DOCSLIB.ORG

[Kulti Iliro-Shqiptar I Gjarprit ; the Albanian-Illyrian Snake Cult] English

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
[Kulti Iliro-Shqiptar I Gjarprit ; the Albanian-Illyrian Snake Cult] English [Kulti Iliro-Shqiptar i gjarprit ; The Albanian-Illyrian snake cult] English|Page 9 1 ekorimet me gjarperinj jane te zakonshme ne Shqiperi, qofte ne shtepi te vjetera, ne dekorimet e rrobave tradicionale, dhe Dndonjehere ne varre. Kjo kafshe eshte e perhapur ne mitologjine dhe besimet folklorike shqiptare; te analizosh mitin e gjarperit eshte te shikosh brenda miteve dhe traditave tona, ashtu si dhe ato mbareevropiane. Motivi i gjarperit ngjan me kultin e vjeter ilir te tradites paloballkanike dhe fragmentet qe mbeten ne gadishullin ballkanik. Pergjithesisht gjarperinje lidhen me kultet jo-indo-evropiane, por nje rishikim i shpejte thekson rendesine e tyre ne fete e vjetra te Ballkanit (nga Greqia e Lashte tek Iliria), si simbole ne fene nordike dhe kozmogonine keltike (veza e botes mendohej te ishte nje veze gjarperi). Gjarperinjte nuk ishin vetem nje force demonike apo e te liges, ashtu sic thone monoteizmat Abrahamike, por kishin dhe aspekte pozitive ne boten e antikitetit. Nuk do te listojme ketu fakte pa fund, por do te analizojme perse ky simbol ishte popullor mes paraardhesve tane. Dy tradita identifikohen ketu: nje interpretim tellurik i lidhur me grate dhe pjellorine, dhe nje me superior qe i sheh gjarperinjte si simbole forcash te fuqishme brenda dhe rreth burrave, dhe te lidhura me hyjni si Zeusi dhe Apolloni. Si simbol ktonik dhe tellurik, gjarperinje perfaqesojne forcat elementare dhe primale te Tokes dhe jane te lidhur me fene agrare te Memes Toke, e gjendur ne Evrope dhe Anadoll perpara pushtimit te Proto- Indo-Evropianeve. Nje shembull tipik i ketij kulti eshte perendesha 2 gjarper e civilizimit Minoik. Ne besimet popullore shqiptare, gjarperinjte shihen si udheheqes te forcave te nendheut (ku fshehin thesare) dhe te dheut (pergjegjes per pjellorine e tokes), ashtu si sugjerohet nga zbulimet arkeologjike te nje statuje te nje perendeshe ilire duke mbajtur nje brir bolleku me nje gjarper rreth tij. Kjo force tellurike e perfaqesuar nga gjarperinjte shihet edhe si vdekjeprurese, dhe godet papritur, prandaj ne Malesi, para se te punojne token, thone "O zoti i arës, lëshoja token fares". Keto fjale mendohen te bejne gjarperinjte me mireberes dhe ruajne fermeret nga kafshimet e tyre. Nje shtrese tjeter i ketij simbolizmi tellurik ka te beje me grate dhe pjellorine e tyre. Riti i pjellorise eshte vezhguar ne zonat rreth Shkupit, ku grate shqiptare bejne qe gjarperinjte te zvarrisen tek fustanet e tyre cdo 22 Mars. Gjarperinjte ne nje fare menyre duken si "miqte me te mire" te gruas dhe lidhja e tyre gjendet ke nje aspekt tjeter i ketij zvarraniku: roli i tij si mbrojtes i shtepise. Ne paganizmin evropian, gjejme shpirtera qe mbrojne shtepine dhe banoret e saj. Nje besim i perhapur ne folklorin shqiptar eshte qe gjarperi qe gjehet ne shtepi nuk duhet vrare, pasi ai eshte rojtari. Ky lloj gjarperi thuhet te kete brire apo floke te vegjel te arte quhet Vitore, Bolle apo thjesht Gjerperi i shtepis dhe eshte i pergjegjshem per mireqenien e familjes. Pergjithesisht mendohet te jete shpirti i vatres, dhe vetem gruaja me e madhe e shtepise e di se ku fshihet. Pra, eshte detyra e kesaj gruaje qe t'i jape tre here ne dite sakrifica te vogla: uje, copa buke etj. 3 Kjo e