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Home , Arycanda, Balbura (Lycia), Bebryces, Dardani, Dardanians (Trojan), Illyria

LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES.

ACCORDING to a theory which has been very commonly accepted by archaeologists in this country, the local names of prove that a single language was once spoken there and in Minor which was totally different from Greek, Thraeian, Illyrian, or Phrygian. It was neither nor Semitic, and resembled that of the Lycian inscriptions. At a later date, whether before or after the arrival of the , certain Thraeian and Illyrian elements were added, but they contributed little to the sum of geographical names.1 This belief is founded on the occurrence in Greece of local terminations in -a-0-- and especially in -v9-, which are considered to be foreign, and on their identification with the suffixes -acr- and -vB-, which are well known in , as well as in other districts of Asia Minor, and are derived from the native .2 It is supported by the collection of a long list of geographical names from the and the mainland of Greece which are not recognisably of Greek origin, and show resemblances, so close and numerous that they can hardly be accidental, to names of places in Asia Minor. The case as stated by Pauli, Kretschmer, and Fick has a very convincing- appearance. But the facts on which it is based seem to be in general inconclusive and in part erroneous. In the case of -era--, the doubling of the s, which is the most important point in common between the suffixes found in Greece and Asia Minor, is not present in the original Lycian.3 On the other hand, the same suffix occurs in several European countries: as in

1 See especially Kretschmer, Einleitung, guage, related to the Phrygian, there would etc. (here cited as Kretschmer); Fick, For- be no need to go to Asia Minor for the origin griechische Ortsnamtn (cited as Pick) and of any of these suffixes. The argument must Hattiden uwl Danubier, etc.; and Pauli, All- proceed on the assumption that it is not. itdlische Forschungen, vol. ii. parts 1 and 2, The differences are in fact, in my opinion, Eine Vorgriechische Inschrift, etc. (cited as fundamental and irreconcilable. The resem- Pauli, ii. 1 or 2). Vol. iii. of the samework, blances hitherto verified are not beyond the Die Feneter, etc., is cited as Pauli, iii. Names range of coincidence. But Professor Kalirika's from Asia Minor quoted without a reference belief (T.A.M. i. p. 10) that it is a mixed will be found in the index to Sundwall, Die language may prove to be correct. It is pro- einheimischen Namen der Lykier, and from bable at least that the vocabulary has been in Tomaschek, Die alten Thraker, ii. 2. deeply affected by one or more Indo-Europeau Other geographical names without reference languages, and the same may be the case with are to be found in Pauly-Wissowa. the grammar to some extent. 2 If Lycian were an Indo-European Ian- 3 See below, p. 53. 46 W. G. ARKWRIGHT Thrace, where it is common;4 in , as 'Opyrjo-aos; and the Illyrian of , as TuX^cra-o?. In the last instance, at least, the double s is native, as the Messapian inscriptions shew.5 In the case of -vd- the Greek suffix is not identical with the Asianic, and if, as Kretschmer supposes,6 the Lycian -vB- represents an earlier nt, no sufficient reason is given why the Greeks-should have regularly altered this nt, which was a common suffix in their own tongue, into a -v6- which was ex hypothesi foreign to it. But in Illyrian the actual suffix -vd- is found in local names, and is formed in accordance with known laws of the language.7 It is also found not uncommonly in Thrace.8 Moreover, at least one of the Greek names in -vd-, Mount Bepiicvvdos in ,9 is unquestionably derived from the Phrygian, a which was closely connected with the Thracian on one and the Illyrian on the other.10 The object of this article is not however to discuss the forms which appear in Greece, but the argument based on their resem- blance' to names found in Asia Minor. The fact that the same stems occur in both countries is in itself of no value as evidence that a language of the Lycian type was ever spoken in Greece. For it is not disputed that Asia Minor was inhabited by two distinct races, one (allied to the ) of native descent, the other (allied to the ) of European origin.11 Unless thanames quoted can be proved to belong to the older population, their evidence may tell indifferently on either side. But it is almost always extremely difficult, and very often quite

4 Kretschmer, p. 405, only mentions five which would have considerably helped his instances, but he might have added at least argument. His contention that the language ten more. of the Eteocretan inscriptions is Indo-Euro- 5 iS, like other consonants, is doubled before pean and allied to the Venetic-Illyrian is i, which itself disappears, as Arnisses for highly probable. It seems to me to have no *Arnisies, etc. kind of resemblance to Lycian. It will be 6 P. 296. It is certain that nd is always seen that I accept his conclusions in general written in Lycian with a t, and that the in respect of local names in Greece, though sound almost always arises out of a t preceded on grounds which are only partly the same by a nasal. That -vS- in this particular suffix as his. so arose is not proved, but-it is highly prob- 11 The question has not been simplified by able. the discovery, by American excavators, of 7 As in Cocynthus, 'Aplt/0-n and 'Apiarflj), in Lydian inscriptions written in a language the Illyrian region of South Italy, which strikingly unlike either Lycian or Phrygian. regularly represent names with the common The greater part of the proper names con- Illyrian suffix -ntia (also -ntium, etc.). For tained both in these and in the Greek inscrip- in Messapian t before i turns to 9, and the i tions of the country seem to be Phrygian, is usually dropped. The word inSi occurs in and probably belong to the Maeonians, who Messapian. preceded the . A few are akin to the 8 See Kretschmer, p. 402. Lycian, and may be assigned to a yet older 9 This name (Diodorus v. 64), which is population. The true Lydians seem to have omitted by Pauli and Kretschmer, is certainly been a race of comparatively late intruders, connected with that of the Phrygian tribe of after the time of . If so, the common the Berecyntes. The existence of a BepeKiVfoor worship, on which was based the belief in ipos in is denied in Pauly-Wissowa their blood-brothership with the and (s.v. Berekyntes), but without any assigned , was taken over from the Maeonians or discoverable reason. as part of their title to the soil. See below, 10 See Conway, B.8.A. viii. p. 154, who p. 72. himself has overlooked the name BepfitvvBos, LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES 47 impossible, to decide to which stratum any particular local name belongs. The structure, in the case of towns, is generally the same in both languages. They are usually derived from a personal name followed by a suffix; and most of these suffixes are of an ordinary type, which is found in various countries.12 Some of them are certainly common to the two groups. Even the -vB-, which is rightly considered not to be Phrygian but distinctively Lycian, is sometimes attached to a Phrygian] stem : as in BayavSa,13 a town in the Ormelian district, which is evidently derived from the Paphlagonian proper name Baya?, and connected with the Phrygian Bayato?.14 As for -era-, there are, as will be seen, stronger reasons for supposing it native to Phrygia than to Lycia.15 On tfre other hand, -eiov, -eia, as in TopBlnov, NaKoXem, etc. (as well as -IOV and -aiov, etc.), are peculiarly Phrygiau,16 but MoXwSeta is claimed (though I believe erroneously) as genuinely Lycian.17 The affinities of local names in Asia Minor cannot necessarily be inferred from their geographical position any more than from their structure. For though a comparison both of them, and of personal names, shews con- vincingly enough that a language allied to the Lycian was once spoken over the whole of the southern and western part of the peninsula, it does not prove that no other language was ever spoken there. On the contrary, there appear to be indications of subsequent occupation or penetration by Phrygians or kindred tribes in every country of Asia Minor west of the Halys, except in the small district of Lycia proper.18 The limits of the Lycian people and their language in the fourth century B.C., shortly before the hellenisation of the country, are proved by the area within which the native inscriptions are found. This coincides very exactly with the national frontiers as defined by Greek authors except towards the east, where the boundaries are rather vague. There can, however, be little doubt that is following an older authority in those passages in which

