The Definite Article in the Upper Silesian Dialect of Polish

Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison

. The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of . Polish

Adrian Czardybon University of Düsseldorf

01.06.2012

1 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Outline

1 Theoretical basis 2 General information about Upper Silesian 3 Distribution of the definite article tyn in Upper Silesian 4 Comparison with standard Polish and Colloquial Upper Sorbian

1 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Distinction of concept types (Löbner (1985, 2011))

[-U] inherently unique [+U] [-R] Sortal concept (SC) Individual concept (IC) car, book, stone sun, Pope, Mary inherently Relational concept (RC) Functional concept (FC) relational [+R] brother, uncle, hand mother, age, head

2 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Semantic and pragmatic uniqueness

. Semantic uniqueness . Semantic uniqueness is found with FC/IC since uniqueness is part .of their semantics. . Pragmatic uniqueness . SC/RC can be made unique which is achieved by adding contextual information in order to narrow down the reference of the noun to a single entity. This can be done by using the noun anaphorically, deictically, or by adding a restrictive attribute to the .noun e.g. a relative clause or a prepositional phrase.

3 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Scale of uniqueness

4 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison

. Himmelmann (2001: 833f.) . The crucial distinguishing feature, however, is that they [articles] are consistently used in some additional contexts in which demonstratives must not be used. For definite articles two contexts are of particular importance. One is larger situation use, the first mention of entities that are considered to be unique [...], (e.g. the sun, the Queen, the pub. The other is associative-anaphoric use [...]..

5 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . General information about Upper Silesian

Genetic classification Polish dialect Number of speakers about 55.000 (European Commission) spoken in Upper Silesia: Provinces of Opole and Śląsk (Silesia) Subdialects 1. Opole in the north 2. Cieszyn in the south 3. Katowice in central Upper Silesia

6 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison

(WorldMapFinder)

7 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison

8 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Deictic contexts

tyn is always stressed in deictic contexts (indicated by capital letters)

(1) Dej mi TA flaszka give.IMP me DEM bottle Give me this bottle

9 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Anaphoric contexts

The article is obligatory with all anaphors regardless of their position within the sentence

(2) Łon jest razym z dziewczyn-omj . Ta dziewczyn-aj 3SG COP together with girl-INS DEF girl-NOM sie do niego prziprowadzio-ł-a REFL.PRON to 3SG.GEN move-PST-F He is together with a girl. The girl moved to him.

(3) Łona potwierdzio-ł-a, że tak-o kronik-ai był-a 3SG.F confirm-PST-F that such-F chronicle-F was-F pisan-o. Łon boł autor-ym ty kronik-ii . written-F 3SG.M was author-INS DEF chronicle-GEN She confirmed that such a chronicle was written. He was the author of the chronicle

10 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Restrictive attributes

With the help of restrictive attributes the referent of the NP is narrowed down to a single entity tyn is obligatory in these contexts

(4) Ta baba, co jo wczoraj wizio-ł, boł-a DEF woman REL.PRON 1SG yesterday see-PST was-F fajno beautiful The woman I saw yesterday was beautiful (5) Tyn chop z Afryk-i przijecho-ł dzisiej DEF man from Africa-GEN arrive-PST today The man from Africa has arrived today

11 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Definite associative anaphora

DAA are semantically unique, since the head of a DAA is interpreted as a FC and pragmatically unique because of the implicit anaphoricity of the antecedent (Löbner 2003). Furthermore, DAAs can be subdivided into part-whole DAAs, where the antecedent and the head have a part-whole relation and DAAs with no such relation. The use of tyn exibits inter- and intraspeaker variation. This com- plicated the task of finding factors influencing the use of tyn

(6) I have an old car and the engine is constantly broken. (7) I went to the cinema yesterday. But the film was boring.

12 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison

(8) Jak żech wloz do autobus-u, when 1SG.PST get_in.PST to bus-GEN to-ch sie pytoł (*tego) szofer-a PART-1SG.PST REFL ask.PST DEF driver-ACC wiela kosztuje bilet how much cost.3SG.PRS ticket When I got into the bus, I asked the driver how much a ticket costs (9) W tamtym tydniu byli my na wesel-u łod in DEM week were we on wedding-LOC of somsiad-a. (Ta) modo pani boła bardzo ładno neighbour-GEN DEF bride was very beautiful Last week we were at our neighbour’s wedding. The bride was very beautiful

13 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison

(10) Wczoraj boł żech w kin-ie. Ale tyn film yesterday was 1SG.PST in cinema-LOC but DEF film boł nudny was boring I went to the cinema yesterday. But the film was boring. (11) Rok tymu boł żech na urlop-ie w year ago was 1SG.PST on holiday-LOC in Hiszpani-i. Ta godka mi sie bardzo Spain-LOC DEF language me REFL very podoba-ł-a please-PST-F I was in Spain on holiday a year ago. I liked the language very much.

14 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison

With part-whole DAAs the definite article is not obligatory

(12) Łon sie dopiyro zeszłym tydniu now-e he REFL only last week new-PL.ACC szczewik-i kupioł i już jest (*ta) zelowka shoe-PL.ACC buy.PST and already COP DEF sole zepsuto broken He bought new shoes only last week and the sole is already broken

(13) My mo-my stare auto. Przez to jes (tyn) motor 1PL have-1PL.PRS old car therefore COP DEF engine co chwila zepsuty constantly broken We have an old car. Therefore, the engine is constantly broken

15 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Complex IC NPs with a superlative/ordinal number are called complex IC With complex ICs the article is optional in most cases

(14) Łoni sie ino pyta-jom, kedy (ta) piyrszo they REFL only ask-3PL.PRS when DEF first wizyta boła visit was They only ask, when the first visit was. (15) Miyszk-om w (tym) noj-fajniyjsz-ym live-1SG.PRS in DEF.LOC SPL-beautiful.COMP-LOC mieście city.LOC I live in the most beautiful city.

