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Language Shift and Heritage Language Maintenance Among Indonesian Young Generations: a Case Study of Pamulang University Students

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Language Shift and Heritage Language Maintenance Among Indonesian Young Generations: a Case Study of Pamulang University Students EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) LANGUAGE SHIFT AND HERITAGE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AMONG INDONESIAN YOUNG GENERATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF PAMULANG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Eka Margianti Sagimin Universitas Pamulang [email protected] Abstract This paper aims to analyze language shift and heritage language maintenance among Indonesian young generation, a case study of Pamulang University students. Based on that purpose, this study conducted some research in analyzing effort to maintain the heritage language, analyzing the strategy used in maintaining heritage language, and identifying factors contribute to language loss among students. The study used a descriptive qualitative research design approach involving an open-ended questionnaire consisted of open-ended questions. The result of this study revealed that even though they live on a small scale of their native community, yet, they can maintain their local language. Thus, it can not be denied that youth people tend to shift the language due to globalization and the embracing of technology. In conclusion, it can be inferred that most students of Unpam use their local language and Bahasa Indonesia at the same level. Many of them still use local language when communicating with their parents and family members around them as well as Bahasa Indonesia. Suek suggested a solution to this problem that the community should be related to the use of language and attitudes in which mostly happen in school and family. It is hoped when children get used to a local language, they will also become aware of how important the native language as showing their identity in their environment and nationality. Keywords: Language Shift, Language Maintenance, Heritage Language, Language Preservation. 1. INTRODUCTION local language in the globalization era The phenomenon of language with the embracing of technology. shift becomes a major concerned in However, in this recent era, many preserving the sustainability of people use their second language (L2) as maintaining heritage language among their national language and they tend to young generations. Particularly for those shift their ethnic or local language (L1) who live far away from their family and into their L2 as a mean of move to other places to study at the communication. Ostler (2014) defined university level with different cultural ‘language shift’ as the process or the backgrounds in society. Indeed, It event in a particular population change becomes a very challenging effort for from using one language to another. young generations in maintaining their Moreover, the existence of the use of 21 EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) local languages among young 2. LITERATURE REVIEW generations who moved or migrated to Language Shift and Language the city of the Tangerang area today Maintenance seems likely to need a big effort and Interestingly, the notion of motivation. Meanwhile, the emergence language shift is already held by Baker of decreasing the use of local language is (2000) that it refers to the downwards likely to happen. It caused by various language movement. He proposed the factors such as shifting to another term language shift “as a reduction in the language and lacking the effort to number of speakers of a language, a maintain the heritage language. decreasing saturation of language In referring to this, the present speakers in the population, a loss in study will specifically examine the effort language proficiency, or decreasing use to maintain the heritage language, to of that language in the different analyze the strategy used in maintaining domain”. It means, there is a situation heritage language and to identify factors whereby the speaker will face the contribute to language loss among decreasing one of the language usage in students of Universitas Pamulang. a particular domain. Meanwhile, Based on the above background, Ravindranath (2009) mentioned that this study seeks to answer the following language shift is the process of stopping research questions: using one language of two in favor of the 1. How does the young generation other gradually in a speech community. develop their effort to preserve Whereas, Ostler (2014) defined language maintenance? ‘language shift’ as the process or the 2. What factors contribute to the event in a particular population change heritage language shift among the from using one language to another. It young generation at a university mostly happens within the immigrants' level? communities who use a minority 3. What strategies does the young language primarily in a monolingual generation adopt in maintaining culture and society (Holmes, 1992. their heritage language and/or Pp.56). Holmes also argues that there are other languages they acquire? certain social factors that seem to be delayed or retarded for language shifting 22 EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) in a minority language group to preserve immigrants between the ages of 6-18 in groups’ identity. 2015 using questionnaires and Moreover, Fishman (1991) cited interviews. The length of an area of the in Ravindranath (2009) defined the discussion covers how Korean process of shifting as a process whereby immigrant parents’ attitudes toward intergenerational continuity of the heritage language, how cultural identity heritage language is heading into the is being maintained by the parents at negative side with fewer speakers, home, and how they interact among readers, writers and the one who members of the Korean community and understand its language in every the Churches. They argue that Korean generation. This notion implies that once children have a high level of proficiency the language is no longer maintained by among members and can keep their the speaker, it will disappear and die out. cultural identity even though they live in Conversely, language maintenance other countries, e.g. Montreal. (Baker, 2000) refers to the number of Based on the above argument, it relative language stability and its can be said that people, especially the distribution to the speaker, the children's young generation who get easily and adults' proficiency and the retention influenced by the environment must in the specific domain e.g. home, school, have sufficient facilities to maintain the and religion. Generally, language language as well as the parents should maintenance is related to language shift also give motivation to their children in which occurs in such a society. creating such an environment in the Numerous studies have been conducted home. regarding language maintenance and Motivation to maintain language to shift. Park & Sarkar (2007) conducted a preserve identity study on Korean immigrants' parents’ In referring to the motivation to attitudes toward heritage language maintain language, Holmes (1992) has maintenance of their children and their drawn the example of migrant efforts in helping their children in terms minorities: of maintaining the local language as “Maniben is a young British Hindu woman who lives in Coventry. Her their heritage in Montreal, Canada. They family moved to Britain from Uganda in discussed the children of Korean 1970, when she was 5 years old. She started work on the shop floor in a 23 EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) bicycle factory when she was 16. At Regarding the factors which home, Maniben speaks Gujerati with her create language shift has been discussed parents and grandparents. Although she had learned English at school, she found by many scholars. However, Baker she didn’t need much at work. Many of (2000) also defines some factors such as the girls working with her also spoke Gujerati, so when it wasn’t too noisy out-migration from a region as they would talk to each other in their employment which offered a higher home language. Maniben was good at her job and she got promoted to floor salary or promotion and the marriage supervisor. In that job, she needed to use between a minority and majority English more of the time, though she could still use some Gujerati which her language monolingual. Not only that, old workmates. She went to evening the growth of technology, tourism, and classes and learned to type. Now she works in the main office and she uses other revolution industry also can cause English all the time at work.” (Holmes, the shifting of language. Meanwhile, 1992, pp.55). Masrudin (2013) elaborates on the factor Holmes elaborates the example as which influences the speaker on the Maniben’s language pattern use at work language shift of Wotunese. He used a has shifted during the 10 years period. field survey study involving Based on Maniben’s experience, it can questionnaires, interviewing and direct be considered as a typical person who observation for 400 informants. The used a minority language in a study found that the determinant factor monolingual society. This can lead the influences the language shift language shift from her mother tongue significantly into age, mobilization, Gujerati into English. The above bilingualism and language attitude. example brings us to get an idea of how Consequently, it is hoped that the to maintain the native language or government should do some actions to mother tongue since Maniben still uses save the Wotu language from death. The her mother tongue in the home finding factors based on Masrudin's environment. It means, the motivation of study can be considered as the same using the native language still happens in issues as others due to similar conditions the minority language to preserve our between one area to another since identity. Indonesian people are born to be The factors that influence language bilingual or even multilingual. shift Therefore, we can not neglect if shifting 24 EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) the language happen then another used and the flexibility of the language existence will decrease.
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