identifikon gjarperin si shpirti rojtar i nje vendi specifik, apo nje genius loci ne terminologjine romake. Dhe sakrificat ngjajne me sakrificen ne qumesht qe gjermanet e zones se Danubit i bejne gjarperit, edhe sipas tyre, gjarperi sjell mbaresi. Duhet permendur qe perendesha Romake Vesta dhe perendesha shqiptare Votra apo Nena Votres kane te njejtin funksion; perfaqesojne zjarrin qe mbahet ndezur gjate gjithe kohes ne shtepi. Per me teper, edhe pse gjarperi i shtepise mund te jetoje ne nje shtepi te braktisur, besohet qe nese ne familje nderron shtepi, gjarperi mund t'i ndjeke nga pas. Ideja e lidhjes mes gjarperit te shtepise dhe familjes ngjan me perrallat shqiptare mbi Orat (pak a shume shpirtera rojtare individuale) qe fshihen duke u shnderruar ne gjarperinj. Keshtu, gjarperinjte e shtepise nuk jane vetem te ngjashem me genius loci por edhe me dii lares, zota romak qe perfaqesojne paraardhesit. Dii lares portretizohen shpeshhere ne altaret romake si gjarperinj. Per me teper, vendi qendror i nje shtepie romake (si ne shume shtepi indo- evropiane) eshte zjarri qe digjet perhere, qe eshte i lidhur me shpritin e paraardhesve. Gjarperinjte e shtepive shqiptare te kuptuar si projeksion i vatres nenvizojne ngjashmerine e tyre me dii lares: shpirti i gjalle i nje familjeje qe vezhgon dhe mbron anetaret e saj. Kulti i dii lares ishte pjese e kultit romak te paraardhesve, dhe sakrificat ndaj tyre mund te shikohen si nje forme e adhurimit te paraardhesve. Nuk eshte habi qe dekorimet e gjarperinjve gjenden neper shtepi nga veriu ne jug, si kujtese e pranise se paraardhesve, 4 apo ne gure varresh, si ato prane Tuzit ku gjejme edhe dekorime diellore. Nese shembujt qe kemi dhene deri me tash mund te interpretohen si "totemizem" eshte vetem per sa kohe i aplikohen nje shoqerie matriarkale tellurike qe rrotullohet kryesisht rreth pjellorise dhe nje spiritualiteti femeror dhe henor, ku njerezit jane skllever te forcave me te larta, dhe adhurojne mbi te gjitha ciklin e brezave. Edhe pse kulti shqiptar i gjarperit i ka disa nga keto tipare, ato cka thame me pare per gjarperin e shtepise eshte nje e dhene per nje orientim me te larte: prania e dekorimeve diellore ne varret e Tuzit tregon qe kuptimi i gjarperinjve shkon pertej tellurikes, ose te pakten i orienton keto forca drejt dickaje me transhendente te simbolizuar nga dielli. Kemi thene qe gjarperinjte portretiziohen ne altaret romake perfaqesojne dii lares, ose te pakten forcat e tyre. Ne Greqine Antike, zoti i vatres se shenjte te shtepise ishte Zeus Ktesios ("zoti i shtepise") dhe portretizohej si gjarper. Per me teper, Plutarku thote se si Aleksandri i Madh, si bir i princeshes epirote Olimpia dhe Zeusit, ishte ne gjendje te transformohej ne nje gjarper. Nga keta shembuj mund te kuptojme qe nuk vihet re shpesh qe gjarperinjte mund te perfaqesojne ne raste te rralla hyjnite me te larta. Devotshmeria e Olimpise ndaj kultit te gjarperit, kultet maqedonase te gjarperit nga ku thuhet te kate ardhur zoti-gjarper Glykon, dhe Iliria qe njihej si vendi i kulteve te gjarperit ne antikitet provojne qe keto tre vende i perkisnin te njejtes kulture dhe boteveshtrimi paleoballkanik. Per shembull, edhe pse Apollo ishte zoti i profecise dhe 5 i gjarperinjve, ne Greqi nuk kishte praktika orakullare qe perfshijne gjarperinjte. Nga ana tjeter, ne Epir kishte nje tempull ku vajza te reja i jepnin ushqim gjarperinjve te shenjte si pjese te nje rituali. Por me shume se ne Epir