12 In Lycia the commonest (after -vS-, and 15 See p. 52. -a--, -aa-) are -5a, -\a, -pa, -pa, -va. These all 16 Kretschmer, pp. 183 and 194. Mostly have parallels in Phrygia,. as in ^vyvaSa, they represent -Fiov. MdvraKos, "Ayxvpa, AivSv/, Mioavva. They 17 See below, p. 60, note 118. are also to be found in Thrace and Illyria, 18 It is necessary to observe that the name and other European countries. By no means Lycia is used both by Kretsehmer and Sund- all such words are formed from proper names wall in a very wide sense, so as to include in the manner usual in Asia Minor, but there districts which were not Lycian until Roman is no general test by which they can be dis- or even Byzantine times. Therefore many tinguished from the Lycian. names will be found in their works which 13 Probably for Bt^aira, with the Phrygian appear to be exceptions to general statements •VT- as in 'TxavTa, Pi.uenai'Ta, ©lowra, rUorm- made in this article. It is impossible in every VOVVT-, TopQeowT-. The Lycian, Cilician, and case to enter into explanations, but on verify- Pisidian change of nt to nd spread to the ing the references it will, I believe, be found Greek dialect of , (Kretschmer, that such discrepancies are due to this differ - p. 300), and may easily have affected the ence of definition. A good many names are Greek or the original Phrygian forms in this quoted in Sundwall's book from unpublished mixed region (see Ramsay, Cities and Bish- inscriptions simply as Lycian without - oprics, i. p. 286). KvWavBioi-KvWovTiot in tion of the place of discovery. Such names (Kretschmer, p. 301) may be explained are quite as likely as not to come from places in the same way. outside Lycia in the sense in which the word 14 See below, p. 62. is here used. 48 .W. G. ARKWRIGHT he describes the Chelidonian islands as the beginning of Pamphylia.19 Beyond this point no Lycian inscriptions or tombs are found, and the name of cannot be Lycian.20 Westward of this frontier, Lycia runs in a narrow semi-circular strip, only from twelve to twenty miles wide, between the sea and the which bound the tablelands of Minor. The high uplands thus surrounded belonged to , which was ethnically as well as geographically an extension of the Phrygian plateau, and was onlv politically united to Lycia by the Persian government.21 It included ( v. 3), and even (Pliny v. 27), on the south side of the main chain. Here again archaeological evidence confirms that of the geographers, and leads to the further conclusion that Acalissus, Idebessus, and Cormus lay outside the boundaries of Lycia when it was a distinct native state. Even of the valley only the lower part was included, from the point where the river breaks through the mountains about eighteen miles from the nearest coast. North of this lay Cabalia, which had no connexion with Lycia until Roman times.22 On the west, the Carian frontier lay only a few miles beyond Telmessus.23 Within the district thus defined the Lycian language is known to have been directly superseded by Greek without any considerable change of population. Therefore, though Greek and afterwards names were commonly adopted, a large proportion of native names survived. These were sometimes completely and occasionally imperfectly hellenised, but in general they were transliterated as faithfully as the Greek allowed.24 For

19 Strabo, p. 520 (probably from Bratos- the 'Op/n^e??, which was certainly in Milyas, thenes), and p. 651. See Kalinka's remarks, is proved to be Phrygian by the proper names Jahreshefte, viii. Beiblatt, p. 42. found there (seep. 69), and is probably the 20 In Lycian juir always turns to /iff. Cillanian plain of which the population was a Kretschmer (p. 301) takes the word (rightly mixture of Phrygian with a certain amount in my opinion) to be Phrygian. of Pisidian, Strabo, p. 629. See Ramsay, 21 Thracum suboles Milyae (Pliny, v. 27) Cities and Bishoprics, i. p. 278. means no doubt that they were Phrygians : 22 The Cabalian towns of , , Hecataeus called them iBvos tpvyias, fr. 206. and were only taken from Cibyra, The words of about Milyas, ?j CVTI fj.cv and added to Lycia by Murena about B.C. 81. TYJS /ieydAns Qpvylas, £vv€Te\et Sh is TV AVKIUV Four languages were spoken in the district r6re OUTUS 4K flavtAfuis ne-yaKov mayfievov, i.2i, (Strabo, p. 631) but Lycian was not one. In mean that it was geographically and probably philological discussions Cabalian names should racially part of Phrygia, not that in his own not be quoted as Lycian, as is commonly day it was administratively joined to it done, instead of Lycia, for that was not the case. a3 J.H.S. xv. p. 95. entered Milyas from the Xanthus 24 This is less true of local than of personal valley, no doubt over the main pass north of names, which, no doubt, were put into Greek Ak Dagh, and went on to . This letters originally by the bearers of them, in confirms Ptolemy's account of the Lycian part moat cases. Names of places on the contrary of Milyas (v. 3), which Sir W. Ramsay un- were adapted, not by Lycians, but by Greeks necessarily doubts {Cities and Bishoprics, i. before the of the country. In 317). The country extended also far to the many instances this is known to have been north (ibid.), and included the country of the the case, and it was probably so in all. For 'Op/iitAeis (ibid. p. 280), but it was all counted the proximity of every part to the sea and as part of Phrygia in the time of Alexander, the nearness of Greek colonies, especially who is described as leaving and enter- Megiste on its very shore, made the whole ing Phrygia near the Ascanian (i.e. the Phry- country familiar to the Greeks at an early gian) lake, (Arrian, i. 29). The country of date. LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES 49 this reason they remained subject to most of the strict and peculiar phonetic laws which were characteristic of the native speech. It will be shewn that all certain exceptions to these transmitted rules are probably and almost all unquestionably either hellenised or borrowed from some other region.25 In all the other countries of the peninsula in which names of the Lycian type are found, the proportion of exceptions is much higher. Dialectic difference may, as far as the vowels are concerned, possibly account for some of these divergent forms. But, in respect of the consonants at least, they may, so far as they really belong to Asia Minor, be apparently divided into two classes. Some of them are purely Phrygian. Others are originally Lycian, but have undergone changes which are not in accordance with the laws of the Lycian but of the . Of vowels Lycian possessed a, a (generally written as e),26 i, and up Phrygian had all the Indo-European vowels, and in this respect Lydian agreed with it. The same may safely be said of Carian also.28 In the other provinces no inscriptions in a native alphabet are preserved, and the evidence is therefore insufficient. The subject of the long vowels e and o in Asia Minor is rather obscure. It seems certain that Lycian had no equivalent for 77. In two of the three cases where a Greek word containing rj is rendered into the native alphabet it is represented by a, and in the third by d.29 Moreover, rj is not used in Greek transliterations of Lycian names except in three ways.30 It may stand for ew, as in S»?o for ssewa in a .31 It is not uncommonly used as an equivalent for the native e before m and n, as in -vr\vi<; for neni. In both these cases the lengthening is in compensation, and originates in the Greek transcription. The third case is when e is lengthened before a double s. But it seems almost certain that this is not native. For among personal names, which give the most reliable evidence,32 there is no certain and only one possible instance.33 Among local names in Lycia proper,34 there are

