University of Groningen Mutual Intelligibility in the Slavic Language
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Language Contact in Pomerania: the Case of German, Polish, and Kashubian
P a g e | 1 Language Contact in Pomerania: The Case of German, Polish, and Kashubian Nick Znajkowski, New York University Purpose The effects of language contact and language shift are well documented. Lexical items and phonological features are very easily transferred from one language to another and once transferred, rather easily documented. Syntactic features can be less so in both respects, but shifts obviously do occur. The various qualities of these shifts, such as whether they are calques, extensions of a structure present in the modifying language, or the collapsing of some structure in favor the apparent simplicity found in analogous foreign structures, all are indicative of the intensity and the duration of the contact. Additionally, and perhaps this is the most interesting aspect of language shift, they show what is possible in the evolution of language over time, but also what individual speakers in a single generation are capable of concocting. This paper seeks to explore an extremely fascinating and long-standing language contact situation that persists to this day in Northern Poland—that of the Kashubian language with its dominating neighbors: Polish and German. The Kashubians are a Slavic minority group who have historically occupied the area in Northern Poland known today as Pomerania, bordering the Baltic Sea. Their language, Kashubian, is a member of the Slavic branch of Indo-European languages and further belongs to the Pomeranian branch of Lechitic languages, which includes Polish, Silesian, and the extinct Polabian and Slovincian. The situation to be found among the Kashubian people, a people at one point variably bi-, or as is sometimes the case among older folk, even trilingual in Kashubian, P a g e | 2 Polish, and German is a particularly exciting one because of the current vitality of the Kashubian minority culture. -
The Case of the Czech Language
E-Leader Berlin 2012 Celebrating EUROMOSAIC vs. language policies: the case of the Czech language Božena Bedna říková Dept. of Czech Studies Faculty of Arts Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic and Universita degli Studi di Udine Dipartimento delle Lingue e Letterature Straniere Udine/I, Italy 1. The EU language policy and the European Commission Project EUROMOSAIC The EU has a positive policy towards regional and minority languages which is enshrined in Article 22 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. It states that “The Union respects cultural, religious and linguistic diversity ”. The European Commision has been providing several projects supporting regional and minority languages, one of them being the NETWORK PROMOTING THE LANGUAGE DIVERSITY. It is a pan-European Network which covers regional, minority, indigenous, cross-border and smaller national languages with the task to promote linguistic diversity in Europe. The main focus is providing information about and easy access to a large network of organisations that can share ideas, information and best practice regarding the promotion of less widely used languages. In 1992, wishing to take stock of the situation of the various language communities in Europe, the Commission initiated a study on minority language groups in the European Union. The purpose of the study, entitled "EUROMOSAIC" (later EROMOSAIC I), was not only to support the regional and minority languages, but also to find out about the different regional and minority languages in existence and to establish their potential for expanding, i. e. for their production and reproduction, and to examine the difficulties, the barriers and the challenges they could encounter in doing so. -
Czech Language Programs and Czech As a Heritage Language in the United States
Czech Language Programs and Czech as a Heritage Language in the United States Simone J. Hrouda, Portland State University, Oregon Introduction Czech language schools and Czech classes exist across the United States because of the efforts of Czech heritage language speakers to preserve the language spoken by their ancestors. These programs provide heritage speakers with the opportunity to further develop and maintain their Czech oral and written skills. Even though the language and culture are vital to the identity of individuals in states such as Nebraska, Texas, and Wisconsin, the importance of sustaining the language is not recognized on a national level. Czech is not considered a critical foreign language, and limited opportunities are available for language courses and scholarship programs. It is up to Czech heritage societies to keep Czech classes alive. Czech is a less commonly taught language (LCTL) in the United States, and locating Czech classes is difficult. However, these challenges and many others do not hinder Czech speakers from learning the Czech language. Though small, there is a Czech-speaking population made up of heritage, non-heritage, and native speakers who are making efforts to keep the Czech language alive. History of the Czech Language in the United States The largest immigration of Czechs to the United States took place between the years 1848 and 1914, when over 350,000 Czechs fled their homeland and established Czech communities across the United States (Thernstorm, 1981). Over time, language attrition and acculturation have led to loss of the Czech language within these communities (Dutkova-Cope, 2006; Eckert, 1987; Hannan, 2003; Vasek, 1996). -