apo Maqedoni, burimet antike tregojne se si Iliria eshte e lidhur me gjarperinjte. Sipas 'Bibliotheka' te Pseudo-Apollodorit, kombi ilir u themelua ka Iliriusi, biri me i vogel i Kadmit dhe Perendeshes Harmoni. Keta te dy u transformuan ne dy gjarperinj binjake nga Zeusi pasi braktisen qytetin grek te Tebes, i themeluar nga Kadmi, per te udhehequr iliret. Transformimi ne gjaperinj eshte nje jehone e dy gjarperinjve ne shkopin e Hermesit, i njohur si Kadukeus. Duhet permendur ketu qe Tireias, profeti i verber i Apollonit dhe keshilltar i Kadmit, thuhet qe u shnderrua ne grua pasi vrau dy gjarperinj. Kjo lidhet me konceptin Hindu te Kundalinit. Kadmi dhe Harmonia perfaqesojne rrymat psikike mashkullore dhe femerore, perkatesisht Ida dhe Pingala, qe rrotullohen rreth shtylles kurrizore (si gjarperinjte qe rrotullohen rreth shkopit te Hermesit). Kjo arritje sjell fuqi te medha, dhe prandaj thuhej qe Kadmusi dhe Harmonia do jetojne pergjithmone. Nje reference ndaj fuqise se Kundalinit gjendet tek Cikli i Kreshnikeve, ku forca e disa heronjve thuhet qe buron nga 3 gjarperinj qe jetojne brenda vetes. Kjo eshte prova qe gjarperi nuk eshte vetem nje simbol femeror tellurik, por nje ne disa kontekste eshte nje simbol heroik, tipik indo- evropian. 6 Duhet te permendim ketu qe gjarperi ne rripat ilire te zbuluara ne varrin mbreteror ne Selca dhe mendohen te kene qene prone e mbretit Dardan Monun. Ne te ne mund te shikojme nje kalores ne lufte, dhe pas tij nje gjarper te madh. Gjarperi ketu duhet pare si nje force shpirterore qe mbron kaloresin. Sic thame me pare, disa perralla shqiptare flasin per Orat qe maskohen si gjarperinj. Ne monedha ilire nga fisi i Labeteaneve te gjetura ne Kukes mund te shikojme nje anije ilire me nje gjarper te gdhendur ne te. Kjo ngjan me anijet e famshme vikinge, te cilat njiheshin per dekorimet e tyre me gjarperinj te quajtur sjö-snäkkars (gjarperinj deti). Kemi te njejtin arketip Indo- Evropian, mbrojtje nga forca me te larta gjate luftes dhe plackitjeve me anije te vogla qe ishte nje aktivitet si ilir dhe viking. Te kthehemi tek Apolloni, duhet te kujtojme qe Apolloni mendohej te kishte origjinen nga diku jashte Greqise. Adriano Romualdi besonte qe etimologjia e emrit te ketij zoti kishte origjine ilire. Sidoqofte, nje lidhje tjeter mes gjarperinjve dhe Apollonit gjendet tek Asklepi, biri i Apollonit dhe perendi i mjekesise, i cili portretizohet me nje gjarper. Ky gjarper perfaqson forcen e jetes dhe fuqine sheruese. Sigurisht, ne kohen kur Apollo ishte perendia e vetme e mjekesise gjarperi lidhej me fort me te se sa me vone. Per me teper, Apollo thuhet te kete lene shtatzene Dryopen duke e transformuar veten ne nje gjarper, qe na kujton historine e Zeusit dhe Olimpise. Nje aspekt tjeter interesant eshte Apolloni qe vret gjarperin gjigant Python, por nuk duam te zgjatemi ketu. Le te permendim qe ne disa mite, Pythoni pershkruhet si nje gjarper femer, ashtu si Kucedra shqiptare. 7 Nga studimi yne i shkurter marrim nje imazh shume te ndryshem nga c'mendonim. Miti dhe simbolizmi i gjarperit ne traditen tone pre- monoteiste eshte neglizhuar dhe pare vetem si nje forme totemizmi primitiv.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Illyrian Religion and Nation As Zero Institution
