Language Shift and Heritage Language Maintenance Among Indonesian Young Generations: a Case Study of Pamulang University Students

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020)

LANGUAGE SHIFT AND HERITAGE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AMONG INDONESIAN YOUNG GENERATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF PAMULANG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Eka Margianti Sagimin Universitas Pamulang [email protected]

Abstract This paper aims to analyze language shift and heritage language maintenance among Indonesian young generation, a case study of Pamulang University students. Based on that purpose, this study conducted some research in analyzing effort to maintain the heritage language, analyzing the strategy used in maintaining heritage language, and identifying factors contribute to language loss among students. The study used a descriptive qualitative research design approach involving an open-ended questionnaire consisted of open-ended questions. The result of this study revealed that even though they live on a small scale of their native community, yet, they can maintain their local language. Thus, it can not be denied that youth people tend to shift the language due to globalization and the embracing of technology. In conclusion, it can be inferred that most students of Unpam use their local language and Bahasa Indonesia at the same level. Many of them still use local language when communicating with their parents and family members around them as well as Bahasa Indonesia. Suek suggested a solution to this problem that the community should be related to the use of language and attitudes in which mostly happen in school and family. It is hoped when children get used to a local language, they will also become aware of how important the native language as showing their identity in their environment and nationality. Keywords: Language Shift, Language Maintenance, Heritage Language, Language Preservation.

1. INTRODUCTION local language in the globalization era The phenomenon of language with the embracing of technology. shift becomes a major concerned in However, in this recent era, many preserving the sustainability of people use their second language (L2) as maintaining heritage language among their national language and they tend to young generations. Particularly for those shift their ethnic or local language (L1) who live far away from their family and into their L2 as a mean of move to other places to study at the communication. Ostler (2014) defined university level with different cultural ‘language shift’ as the process or the backgrounds in society. Indeed, It event in a particular population change becomes a very challenging effort for from using one language to another. young generations in maintaining their Moreover, the existence of the use of

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) local languages among young 2. LITERATURE REVIEW generations who moved or migrated to Language Shift and Language the city of the Tangerang area today Maintenance seems likely to need a big effort and Interestingly, the notion of motivation. Meanwhile, the emergence language shift is already held by Baker of decreasing the use of local language is (2000) that it refers to the downwards likely to happen. It caused by various language movement. He proposed the factors such as shifting to another term language shift “as a reduction in the language and lacking the effort to number of speakers of a language, a maintain the heritage language. decreasing saturation of language In referring to this, the present speakers in the population, a loss in study will specifically examine the effort language proficiency, or decreasing use to maintain the heritage language, to of that language in the different analyze the strategy used in maintaining domain”. It means, there is a situation heritage language and to identify factors whereby the speaker will face the contribute to language loss among decreasing one of the language usage in students of Universitas Pamulang. a particular domain. Meanwhile, Based on the above background, Ravindranath (2009) mentioned that this study seeks to answer the following language shift is the process of stopping research questions: using one language of two in favor of the 1. How does the young generation other gradually in a speech community. develop their effort to preserve Whereas, Ostler (2014) defined language maintenance? ‘language shift’ as the process or the 2. What factors contribute to the event in a particular population change heritage language shift among the from using one language to another. It young generation at a university mostly happens within the immigrants' level? communities who use a minority 3. What strategies does the young language primarily in a monolingual generation adopt in maintaining culture and society (Holmes, 1992. their heritage language and/or Pp.56). Holmes also argues that there are other languages they acquire? certain social factors that seem to be delayed or retarded for language shifting