Language Policy and Linguistic Reality in Former Yugoslavia and Its Successor States
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Tsukuba Repository Language Policy and Linguistic Reality in Former Yugoslavia and its Successor States 著者 POZGAJ HADZ Vesna journal or Inter Faculty publication title volume 5 page range 49-91 year 2014 URL http://doi.org/10.15068/00143222 Language Policy and Linguistic Reality in Former Yugoslavia and its Successor States Vesna POŽGAJ HADŽI Department of Slavistics Faculty of Arts University of Ljubljana Abstract Turbulent social and political circumstances in the Middle South Slavic language area caused the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the formation of new countries in the 1990s, and this of course was reflected in the demise of the prestigious Serbo-Croatian language and the emergence of new standard languages based on the Štokavian dialect (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin). The Yugoslav language policy advocated a polycentric model of linguistic unity that strived for equal representation of the languages of the peoples (Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian and Slovenian), ethnicities (ethnic minorities) and ethnic groups, as well as both scripts (Latin and Cyrillic). Serbo-Croatian, spoken by 73% of people in Yugoslavia, was divided into the eastern and the western variety and two standard language expressions: Bosnian and Montenegrin. One linguistic system had sociolinguistic subsystems or varieties which functioned and developed in different socio-political, historical, religious and other circumstances. With the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the aforementioned sociolinguistic subsystems became standard languages (one linguistic system brought forth four political languages). We will describe the linguistic circumstances of the newly formed countries after 1991 in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. -
The Case of Lower Sorbian
Marti Roland Universität des Saarlandes Saarbrücken, Deutschland Codification and Re(tro)codification of a Minority Language: The Case of Lower Sorbian Lower Sorbian – codification – orthography – Slavonic microlanguages The codification of languages or language varieties belongs to the realm of standardology in linguistics (cf. Brozović 1970). It is interesting to note, although not really surprising, that questions of standardology first attracted the interest of linguists in Slavonic-speaking countries, albeit in rather different ways.1 On the one hand it was the Prague school of linguistics that developed a framework for the description of standard languages (cf. Jedlička 1990), prompted at least partly by the diglossic situation of Czech (according to Ferguson 1959). On the other hand it was Soviet linguistics with its hands-on experience of working with the many languages of the Soviet Union that had no written tradition at all or used very imperfect writing systems. The linguistic bases on which theories were developed differed considerably and so did the respective approaches. The Prague school had to deal with reasonably stable stand- ard languages whereas linguists in the Soviet Union often had to create a 1 On standardology with special reference to Slavonic languages, see Müller/ Wingender 2013 and section XXV. in the handbook Die slavischen Sprachen — The Slavic languages (Gutschmidt et al. 2014: 1958–2038), in particular Wingender 2014. - 303 - Marti Roland standard or to replace an existing standard that was unsuitable (or -
The Mohammedan Bulgarians (Pomaks)
Reconciliation Through art: Perceptions of Hijab 22nndd TTRRAANNSSNNAATTIIIOONNAALL WWOORRKKSSHHOOPP PPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIIOONN The Mohammedan Bulgarians (Pomaks) by Dr Stoyan Raichevsky The Mohammedan Bulgarians (the so-called Pomaks ) have often been the subject of research in contemporary Bulgarian and Balkan historiography. The major problem in such studies is the conversion to Islam: when, how and for what reason did it happen, was violence applied in adopting Islam or economic considerations were quite enough. The analysis of all existing publications indicates that the Mohammedan Bulgarians adopted Islam on a mass scale mainly in the period 17 th -18 th c. The reasons for that vary. Naturally there was change of faith imposed with sword, but this was not the only and the major reason for adopting Islam. It seems that the main factor was economic pressure and the temptation of privileges and tax reductions received immediately after renouncing the Christian faith. Still another group of reasons for adopting Islam by Mohammedan Bulgarians is suggested – the greed of Greek Orthodox clergy, the conflict of the Bogomils with the Orthodox Church, etc. A second group of studies of Mohammedan Bulgarians is centered on their ancient Bulgarian language, their rituals and traditional culture, in which scholars discover many traces of the pre-Islamic period and the so-called crypto-Christianity. We can’t disregard also a third group of studies, which uncovers the common hereditary roots, the kinship relations or the common property of Mohammedan Bulgarians and Christian Bulgarians. All authors and scholars of the period till 1878 – before the appearance of modern Bulgarian education, Bulgarian institutions and administration, which could apply some administrative measures of subjective influence in creating written evidence about Mohammedan Bulgarians, almost without exception, call the language of this Muslim population Bulgarian and rarely Slavic . -
