sign in sign up
<<
Home , Afrihili, Aka language, Algic languages, Araucanian languages, Arikara language, Assiniboine language

006 006

006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural processing Class here computational See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285

*Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400

400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400

[400

[400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or , see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, .., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option : To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear

under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400

SUMMARY

[401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related [440 French and related [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 and related [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages

[490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory

See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here languages; general discussions of international languages, e.g., diplomatic languages, lingua francas Class artificial languages in 499.99. Class a specific international language with the language in 419–490, e.g., Latin as a diplomatic language 470,

Swahili as a 496.392 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.4 *‡Language and communication Class here lexicology, interdisciplinary works on terminology For dictionaries of linguistics, see 410.3; for general polyglot dictionaries, see 413; for lexicography, see 413.028; for applied linguistics treatment of terminology, see 418. For terminology of a specific subject or discipline, see the subject or discipline, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., terminology of linguistics 410.14, terminology of engineering 620.0014

2 401 Language 401

401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.41 *‡ Including pragmatics in discourse analysis Class here content analysis, semiotics Class interdisciplinary works on semiotics in 302.2; class interdisciplinary works on pragmatics in 401.45. Class a semiotic study of a specific subject with the subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., a semiotic study of science 501.4 For semantics, see 401.43

See also 121.68 for semiotics as a topic in philosophy 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.42] *‡

Do not use; class in 412 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.43 *‡Semantics For history of word meanings, see 412 See also 121.68 for semantics as a topic in philosophy; also 149.94 for general semantics as a philosophical school

See Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.430 285 635 *‡Natural language processing

Class here word sense disambiguation 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.45 *‡Pragmatics Class here interdisciplinary works on pragmatics [formerly 306.44] For pragmatics in sociolinguistics, see 306.44; for pragmatics in discourse analysis, see 401.41; for pragmatics in psycholinguistics, see

401.9 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.452 *‡Speech acts

Class here illocutionary acts 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.454 *‡Presupposition Class here implication, entailment

Class presupposition, implication, entailment in logic in 160 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.456 *‡Reference Class here anaphora, deixis; comprehensive works on reference Class reference in philosophy of language in 121.68

3 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401

401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.47 *‡Languages for special purposes Class here sublanguages, discourse analysis of languages for special purposes Class teaching of languages for special purposes as second languages in 418.0071; class translation of language for special purposes in 418.03. Class dictionaries of languages for special purposes with the purpose, plus

notation 03 from Table 1, e.g., medical dictionaries 610.3 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.48] *‡Abbreviations and symbols Do not use for abbreviations and symbols as part of writing systems; class in 411. Do not use for dictionaries of abbreviations and symbols; class in

413.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401

[.5 *‡Scientific principles 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.51 *‡Mathematical principles

Class mathematical linguistics in 410.151 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.9 *‡Psychological principles Including speech errors Class here psycholinguistics Class speech errors in language acquisition in 401.93; class psychology of bilingualism in 404.2019 See also 306.44 for sociolinguistics

See Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.93 *‡Language acquisition See also 418.0071 for study and teaching of language; also 418.4019 for psychology of reading See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,

T4—80071 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.95 *‡Speech perception

See also 152.15 for auditory perception 402 DeweyiDecimali402Classification Language 402 [402 *‡Miscellany

402 DeweyiDecimali402Classification Language 402 [.85 *‡Computer applications

Class computational linguistics in 006.35 403 DeweyiDecimali403Classification Language 403 [403 *‡Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances For dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of linguistics, see 410.3; for general polyglot dictionaries, see 413; for dictionaries, encyclopedias,

concordances of literature, see 803 404 DeweyiDecimali404Classification Language 404 [404 *‡Special topics of language

4 404 Language 404

404 DeweyiDecimali404Classification Language 404

[.2 *‡Bilingualism Class here Specific instances of bilingualism are classed with the language dominant in the country in which the linguistic interaction occurs, e.g., a discussion of Spanish-English bilingualism in Los Angeles 420.42610979494. If neither language is dominant, class with the one coming later in 419–490