25 Names were borrowed from Greek, Per- 2!) Jahreshefte, ii. p. 55. sian, and Phrygian before the Greek period, 30 Apparent exceptions are KTI)O-K6ITOS as pericle, artlumpara, mida. Some "were so (J.H.S. xv. p. 112) and Sapvrios. The first entirely naturalised as to form part of native however, is hellenised so as to resemble the compounds, - as the Phrygian KWKOS (Kret- Greek names beginning with KTTJO--. The schmer, p. 188) and KOTOS (Tomaschek, ii. 2, second has a termination -IJTIOS which is quite p. 50) in epn-kuka and Epfia-Koras. But these alien to Lycia, and markedly Indo-European: were subject to the phonetic laws of the it is therefore probably a foreign name, native language. 31 The rj in Aaprius is due to the same cause. 28 In this respect I shall follow the practice KevSii/Sis (Sundwall, p. 92), in an unpublished of Tituli Asiae Minoris in employing e, which inscription, may not be. from Lycia proper, though less accurate is more convenient. as the place of origin is not mentioned (see 27 It had also the nasalised vowels a and e note 18). But in any ease it probably stands (which appear in Lydian likewise), and the for KevSeFeB's, from KevSeas (for KevSeFas) or sonant liquids m and n. These are not found KtvSeos, found in Pisidia, Pamphylia and in Phrygian, nor so far as is known in Carian, . where the m is apparently syllabic with a 32 See p. 48, note 24. 33 suppressed vowel, not itself a vowel. Se^evSrjirij may perhaps be for *2e/u€p- 28 Though the Carian alphabet is yery - Secrcris. But it is at least equally probable scure, the great number of different vowels that it-stands for *2e,uep8efe

35 Te\,i«)ir<7fjn>\t]aa6s (only in Strabo, names is not always exact (see p. 48, note 24). p. 665) and 'Aprvfiviiiros (only in Stephanus 39 An apparent exception, OvWtas, (com- Byzantinus). Ka$i)aa6s in Lycia is a mis- pared with the Cilician OAAis, Sundwall, quotation; the form cited from Hellanicus is p. 227) is not so in reality, as the man or hia KajSaoWs (St. Byz. s.v.). The name occurs father is described as Kai[

43 A^yuopx"' Tdpwvos AVKIOS, Dittenberger (Phrygian and Thracian K6TVS, Tomaschek, Syll.2 183 (inscr. found at ), may also' ii. 2, p. 50), Maptuv (see the last note), Mi>'- have been Lycian in the wider sense only. nwi> (Bithynian Miras, Tomaschek, op. cit. 44 Kofiaiv (Ramsay, Cities and Buhoprics, i. p. 24). 337), Mapiav (Studies in History, etc., p. 326) " Kretschmer, p. 364. are Phrygian; No vvuv is Isaurian, and probably " Kretschmer, p. 364. Phrygian in origin ; Mapur is Thracian. „ *9 Iliad, v. 44. 46 Ramsay, Studies, pp. 363, 365, aud 371. 50 Ramsay, Studies, etc., p. 322. 46 BaTaii/, Boo-flour, BOTUV, BOIXIWV, probably 6l Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics, i. p. 288. Ba/Siaii', see below p. 60. Also KOTVKUV 52 See index to G. I. L. iii. E 2 52 W. G. ARKWRIGHT the districts from which the Phrygians migrated to Asia, in , , and . For instance, the Carian proper name TScoXicov is no doubt connected with the ethnic BoWt-eu? and the Lydian BoAea?. But it is derived from the Phrygian BrnXa?, which itself is identical with the Illyrian *Bolles and Bulus, and the Paeonian *Bi/7ui? in Bi/Xa-£&>pa.53 Here the lengthening of o before a doubled liquid is evidently Phrygian. So also the Phrygian town of NcovovXa derives its name from Nowo?, NOKI^O?, etc. The native Phrygian HXio?,64 connected with the H7u? of inscriptions written in Greek, cannot easily be separated from the EAa? and EXtas found in and Pisidia : it implies a form *E\/Uo?. Local names in -rjcrcros, -rjaos, and -wcro-09 are not uncommon in Phrygia and the , of which the population in historic times was Phrygian,55 but they are claimed as survivals from an older race. This explanation is improbable in the case of Ilei/yeocra-o?, at least. For, as this does not appear in the Homeric enumeration of places in the Troad, there is a certain presumption that the name is of later origin, and it is obviously derived from that of the Thracian chief ITa'poo?,56 and connected with that of the Illyrian tribe of Ueipovcrrai. Among proper names Mavr]ao<;, from which the Phrygian town of Mavrjaiov is probably derived in the regular way (p. 47) though found in Pisidia, is certainly Phrygian (Kretschmer, p. 200). Lengthening before a double guttural probably occurs, as has been already stated (p. 51) in KWKO? for *KO«KO?, a genuine Phrygian name which is also found in the European Dardania and Illyria.67 Before a double dental it takes place in the local name Tcorcovia, undoubtedly derived from TOTTT??, TOVTI??, etc. Examples of a similar lengthening among the kindred European tribes are found before liquids in UwXa, from Paeonia,58 compared with the 59 pdomantian (Paeonian) U6X\T]<; (Thucyd. v. 6), and the Dacian PwA?/? compared with VoWi-yepal (Tomaschek, ii. 2, 29). The probably Paeonian 'H/jjjcr/ctot, 'Opprjaicioi, or 'Oppeaicioi. may afford another instance of this, as well as of lengthening before a followed by another consonant. The rj in the neighbouring towns of Tdpr]cnco<; and £.pd/37)cnco<; no doubt arises in the same way. There is no good reason to doubt the Thracian origin of the local names -o?, 'Ayqacros, and SaX/LtvSi/crao?.60 The name of the Bisaltian king or Mo

53 See p. 59. 5S Jahrexhefte, vi. Beiblatt, p. 3. 54 Calder, J.H.S. xxxi. pp. 188, 190. 59 Herodotus, v. 16. The tribes roun

el J.H.S. xxxv. pp. 102, 103. 66 AaAAa is not uncommon, but may like 63 The proper name Ovatrtros is certainly for some other names be borrowed from Phrygia *uwa7,a as in ap-uwaza, and Ep/xaSearcra for (AaAa from , C.I.O. 4123, also Thra- *ermmedeze as in hana-daza. Oaav&as is cian, Kretschmer, p. 352). BaAAiwi' is cer- v probably for *uzube, as in uz-cb\V$mi; com- tainly Phrygian (p. 56). Mavo-aWos is Carian. pare the Carian nav-aBAy/iis. Claaeas is prob- 2oAAa