    Studies in Visual Arts and Communication: an international journal Vol 3, No 1 (2016) on-line ISSN 2393 - 1221 Illyrian religion and nation as zero institution Josipa Lulić * Abstract The main theoretical and philosophical framework for this paper are Louis Althusser's writings on ideology, and ideological state apparatuses, as well as Rastko Močnik’s writings on ideology and on the nation as the zero institution. This theoretical framework is crucial for deconstructing some basic tenants in writing on the religious sculpture in Roman Dalmatia, and the implicit theoretical constructs that govern the possibilities of thought on this particular subject. This paper demonstrates how the ideological construct of nation that ensures the reproduction of relations of production of modern societies is often implicitly or explicitly projected into the past, as trans-historical construct, thus soliciting anachronistic interpretations of the material remains of past societies. This paper uses the interpretation of religious sculpture in Roman Dalmatia as a case study to stress the importance of the critique of ideology in the art history. The religious sculpture in Roman Dalmatia has been researched almost exclusively through the search for the presumed elements of Illyrian religion in visual representations; the formulation of the research hypothesis was firmly rooted into the idea of nation as zero institution, which served as the default framework for various interpretations. In this paper I try to offer some alternative interpretations, intending not to give definite answers, but to open new spaces for research. Keywords: Roman sculpture, province of Dalmatia, nation as zero institution, ideology, Rastko Močnik, Louis Althusser.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Illyrian War: a Study in Roman Imperialism
    The First Illyrian War: A Study in Roman Imperialism Catherine A. McPherson Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal February, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts ©Catherine A. McPherson, 2012. Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………….……………............2 Abrégé……………………………………...………….……………………3 Acknowledgements………………………………….……………………...4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………5 Chapter One Sources and Approaches………………………………….………………...9 Chapter Two Illyria and the Illyrians ……………………………………………………25 Chapter Three North-Western Greece in the Later Third Century………………………..41 Chapter Four Rome and the Outbreak of War…………………………………..……….51 Chapter Five The Conclusion of the First Illyrian War……………….…………………77 Conclusion …………………………………………………...…….……102 Bibliography……………………………………………………………..104 2 Abstract This paper presents a detailed case study in early Roman imperialism in the Greek East: the First Illyrian War (229/8 B.C.), Rome’s first military engagement across the Adriatic. It places Roman decision-making and action within its proper context by emphasizing the role that Greek polities and Illyrian tribes played in both the outbreak and conclusion of the war. It argues that the primary motivation behind the Roman decision to declare war against the Ardiaei in 229 was to secure the very profitable trade routes linking Brundisium to the eastern shore of the Adriatic. It was in fact the failure of the major Greek powers to limit Ardiaean piracy that led directly to Roman intervention. In the earliest phase of trans-Adriatic engagement Rome was essentially uninterested in expansion or establishing a formal hegemony in the Greek East and maintained only very loose ties to the polities of the eastern Adriatic coast.