The Public Service Broadcasting Culture
The Series Published by the European Audiovisual Observatory What can you IRIS Special is a series of publications from the European Audiovisual Observatory that provides you comprehensive factual information coupled with in-depth analysis. The expect from themes chosen for IRIS Special are all topical issues in media law, which we explore for IRIS Special in you from a legal perspective. IRIS Special’s approach to its content is tri-dimensional, with overlap in some cases, depending on the theme. terms of content? It offers: 1. a detailed survey of relevant national legislation to facilitate comparison of the legal position in different countries, for example IRIS Special: Broadcasters’ Obligations to Invest in Cinematographic Production describes the rules applied by 34 European states; 2. identifi cation and analysis of highly relevant issues, covering legal developments and trends as well as suggested solutions: for example IRIS Special, Audiovisual Media Services without Frontiers – Implementing the Rules offers a forward-looking analysis that will continue to be relevant long after the adoption of the EC Directive; 3. an outline of the European or international legal context infl uencing the national legislation, for example IRIS Special: To Have or Not to Have – Must-carry Rules explains the European model and compares it with the American approach. What is the source Every edition of IRIS Special is produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory’s legal information department in cooperation with its partner organisations and an extensive The Public of the IRIS Special network of experts in media law. The themes are either discussed at invitation-only expertise? workshops or tackled by selected guest authors. -
(Ruthenian Or Rusyn) Language in Poland Lemkos
The 17th Meeting of the Baltic Division of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Warszawa, 29 June – 01 July 2015 Maciej Zych Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland Romanization rules for the Lemko (Ruthenian or Rusyn) language in Poland Lemkos (Ruthenians or Rusyns) is an ethnic minority which has been recognized in Poland on the basis of the Act of 6th January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages. The act mentions, in addition to the Lemkos, 9 national minorities: Belorussian, Czech, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Jewish; 3 ethnic minorities – Karait, Roma, and Tartar; as well as one regional language – the Kashubian language. The Act lays down, among others, that traditional names in a minority language for localities, physiographic objects and streets may be used as “additional names” alongside geographic names established in the Polish language. To date (as of 1st June 2015), additional names have been introduced in 1204 localities and parts of them located in 57 communes. There were introduced: 27 Belarusian names, 359 German names, 779 Kashubian names, 9 Lemko names, and 30 Lithuanian names. Additional names in minority languages appear on road signs, they are also used on some maps. Pursuant to the Regulation of the Minister of Administration and Digitization of 14th February 2012 on the national register of geographical names, the Surveyor General of Poland shall maintain the database of the National Register of Geographical Names. In the Register, among others, officially adopted names in minority languages shall be listed. -
Minority Place Names in Poland
UNITED NATIONS Working Paper GROUP OF EXPERTS ON No. 23 GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Twenty-sixth session Vienna, 2-6 May 2011 Item 16 of the provisional agenda Activities relating to the Working Group on the Promotion of the Recording and Use of Indigenous, Minority and Regional Language Group Geographical Names Minority place names in Poland Submitted by Poland* * Prepared by Maciej Zych, Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland Minority place names in Poland (Summary) Act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages was passed in Poland six years ago (in 2005). The act recognizes nine national minorities (Belarusians, Czechs, Lithuanians, Germans, Armenians, Russians, Slovaks, Ukrainians and Jews), four ethnic minorities (Karaims, Lemkos, Roma and Tartars) and one minority using a regional language (Kashubian). On areas inhabited densely by these minorities, minority languages may be introduced as supporting languages. On these areas geographical names in minority language may be introduced alongside names established in the Polish language. By 20 February 2011 supporting languages (Belarusian, Kashubian, Lithuanian or German) were introduced in 30 communes in three voivodships (Opolskie, Podlaskie and Pomorskie). By that time 740 geographical names for localities and their parts in minority languages (374 Kashubian names, 310 German names, 30 Lithuanian names, 25 Belarusian names, and 1 Lemko name) were introduced in 39 communes in five voivodships (list of these names is accessible on page http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/list_of_minority_names.pdf). 1 Minority place names in Poland On 6 January 2005 the Polish Parliament passed an Act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages1. -