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) in a minority language group to preserve immigrants between the ages of 6-18 in groups’ identity. 2015 using questionnaires and Moreover, Fishman (1991) cited interviews. The length of an area of the in Ravindranath (2009) defined the discussion covers how Korean process of shifting as a process whereby immigrant parents’ attitudes toward intergenerational continuity of the heritage language, how cultural identity heritage language is heading into the is being maintained by the parents at negative side with fewer speakers, home, and how they interact among readers, writers and the one who members of the Korean community and understand its language in every the Churches. They argue that Korean generation. This notion implies that once children have a high level of proficiency the language is no longer maintained by among members and can keep their the speaker, it will disappear and die out. cultural identity even though they live in Conversely, language maintenance other countries, e.g. Montreal. (Baker, 2000) refers to the number of Based on the above argument, it relative language stability and its can be said that people, especially the distribution to the speaker, the children's young generation who get easily and adults' proficiency and the retention influenced by the environment must in the specific domain e.g. home, school, have sufficient facilities to maintain the and religion. Generally, language language as well as the parents should maintenance is related to language shift also give motivation to their children in which occurs in such a society. creating such an environment in the Numerous studies have been conducted home. regarding language maintenance and Motivation to maintain language to shift. Park & Sarkar (2007) conducted a preserve identity study on Korean immigrants' parents’ In referring to the motivation to attitudes toward heritage language maintain language, Holmes (1992) has maintenance of their children and their drawn the example of migrant efforts in helping their children in terms minorities: of maintaining the local language as “Maniben is a young British Hindu woman who lives in Coventry. Her their heritage in Montreal, Canada. They family moved to Britain from Uganda in discussed the children of Korean 1970, when she was 5 years old. She started work on the shop floor in a

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) bicycle factory when she was 16. At Regarding the factors which home, Maniben speaks Gujerati with her create language shift has been discussed parents and grandparents. Although she had learned English at school, she found by many scholars. However, Baker she didn’t need much at work. Many of (2000) also defines some factors such as the girls working with her also spoke Gujerati, so when it wasn’t too noisy out-migration from a region as they would talk to each other in their employment which offered a higher home language. Maniben was good at her job and she got promoted to floor salary or promotion and the marriage supervisor. In that job, she needed to use between a minority and majority English more of the time, though she could still use some Gujerati which her language monolingual. Not only that, old workmates. She went to evening the growth of technology, tourism, and classes and learned to type. Now she works in the main office and she uses other revolution industry also can cause English all the time at work.” (Holmes, the shifting of language. Meanwhile, 1992, pp.55). Masrudin (2013) elaborates on the factor Holmes elaborates the example as which influences the speaker on the Maniben’s language pattern use at work language shift of Wotunese. He used a has shifted during the 10 years period. field survey study involving Based on Maniben’s experience, it can questionnaires, interviewing and direct be considered as a typical person who observation for 400 informants. The used a minority language in a study found that the determinant factor monolingual society. This can lead the influences the language shift language shift from her mother tongue significantly into age, mobilization, Gujerati into English. The above bilingualism and language attitude. example brings us to get an idea of how Consequently, it is hoped that the to maintain the native language or government should do some actions to mother tongue since Maniben still uses save the Wotu language from death. The her mother tongue in the home finding factors based on Masrudin's environment. It means, the motivation of study can be considered as the same using the native language still happens in issues as others due to similar conditions the minority language to preserve our between one area to another since identity. Indonesian people are born to be The factors that influence language bilingual or even multilingual. shift Therefore, we can not neglect if shifting

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) the language happen then another used and the flexibility of the language existence will decrease. development in the home language. According to Baker (2000), the Another research conducted by causes of language shift have arisen into Mardikantoro and Maretta (2016) several levels, e.g. political, economic, discussed the research focussing on the psychological and sociolinguistic. Baker language shift of Javanese and its impact (2000) adapted the characteristics of on the Samin community. Interestingly, factors encouraging language they focussed on why Samin people maintenance and loss from Conklin and always use ngokoJavanese who speak Lourie, (1983) that the levels are innocently. They argue that Samin affected by 1). Political, social and background was unique as well as the demographic factors, 2). Cultural factors, way of thinking was also unique. The 3). Linguistic factors. Those three points result found that the impact of the shift cover the characteristics of factor that was about the transformation of Samin can affect the language maintenance or society including modesty, education shift. The first one is political, social and level, marriage, technology and demographic factors involving a large economy, tax-paying obedience, and number of speakers living together, non-isolation habit. continuing in-migration, occupation Based on the above argument, stability, social and economic mobility. the recent question appears relating to Meanwhile, the cultural factors cover language shift among the young mother tongue institution, the home generation. Why does it occur? What ceremony for cultural and religious context does the language shifting matters, self-identity and ethnicity, happen? Accordingly, it mostly happens enhancing ethnic awareness in using in the classroom context where the mother tongue for education and family minority speaker of local language cohesion in the community. The last among immigrants becomes retard since factors for linguistics covers the the environment of the community standardize and existence of mother speaks Indonesian and English as a tongue, literacy printing, international medium of communication in the status at home language and literacy classroom. Therefore, in this millennial era, it can be considered that some