    [Show full text]
  • TO SLOVENIA First Time Cultivating Wine in Protestant Literature
    Compiled by FACTS Neža Lukančič & VINARIUM TOWER Benjamin Wolf The Pannonian Eiffel Tower is the SLOVENIA highest observation tower in Slovenia POPULATION: and allows a view in four countries: 2,067,000 Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary and Austria. CAPITAL CITY: LJUBLJANA (288,250) ŽIČE CHARTERHOUSE The ruins of this 12th century GDP: €43 BILLION monastery complex, overgrown with GDP PER CAPITA: ivy and moss, are a magical place. €21,000 MEŽICA MINE CROATIA ZAGREB POPULATION: The underground of Slovenia also offers hidden treasures. Sit in a small train and descend to a mine The history of Croatia’s capital dates back 4,167,000 universe that has been active for over 350 years. to the Romans. Today, the area houses a CAPITAL CITY: quarter of the country's population. ZAGREB (806,920) Zagreb’s old town boasts buildings from the 13th to the 19th century. GDP: €49 BILLION GDP PER CAPITA: OTOČEC €11,700 PREDJAMA CASTLE The only water castle in Slovenia was build on a small Source: Eurostat (2017). This Renaissance castle is built within a cave, island on Krka River. It is a favorite wedding venue, pressed next to a cliff under the original while the nearby leisure park offers fun times. Medieval fortification. METAL DAYS (SOČA) LJUBLJANA Every July, the peaceful Soča River is Slovenia’s capital stands at the middle the setting for one of the biggest heavy of a trade route between the northern metal music festivals in Europe with Adriatic Sea and the Danube region. the fitting motto: “Hell over Paradise.” Among the sights of this green city are Tivoli Park and Ljubljana Castle.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Illyrian Movement on the Croatian Lexicon
    Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 223 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) George Thomas The Impact of the Illyrian Movement on the Croatian Lexicon Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 S lavistische B e it r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HEINRICH KUNSTMANN PETER REHDER • JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION PETER REHDER Band 223 VERLAG OTTO SAGNER MÜNCHEN George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 GEORGE THOMAS THE IMPACT OF THEJLLYRIAN MOVEMENT ON THE CROATIAN LEXICON VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1988 George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access ( B*y«ftecne I Staatsbibliothek l Mönchen ISBN 3-87690-392-0 © Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1988 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, GeorgeMünchen Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 FOR MARGARET George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access .11 ж ־ י* rs*!! № ri. ur George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 Preface My original intention was to write a book on caiques in Serbo-Croatian.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova 29 Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova
    Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova 29 Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova Jahja Drançolli* Abstract In the present study it is examined the issue of Illyrian- Albanian continuity in the areal of Kosova, a scientific problem, which, due to the reasons of daily policy, has extremely become exploited (harnessed) until the present days. The politicisation of the ancient history of Kosova begins with the Eastern Crisis, a time when the programmes of Great-Serb aggression for the Balkans started being drafted. These programmes, inspired by the extra-scientific history dressed in myths, legends and folk songs, expressed the Serb aspirations to look for their cradle in Kosova, Vojvodina. Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina and Montenegro. Such programmes, based on the instrumentalized history, have always been strongly supported by the political circles on the occasion of great historical changes, that have overwhelmed the Balkans. Key Words: Dardania and Dardans in antiquity, Arbers and Kosova during the Middle Ages, geopolitical, ethnic, religious and cultural concepts, which are known in the sources of that time followed by a chronological development. The region of Kosova preserves archeological monuments from the beginnings of Neolith (6000-2600 B.C.). Since that time the first settlements were constructed, including Tjerrtorja (Prishtinë), Glladnica (Graçanicë), Rakoshi (Istog), Fafos and Lushta (Mitrovicë), Reshtan and Hisar (Suharekë), Runik (Skenderaj) etc. The region of Kosova has since the Bronze Age been inhabited by Dardan Illyrians; the territory of extension of this region was much larger than the present-day territory of Kosova. * Prof. Jahja Drançolli Ph. D., Departament of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Pristina, Republic of Kosova, [email protected] Thesis Kosova, nr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contribution of Archaeologists to the Multi-Disciplinary Approach in Managerial Studies on Resilience: the Experiences of Sara Santoro1
    Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies- Volume 5, Issue 4 – Pages 207-224 The Contribution of Archaeologists to the Multi-disciplinary Approach in Managerial Studies on Resilience: The Experiences of Sara Santoro1 By Massimo Bianchi* The paper wants to discuss the contribution of Archaeology to the multidisciplinary approach in managerial studies on resilience based on the experiences of Sara Santoro, a well-known archaeologist operating in Mediterranean countries and immaturely died. In recent years, the debate on the multidisciplinary approach in managerial sciences expanded due to the technological revolution and multicultural challenges. Another reason of this interest is the increasing attention of scholars to new fields of research and applicative purposes as the management of catastrophes, emergencies and resilience. A particular mention is to be attributed to the scientific and research activities of Sara Santoro, a well-known archaeologist in the Mediterranean area, who recently passed away. Because of the results obtained by this scientist as it concerns the recovering after catastrophic events with a multi-disciplinary approach, the paper aim is to discuss the content of this methodology. The following topics are analysed: the relevance of the survey on the land; the impact of no local staff on the theatre of catastrophic events; the recovering of communities’ cultural roots; the role of historical memory in the prevention and management of emergencies, and the management of small teams.1 Keywords: Archaeology, Multidisciplinary Approach, Interdisciplinary Approach, Resilience Management, Project Management. Introduction This article aims to expose and discuss the contribution of the humanities to the multidisciplinary approach in managerial studies on resilience based on the experiences of Sara Santoro, an illustrious archaeologist operating in Mediterranean countries and immaturely deceased.
