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Language Trajectory and Language Planning in Maintaining Indigenous Language of Lampung

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Language Trajectory and Language Planning in Maintaining Indigenous Language of Lampung Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 82 Ninth International Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 9) Language Trajectory and Language Planning in Maintaining Indigenous Language of Lampung Lina Septianasari STKIP Muhammadiyah Bogor [email protected] Abstract - The heterogeneity of Lampung sets this province to be to reach the mutual intelligibility among the speakers. a multilingual province reflecting the plurality of Indonesia. Language shifting is something that cannot be avoid of in this Somehow, this condition affects the maintenance of indigenous kind of communication. Being realized or not, it endangers the language in Lampung. The aims of this research are to describe existence of the indigenous language of Lampung. the language trajectory in multilingual areas of Lampung and to Given the proportion of ethnicities in Lampung, Lampung describe the language planning which should be implemented in Lampung. The approach used for this research is qualitative language predictably will be endangered by considering the research. To collect the data, researcher used triangulation fact that the speakers of this language are decreased. In (observation, interview, and questionnaire). After analyzing the addition, the majority ethnic in Lampung is Javanese so it is data, the researcher found out that Javanese language’s speakers not a wonder if Javanese language has more speakers than dominate the use of indigenous language in Lampung. Moreover, Lampung language. All of the elements of society in Lampung some participants of this research admitted that they found it should be aware with this situation. People should take actions hard to speak in Lampung Language although they were born to prevent this indigenous language from being extinct. Every and grew up in Lampung. A well-prepared language planning element of society in Lampung has the same responsibility in should be implemented in maintaining Lampung language as the maintaining its indigenous language and culture. In this case, indigenous language in Lampung. the contributions of applied linguists and sociolinguists are Keywords: Language Trajectory, Language Planning, Indigenous needed in making language planning to maintain indigenous Language. language of Lampung. Furthermore, local government mindfully should play a part as the policymaker in arranging applicable language policy. According to the explanation 1. INTRODUCTION above, this research aims to describe the language trajectory in Foreigners or people from different cultural multilingual areas of Lampung and to describe the language backgroundshave come and lived in Lampung, Indonesia, planning which should be implemented in Lampung. This since colonialism era. It happened during 1904-1943 when research gives significant insight about the view of language’s people migrated from some areas in Java to Gedong Tataan, situation in Lampung. Kota Agung and Sukadana (Lampung). Most of them were forced labors working for colonizers. After the colonizers left 2. METHODS Indonesia, the government managed a program named Qualitative approach was used in this research. Sugiyono transmigration in 1952.More ethnical heterogeneity grew (2010) argued that research method in qualitative research is wider during transmigration program managed by the based on post-positivism philosophy in which the researcher government (source: Museum Transmigrasi Lampung). becomes the key instrument of his research. Triangulation was Broadly speaking, ever since some cultures from Java Island used to elude biases of the data. Observation, interview, and and Bali Island entered in Lampung during colonialism era and questionnaire were the research instruments used to collect the transmigration era, acculturation occurred among data. Besides, supporting documents were also used in this Lampungnese, Sundanese, Javanese, and Balinese to create a research. Convenience sampling technique was applied to multiethnic area. In the other hand, urbanization also occurred collect the data from the questionnaires. Cohen, Lawrence, and in Lampung since decades ago. This phenomenon still occurs Keith (2007) define convenience sampling as a sampling till today although it happens only in small scale. People have technique in which the researchers can choose the nearest come from various provinces of Indonesia. Nowadays, subjects or those who happen to be available and accessible Lampung becomes like a small portrait of Indonesia since during the research time to serve as respondents (Bailey, many ethnics are found there. 1994). By implementing this technique, 86 participants from Latest study about language and ethnicity conducted by 21 years old to 28 years old are involved in this research. Nine Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Lampung showed that the dominant of them are the native speakers of Lampung language and the ethnic in Lampung is Javanese, reached to 61.88 % then rests are the native speakers of other language. In order to get followed by Lampungnese 11.92%; Sundanese 11.,27%, and comprehensive information and data, three language teachers other ethnics until 11.35% (Danardana, Agus., Sri, 2008). and one linguist were interviewed. The data then were Given the fact of multi ethnicity in Lampung, multilingual analyzed and were explained briefly in the next section of this phenomena emerged in society. National language is used in manuscript. conversation among different cultural background community Copyright © 2017, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 104 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 82 3. THEORETICAL REVIEW negative effect to their indigenous language. Many linguists The problem that is usually faced in multilingual society is predict that Lampung language will be extinct in the next 7-10 mostly about language maintenance. Basic reasons may appear decades since the speakers of this language decrease rapidly in the way people choose particular language in their utterance. from time to time. As the effect, language shift becomes something that cannot be There are four ideologies regarding the making of avoided of. Therefore, properly constructed language planning language planning in society (Wardhaugh, 1986). They are and language policy should be arranged by the government in linguistic assimilation, linguistic pluralism, vernacularization, order to maintain the existence of indigenous language. and internationalism. In linguistic assimilation, all of the Moreover, youth language trajectory, nowadays, shows that society should learn the dominant language. This policy is indigenous language has fewer speakers after being compared implemented in some countries, like France, US, Philippines, with the National language speakers. etc. Besides, in linguistic pluralism, two or more language can Nowadays, in Indonesia, some indigenous languages yield be found to be used in society, such as the use of language in as minority language because the speakers of them are getting Singapore, Belgium, Canada, and many others. In decreased time to time. Holmes (1992) argued that in which Internationalism, a non-indigenous language is adopted to be language is considered as principle symbol of a minority group the lingua franca officially and for particular aims such as identity, it is likely to be maintained longer. When an education and trade, for example the use of English in indigenous language yields as minority language, the Singapore. Besides, the use of indigenous language to be government, linguists and relevant parties should manage adopted as official language is named as vernaculation, e.g. particular language planning and language policy to save it Bahasa Indonesia in Indonesia. from being extinct. Meshtrie (2011), Wardhaugh (1986), and The use of Bahasa Indonesia as the official language Holmes (1992) stated that language planning is an effort affects the use of indigenous language in some provinces handled by committees, commissions, academies, or around Indonesia. Lampung is unexceptionable for this case. government managed to alter a language’s function in a Based on the questionnaires given to 86 participants, it is society. In line with the previous statement, Wiley (2009, in known that the speakers of Lampung language tend to use McKay and Hornberger, 2009) argued that language planning Bahasa Indonesia or Malay Language with Jakarta dialect entails formation and implementation of a policy designed to when they have a talk to the speakers of other language in influence the languages and varieties of language which will daily conversation. Moreover, the results of this research be used and the purposes for which they will be used. From shows that more than a half of participants do not use regional these perspectives, it can be summed up that language planning language in daily conversation and more than 90% of is designed to solve language’s problems in order to use it participants cannot speak actively in Lampung language. Here properly in communication for social intercourse and to is the proportion of language trajectory in Lampung. maintain language from death. Table 1. Proportion of Language Use 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No. Language Use in Daily Percentage This section is divided into two main subsections which Conversation Society Home each of them discusses about the research aims mentioned in Domain Domain section 1. The first subsection
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