16 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Lexical IC/FC

With lexical IC ((16)) and FC ((17)) the article is ungrammatical

(16) Dzisiej (*te) słońce świyci. today DEF sun shine.3SG.PRS The sun is shining today (17) Jan ino widzio-ł (*tyn) poczontek tego film-u Jan only see-PST DEF beginning DEF film-GEN Jan only saw the beginning of the film

17 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Proper names and personal pronouns

No article is used with proper names and personal pronouns

(18) (*Tyn) Artur boł w (*tych) Niymc-ach DEF Arthur was in DEF Germany-LOC.PL Arthur was in Germany (19) (*Tyn) łon sie kupio-ł DEF 3SG.M REFL.PRON buy-PST cygaryt-y cigarette-PL.ACC He bought cigarettes

18 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Cut-off point in Upper Silesian

19 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Standard Polish - deictic contexts

In standard Polish ten is mostly restricted to deictic and anaphoric uses

(20) Daj mi tę butelk-ę give.IMP me DEM bottle-ACC Give me this bottle

20 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Standard Polish - anaphoric contexts The use of the demonstrative with anaphoric NPs is influenced by information structure In topic position the demonstrative is optional, while it is obligatory in comment position

(21) Jan kupi-ł książk-ęj . (Tę) książk-ęj Maria Jan buy-PST book-ACC DEM.ACC book-ACC Maria już czyta-ł-a already read-PST-F Jan bought a book. Maria had already read the book

(22) Jan kupi-ł książk-ęj . Maria już czyta-ł-a Jan buy-PST book-ACC Maria already read-PST-F tę książk-ęj DEM.ACC book-ACC Jan bought a book. Maria had already read the book 21 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Standard Polish - restrictive attributes

In spoken Polish ten can be used optionally with SC with restrictive attributes In written Polish ten is dispreferred in these contexts

(23) (Ta) kobieta, któr-ą wczoraj DEM woman REL.PRON-ACC yesterday widział-em, był-a ładna see.PST-1SG was-F beautiful The woman I saw yesterday was beautiful

22 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Standard Polish - DAAs In spoken but not in written Polish ten can be used optionally with relational DAAs No demonstrative is used with part-whole DAAs

(24) Wczoraj był-em w kin-ie. Ale (ten) film był yesterday was-1SG in cinema-LOC but DEM film was nudny boring I went to the cinema yesterday. But the film was boring. (25) Ma-my stary samochód. Dlatego jest (*ten) have-1PL.PRS old car therefore COP DEM silnik cały czas zepsuty engine constantly broken We have an old car. Therefore, the engine is constantly broken 23 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Standard Polish - IC/FC

In all other contexts ten is ungrammatical for spoken and written Polish

(26) Mieszk-am w (*tym) naj-ładniejsz-ym live-1SG.PRS in DEM SPL-beautiful.COMP-LOC mieście city.LOC I live in the most beautiful city (27) (*To) słońce świeci DEM sun shine.3SG.PRS The sun is shining

24 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Coll. Upper Sorbian - DAAs Speakers of the younger generation of Coll. Upper Sorbian use the definite article with all DAAs, while for speakers of the older generation the article with part-whole DAAs is optional

(28) Moje nowo awto jo dórbjało do reparatur-y, (tón) my new car AUX must.PST.3SG to repair-GEN DEF motor bě kaput engine was broken My new car had to be repaired, the engine was broken (Breu 2004: 20, 41)

(29) Naš wučor jo nam jenu kniu pokaza-ł. Wón to our teacher AUX us INDEF book show-PST 3SG.M DEF awtora wosobinsce znaje author personally know.3SG.PRS Our teacher showed us a book. He knows the author personally

25 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Coll. Upper Sorbian - Complex IC

With complex IC the article is optional in topic position In non-topic position the article is obligatory (Scholze 2007: 164)

(30) (Tón) najlěpši wučor jo knez Šołta DEF best teacher COP Mr Scholze The best teacher is Mr Scholze (Breu 2004: 34)

(31) Knez Šołta jo tón najlěpši wučor Mr Scholze COP DEF best teacher Mr Scholze is the best teacher (Breu 2004: 34)

(32) Nadźijomne budźe jutře słonco swěćić hopefully AUX.FUT.3SG tomorrow sun shine.INF Hopefully the sun will shine tomorrow (Breu 2004: 30)

26 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Language-specific cut-off points

27 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish Theoretical background Upper Silesian Distribution of tyn Comparison . Conclusion Due to the use of tyn in semantically unique contexts one can speak of a developed definite article in Upper Silesian In standard Polish the demonstrative ten is mostly restricted to deic- tic and anaphoric contexts, although for spoken Polish the optional use is extended The Coll. Upper Sorbian article is further developed than the Upper Silesian one, since it is used obligatorily with all DAAs and complex IC in non-topic position The article status of the Upper Silesian tyn is supported by the fact that other definiteness strategies which are found in the article-less Slawic languages are not available The scale of uniqueness captures very well the distribution of the Upper Silesian and Coll. Upper Sorbian definite article as well as the standard Polish demonstrative

28 / 28 Adrian Czardybon The definite article in the Upper Silesian dialect of Polish