Nuremberg, a European City the Noris, in a Europe of Cities
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Nuremberg, a European City The Noris, in a Europe of cities Evolution and adaption of urban citizenship in Nuremberg Masterarbeit im Studiengang Politikwissenschaft in der Fakultät Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg Verfasser: Stephan Raab Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Lasse Gerrits Bamberg, dem 19.12.2017 Thesis Pitch: Urban Network Integration at a glimpse We have entered a new age, the age of global urbanisation. Already today, more people than ever before live in urban rather than rural areas and the trend continues in the future. At the same time “globalization is a compression of time and space” (Harvey 1989: 284). Both aspects affect the urban identity and urban integration, having to combine local and global patterns. Discussing the global and local integration of and within the city will be the focus of this thesis. Basically defined, a city is a “global, urban self-organizing system”. Its inhabitants, “urban agents”, are “local, cognitive, self-organizing systems”, leading to the “dual complexity” defined according to boundaries between cities. In other words, cities are complex as the citizen living within the city are complex as well, the urban is “dual complexity” (Portugali 2011:211). Those systems require interaction to come into existence (Portugali 2011:14). Over time a social network of interdependent specialists evolves, where everybody fulfils a task (Bettencourt et. al. 2014:5). Thus, a city depends on its ability to govern this increasing complexity and diversity, (Bettencourt et. al. 2014:5), connecting the complex parts (Bettencourt 2013:7f.), bringing the right actors together (Lefebvre 2003:117). On a global level the same patterns are to be observed, surfacing a “network society” (Castells 2010) of “global cities” (Sassen 2001) as every city depends on the capacity to contribute a certain task, to be integrated into the global system. Facing dual complexity, “the urban space is concrete contradiction” (Lefebvre 2003:39), processing those contradictions, every city develops its “Eigenlogik” (Löw 2008). Urban agents are shaped by the rhythm of their city, as they shape the city (Portugali 2011:62), every society creates its own city (Siebel 2015:15). Unique, the “European city” is political subject of emancipated citizens, determining the urban evolution of their city (Siebel 2012:201ff.). Having a say in the urban evolution of a city, the “right to the city” (Harvey 2003: 939ff.) is essential to be part of the city. Depending on migration, European city always served as “integration machines” (Häußermann 2006:257), enabling new citizens to shape the city as well. Citizenship is as a process of participation, identification (van Bochove et. al. 2010:346). European cities create identity (Kunzmann 2011:40) and participation (Wukovitsch 2011:96). However, facing globalisation, every city must define its identity and integration in the global system, as ensuring identity and integration within the certain urban system itself. Here, the global system shapes the city. These patterns lay the conditions for successful urban integration. Facing the dual complexity of urban agents and the urban, a city is a category as every city is a category for itself, to be understood from within (Portugali 2011:216f.). In this thesis, Nuremberg will serve a case study to show, how the European city features of citizenship and integration changed and evolved through time, adapting citizenship, creating the Noris identity. The first part will show general common features of cities according to Wirth (1974: 50-57). The aspects of size, measured in built space, the aspect of density, expressed in increased interaction, as heterogeneity, experienced in an ever-diversifying urban society, define cities. Those complex systems exchange materials, information, interact with their environment (Portugali 2011:38), in other words define the conditions for urban integration as identification. The second part focuses on local integration under these global conditions. Merging integration theory by Esser (2001), the CLEAR Model (Lowndes et. al 2006), as Eigenlogik (Löw 2008). Here, politics define the access to the network (structure), interaction defines the social patterns and dynamics of the network (interaction). Based on this the common features evolve (culture), as finally, the Noris identity as a social system reveals itself (identity), giving a look from inside. Urban Integration of and within Nuremberg (Numbers indicate chapters) Index Thesis Pitch: Urban Network Integration at a glimpse ......................................................... i Index .......................................................................................................................................... iii A) My city, your city, our city, what is a city? ......................................................................... 1 B) Cities are back in town- Defining Cities .............................................................................. 5 B.1. The size of a city - Geographic City ............................................................................... 5 B.2. The density of a city - Economic City ............................................................................ 6 B.3. The heterogeneity of a city - Sociopolitical City ............................................................ 8 B.4. Shaping a shaped city - Integrative City ....................................................................... 12 First Interim Conclusion - The European City ..................................................................... 18 C) The Old Noris - A castle on the rock .................................................................................. 19 C.1. Emperors and Merchants - The medieval city .............................................................. 19 C.2. Efficient and diverse - The industrial city .................................................................... 25 C.3. Nürnberg, more German than German? ....................................................................... 30 D) The New Noris - Modern ideas on medieval soil ............................................................... 32 D.1. Reconstructing the Noris - Nuremberg again ............................................................... 32 D.2. On the move home? - Post-war Migration to Nuremberg ............................................ 35 D.3. Arriving or still on the arrival? - Becoming part of the Noris ...................................... 37 Second Interim Conclusion - Complexity through Interaction ............................................ 41 E) World Cities in a World of Cities ....................................................................................... 44 E.1. Global Urbanisation - Measuring Globalisation ........................................................... 44 E.2. Glocal interaction - Local Cities in a global world ....................................................... 48 E.3. Urban Agents, Global Cities - The Network Society ................................................... 58 F) The Global Noris - Local answers to global questions ........................................................ 68 F.1.Conceiving a city- Planning the Noris ........................................................................... 68 F.2. Participative Noris – Structure of the Noris .................................................................. 74 F.3. The Noris Network – Interaction within the Noris ....................................................... 85 F.4. Living a city - Culture of Nuremberg ........................................................................... 97 F.5. Being a city- Noris Identity ......................................................................................... 104 Third Interim Conclusion-The Network ............................................................................ 113 G. A rock in wild shores- The future Noris? .......................................................................... 118 References: ............................................................................................................................. 122 Images: ................................................................................................................................... 142 Annex: .................................................................................................................................... 145 Affidavit ................................................................................................................................. 147 A) My city, your city, our city, what is a city? “Telling where you are from seems to tell who you are.” Every space and region triggers imaginations, provokes expectations and experiences, shapes the identity of people, using it. Telling about the place of residence tells about the peculiar habits and characteristics, attractions. Every city has something, some things that attracted people to come together and to stay together (Chide 1950). Today, more people than ever before in mankind´s history are about to live or already live in urban areas. Already today, more than half of the world population lives in cities, and the trend of urbanisation continues to hold on especially in the Global South (United Nations 2015:1). “What will be remembered about the twenty-first century more than anything else expect perhaps the effects of a changing climate, is the great and final, shift of human