    [Show full text]
  • Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova 29 Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AAB College repository Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova 29 Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova Jahja Drançolli* Abstract In the present study it is examined the issue of Illyrian- Albanian continuity in the areal of Kosova, a scientific problem, which, due to the reasons of daily policy, has extremely become exploited (harnessed) until the present days. The politicisation of the ancient history of Kosova begins with the Eastern Crisis, a time when the programmes of Great-Serb aggression for the Balkans started being drafted. These programmes, inspired by the extra-scientific history dressed in myths, legends and folk songs, expressed the Serb aspirations to look for their cradle in Kosova, Vojvodina. Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina and Montenegro. Such programmes, based on the instrumentalized history, have always been strongly supported by the political circles on the occasion of great historical changes, that have overwhelmed the Balkans. Key Words: Dardania and Dardans in antiquity, Arbers and Kosova during the Middle Ages, geopolitical, ethnic, religious and cultural concepts, which are known in the sources of that time followed by a chronological development. The region of Kosova preserves archeological monuments from the beginnings of Neolith (6000-2600 B.C.). Since that time the first settlements were constructed, including Tjerrtorja (Prishtinë), Glladnica (Graçanicë), Rakoshi (Istog), Fafos and Lushta (Mitrovicë), Reshtan and Hisar (Suharekë), Runik (Skenderaj) etc. The region of Kosova has since the Bronze Age been inhabited by Dardan Illyrians; the territory of extension of this region was much larger than the present-day territory of Kosova.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Roman Durrës (I-IV E.S.)
    E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 4 No 2 S2 ISSN 2281-3993 MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy August 2015 The History of Roman Durrës (I-IV E.S.) Arlind Kasa PhD Candidate, Faculty of Business, “Aleksander Moisiu” University, Durrës, Albania Email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2s2p28 Abstract The main purpose of this presentation is to review and reappraise of the ancients fonts with new archaeological found discovered recently in Durrës, in these fifteen years. The city of Durrës in ancient periods was named Epidamnos, after Dyrrachium in Roman period and now Durrës. I will discuss for the roman colonization in Dyrrachium, when he was founded, why was changed the name in roman period, why Dyrrachium lost his independence and what had happened in Dyrrachium during Imperial Roman Period based in new archaeological found that had helped to reappraise of ancient authors. Keywords: hellen colonization of Epidamnos, Illirian people in Epidamnos, Dyrrachium, Imperial Roman Period. 1. Introduction Epidamnos-Dyrrachium were the names that Durrës had in ancient periods. The researchers are in one mind that these two names tell two different part of the city. Thucydidis had told us that Epidamnos was founded by Greek colons from Corcyra and Corinthin 627 B. C (Thycydides, 2002). Another question for to discuss is: Epidamnos and Dyrrachium were one or two different city? Today exist three theories that treated these problem. The first, is that Epidamnos and Dyrrachium was an only city, which in early period was called Epidamnos and when Durrës was invaded from Rome, they changed the name in Dyrrachium because the name Epidamnos was sinister for roman than remembers the word damnus (bad) (Melae, 2002; Plinus, 2002; Appiani, 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • The Coinage of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Brief Discussion of the Coin Types 31