Swedish Contributions to the Fourteenth International Congress of Slavists
swedish contributions to the fourteenth international congress of slavists Per Ambrosiani (ed.) Swedish Contributions to the Fourteenth International Congress of Slavists (Ohrid, 10–16 September 2008) Umeå Studies in Language and Literature 6 Department of Language Studies Umeå University 2009 Umeå University Department of Language Studies SE-901 87 Umeå www.sprak.umu.se Umeå Studies in Language and Literature 6 © 2009 The authors Cover photograph: Sveti Zaum, Macedonia © 2008 Tora Hedin Cover layout: Gabriella Dekombis, Print & Media Printed in Sweden by Print & Media, Umeå 2009 ISBN 978-91-7264-814-2 Preface The present volume—the second separate volume with Swedish contributions to the International Congresses of Slavists1—includes seven articles by Swedish Slavists presented at the Fourteenth International Congress of Slavists, which was held in Ohrid, Macedonia, 10–16 September 2008.2 The articles cover the following topics: Russian historical parish names, Hunno- Bulgarian loanwords in the Slavic languages, linguistic variation in the spoken language of contemporary Czech television, seventeenth-century translations of German and Dutch phraseologisms into Russian, the history of the translation of the South Slavic folk ballad “The Wife of Hasan Aga” into Swedish, the image of women in the works of the Polish writers Natasza Goerke and Olga Tokarczuk, and the use of irony in Soviet totalitarian and anti-totalitarian discourse. The Swedish Association of Slavists (Svenska slavistförbundet)wishes to express its gratitude to the Department of Language Studies at Umeå University for the decision to accept the present volume in the series “Studier i språk och litteratur från Umeå universitet / Umeå Studies in Language and Literature”. -
Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia
Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia M at e k a p o v i ć University of Zagreb, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ivana Lučića 3, HR – 10 000 Zagreb, [email protected] SCN IV/2 [2011], 45–56 Izhajajoč deloma iz osnovnih tez svoje pred kratkim izšle knjige Čiji je jezik (Čigav je jezik?) avtor podaja pregled zapletenega odnosa med jezikom, ideologijo in politiko na Hrvaškem v preteklih dveh desetletjih, vključno z novimi primeri in razčlembami. Razprava se osredotoča na vprašanja, povezana s Hrvaško, ki so lahko zanimiva za tuje slaviste in jezikoslovce, medtem ko se knjiga (v hrvaščini) ukvarja s problemi jezika, politike, ideologije in družbenega jeziko- slovja na splošno. Based in part on his recent book Čiji je jezik? (Who does Language Belong to?), the author reviews the intricate relation of language, ideology, and politics in Croatia in the last 20 years, including new examples and analyses. The article emphasizes problems related to Croatia specifically, which might be of interest to foreign Slavists and linguists, while the monograph (in Croatian) deals with the prob- lems of language, society, politics, ideology, and sociolinguistics in general. Ključne besede: jezikovna politika, jezikovno načrtovanje, purizem, hrvaški jezik, jezik v nekdanji Jugoslaviji Key words: language politics, language planning, purism, Croatian language, language in former Yugoslavia Introduction1 The aim of this article is to provide a general and brief overview of some problems concerning the intricate relation of language, ideology, and politics in Croatia in the last 20 years. The bulk of the article consists of some of the 1 I would like to thank Marko Kapović for reading the first draft of the article carefully. -
The Rise of Bulgarian Nationalism and Russia's Influence Upon It
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2014 The rise of Bulgarian nationalism and Russia's influence upon it. Lin Wenshuang University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Wenshuang, Lin, "The rise of Bulgarian nationalism and Russia's influence upon it." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1548. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1548 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RISE OF BULGARIAN NATIONALISM AND RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE UPON IT by Lin Wenshuang B. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 1997 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2002 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Lin Wenshuang All Rights Reserved THE RISE OF BULGARIAN NATIONALISM AND RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE UPON IT by Lin Wenshuang B. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 1997 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2002 A Dissertation Approved on April 1, 2014 By the following Dissertation Committee __________________________________ Prof.