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) factors can influence young generations from any major at Universitas Pamulang. to shift their languages such as There are 44 respondents (30; 68,2%) environment, no social contact with female students and (14; 31,8% ) male family significantly and lack of students, who live with their relatives, awareness to maintenance the language. family and in around Jakarta and Tangerang area with different length of 3. RESEARCH METHOD stay; 45,5% less than 3 years, 20,5% The recent study uses a within 4-7 years, 34,1% more than 7 descriptive qualitative research design years, were participated in this research. approach involving an open-ended The 44 participants of this research was questionnaire consisted of open-ended a voluntary-based, thus they were given questions. Creswell (2014) defines that a prompt online message via Whatsapp qualitative research is an approach to application to get permission in order to explore and to understand the meaning complete the questionnaire and their of individuals or groups connected to a willingness to be interviewed. The ethnic social or human problem. This process and linguistic backgrounds of the involves the emerging questions and respondents are native Javanese procedures. While the data collected is speakers, Sundanese, Ambon, Betawi, typically done in the participant’s Batak, Melayu, Timor Leste, Palembang, setting, inductively building from Makasar, Lampung, Belis, particulars to general themes. Then, the Minangkabau, and Madura. The total researcher comes up with interpretations percentage of their background is seen in making meaning from the data and the table 1.1 below: final report is presented in the form of an essay and flexible. Meanwhile, to Figure 1.1: Students’ cultural strengthen the data, I applied an in-depth background interview. While the questionnaire design is adapted from Shanjiang Yu (2010). In terms of data collection technique, I distributed the online questionnaires in google form to students

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020)

The data from respondent were from several provinces to the Tangerang collected from the 44 respondents, and area. In regards to the language used by interview recordings from 4 respondents the participants, even though their were collected, which gather from parents are from native Javanese, October to December 2019. I conducted Sundanese and all ethnic mentioned the interview in person by calling them earlier, but the use of heritage language on campus. between the young generation and their Then, the first part of the parents in the family was exactly the questionnaire was designed to know same percentages. There are 56,8% of their demographic information including respondents use Bahasa Indonesia with which languages they use to their their parents and family at home, and parents, families, and friends. Then the 56,8% use their native language among other parts consist of the combination of family members. In contrast to the use of a closed question and open-ended Bahasa Indonesia among friends is questions to obtain their opinion which significantly different. 93,2% of covers the family background, the use of respondents speak Bahasa Indonesia language to their friends, relatives and with friends on campus while only 9,1% families, language attitude, and language of respondents use their native language maintenance. The data then were and 15,9% use English. It means only a tabulated into percentages and analyzed few respondents who really care about in terms of quantitative data. Meanwhile, using their native language among the interview data were used to friends. It is also because they only triangulate and strengthen their opinion. speak their native language to their friends who came from the same city or 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ethnic. To dig in-depth information, the Findings respondents’ opinions on the The research finding is firstly questionnaire will be discussed. come up with the demographic information of the respondent who Figure 1.2. participated in this study. Based on The use of language with family figure 1.1, 44 respondents were from various ethnic in Indonesia who came

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young generation develop their effort to preserve language maintenance can be seen from the 2 parts; from the online questionnaire and from recordings. From the online questionnaires:

Figure 1.4. Figure 1.3. The frequency using local language The use of language among friends

These results indicate that most The above figure is clearly seen young generation in Unpam, use the that, due to the movement of the young local language with family were not very generation to study, it gives an impact on often. Only 40,9 % who use local the use of language among them. Bahasa language with their family, while 54,5% Indonesia is considered to be a dominant rarely use it. Somehow, I can take some used as a lingua franca and mean of insight opinion that they still have an communication among students in this effort to use their local language even university. though they live far away from their In regard to answer the research family. Meanwhile, the developing of an questions, the data analysis will be effort to preserve language maintenance divided into three sections to highlight can be seen based on the figure 1.5. an area that is being investigated. a. How does the young generation develop their effort to preserve language maintenance?