    Ross, Scott (2013) An assessment and up-to-date catalogue of the coins of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium between the 5th and 1st centuries B.C. MPhil(R) thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4335/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Scott Ross MA (Hons) 0706244 “An assessment and up-to-date catalogue of the coins of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium between the 5th and 1st centuries B.C.” Submitted for the honour of Master of Philosophy (by research) 2012 Classics, School of Humanities, University of Glasgow 1 Acknowledgments 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Methodology 7 Chapter 2: The History of Illyria 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Physical geography 13 2.3 Political structure of Illyria 15 2.4 Conflict and turmoil 17 2.5 Piracy and Roman intervention 20 2.6 Conclusions 29 Chapter 3: The Coinage of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Brief discussion of the coin types 31 Chapter 4: Weight standard and circulation 35 Chapter 5: Iconography of Silver Issues 41 5.1 Corcyrean Staters 41 5.2 Corinthian Staters 44 5.3 Drachms 45 5.4 Apollo Denarius 48 5.5 Conclusions 49 Chapter 6: Conclusion 50 Catalogue 52 Monograms 236 Bibliography 238 List of Images 241 2 Acknowledgements This is to say thanks to: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoration from the House Snake Cult Belief System, As Evidenced In
    Decoration from the house snake cult belief system, as evidenced in... Decoration from the house snake cult belief system, as evidenced in Kosovan vernacular architecture Flamur Doli* Abstract This study investigates symbolic decoration arising from the house snake cult belief system, as evidenced in Kosovo's vernacular (popular) architecture. This snake cult certainly has its place among the most unusual and important cults within the survival of the belief system surrounding the protecting house gods in Albanian popular belief. Among the issues raised in this study, it is posited from the very beginning that because of their character and their symbolism, the decoration arising from the snake cult has always been applied in the most exposed places or elements of composition since its use had a magic function of protection and bringing good luck. Furthermore, the use of this ornamentation, particularly in the artistic form of bas-relief, is notable for a compositional structure which is in organic harmony with the architectonic and structural aesthetic concept of vernacular building, or its structural elements. To give as full a picture and as much evidence as possible of the use of decoration from the earth cult of the snake either as abstract geometric interpretation of it as a symbol, or as a realistic artistic interpretation, there is analysis of a fair number and range of Albanian ethnographic sites where this decoration is to be found. From the beginning of this study, it is shown that the snake cult is a part of the complex ethno-cultural heritage of our people. Taking a diachronic view, this cult has an uninterrupted history through the arc of time from the Illyrians to the Albanians of our own time.
    [Show full text]
  • Illyrian Policy of Rome in the Late Republic and Early Principate
    ILLYRIAN POLICY OF ROME IN THE LATE REPUBLIC AND EARLY PRINCIPATE Danijel Dzino Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics University of Adelaide August 2005 II Table of Contents TITLE PAGE I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT V DECLARATION VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS IX 1. Introduction, approaches, review of sources and secondary literature 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rome and Illyricum (a short story) 2 1.3 Methodology 6 1.4.1 Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Policy as an interaction between systems 9 1.4.2 The Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Working hypothesis 11 1.5 The stages in the Roman Illyrian relationship (the development of a political/constitutional framework) 16 1.6 Themes and approaches: Illyricum in Roman historiography 18 1.7.1 Literature review: primary sources 21 1.7.2 Literature review: modern works 26 2. Illyricum in Roman foreign policy: historical outline, theoretical approaches and geography 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Roman foreign policy: Who made it, how and why was it made, and where did it stop 30 2.3 The instruments of Roman foreign policy 36 2.4 The place of Illyricum in the Mediterranean political landscape 39 2.5 The geography and ethnography of pre-Roman Illyricum 43 III 2.5.1 The Greeks and Celts in Illyricum 44 2.5.2 The Illyrian peoples 47 3. The Illyrian policy of Rome 167 – 60 BC: Illyricum - the realm of bifocality 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Prelude: the making of bifocality 56 3.3 The South and Central Adriatic 60 3.4 The North Adriatic 65 3.5 Republican policy in Illyricum before Caesar: the assessment 71 4.
    [Show full text]