See also 306.446 for sociology of bilingualism and multilingualism 405 DeweyiDecimali405Classification Language 405 [405 *‡Serial publications

406 DeweyiDecimali406Classification Language 406 [406 *‡Organizations and management

407 DeweyiDecimali407Classification Language 407 [407 *‡Education, research, related topics See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,

T4—80071 407 DeweyiDecimali407Classification Language 407 [.2 *‡Research; statistical methods

Class corpus-based research methods in 410.188 408 DeweyiDecimali408Classification Language 408 [408 *‡Groups of people

See also 306.44 for sociology of language 408 DeweyiDecimali408Classification Language 408 [.9 *‡Treatment of language with respect to ethnic and national groups

Class ethnolinguistics in 306.44 409 DeweyiDecimali409Classification Language 409 [409 *‡Geographic treatment and biography Do not use for language history not limited by area; class in 417.7 Class specific languages and groups of languages in 419–490

See also 410.9 for geographic treatment and biography of linguistics 410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410 [410 *‡Linguistics Class here descriptive, synchronic linguistics; comprehensive works on , on Indo-European languages, on Indo-, on Indo-Hittite languages Class linguistics of specific languages in 419–490 For sociolinguistics, see 306.44; for lexicology, see 401.4; for semiotics, see 401.41; for specific Indo-European languages other than east Indo-European languages and Celtic languages, see 420–480; for east Indo-European and Celtic languages, see 491 See Manual at 410 (Option A: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific language, e.g., Russian, class it here and add to base number 41 as instructed under 420–490; in that case class linguistics in 400, its subdivisions in 401–409, standard subdivisions of language and of linguistics in 400.1–400.9. Option B is described under 420–490)

5 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410

410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410

SUMMARY

[410.1–.9 Standard subdivisions [411 Writing systems of standard forms of languages [412 Etymology of standard forms of languages [413 Dictionaries of standard forms of languages [414 and phonetics of standard forms of languages [415 of standard forms of languages [417 Dialectology and historical linguistics [418 Standard usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

[419 Sign languages 410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410 [.1 *‡Philosophy and theory Do not use for philosophy and theory of language and languages; class in 401 Class schools, theories, methodologies of linguistics in 410.18

See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410 [.151 *‡Mathematical principles

Class here mathematical linguistics 410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410 [.18 *‡Schools, theories, methodologies of linguistics Including functionalism, structural linguistics For works on schools, theories, methodologies of linguistics that

, or syntax and phonology, see 415.018 410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410 [.188 *‡Corpus linguistics Including language data samples collected as corpora to support corpus-based analysis Class corpus linguistics applied to a specific topic in linguistics with

the topic, e.g., corpus-based analysis of non phrases 415.5 410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410 [.19 *‡Psychological principles

Class psycholinguistics in 401.9 410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410 [.2 *‡Miscellany

Do not use for miscellany of language and languages; class in 402 410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410 [.285 *‡Computer applications Computational linguistics relocated to 006.35 Class computer applications in corpus linguistics in 410.188. Class a computational application of a linguistic process with the process, plus notation 0285635 from Table 1, e.g., part-of-speech tagging 415.0285635 See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285

6 410 Linguistics 410

410 DeweyiDecimal410iClassification Linguistics 410

[.3–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions Do not use for standard subdivisions of language and languages; class in 403–409 See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,

T4—80071 411 DeweyiDecimal411iClassification Linguistics 411 [411 *‡Writing systems of standard forms of languages Including , ideographs, ; ; abbreviations, acronyms, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, transliteration Class dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms in 413.15; class writing systems of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.2; class manual alphabets, in 418 See also 652 for practical works on how to write by hand or machine, e.g.,

penmanship 652.1 411 DeweyiDecimal411iClassification Linguistics 411 [.7 *‡Paleography and epigraphy Study of ancient and medieval handwriting and inscriptions Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading

Class paleography in the broad sense of all aspects of early writings in 417.7412 DeweyiDecimal412iClassification Linguistics 412 [412 *‡Etymology of standard forms of languages Class etymology of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.2; class comprehensive works on historical linguistics in 417.7; class interdisciplinary works on onomastics in 929.97. Class a specific aspect of etymology with the aspect, e.g., phonetic development of words 414

See Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415 412 DeweyiDecimal412iClassification Linguistics 412 [.03 *‡Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances

Including dictionaries of eponyms [formerly 413.1] 413 DeweyiDecimal413iClassification Linguistics 413 [413 *‡Dictionaries of standard forms of languages Class here polyglot dictionaries Class dictionaries of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.2 For bilingual dictionaries with entry words in only one language, see the language, plus notation 32–39 from Table 4, e.g., French-English dictionary 443.21. For bilingual dictionaries with entry words in both languages, see the language coming later in 420–490, plus notation 32–39 from Table 4, e.g.,

French-German, German-English dictionary 443.31 413 DeweyiDecimal413iClassification Linguistics 413 [.028 *‡Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials Class here lexicography

7 413 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 413

413 DeweyiDecimal413iClassification Linguistics 413

[.1 *‡Specialized dictionaries Including synonym dictionaries Dictionaries of eponyms relocated to 412.03 Class etymological dictionaries in 412.03. Class subject dictionaries with the subject, plus notation 03 from Table 1, e.g., dictionary of medicine 610.3

For crossword-puzzle dictionaries, see 793.73203 413 DeweyiDecimal413iClassification Linguistics 413 [.15 *‡Dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading Class subject dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms with the subject, plus notation 0148 from Table 1, e.g., dictionary of scientific abbreviations

and acronyms 501.48 413 DeweyiDecimal413iClassification Linguistics 413 [.17 *‡Picture dictionaries Limited to dictionaries with pictures of what words represent

See also 419.03 for dictionaries with pictures of sign-language signs413 DeweyiDecimal413iClassification Linguistics 413 [.2–.9 *‡Polyglot dictionaries with entry words or definitions in only one language Add to base number 413 notation 2–9 from Table 6, e.g., a dictionary with terms in English, French, and German, but with definitions only in English

413.21 414 DeweyiDecimal414iClassification Linguistics 414 [414 *‡Phonology and phonetics of standard forms of languages Standard subdivisions are added for phonology and phonetics together, for phonology alone Class here , ; morphophonology, morphophonemics, phonemics Class comprehensive works on phonology and , on phonology and syntax, or on all three in 415; class phonology and phonetics of geographic

variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.2 414 DeweyiDecimal414iClassification Linguistics 414 [.6 *‡Suprasegmental features Phonology and phonetics of vocal effects extending over more than one sound element Including juncture (pauses), pitch, stress

Class here 414 DeweyiDecimal414iClassification Linguistics 414 [.8 *‡Phonetics For phonetic aspects of suprasegmental features, see 414.6

8 415 Linguistics 415

415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [415 *‡Grammar of standard forms of languages Class here grammatical categories, sentences, syntax, ; ; comprehensive works on phonology and morphology, on phonology and syntax, or on all three Class grammar of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.2 Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or more subdivisions of 415 in the number coming last, e.g., number expressed by 415.6 (not 415.5) For phonology, see 414; for prescriptive grammar, see 418

See Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

[.01 *‡Philosophy and theory 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.018 *‡Schools, theories, methodologies

Including case, categorial, relational grammar 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

[.018 2 *‡Generative grammar 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

[.018 4 *‡Dependency grammar 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

[.02 *‡Miscellany 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.028 563 5 *‡Natural language processing

Class here part-of-speech tagging, parsing 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

> [415.5–415.7*‡Word classes Class here parts of speech

Class comprehensive works in 415 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.5 *‡, pronouns, , articles Including case, number, person

Class here phrases 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

[.54 *‡Nouns 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

[.55 *‡Pronouns 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.6 *‡Verbs Including modality, mood, ; comprehensive works on words derived from verbs, on , on Class here phrases Class works that treat a specific function (other than the verb function) of

words derived from verbs with the function, e.g., as nouns 415.54 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

[.62 *‡Tense 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.63 *‡Aspect

9 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415

415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415

[.7 *‡Miscellaneous word classes Including conjunctions, interjections, particles, prepositions, prepositional phrases

Class in 415.92 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.76 *‡Adverbs