In line with the research question number 1 about the way of how the

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020)

Figure 1.5. Figure 1.6. Developing an effort to preserve The use of Bahasa Indonesia among language maintenance. friends

Based on the result in figure 1.5, From the recordings mentioned that 88,6% use their local Interview data is used to obtain language with their biggest family such in-depth information from the as parents, brothers, sisters, respondents. In regards to the research grandmothers, grandfathers and other question, 4 respondents give a similar family members. It seems the family opinion about the effort to maintain the gives a big impact on the sustainability local language. of the use of the local language among young generations. However, they use Excerpt 1: #R1 Bahasa Indonesia whenever they are kami menggunakan Bahasa gathering with friends on campus. 93,2% daerah, yaitu Bahasa Tetun, sedangkan said that they are having discussing with dengan Teman di Unpam pakai Bahasa friends because they have a different Indonesia, Kalau teman dirumah pakai cultural background. Meanwhile, 86,4% Bahasa Tetun. R1. said that they use Bahasa Indonesia We use the local language, namely when meeting with the new acquaintance Tetun with friends at home, while with or someone from different ethnic. friends at Unpam use Indonesian. Therefore, Bahasa Indonesia becomes more dominant in use among students, as Excerpt 2: #R2 seen in figure 1.6. Orang jawa itu banyak dimana2

ada. Ketemu orang jawa ya saya

berbahasa jawa. Disini saya ikut bude.

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Sama bude Bahasa nya campur. Sundanese. But I mostly use Sundanese Lingkungan pakai Bahasa Indonesia. language with parents and older sisters. Dikampus tergantung teman nya. jawa While to my younger sister I use Bahasa dan campur. R2. Indonesia. I really want to master the There are many Javanese people Sundanese language, but maybe my everywhere. I speak Javanese when parents were not taught the Sundanese meeting Javanese people. I live here with language so my language is not really my aunty so I speak both Javanese and good. I got Sundanese at school but still, Bahasa Indonesia. My surroundings in I didn't understand. I am inferior, people aunty’s house also use Bahasa, as well as are very good at Sundanese language. on the campus. I speak Javanese with We are honored if we can use Sundanese only Javanese friends. in my hometown. I speak Sundanese with a friend also but for the formal Excerpt 3: #R3 situation, we use Bahasa Indonesia. Sebelumnya saya tinggal di purwakarta, Bahasa nya campur. Sih. Excerpt 4: #R4 Indonesia dan sunda. Sama orang tua Sebelumnya saya tinggal di medan, juga sunda. Sama kakak sunda. Adek pakai Bahasa batak. Semua pakai Indonesia. kalau saya tuh pengen banget Bahasa batak. Bahasa disini pakai bisa Bahasa sunda, tp mungkin kurang Bahasa batak dengan keluarga. Dengan di ajari Bahasa sunda jadi disekolah teman2 di sini aja Bahasa Indonesia. juga kurang bagus. Dulu disekolah juga batak itu karena kita lahir di medan, gak ngerti. Saya minder, orang-orang orang menganggap orang medan itu jago banget Bahasa sunda. Saya pengen kasar padahal itu gak kasar, tapi pake Bahasa sunda yang bagus. Karena memang logat nya keras. Memang disana tuh di hargai. ke ibu bapak kebanyakan pembawaannya seperti itu sunda, adik indinesia, kaka sunda. tapi bukan kasar atau marah. masih Teman sunda. teman pakai sunda. Kalua tetap Bahasa ak. Ke teman-teman formal b Indonesia. R3. kampus pakai Bahasa Indonesia. Di sini. Before coming in Pamulang, I Previously I lived in Medan. I use lived in Purwakarta, and use mixed Batak language with all families. Here, language between Bahasa and in Jakarta also I used Batak language

EUFONI: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 (2020) with family and friends who came from Figure 1.7. Batak also. As Bataknese, we were born The intensity of language usage. in Medan, then people think that Medan people are rude even though they are not as that mentioned, but indeed the accent is hard. Indeed most of the nature like that but not rude or angry. I use Bahasa Indonesia with friends on campus.