72 It seems to me certain, however, that the the same page, by comparing 4315 and 4315b forms in Air

m Kretschmer, p. 318. sense. 79 See Boeckh's note on C. I. G. 2042. 84 BaAas is found at Thessalonica, in the 80 Cf. Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. The Carian native land of the Phrygian Alygdonians. Bpmatop is similarly derived. Names beginning 85 Kretschmer, p 242 *; Tomaschek, ii. 2, with Bp- akin to Lycian are hellenised forms pp. 11, 12. The Dardanian BaAAawrpa may of originals in Mr-, just as MAavrSo? was be for BaWav-ffTopa, ' stronghold of the king,' changed by the Greeks to B\avv$os. Thus see Tomaschek, ii. 2, p. 81. The root appears the Carian Bpiaaais corresponds to a Lycian also in the name of the Dacian king A«Ke- mru[w]atii (to be so read in T.A.M i. 55, 4), fiaXos (ef. Dacian Balius, C.I.L. iii. 1629, 3) compare rrie-mruwi: as the Cilician BAepSios and the Illyrian king BaAAtuos : probably also is for mle-lije (like mizre-tije\ compare mle- in the Bithynian Zeus BoArjos, and perhaps in tederi. There is no question in such cases of the Thracian BaAiiis (Dionysus). any exchange of consonants in the native 86 Possibly the Lydian BeAerpos is from the languages, but only of the substitution of a same stem; see American Journal of Archae- possible for an impossible combination in the ology, xvi. p. 28. Greek transcription. Names in Bp- and BA- S7 Kretschmer, p. 202. may therefore be left out of consideration. 8S Also Tapaavpa, which makes it probable fl See below, p. 62. that "laavpa represents laa-ovpa. 82 See below, p. 59. 89 The root Aim- is Illyrian and Paeonian; 83 Sundwall, p. 283. As the locality is not see Am. Journal of , xvi. p. 51. mentioned, it may not be Lyeian in the exact LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES 57 the mountaineers, and of the probably Paeonian Opprja-Kioi or Qprja/cioi, a tribe of Mount Pangaeum. It is also very probable that the -copo?, so remarkably common in all districts which were or had been Paeonian,90 is connected with Fopo<;t and means a fortified height or burgh. It was carried by Phrygian tribes into Asia Minor, where the Bottiaei founded 'Ay/ctopTj near the Ascanian lake, similar in termination to their native "AXtupo?, and in stem to the Illyrian Ancus91 and the two Phrygian cities of Ancyra. KoTucopa in Pontus is undoubtedly formed from the proper name KOTU?, which is Phrygian and Illyrian as well as Thracian; "I/3a>pa is found in the same region. The Paphlagonian KvTwpos seems to be derived from a probably related proper name, Thracian Cuta, Cuties, etc., Illyrian Cutio (, G.I.L. iii. 4083). It may be concluded that -copa is certainly, and -ovpa almost certainly, of European origin, and that Ha\j3ovpa is a Phrygian, not a Lycian, word meaning probably the borough of BaA/3o?.92 The name of the second Cabalian town, Bov/3a>v, seems to be Phrygian also, in spite of its Greek appearance. The suffix is Phrygian, not Lycian.93 It is evidently derived from the name BovPas, found in Bithynia((7./.6r.3795), which stands in the same relation to the Phrygian Ba/3^? as AovSas to AaSa? und Nowa? to Nam?. It must be remembered that the genuine Phrygian origin of the class of names derived from baby-language which are so common in the province is not disputed. It is merely denied that they are exclusively due to immigration from Europe.94 It follows that the origin of each particular name of this type must be determined separately, partly from its geographical distribution and partly from a comparison of similar names in other districts. Judged by these tests, Ba,95 Ba/3a, and a whole group of connected names are certainly Phrygian. They are entirely unknown in Ly'cia, and of the extrernest rarity south of Mount Taurus and in the south-west.96 They are found in the northern part of Phrygia,97 where survivals of the older population are at least exceedingly uncommon, as well

90 "A fapos, "AAapos, rifapos. ®e

88 Old Phrygian Baha, Kretschmer, p. 336.- Tralles (Sayce, Proceedings of S.B.A. xxvii. 99 The neighbourhood of this place to Nos. 8 and 9). Parthicopolis confirms its relationship to 103 These two places (Ramsay, Studies etc. Bargullum, among the , Tomaschek, pp. 361, 371), together with almost all those ii. p. 62. named in the group of inscriptions in which 100 Hierocles, 641. This cannot possibly be they are mentioned, must be reckoned to the same as Bargullum, as suggested in Pauly- Phrygia irapdpeios, to which and Wissowa, sub vv. It was in Macedonia, pro- Antiochia are distinctly assigned by Strabo bably Pelagonia, while the other was near the (see Ramsay, Hist. Geog. p. 397, and Cities Ulyrian coast among the Parthini. and Bishoprics, i. p. 316). Late Phrygian 101 This may however be derived from the inscriptions are found in this district (Ramsay, town of Bepya. Jahreshefte, etc. viii. Beiblatt, p. 85). The 102 The north side of the Meander valley names, local and personal, which occur there, was Carian in Homer's time as far as Mycale are almost exclusively Phrygian, and I shall (Iliad ii. 869), and was still so reckoned by quote them as such. It was only under the Ephorus (see frags. 35 and 86). Later it was that this part of Phrygia was generally called Lydian. The population was included in Pisidia. mixed in Strabo's day (p. 648), but the Lydians 104 See Tomaschek, ii. 2, p. 63. were probably immigrants. Native Carian 106 Pauli, iii. pp. 374, 366. (not Lydian) inscriptions have been found at LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES 59 106 The related Phrygian *Bortos (in BOTLSIOV) is the Illyrian Bottius, Buttus. The Lydian Boi/Ta? is found again exactly in Paeonia.107 The Bithynian Borei/ja? represents the Illyrian Bouterius,106 whence the Thracian place BovTepie?. Nothing similar occurs in Lycia or in compounds of the Lycian

The Carian BCITWV is also one of the most characteristic of Illyrian names, which occurs in and Upper and Lower Pannonia. It is likewise found in Dardania.109 The Phrygian feminine Barra, and BadOis 110 from Isaura, are from *B

106 Ibid. pp. 371, 377. Lycian place Ka\a@aTla, a corruption arising 107 Hoffmann, Die Mahedonen, p. 224. It is from the fact that the Lycians could not also Thracian, Tomasehek, ii. 2, p. 16. The pronounce the Greek a (see p. 50). Most Phrygian *Bou5as in BovSeta is a form places on the coast had Greek names. The of BOUTOJ, like the Illyrian AuSo- AKTO- river KoXo$a.ros is not likely to be a compound, (Kretsehmer, p. 247), MfSeW-MereW (ibid. as local names are almost always formed with p. 257). The Thracian BoiCys is for Bovdris a suffix. It is probably from the same stem as e.g. Aop-(ev0ris for -SevBys : it is identical as the neighbouring town of KoAfidtra. That with Bu(rjs from. Pergamum. The Phrygian district, afterwards reckoned Pisidian, was town of Bofa is probably from the .same stem, originally part of Phrygia. if it really existed (see P.-W. s.v. Bozenos). 114 See p. 51. The name does not, I believe, 1 See Kretschmer, p 199 . By a slip in Sund- occur in any compound proper name of the wall, p. 176, Bofo is confused with Bctfis in Lycian type. Even for one of these, the sup- Cappadocia. posed Cabalian Mo\e&ov\ovl3a