Including adverbials 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.9 *‡Morphology Class morphophonology, morphophonemics in 414

For morphology of specific word classes, see 415.5–415.7 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.92 *‡Word formation Including (infixes, , ), clitics; formation of words Class here derivational morphology

Class etymology in 412 415 DeweyiDecimal415iClassification Linguistics 415 [.95 *‡ For inflectional schemata designed for use as aids in learning a language, see 418 [416] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 18 417 DeweyiDecimal417iClassification Linguistics 417 [417 *‡Dialectology and historical linguistics

417 DeweyiDecimal417iClassification Linguistics 417

[.2 *‡Dialectology Including argot, , jargon, slang Class here , patois, provincialisms Works on writing systems, etymology, dictionaries, phonology, phonetics, grammar, applied linguistics are classed here when applied to geographic variations, to modern nongeographic variations, e.g., morphology of geographic variations

417 DeweyiDecimal417iClassification Linguistics 417 [.22 *‡, creoles, mixed languages Standard subdivisions are added for any or all topics in heading See Manual at T4—7

10 417 Linguistics 417

417 DeweyiDecimal417iClassification Linguistics 417

[.7 *‡Historical linguistics (Diachronic linguistics) Study of development of language over time Class here language history not limited by area, language change, paleography in the broad sense of all aspects of early writings For change in and history of a specific element of language, see the element, e.g., paleography in the narrow sense of study of ancient and medieval handwriting 411.7, grammar 415 See also 409 for geographic treatment of language history; also 410.9 for history of linguistics

See Manual at 410 418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418 [418 *‡Standard usage (Prescriptive linguistics) General, formal, informal usage Including comprehensive works on instruction in lipreading with respect to multiple languages, comprehensive works on use of signs and fingerspelling for manual coding of multiple standard spoken languages Class here applied linguistics Class purely descriptive linguistics in 411–415; class prescriptive and applied linguistics applied to geographic variations, to modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.2; class dictionaries in 413; class lexicography in 413.028 For rhetoric, see 808.04. For use of signs and fingerspelling for manual coding of a specific spoken language, see the language plus notation 891 from Table 4, e.g., use of signs and fingerspelling to represent standard English 428.91, use of British signs to represent standard English 428.9141; for lipreading a specific language, see the language, plus notation

8954 from Table 4, e.g., lipreading English 428.954 418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418 [.007 1 *‡Education Class here teaching See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71,

418.0071, T4—80071 418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418 [.02 *‡Translating Class here interpreting Translating materials on specific subjects relocated to 418.03; translating

literature (belles-lettres) and rhetoric relocated to 418.04 418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418 [.020 285 635 *‡Natural language processing Class here machine translation

11 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418

418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418 [.03 *‡Translating materials on specific subjects [formerly 418.02] Class here interpreting materials on specific subjects Add to base number 418.03 three-digit numbers 001–999 (but stop before any zero that follows a non-zero number), e.g., translating natural history materials 418.035 (not 418.03508), translating medical materials 418.0361 Class translating a specific work or the works of a specific author with the work, translations of the work, or author, e.g., translating the Bible 220, translating the works of Aristotle 185

For translating literature (belles-lettres) and rhetoric, see 418.04 418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418 [.04 *‡Translating literature (belles-lettres) and rhetoric [formerly 418.02] Class here interpreting literature and rhetoric; translating works about literature, rhetoric Class translating a specific work or works of a specific author with the work or author, e.g., translating the Aeneid 873.01, translating the works of

Shakespeare 822.33 418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418 [.041–.048 *‡Translating specific forms of literature Add to base number 418.04 one-digit notation 1–8 from Table 3B, e.g., translating poetry 418.041, translating tragedy 418.042 (not

418.0420512) 418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418

[.07 *‡Multilingual phrase books 418 DeweyiDecimal418iClassification Linguistics 418

