Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 223 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) George Thomas The Impact of the Illyrian Movement on the Croatian Lexicon Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 S lavistische B e it r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HEINRICH KUNSTMANN PETER REHDER • JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION PETER REHDER Band 223 VERLAG OTTO SAGNER MÜNCHEN George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 GEORGE THOMAS THE IMPACT OF THEJLLYRIAN MOVEMENT ON THE CROATIAN LEXICON VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1988 George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access ( B*y«ftecne I Staatsbibliothek l Mönchen ISBN 3-87690-392-0 © Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1988 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, GeorgeMünchen Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 FOR MARGARET George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access .11 ж ־ י* rs*!! № ri. ur George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 Preface My original intention was to write a book on caiques in Serbo-Croatian. This was to be part of what I now see as an overly ambitious attempt to compare and contrast the role of caiques in Serbo-Croatian with Czech and Slovene. Apart from a very general article on caiques as a widespread European phenomenon, the only aspect of this research to be published was a piece on the background to the employment of caiques in the early Czech language revival. My work on caiques in Serbo-Croatian had been side-tracked into articles on purism and the role of the lexical doublets in Bosnia-Hercegovina. I had also intended writing an article on the central position of caiques in the Illyrian period and, as a preparation for this, a condensed survey of the means of lexical enrichment. The alert reader will have noticed the announcement of this proposed article in my paper on purism. Instead I decided to expand the scope of my research and the res uh is the present volume. It is a matter of great sadness to me that so little has been done to provide general histories of the Croatian literary language or of the Serbo-Croatian vocabulary. One of the greatest hindrances to work on these topics is the existence of national sensibilities which render discussion of the periods and aspects where the paths of Croatian and Serbian cross fraught with difficulty especially if one wishes to maintain a dispassionate stance. It is my hope that as someone removed from these sensibilities (but no less aware of them) I can provide such a dispassionate account, though I must admit here that my own scholarly interests have led me to be more versed in the Croatian literary tradition than in the Serbian. I have taken great care in my use of the adjectives Croatian, Serbian and Serbo-Croatian in this book. I believe that what I have to say will be of equal interest to readers who conceive of the existence of two literary languages as for those who prefer to see a single Literary language with two more or less well defined variants. The perceptive reader will no doubt recognise the assimilation of the ideas of many scholars, particularly those influenced by the Prague School. Among them I should like to single out Robert Auty, whose work on the development of the Slavonic literary languages, the role of individuals, purism and lexical enrichment has gone a long way to forming my own ideas on these subjects. I know that Robert Auty would not have been entirely in agreement with the use of the terminology of language planning, but in all other respects I have attempted at each phase in this book's development to address problems which I think 7 George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 he would have raised. As a book on a subject about which he himself thought and wrote a great deal I humbly offer it as a tribute to his memory. I have had an opportunity to discuss this book with numerous people. To all of them 1 give sincere thanks. I am also grateful to a number of people (some of them unknown to me) who have read and offered criticisms of earlier draughts. Of them I should like to thank especially Thomas F. Magner, Peter Herrity, D. J. L. Johnson, Milica Krneta, Mila Mitro vie and Robert H. Johnston. All the faults which remain are of course my own responsibility. 1 should also like to acknowledge the debt to the libraries where work on this book was carried out: Mills Memorial Library, McMaster University; School of Slavonic and Hast European Studies Library, University of London; the British Library, the Robarts Library, University of Toronto; the National and University Library in Zagreb; the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the University Library of the Charles University, Prague. To the staffs of all these institutions I tender my sincere thanks. The research contained in this book has been supported by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Arts Research Board of McMaster University which also covered the publication costs. Help towards the costs of word-processing was kindly provided by the office of the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities of McMaster University. Thanks are abo due to Manon Ames and Patricia Goodall of the Humanities Computing Centre for the expert typing and printing of the final draught Most of the manuscript was written during a Research Leave in 1982-3, generously provided by McMaster University. The writing of a monograph requires large injections of morale and support both material and spiritual from family, colleagues and friends. To all of them I offer my heartfelt thanks, but will save them their blushes by not naming them individually. There are a number of people with whom this manuscript will always be associated in my own mind - those people with whom I spent glorious days in successive years on the island of Hvar — Lilly, Terry, Ruth, Peter and Hazel. My most heartfelt thanks however go to my good friend Marinko Bibkfof Hvar and his family. Lastly I should like to record my sincere thanks to Kubon & Sagner and (he editor Professor Peter Rehder for including this book in the series Slavistische Beiträge. Hamilton, January 1988 George Thomas 8 George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE • I Preface 7 Spelling Note Abbreviations CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Opening remarks 15 1.1 The Illyrian Movement 15 1.2 The language situation in Croatia in the early nineteenth century 21 13 The formation of the modem Croatian literary language 23 1.4 A brief statement of aims 25 U Previous treatment of this subject 26 1.6 Sources, methodology and scope 34 CHAPTER 2: THE STATE OF THE CROATIAN VOCABULARY PRIOR TO THE ILLYRIAN MOVEMENT г о Introduction 41 ZI The lexicographical tradition 41 2.2 The beginnings of journalism 47 2.3 Early nineteenth-century prose 48 2Л.1 Šime StarCevič 48 2.3.2 Janko DraSkoviC 50 Z3.3 Ignjat Alojzije Brli<f 55 2.3.4 Ljudevit Gaj 57 2.4 The Richter-Ballmann-Fröhlich Dictionary 59 Z5 Conclusion 61 CHAPTER 3: THE SOURCES OF LEXICAL ENRICHMENT 3.0 Introduction 63 3.1 Lexical enrichment from within Serbo-Croatian 64 3.1.1 Earlier literary traditions of Croatian 65 3.1.2 Material from seventeenth and eighteenth-century dictionaries 66 о George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 Table of Contents (continued) Page 3.1.2.1 The resemantidsation of old words 66 3.1.2.2 The revival of old words 67 3.1.2.3 The retention of old words alongside new, closely related forms 67 3.1.2.4 The replacement of okl models by new, related forms 68 3.1.Z5 Words taken from Stullfs dictionaries 68 3.L3 The evolving Serbian literary language 69 3.1.4 Dialects and regional usage 70 3.2 Neologisms 71 33 Influences from other Slavonic languages 73 3.3.1 Slovene 75 33.2 Czech 76 33.2.1 Loanwords 78 33.2.2 Caiques 80 33.ZZI Lehnbedeutungen 80 33.ZZ2 Lehnübersetzungen 80 3.33 Russian 81 33.4 Polish 82 3.4 Caiques 83 3.4.1 Lehnbedeutungen 84 3.4.2 Lehnübersetzungen 85 3.43 Lehnübertragungen 87 3.5 Loanwords and internationalisms 87 3.5.1 Internationalisms 88 3.5.2 Loanwords from a single, ^identifiable source 89 3.6 Conclusion 89 CHAPTER 4: THE VOCABULARY OF THE ILLYRIAN PERIOD IN ITS FUNCTIONAL ASPECT 4.0 Introduction 95 4.1 The role and nature of lexical purism 95 4.1.1 General remarks 95 4.1.2 Lexical purism in the Illyrian period 97 10 George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 Table of Coniente (continued) Page 4.2 The stabilisation and standardisation of vocabulary 103 4.2.1 General remarks 103 4.2.2 Intentions and stratagems 104 4.2.3 The degree of lexical standardisation in the Illyrian period 107 4.3 The furnishing