116 Also in the Illyrian tribe of Bulini and in -m, KaAaSana, is probably meant for Greek, the district of ISullis or BuAAi's. see note 113. The suggestion (Sundwall, p. 175) 117 BITTO (p. 56), BoAjSai (note 92), Bv0a

121 As Carian Ap-$v0epis compared with !'28 The Venetic (pohiios (= boiios) is taken Lycian Tufiepis in TuBep«r

132 fpjje change of b to m in Thracian, European Mysians or Moesians was the dis- especially where an n follows, is well-estab- trict about . There they bordered on lislied (Kretschmer, p. 236). The substitution the , whom they probably accompanied of a Greek n for a foreign B is not uncommon or followed in their migrations. The neigh- in bordering on Paeonia. The people bours of the Dardaniaus on the south and of Bpiavnxi] in Thrace were also called Prian- south-east were Paeonians. tae : the Macedonian Hcpyanos is - almost 134 Strabo, ' p. 553. The derivation of certainly for Bepy- : IJaW-fivri represents a Bagadaonia in Cappadocia is obscure. Macedonian BaWrivr) (L. & S. s.v.). Mt. BoW 135 On this disputed name, see Kretschmer, on the Epirotic frontier is also called Xlolov. p. 198. Torp's objection to the derivation On the Asiatic side we find Uaprapas for from bhdga-, on account of the suffix, does not Bartaras in a Lydian bilingual at Pergamum, seem to me so irresistible as to Kretschmer. Tldpyaan for Bdpycura, TIplov\a for BptovKa, and For several parallel cases are found in Asia other instances. Minor, as Zeus Xlairirwos by the side of n«7roj 133 Some held that the Paeonians were a (ibid. p. 199), the 'Aftuafa by the colony from Phrygia, others that the Phrygi- side of 'A/i/id (Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. 'A/1/tds), ans were a colony from. Paeonia (Strabo, p. and possibly SuPdfas .by the side of 2oj3os 331). The Mygdonians, from whom a Phrygian (Kretschmer, p. 196), and Katcaafreis by the tribe were descended, were a people of Paeonia side of KaitaaBos {ibid. p. 351). (Pliny iv. 10). Herodotus believed that the 136 Littmann, in , vol. vi, pt. i, p.1 39. Paeonians were descended from Teueriaas, by 137 It is uncertain if the Cilician local name which he meant Trojans (Dardanians), as B&Ka (Ramsay, Hist. Geog. p. 386) has any appears from ii. 114 and 118; from a com- connexion with this. parison of vii. 20 with v. 13 it is to be inferred 138 Hoffmann, Die Makedonen, p. 53. The that Mysians were mixed with these Teucri- name occurs at Pharsalus, but the bearers ans. Hellanicus (fr. 46) says that in the time were not natives. of Macedon, son of Aeolus, the Mysians were 139 Genitive of BiWis, according to Sund- the only inhabitants of the country besides wall, p. 61. the . The true country of the LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES 63 ?, which is incorrectly described as Lycian.140 The last form occurs in the epitaph of a little boy, whose parents had given him the name of '2lvvey8r)fios, but everyone else called him BtXXo?. The word was evidently significant, and might easily be taken to mean ' darling,' connected with

The town of Ba/K? in Pisidia bore a Phrygian name, which is found also in , quite outside the region of Lycian affinities. It is also Illyrian, for it was the older name of the Messapian Veretum, and appears in the Peucetian Barium, and possibly in the Dalmatian Bariduum. From the same stem is probably derived the Lycaonian Barata, Baratta, or Bareta, and the Lydian Baretta, which again resemble the Italian-Illyrian HapyTiov ; compare also the Phrygian BapovK\ia. The Pisidian Bafo? seems to have no affinities in southern or south- western Asia Minor, nor apparently in Phrygia. It closely resembles the Venetic (f>e>xsos (Bogsos) and ohkno[s]142 {Bolcnos, cf. Kretschmer, p. 269). If these are really Celtic names, as Pauli infers from the comparison of Bogionius (iii. 350), it is possible that B«£o? may be borrowed from Galatia. But it is not at all certain that Bugius, Bucius, Buctor, Bucio, Buccio, and other names from Buc- common in Pannonia and Noricum,143 are not genuinely Illyrian, as Buccio appears more than once in Dalmatia. There remain a few names in which an initial B arises out of an original F (w). Such a change is quite unknown in Lycia, but in Phrygian it is both well-established and ancient.144 It is not due to Greek transliteration, for in that case it would equally affect the rendering of the Lycian w. It occurs also in Thracian, where -hava often turns into -8a/3a. The towns of Berbis or Verbis145 and Binda or Vinda146 were both within the old boundaries of Phrygia. The Isaurian BavaXis, for the commoner OvavaXi?, has no resemblance to anything in Lycia, and little to anything in southern or western Asia Minor.117 It may be connected with Illyrian names, Vanus, Vannius, and Vanamiu, to which the Venetic vantes is apparently related (Pauli, iii, p. 308). The Isaurian or Cilician Baavi] may be compared with