[.4 *‡Reading 419 DeweyiDecimal419iClassification Linguistics 419 [419 *‡Sign languages Class here comprehensive works on fingerspelling, use of fingerspelling as part of sign languages Class nonlinguistic (nonstructured) communication (e.g., use of gestures) in 302.222 For comprehensive works on use of signs and fingerspelling for manual coding of multiple standard spoken languages, see 418. For use of signs and fingerspelling for manual coding of specific standard spoken languages, see

notation 891 from Table 4 419 DeweyiDecimal419iClassification Linguistics 419 [.03 *‡Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances Class a dictionary of a specific sign language with the language, e.g.,

dictionary of 419.703 419 DeweyiDecimal419iClassification Linguistics 419

[.09 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 419 DeweyiDecimal419iClassification Linguistics 419 [.094–.099] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world Do not use for sign languages used primarily for purposes other than communication among deaf people or between hearing and deaf people; class in 419.1. Do not use for sign languages used primarily for communication among deaf people or between hearing and deaf people; class in 419.4–419.9. Do not use for comprehensive works on all types of sign languages; class in 419

12 419 Linguistics 419

419 DeweyiDecimal419iClassification Linguistics 419

[.1 *‡Sign languages used primarily for purposes other than communication of deaf people Including monastic sign languages, sign languages used as lingua francas among hearing people (Option: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific sign language used primarily for purposes other than communication of deaf people,

class it in 419.3. Prefer 419.1) 419 DeweyiDecimal419iClassification Linguistics 419 (.3) *‡Specific sign language

(Optional number; prefer 419.1 or 419.4–419.9) 419 DeweyiDecimal419iClassification Linguistics 419 [.4–.9 *‡Sign languages used primarily for communication among deaf people or between hearing and deaf people Class here indigenous sign languages of deaf communities, comprehensive works on methods of communication of deaf-blind people Add to base number 419 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., 419.41, 419.46, Catalonian Sign Language 419.467, American Sign Language 419.7; then for a specific sign language add 0 and to the result add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of British Sign Language 419.4105, grammar of Spanish Sign Language 419.4605, grammar of Catalonian Sign Language 419.46705, grammar of American Sign Language 419.705 Class sign languages used primarily for purposes other than communication of deaf people in 419.1 For braille, see 411 (Option: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific sign language used primarily for communication among deaf people or between

hearing and deaf people, class it in 419.3. Prefer 419.4–419.9) 420 English420[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 420

> [420–491*‡Specific Indo-European languages Class comprehensive works in 410

13 420 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 420

420 English420[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 420

> [420–490*‡Specific languages Class here comprehensive works on specific languages and their literatures Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number for each language identified by * notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Japanese 495.65. The base number is the number given for the language unless the schedule specifies a different number (Option: For any group of languages, add notation 04 to the base number and then add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Celtic languages 491.6045) The numbers used in this schedule for individual languages do not necessarily correspond exactly with those in 810–890 or with notation in Table 6. Use notation from Table 6 only when so instructed, e.g., at 494 Class polyglot dictionaries in 413; class comprehensive works in 410 For specific sign languages, see 419; for literatures of specific languages, see 810–890 See Manual at 420–490 (Option B: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific language, place it first by use of a letter or other symbol, e.g., language 4A0 [preceding 420], for which the base number is 4A. Option A is described under

410) 420 English420[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 420

> [420–480*‡Specific Indo-European languages other than east Indo-European languages and Celtic languages

Class comprehensive works on Indo-European languages in 410 420 English420[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 420

[420 *‡English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 420 English420[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 420 [.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of English Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics

of Italian 420.143 421 English421[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 421 [421–428 *‡Subdivisions of English Class here comprehensive works on English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 42 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of English 421.5

For Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 429 421 English421[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 421 [421 *‡, phonology, phonetics of standard English Number built according to instructions under 421–428

14 421 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 421

421 English421[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 421 [.52 *‡Spelling () and pronunciation Number built according to instructions under 421–428 Including standard Canadian spelling and pronunciation For standard American (U..) spelling and pronunciation, see 421.54;

for standard British spelling and pronunciation, see 421.55 421 English421[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 421

[.54 *‡Standard American (U.S.) spelling and pronunciation 421 English421[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 421

[.55 *‡Standard British spelling and pronunciation 422 English422[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 422 [422 *‡Etymology of standard English