From figure 1.7, it is hard to From that excerpt above, it can mention, but in fact, 43,2% of be seen that all respondents only speak respondents are agreed if they use their local language with family Bahasa Indonesia more often rather than members at home and their native their local language. There are 9 friends. While they speak Bahasa respondents or about 20,5% of Indonesia in the educational setting. I respondents said disagreed. It can be said can take the important notion that they that this factor contributes to shifting the still have an effort to maintain the local language into Bahasa Indonesia. heritage language, while sometimes, To get more information, I got they tend to shift their local language some opinions from the respondents into Bahasa Indonesia. through an in-depth interview.

b. What factors contribute to the From the recordings: heritage language shift among the Excerpt 5: #R1 young generation at a university level? Tidak sering menggunakan In line with the research question Bahasa daerah number 2, the factor contribute to The local language is rarely to heritage language shift among young use. generations will be discussed in-depth in this part. #R2: ya gak di ajarin …. From the questionnaire: Di jawa ada sebagian orang tua yang pake Bahasa Indonesia ke anaknya. Tapi bapak ibu saya juga

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Bahasa jawanya kurang bagus. Karena It is because they do not use the kita pakai nya Bahasa Ngoko atau kasar. Batak language so often. sometimes my Perhaps because the Javanese friends also rarely to use the Batak language is not taught by their parents language. But, I am proud as a regularly. In my hometown, there are Bataknese, because when people think some parents who use Bahasa Indonesia that Bataks are rude, but I don't think so. for their children. My mother and father also lack good Javanese language. From the above opinion Because we use Ngoko language. regarding the factor that contributes to shifting the language, 4 respondents give #R3. satu. Pergaulan. 2 teknologi. Kan their similar arguments. They said, their skrg banyak tuh miss, kalua di media environment was no longer use the local social suka ke inggris2 an. Tapi ibu saya language except family. Unfortunately, juga suka bilang kalua saya pake basa most parents also have a lack of heritage sunda, suka blg kamu gak pantes deh language awareness to teach such a local kakak pake sunda.. language regularly. Indeed, due to the The first is social interaction, the globalization era, many young second is the impact of technology. generations involved in social media to Nowadays, due to modernization, in have interaction among them. social media, youth become easily absorb such a slang language or adapted c. What strategies does the young a western culture. Yet, my mother also generation adopt in maintaining their likes to say if I use Sundanese, she said heritage language and/or other you are not properly using a Sundanese languages they acquire? accent. Furthermore, in line with the strategies

to maintain the heritage language, some #R4. gara-gara sering gak gunain pieces of evidence appears on the results Bahasa batak. Karena kadang sama of the questionnaire and recordings. temen suka gak pake Bahasa batak. Saya From Questionnaire: bangga sebagai orang medan. Krn orang menilai orang batak itu kasar, menurut saya engga.

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Figure 1.8. Figure 1.10. Heritage language maintenance The intention to use the local language

The result of figure 1.8 reveals that 54,5% of respondents are agreed and Figure 1.11. 24,1% agreed in regards to the use of Attitude toward heritage language local language to preserve and maintain the language in the home and family. While the rest 11,4% of respondents give a neutral opinion. This means that many students at Unpam who has intercultural background are giving positive attitudes towards heritage language. They want to show us that they came from a different Moreover, the result in figure cultural background as preserving their 1.11 related to the attitude towards identity. The opinion is also reinforced heritage language, the respondents give by 43,2% and 20,5% are agreed and an opinion that they should be able to strongly agreed respectively about their speak their local language to preserve intention to keep using their local their identity. 43,2% of respondents language (bahasa daerah) as shown in agreed and 13.6% of respondents are figure 1.10. strongly agreed. It means, they preserve their identity as the purist so that they must be able to speak the local language properly.

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From The Recordings: Javanese at school. But it depends on the To get more information related parents. to strategies to maintain the heritage language, I got the response to #R3 kalau sama keluarga tetap strengthen the opinion from the berbahasa sunda. Tapi kalua disini suka interview section results. malu pakai basa sunda. Kalua di depok suka basa sunda juga Excerpt 5: If the same family still speaks #R1 Saya tetap berkomunikasi Sundanese. But here I like to be menggunakan Bahasa Tetun tersebut di embarrassed to use Sundanese bases. I berbagai situasi. Mungkin dirumah also like Sundanese in Depok kepada sesama keruarga dan teman yang berasal dari timor. Kalua di luar #R4 caranya tetap ngobrol tetap Bahasa rumah pakai Bahasa Indonesia batak dan jangan dilupakan. Karena I will continue to communicate kadang suka lupa. Jadi kita usahakan using the Tetum in various situations. tetap Bahasa batak. Otomatis Bahasa Maybe at home with family and friends batak who come from East Timor. I speak How to keep chatting still Batak Bahasa Indonesia outside the Timor language and do not be forgotten. community. Because sometimes like to forget. So we try to keep Batak language. Automatic #R2. disini saya punya ponakan, saya Batak language suka ngajari lagu-lagu jawa. Untuk lagu Viewing the comments from all mereka biasa. Dengan keluarga saya respondents in the interview section, pakai Bahasa jawa, terutama dengan ibu they all insisted to keep their local bapak saya. Kita di ajarkan Bahasa language even though on a small scale jawa di sekolah. Tapi itu tergantung like a family and childhood friends. orang tua However, the real phenomenon happens Here, I have a niece, I like to in Indonesia due to the embracing teach Javanese songs. They like it. I use technology so that many youth people Javanese with my family, especially with are no longer introduced to heritage my father and mother. We were taught language and tend to shift into Bahasa