140 O.I. G. 4322; see also Addenda. Miiller, dialect in colloquial phrases. If so, BiAAos who found the inscription among Beaufort's has no direct connexion with the Phrygian papers, evidently mistook Chelindreh, by BiXAis, which in that case may be better com- which Beaufort meant Celenderis(Karamania, pared with the Illyrian, Venetic ila (hila) p. 201) for Chelidoniae. No ancient remains Pannonian Bilim, Messapian bilias, biliovas, seem to have been found by Beaufort on those etc. (Pauli, iii. 344). barren rocks (p. 35), but he noted inscriptions 142 Pauli, iii. p. 344. at Celenderis (p. 201). This particular one 14S See the index to C.I.L. iii. seems to have been copied at Celenderis by 144 As in 2,af$d£ios for SaFaCios, Kretschmer, three other travellers (O.I.G. iii. p. 1152). p. 195. 111 It may be borrowed from the Greek, 145 Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics, i. p. 324. like the Macedonian BiAi7riros for $i\nr- ue Ramsay, "op. cit. p. 326. TTOS. Such a change could not take place in "* The Isaurian or Cilician Bam may be Lycian, which had no initial /3, and would for Vanis, but in a native Pisidian inscription tend to prove that Phrygian was spoken at (Ramsay, Bevue des UniversiUs du Midi, i. Celenderis. But it is more probable that a p. 360, No. 10) Ova Nis Ba.0ov[s] should Macedonian colony was at some period settled probably be read, not Ovavts. there, and retained traces of its original 64 W. G. ARK WRIGHT the Messapian *vassnes and probably with the Venetic *vassenos (ibid.).liS The Carian proper name BcopavSevs is evidently identical with the Lycaonian Ovpav&evs, which also appears in Lycaonia as OvpovvSei1?, and in Isauria as Opov&i]<;, QpovSrjs, and Opovhiavo?. These are all originally ethnics, meaning ' a man of the tribe of the 'Opov&els,' on the borders of Lycaonia and Pisidia,149 and the variant forms make it clear that they represent a common FopovS- or FopavS-. It seems almost certain that this -tribe must derive its name from Fopo-, mountain, which was a Phrygian word (p. 56), in the same way as the Epirotic 'Opio-rai, and the Orescii of the Paeonian Mt. Pangaeum.150 It has seemed desirable to examine every example of initial B quoted from the area in which languages akin to the Lycian are supposed to have been spoken when these names were in use in their native form. They offer a convenient test, as in this case the distinction between Lycian and Phrygian is particularly clear. The result seems to me to be that they are all shewn to be Phrygian. • Their distribution therefore gives valuable evidence about the relative extension of the two languages at the time when they were superseded by Greek in the several provinces. Taking the index to Sundwall's book as a basis,151 it is necessary to strike out various names which are Greek or completely hellenised, and others which do not belong to Asia Minor. Names beginning with BX-, Up- and BS- must also be omitted,162 in which the B sometimes certainly is, and always may be, due to the Greek transliteration. Three quoted from Cappadocia must not be counted, as no attempt is made to give a- full list in the case of that country. There remain seventy-seven names with initial B. Of these, nineteen are either described as Phrygian or come from the Phrygian part of Milyas, west of the Ascanian lake, or from Phrygia Uapcopeios;153 both districts are reckoned to Pisidia, according to the late Roman usage. Of the rest, sixteen belong to Caria, fourteen to Lycaonia and Isauria,164 ten to Cilicia, six to Lydia, five to Pisidia, three to Cabalia, two to Pamphylia, and two to Lycia. If the commonness of particular names and their relative number in proportion to the known total is considered, the figure in the. case of Lycaonia and Isauria must be considerably raised, on account of the frequent occurrence of Ba and Ba/3«?.

148 On p. 350, Pauli says that the Venetic Myra in Lycia with Ipifrzwa in Pamphylia. name is Gaulish, on account of its resemblance The two places had the stem in common, but to Celtic names formed with Vans-. But the not the suffix. Messapian form cannot be explained in that 150 P. 57. 151 P. 45, note 1. way, and there are many resemblances be- I62 P. 56, note 80. tween Celtic and lllyrian names which are 153 The number of examples in Phrygia is due to relationship, not to borrowing (ibid.). of course far greater. The author's object 1)9 See Ramsay, Hist. Geog. p. 398. There was only to include such names from Phrygia is no sufficient reason to suppose that 'Opo- as he believed to be of Lycian or kindred avveis (Hall, Classical Heviev, xii. p. 276) is origin. For the districts mentioned, see pp. 48, synonymous with 'OpovSevs. The supposed and 58, note 103. assimilation of 5 (Kretschmer, p. 307) depends 164 Names from Isauria proper are in- on a mistaken identification of TpeSevSa near distinguishable from those of Lycaonia. LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES 65 Lycian possessed no aspirated consonants.153 Except in hellenised names, ^ is almost entirely absent in southern and western Asia Minor, and is exceedingly rare. There is no good evidence that either of these sounds existed in Phrygian any more than in Lycian. Bat it is clear that Phrygian had. a 0, arising out of a T followed by a consonant i (Latin j), which is also found in some dialects at least of Thracian and Illyrian. In Messapian t before i regularly turns to 0, and the i, when followed by another vowel, disappears, as in Bale0as on coins of Baletium, Avi0os156 (compare the Peucetian gens Avittia); the t is often doubled, as in Blat0ihi, genitive" of *Blat0es, in Latin letters Blattins. In transcriptions into Latin this 0 is rendered by ti, but in Greek- it is sometimes preserved! It is also found before e, as m'®eotorre8, but here also the e may disappear, as in Qotoria, and in the Latin form Tutorius,1517 as well as in the Noric Tutor and Tutuia, the Venetic Tuticanus, and the Pannonian Tutia.158 Tutius occurs also among the Paeonian Dentheletae.159 But in the Illyrian Tevra the e remains. In Thrace Tiovra is found for Tovra. Similar forms appear in Phrygia and on its borders. The word or teuteus in the late native inscrip- tions seems to be connected on the one hand with the Phrygian proper name ®iov0iov

165 In J.H.8. xxxv. p. 100, I have shewn be divided into naca OiaTis, in which ease the that the supposed $ in Lycian is a sibilant. woman, who may have been descended from 15S For the Messapian names see Deecke, Phrygian immigrants, bore a Lycian as well as Rheinisches Museum, xxxvii., where many a Phrygian name. Terras and all the related other examples are given. For the Latin names seem to be of Phrygian origin, as they equivalents, see the index to Conway, The are common in all parts of that country, but Italic Dialects, vol. ii. The same change in are of the greatest rarity in Lycia and Oilicia. Thracian is proved by the names Bitus, Bitius, None of the examples quoted by Kretschmer Biflus; -centus, -KSPTLOS, -nevdos ; Cuta, Cutiex, and Sundwall, where the place of discovery is -KvBris, KovBeis ; and other examples. given, are found in Lycia proper except Tara- 157 In some cases the Messapian o certainly povs, which in form is Greek (see p. 55, note 72), represents u, which is otherwise wanting in and TUTUO-IOV, of which the termination at least the inscriptions, and it may be questioned is hellenised. The native name Uttm.pt is whether it does not always do so, as an correctly divided by Sundwall (p. 210) as original o regularly turns to a ; Kretschmer, te-ttmpe, and probably has no connexion with p. 263, holds that o stands for o in some TOTOS. instances. 161 Tomaschek, ii. 2, p. 36. 158 Pauli, iii. pp. 374, 377, 353, and 368. 162 Tatta, from Servia (Kretschmer, p. 348) 189 Tomaschek, ii. 2, p. 23. ' —that is, Upper Moesia, is probably Darda- 160 All names in Lycia containing B are nian. either hellenised or unquestionably foreign, I6S Pauli, iu. pp. 365, 370, 372, 374, 375. except Xlavtt6taTts. This should very probably H.S.—VOL. XXXVIII. F 66 W. G. ARK WRIGHT But the Messapian &ator, for *Ttutor or *Teator, resembles the Phrygian forms. In these names the i appears to be an inserted letter, the stem being originally Tat-. This raises the question whether the same insertion has taken place in the case of Tut- in the similar names already mentioned. The derivation - of ®eotorres from *teutd, people, is made questionable, not only by the analogy of %ator but by the occurrence in Messapian of the name Taotinahiaihi (for Taut-), which cannot well be separated from the Dacian Tautomedes.16i This comparison makes it probable that in Illyrian and in Thracian teut- turned into taut-. It is perhaps better to class the names Tut-, Tint-, Teut-, and Qeot-1™ with the Illyrian Totto, Tottia, and Tottulo, and derive them all from the baby-name TOTTT??, TOUT?;?, and similar'forms, just as Tat-, Tiat-, and ®iar- are related to TaTTqs and its variants, which are to TOTTJJ? and Toirr?7? as Nawa? to Nowo? and Novvvos, and AaSa? to: AoSa and Aoi/Sa.?.166 The Paphlagonian @y? may be derived through *T

