent but less than twenty percent interest in a body corporate and not controlling such a body corporate ,holding a licence will be a participant with more than five percent interest in any other such body corporate. 3. No person who is the holder of a licence to provide licensed service under this Act will be either a participant with more than twenty per cent. interest in or control a body corporate which controls a newspaper. 4. No person who is the holder of a licence and is a participant with more than five percent but less than twenty percent interest in a body corporate and not controlling such a body corporate which runs a national newspaper , shall be a participant with more than five percent interest in any other such corporate . 5. For the purpose of this part ,a person controls a newspaper if-- [a] He is the proprietor of such newspaper; or [b] He controls a body which is the proprietor of such newspaper. 6. Any restriction on participation imposed as above on the proprietor of any newspaper or on the holder of licence shall apply to him as of he and every person connected with him were one person.

PART IV 1. (1) For the purpose of this schedule,

"Advertising Agency" means an individual or a body corporate who carries on business as an advertising agent (whether alone or in partnership) or has control over any body corporate which carries on business as an advertising agent, and any reference to an advertising agency includes a reference to an advertising agency includes a reference to an individual who- a) is a director or officer of any body corporate who carries on such a business, or b) is employed by any person who carries on such a business.

"Associate" - a) in relation to a body corporate, means a directorof that body corporate or a body corporate interconnected with that body corporate. b) in relation to the partner of the firm, means a relative of such partner and includes any other person of such firm; c) in relation to the trustee of a trust, means any other trustee of such trust; and d) in relation to an individual, shall be construed in accordance with subclause (3); e) where a person or a body corporate is an associate of another person or body corporate, the latter shall also be deemed to be an associate of the former.

"Control" - a) in relation to the body corporate, shall be construed in accordance with subclause (3); and b) in relation to any body other than a body corporate, means he power of a person to secure, by virtue of the rules regulating that or any other body, that the affairs of the first mentioned body are conducted in accordance with the wishes of that person, and would incluede control as a result of, or by means of, trusts, agreements, arrangements, understandings and practices, whether or not having legal or equitable force and whether or not based on legal or equitable rights.

"Newspaper" means as defined under the Press and Registration Act, 1867 (25 of 1867).

(2) For the purpose of determining the persons who are an individual's associates for the purposes of this schedule, the following persons shall be regareded as associates of each other, namely :- a). any individual and that individual's husband or wife of a relative, of that individual or of that individual's husband or wife; b) any individual or any body corporate of which that individual is a director; c) any person in his capacity as trustee of a settlementand the settlor or grantor and any person associated with the settlor and grantor; d) persons carying on business in partnership nad the husband or wife and relatives of any of them; e) any two or more persons acting together to secure or exercise control of body corporate or any other associates or to secure control of any enterprise or assets;and in this sub- paragraph "relative" means as defined under the Companies Act, 1956.

(3) A person controls a body corporate if - a) he has a controlling interest in the body, or b) (although not having such an interest in the body) he is able, by virtue of the holding of shares or the possession of voting power in or in relation to the body or any other body corporate, to secure that the affairs of the body are conducted in accordance with his wishes, or c) he has the power, by virtue of any powers conferred by the articles of association or other document regulating the body or any other body corporate, to secure that the affirs of the body are so conducted, and for this purpose, in the absence of proof to the contrary, a person has a controlling interest in a body corporate if he holds, or is beneficially entitled to, more than twenty per cent, of the voting power in it.

(4) it is hereby declared that a person may be regarded as controlling a body corporate by virtue of clause (b) of sub-clause (3) despite the fact that- a) he does not have a controlling interested in any such other body corporate as is mentioned in that paragraph, or b) any such other body corporate does not have a controlling interest in the body in question, or c) he and any such body corporate together do not have a controlling interest in that body.

(5) For the purpose of any provision of this shedule which refers to a body controlled by two or more persons or bodies of any description taken together, the persons or bodies in question shall not be regarded as controlling the body by virtue of paragraph (b) and sub- paragraph (3) unless they are acting together in concert.

(6) In this Schedule any reference to a participant with more than a five per cent, or, as the case may be, twenty`per cent interest in a body corporate is a reference to a person who- a) holds or is beneficially entitled to more than five or, as the case may be, twenty percent of the shares in that body or, b) possesses more than five or, as the case may be, twenty per cent of the voting power in that body, and, where any such reference has been amended by an order under this Schedule varying the percentage in question, this sub-paragraph shall have effect in relation to it\s subject to the necessary modifications.

2. (1) Any reference in paragraph 1 to a person- a) holding or being entitled to shares, or any amount of the shares or equity share capital, in a body corporate, or b) possessing voting power, or any amount of the voting power, in a body corporate, is a reference to his doing so, or being so entitled, whether alone or jointly with one or more other persons and whether directly or through one or more nominees.

(2) "Inter connected Undertakings or Corporate Bodies" shall have the same meaning as assigned in the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (54 of 1969).

3. For the purpose of this Schedule, the following persons are connected with each other in relation to a particular license, namely :- a) the license holder; b) a person who controls the holder; c) an associate of the license holder or of a person referred to in clause (b), and d) a body which is controlled by the license holder or by an associate of the license holder.

STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS

1.The broadcasting scenario, especially in the realm of satellite broadcasting, has undergone a revolution during the last few years. A large number of satellite television channels have been beaming their programmes through the Indian skies to our people. All these channels are foreign entities and their programmes are uplinked from outside the country without any regulation through the law of our land, while Indian enrtepreneurs and Indian companies are not at present permitted to own either Radio or Television stations.

2.Concern has been voiced both inside Parliament and outside about the implications of these unregulated television programmes and the denial of level playing field to Indian entities. The only legal instrument available in the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, which is considered totally inadequate to govern modern broadcasting media. All leading democratic countries have enacted laws specifically regarding broadcasting media. The introduction of the Broadcasting Bill is a step in this direction.

3.It is felt that the public service broadcaster alone will not be able to meet the needs and urges of the people in terms of variety and plurality of programmes required in different regions by different sections of society in our vast country. Keeping in view our great democratic traditions, it is imperative that our citizens are all informed and given wider choice in matters of information, education and entertainment. This can be provided by facilitating private broadcasting in the country.

4.The Bill needs to establish an autonomous Broadcasting Authority for the purposes of facilitating and regulating broadcasting services in India so that they become competitive in terms of quality of services, cost of services and use of new technologies, apart from becoming a catalyst for social change, promotion of values of Indian culture and shaping of a modern vision. It will also curb monopolistic trends in this sensitive field, so that people are provided with a wide range of news and views.

The Bill seeks to achieve the said objectives.

NEW DELHI; The 12th May, 1997. S. JAIPAL REDDY.

NOTES ON CLAUSES

Clause 2 defines the various expressions occuring in the Bill.

Clause 3 provides for the establishment of the Broadcasting Authority of India.

Clause 4 provides that the President may on the grounds provided under article 317 of the Constitution may remove or suspend the Chairperson and Members.

Clause 5 provides detailed provisions regarding the conduct of the meetings of the Authority.

Clause 6 provides procedure for appointment of Secretary-General of Authority and empowers the Authority to appoint other officers.

Clause 7 provides function of the Authority and empowers the Authority to appoint committes of experts to advise on matters considered necessary.

Clause 8 provides prohibition on broadcasting service without license by any person.

Clause 9 specifies the different services for which licenses may be granted by the Authority.

Clause 10 specifies the conditions for granting licences for broadcasting services licences.

Clause 11 provides for the period of broadcasting licence and other conditions.

Clause 12 specifies the eligibility and restrictions for licences to be granted by the Authority.

Clause 13 gives procedure for grant of licence for satellite broadcasting services.

Clause 14 provides procedure for grant of licence for Direct-to-Home services.

Clause 15 provides for special provisions for satellite broadcasting and Direct-to-Home services.

Clause 16 provides procedure for grant of licence for terrestrial broadcasting services.

Clause 17 provides procedure for grant of licence for local delivery services by the Authority.

Clause 18 gives the details of actions which can be taken by the Authority for enforcement of licences.

Clause 29 provides that licence fee shall be credited to the Consolidated Fund of India and also specifies the maintainance of the accounts, budget and audit by the Comptroller- Auditor-General of India by the Authority.

Clause 20 provides for furnishing of the Annual report to the Central Government which shall be laid before the Parliament.,

Clause 21 prescribes offence and punishment.

Clause 22 provides special provisions for certain foreign satellite broadcasting services.

Clause 23 empowers the Authority to refuse licence for live broadcasting of certain events of national and international importance.

Clause 24 enumerates the procedure and powers of the Authority.

Clause 25 specifies the powers of the Central Government in event of war or natural calamities.

Clause 26 provides powers of the Authority to seek information, conduct enquires, take evidence, for operation and regulation licences and also empowers the Authority to give directions to licences.

Clause 27 provides that the Chairperson and Members of the Authority shall be deemed to be a public servant within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code.

Clause 28 provides for usual provisions relating to the protection of action taken in good faith by the Authority or Chairperson or Members or officers and other employees of the Authority.

Clause 29 provides for delegation of powers to the Authority to Chairperson or other Member or other officers.

Clause 30 provides that application of other laws are not barred and in case of an offence committed under this Act and also under another Act, and also under another Act, the offender shall be punished under this Act.

Clause 31 confers on the Central Government powers to make rules for carrying out the provisions of the Bill.

Clause 32 confers on the Authority the powers to make regulation consistent with provision of this Bill and rules made by the Central Government thereunder before each House of Parliament.

Clause 33 provides laying of the rules and regulations before Parliament.

Clause 34 empowers the Central Government to remove difficulties which may arise in giving effect to the provisions of the Bill.

Clause 35 provides for repeal of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 and for licenceing and regulations of cable networks registered under that Act on the date of commencement of this Act.

LOK SABHA

A BILL to provide for the establishment of an independent authority to be known as the Broadcasting Authority of India, for the powers of developing, promoting, facilitating and regulating broadcasting services in India and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

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