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Indonesia or even English. Some people Maretta, 2016). However, Park & Sarkar said that many youth people use slang (2007) obtained a different result. They language to preserve their identity as a found the Korean children who live in modern citizens, whereas only a few Montreal Canada still have a high level people maintain the local language. of proficiency. However, in this study, the 4 Referring to Holmes (1992) that respondents give good responses since a person who used a minority language they came from the very native in their in a multilingual society still can keep ethnic background. their heritage language if they still use Discussion their mother tongue in-home The research question concerns environment. Based on this study, the the relationship language shift and result reveals that even though they live heritage language maintenance among on a small scale of their native the young generation of the students of community, yet, they can maintain their Universitas Pamulang, Banten. It relates local language. Thus, it can not be to the notion of language shift that refers denied that youth people tend to shift the to the downwards language movement, language due to globalization and the decreasing saturation of language embracing of technology. speakers, decreasing the use of that language in different domains and 5. CONCLUSION stopping one language of two (Baker, After analyzing the data based on 2000, Ravindranath, 2009). the result from questionnaires and Interestingly, all the findings in interviews related to language shift and the previous studies yielded similar language maintenance among the young results. The previous studies show that generation, it can be inferred that most determinant factor influences the students of Unpam use their local language shift significantly into age, language and Bahasa Indonesia at the mobilization, bilingualism and language same level. Many of them still use local attitude (Masrudin, 2013). While another language when communicating with factor also including modestry, their parents and family members around education level, marriage, technology, them as well as Bahasa Indonesia. and economy (Mardikantoro and However, most of them use Bahasa

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Indonesia with their friends. Only a few attitudes in which mostly happen in students use their local language with the school and family. It is hoped when same cultural background. Yet, this children get used to a local language, condition is probably no longer use if they will also become aware of how they rarely to use the language in daily important the native language as life. They would prefer to use Bahasa showing their identity in their Indonesia in an educational setting as a environment and nationality. medium of communication. Meanwhile, in regard to language attitude, most REFERENCES: respondents also demonstrated a positive Baker, C.(2000). Foundation of bilingual education and bilingualism. (3rd attitude towards heritage language. They ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual want to keep speaking their local matters language in order to maintain it. Holmes, J. (1992). An introduction to Critically, the family should Sociolinguistics. UK: Longman group limited. build their own policy to make more concerned about giving their young Kobul, M. (2016). Language shift and maintenance in a diglossia generation such a motivation and environment with its educational exposure to keep using their native implications: A case study. Journal of narrative and language language. As mentioned by Suek (2014) studies, 4(7), 1-16 that language maintenance is determined Masrudin. (2013). Influenced factors by the use of language and the attitudes towards the language shift of language. However, the problem of phenomenon of Wotunese. Journal of Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra, shifting the language can not be avoided Vol.25, No.2, December 2013, since the era is also changing day by pp.162-192. day. Therefore parents should encourage Mardikantoro, H.B., Yoris, A.M. (2016). Language shift of Javanese and its their family, especially the young impact on the transformation of generation to provide some strategies in- Samin community. Journal of Man in India, 96 (11), pp.371-384. home communication in terms of maintaining their native language. Park, S. M., & Sarkar, M. (2007). Parents' attitudes toward heritage Therefore, Suek suggested a solution to language maintenance for their this problem that the community should children and their efforts to help their children maintain the heritage be related to the use of language and language: A case study of Korean-

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