161 The derivation of this name from teutii father, F.H.G. iii. 388. 'Owp, NOCTOS, and (Tomaschek,, ii. 2) is considered certain by Naeas are the masculine forms of 'hwa, Now?, Kretschmer, p. 228. Compare the Lithuanian and Nara, variant-names derived from the lanla, country. Philipon, Lea Ibire.s, p. '25, mother-goddess, 'Aprc/xis Nava (Kretschmer, besides several names formed from laid- in p. 355). "Ovvr\s was her mate, the father-god. Spain, quotes the Armenian proper name TSrrqs, like T

170 Kretschmer, p. 207. 175 BoaOuy (p. 60), Bepflas (ibid.), evv, tion is, I believe, unknown ; it is certainly @ov9ovs, QovQov, IjUjuadis, already discussed : most exceptional. Baflflis (p. 59), BaKaSBis (p. 56), BapaT0a (p. 63). 178 The alphabet in this is not merely All these appear to be Phrygian names. similar but identical, and unless the Phrvgians . MaBow and rovKaBtis (if correct) may be obtained theirs from Lemnos, which is most Phrygian adaptations of Lycian names, but the unlikely, they must themselves have taken 0 evidence is insufficient. ®-qga??/8ai. because they required it. 171 See p. 68. F 2 68 W. G. ARK WRIGHT -a certain that a Phrygian dialect was spoken in Lycaonia and Isauria. The conclusion is confirmed by the prevalence of names like Ba, Ba/3et?, and Mavi)<;, and by the occurrence with the same extraordinary frequency as in Phrygia itself of Hamas, 'Ainria, and similar forms which do not belong to Lycia. If frequency of repetition is reckoned as well as the number of distinct names, the nomenclature is Phrygian in a large majority of instances, and even if this be disregarded, the cases of Phrygian affinity are still in excess.179 This is true of local as well as personal names.180 In Cilicia, on the contrary, the great majority of names of both classes are manifestly Lycian. But it is very doubtful if only Lycian was spoken there at the time when Greek superseded the native dialects. Not only is the number of Phrygian names far greater than in Lycia, but those of native origin often shew signs of Phrygian influence in the lengthening of e, the doubling of r, and the change of d into £181 Some local names are not Lycian, but Phrygian.182 It is probable that, besides numerous immigrants, there were settlements or colonies where Phrygian was spoken, but there is no evidence that the native language was entirely displaced by it. In Pisidia the population was probably mixed. Names of the Lycian type seem to predominate in the southern part of the country, but even there they are mingled with others like Mavrjs, Mapeis, and Mai/^cro?, KOTT?;? and KoTfov?, Aaos, etc., which are certainly Phrygian. The same may be said of the local names BdpK,183 UdTnra,1M Mlaffeia,185 and 'Avd- fiovpa.186 The native inscriptions187 are too brief to give any certain information, but in the two grammatical points which seem fairly clear, the language apparently agrees with Lycian. In Pamphylia, though some of the inscriptions in the local Greek dialect contain names which are not Greek, hardly any of these are akin to the Lycian, and the Lycian type is generally rare. There are about an equal number of Phrygian proper names. Among local names JJepyt) is probably

1711 As a test I have taken at random fifty seems to be compounded from the Tliraeian namesfrom /.FI.S. xix., xxii., xxiv., and xxv., Zap0a with the proposition iti The older and .B.C.//. x., which happened to be at hand. name KvivSa is Lycian. Of these seventeen are certainly or probably 183 P. 63. 184 I'. 54. allied to the Lycian and twenty-three to the 185 The name is probably formed in the Phrygian: ten are doubtful. Phrygian way (p. 47) from a proper name ls0 Avffrpa, Kifiiarpa, and "iAiorpa have the Meirros or Meo-rios (p. 61), slightly hellenised. same ending as Aamen-pa and HAouptaTpa in ls6 Probably from avd and f3ovpu, ' house '; the region of the Phrygian Antiochia, Sostra see Fiek, p. 95. and KavaGrpa in Thrace, BaAAavarpa in Upper 187 Ramsay, llevut tfe* Universites da Midi, Moesia or Dardania, and "AAio-Tpos in Illyria. i. p. 356. Sundwall is, I believe, right in Aepfiri is synorrymous with Derba in Dalmatia, stating (p. 255) that the nominative both in and probably with the Thraeian Zap$a and masculine and feminine names ends in a vowel, Zereae. Bipara has also an Illyrian name and that the genitive ends in -s in both gen- (p. 63). No local name has any special ders. In both these points Pisidian agrees Lycian affinities, unless it be KopoTraaaos. with Lycian, for the Lycian 'genitive ' in -h 181 See pp. 54 and 55. represents an earlier -s {./.U.S. xxxv. p. 100). 182 As Bnya/Sa (note 95), BoAjSocos (note 92), If there is no , the agree- and possibly Bcj/ca (note 137). 'Ara-fapjSa ment is more significant. LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES 69

188 Phrygian, and "OXV/ITTO? (p. 48) should be included in Pamphylia. The historical evidence that Milyas was a Phrygian district (p. 48) is entirely confirmed by the proper names found in the territory of the 'Opfir)\el>;, which was certainly in Milyas.189 The names of the cities Bovfiwv and Ba\/3ovpa are sufficient evidence of a Phrygian population in Cabalia (pp. 56 and 57). The evident relationship to the Lycian of a great proportion of Carian names, personal and local, has established a presumption that the languages were nearly connected. It might well be supposed that the existence of a large number of Carian inscriptions would determine this question beyond dispute. But it must be admitted that they cannot be satisfactorily deciphered. Even the intuition of Professor Sayce has only been able to determine the value of a few letters with real certainty. In other cases it has to be assumed that they have the same sound as those letters ot the Greek alphabet which they most resemble. This method is always uncertain, and in this instance it leads to results which may fairly be called impossible. In the Carian alphabet there is no letter corresponding in shape to the Greek i. Both K and T are so rare that their existence is doubtful, and the same may be said of both labials /3 and TT.190 All these sounds are abundantly present in the Carian proper.names preserved in Greek inscriptions, whether of Lycian or Phrygian affinities, and they are common in both those languages themselves. The inference seems unavoidable that the Greek alphabet is not a reliable guide.191 As in most cases we have no other, the value of the Carian letters remains too uncertain to allow the inscriptions to be used as positive evidence. A negative conclusion may possibly be drawn. If the proper names in which they chiefly consist corresponded to those of Lycian origin which abound in the Greek inscriptions of the province, or with the native Lycian, they could hardly fail to be recognisable, and the alphabet would then be decipherable without difficulty. But after every possible value for the many uncertain letters has been trie J, no such correspondence appears, and it seems to me almost certain that the relationship does not exist in the great majority of examples.192 The only grammatical point known with any kind of certainty is that

«>» The derivation from bherf/h is too in- j 7j_ p is follIKi jn jx. j.

193 Kretschmer, p. 382. The theory of 300 years earlier. Another difficulty is the Sundwall that it is a guttural is, .in my great frequency of s in the native and Greek opinion, untenable; J.II.S. xxxv. p. 104. inscriptions. 1!" In this respect the Pisidian s,eems to 1C6 The letter which has the shape of 8 is agree with it (p. 68). The Lydian has a probably required for that sound, and in any patronymic in-?-, quite unlike the Carian, and case is not common enough for /, and the unknown in Lycian. It has also, I believe, same may confidently be said of various con- an ethnic in -m-, equally foreign to Lycian. sonants of unknown value. But the subject of Lyuian cannot at present 1J7 From proper names *Mvteais (*mfm-ijtsi, be discussed, as the material is largely un- cf. mun-uhe and armrat-ijesi) and *Yap/8e

139 Strabo, p. 678, . rb erepjir yhttri irept- T)]V 'E\\a5a Kal ^ipaviaBn rh ytvos. He cer- e'xeo'Soi, is 'Ihpieis fitv Kcii Tepp.i\ai Kaptrt, tainly means that this dispersal took place in Ao\tovis 5e Kal Beppvices */>u{i. prehistoric times. Therefore, when he goes 2(10 'ArroWoSapos 6 Sav/xafftiiTaTos, St. Byz. on to say that six of the eight towns were 8.v. 'npinis, He appears to have been also joined to Halicarnassus by , he can- one of the sanest and most scientific of ancient not imply, as is sometimes supposed, that critics, as might be expected of the pupil of they were then inhabited by a •people bearing Aristarchiis and follower of Eratosthenes. the name of Leleges. The whole story, which 201 The Tep/ifpa of Stephanus in Lyciais not is a continuous narrative, seems to come from an error, but a reference to Aselepiades of the Homeric commentary of the notoriously Myrlea (F. JIM. iii. p.. 300;, whom he quotes untrustworthy Callisthenes (Strabo, pp. 680, elsewhere (ts.vr. MvpAeia and Niftaia). The 814, etc.), who told a similar legend about probably refers to the foundation of the expulsion of the Homeric Cilices and (cf. St. Byz. n.v. "AirTtpa). their migration to Pamphylia (ibid. p. 667). 202 F.H.G. iv. p. 475. Eratosthenes (Pliny, v. ,30) described the 203 In J.II.S. xvi. p. 207, the TepfiiAi) of Leleges as an extinct race, and it may be Stephanus is identified with a fort at Treinil. noted that Apollodorus does not mention It is very probable that his tentative identi- them among the historical peoples of Asia fication with Tfpntpa is wrong, but possibly Minor. If Herodotus had known of existing the name of the district rather than a town Leleges near his native town, distinct from may have survived at Tremil. The archaeology- the Carians, he could hardly have speculated of the region is discussed in two valuable on the relative accuracy of Cretan and Carian articles by Paton and Myres in J.II.S. xvi. about their identity (i. 171). It is, in 201 P. 611. In their earlier da}-s they fact, evident that he considered them extinct spread and multiplied greatly, varepov 5' a/xa as a people. TOIS Kaprrt Z0° F.H.G. iv. p. 475. 72 W. G. ARK WRIGHT though the name bv which he calls them is probably a piece of archaeology,206 he must certainly have known the facts. The 'ISpiels of Apollodorus formed another enclave in Carian territory. They were the inhabitants of the 'iSpias X^PV °f Herodotus (v. 118), in the upper valley of the , the territory of the" later . According to Apollonius (a learned Greek from , who settled at and wrote on the archaeology of Caria), 'IBpids was a city founded by Lycians and originally named Xyovo-ao/at?.207 Afterwards (as wre are told unquestionably on the same authority)208 it was named 'ISpids, after Idrieus the son of Car, meaning that it came into the possession of the Carians. The relationship of the original population to the Lycians was recorded in the genealogy which made Chrysaor the brother of . He was also the father of MvXaaos, the founder of Mylasa,209 which was apparently in tradition once a Lycian town. . It is evident that the 'iSpieis, as well as the TepfilXac, of Apollodorus were held to be of Lycian descent, and he especially records that they were a different race {eiepov yevos) from the Carians. To them, no doubt, Herodotus particularly refers (i. 171) when he says that all those who, though of another race, were speakers of the same language as the Carians were excluded from the temple of the Carian Zeus at Mylasa. If so, it would appear that, though they had lost their original language along with their independence, they were still a distinct people. It so happens that our knowledge of Carian proper names was originally based and still largely depends on an inscription containing about eighty from the district of Halicarnassus,210 and on others from the same region. Among these there is a small proportion (probablyabout 10 percent.) related to the Phrygian, but the great majority are of Lycian origin as far as the stem is concerned. Phonetically, however, they show marked differences from the Lycian, and seem to approximate to the Phrygian. This is exactly what might be expected if a population which remained essentially Lycian (as this seems to have done) became politically subiect to a race of Phrygian invaders and acquired their language. The words of Herodotus may be taken in evidence against the relation- of the Carians to the Lycians. But the statement which he reports about the brotherhood of the Carians, Lydians, and Mysians is ambiguous,

206 The story about Leleges and Minyae 20!) St. Byz. n.r. Mhava. The kinship with who once existed as a degraded caste at Tralles the Mylasians which was claimed by the (, Quatst. Or. 46) represents them as Pisidians of Termessus (Kretschmer, p. 395) originally invaders. It is frankly archaeolo- was probably based on a similar genealogy. . gical, like the legends about the foundation The name of Termessus seems to be connected of Aphrodisias by Leleges (St. Byz. x.vv. Niuor) with trmmis, which is, I believe, the adjective and K^yiXi] iriiAis), but may well contain corresponding to the substantive trfftmili, elements of real tradition. ' Lycian.' 207 St. Byz. s.v. 21<> First published by M. Haussoullier, 208 2bi4. s.v. 'lSpids. The statements here whose learning continues after the lapse of given without the author's name are ascribed nearly forty years to throw light on these to Apollonius under Xpvaaopis and Evpu/nos. obscure studies. LYCIAN AND PHRYGIAN NAMES 73 since the Mysians were almost certainly of European origin;211 but their language was a combination of Lydian and Phrygian,212 while the Lydian cannot well be an Indo-European language, but seems to have some Indo- European admixture,213 and the nomenclature is largely Phrygian. Since, however, Carian names also shew a Phrygian element, it is probably this which is common to the three. In any case, it is quite unsafe to assume that Carian names as a class are allied to the Lycian. The relationship requires to be demonstrated in each individual case. Even in Cilicia and southern Pisidia it can, at most, only be presumed. In all other districts the presumption is the other way. As to any derivation of local names in Greece and the islands from the original language of Asia Minor, if that language is really represented by Lycian nothing is proved by a comparison with any name from any other region, unless it can be shewn to be related to the Lycian. With regard to the suffixes which are held to be specially characteristic, -vS- is generally, though not invariably, a proof of Lycian origin; -cr- affords no evidence on either side; and -era- in local names is probably native to Phrygia, but not native to Lycia. W. G. ARKWRIGHT.

'-111 Kretschmer, p. 391. 2I3 Littmann, in Sardi*, vol. vi. pt. i. p. 75. 212 Xanthus Lydus, frag. 8.