Number built according to instructions under 421–428 423 English423[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 423 [423 *‡Dictionaries of standard English Number built according to instructions under 421–428 [424] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 16 425 English425[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 425 [425 *‡Grammar of standard English Number built according to instructions under 421–428 [426] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 18 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [427 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of English Number built according to instructions under 421–428

For Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 429 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for ; class in 427.02 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [.009 4–.009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 427.9 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [.02 *‡Middle English, 1100–1500

See also 429 for Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [.09] *‡Modern nongeographic variations

Number discontinued; class in 427 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [.1–.8] *‡Geographic variations in Relocated to 427.942

15 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427

427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427

[.9 *‡Geographic variations 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [.901–.909] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 427.001–427.009 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [.91 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 427.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19

from Table 2, e.g., dialects of the British empire 427.9171241 427 English427[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 427 [.94–.99 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world Add to base number 427.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in England 427.942 [formerly 427.1–427.8], slang of British Isles 427.941, dialects of 427.971, 427.9953 For geographic variations of Middle English, see

427.02094–427.02099 428 English428[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 428 [428 *‡Standard English usage (Prescriptive linguistics) Number built according to instructions under 421–428

Class here Basic English 429 English429[and Dewey[Old[iEnglishDecima[li(AClassificationnglo-Saxon) 429 [429 **Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

See also 427.02 for Middle English 430430 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 430 [430 *‡German and related languages Class here Germanic languages

For English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 420 430430 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 430 [.01–.03 *‡Standard subdivisions of Germanic languages Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Germanic languages 430.0143 430430 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 430 [.04 *‡Special topics of Germanic languages Add to base number 430.04 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Germanic languages 430.045 430430 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 430

[.05–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Germanic languages 430430 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 430 [.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of German Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics

of German 430.143 431431 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 431 [431–438 *‡Subdivisions of German Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 43 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of German 431.5

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

16 431 German[and[related[languages 431

431431 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 431 [431 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of

Number built according to instructions under 431–438 432432 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 432 [432 *‡Etymology of standard German

Number built according to instructions under 431–438 433433 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 433 [433 *‡Dictionaries of standard German Number built according to instructions under 431–438 [434] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 16 435435 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 435 [435 *‡Grammar of standard German Number built according to instructions under 431–438 [436] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 18 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [437 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of German Number built according to instructions under 431–438

Class in 439.4 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499 Do not use for ; class in 437.01. Do not use for and ; class in

437.02 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.009 4–.009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 437.9 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437

[.01 *‡Old High German to 1100 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.02 *‡Middle High German and Early New High German, 1100–1500

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.09] *‡Modern nongeographic variations

Number discontinued; class in 437 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.1–.5] *‡Geographic variations in Germany

Relocated to 437.943 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.6] *‡Geographic variations in Austria Relocated to 437.9436

17 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437

437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437

[.9 *‡Geographic variations

See also 439.1 for 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.901–.909] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 437.001–437.009 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.91 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 437.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19

from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions 437.91734 437437 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 437 [.94–.99 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world Add to base number 437.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Germany 437.943 [formerly 437.1–437.5], geographic variations in Austria 437.9436 [formerly 437.6], German dialects of Alsace 437.94439 For geographic variations of Old High German, see 437.01094–437.01099. For geographic variations of Middle High

German and Early New High, see 437.02094–437.02099 438438 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 438 [438 *‡Standard German usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 431–438 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [439 *‡Other Germanic languages

439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.1 **Yiddish 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

> [439.2–439.4*‡Low Germanic languages Class here

Class comprehensive works in 439 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.2 **Frisian

Including 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.3 *‡Netherlandish languages 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.31 **Dutch Including Old

Class here Flemish 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.36 ** 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.4 **Low German (Plattdeutsch) Including Old Low German,

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

18 439 German[and[related[languages 439

439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.5 *‡ (Nordic languages) Including proto-Nordic language Class here comprehensive works on languages in the Nordic countries, comprehensive works on east Scandinavian languages, comprehensive works on west Scandinavian languages, comprehensive works on modern west Scandinavian languages For specific North Germanic languages, see 439.6–439.8; for Finnish, see

494.541; for Sami, see 494.55 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

> [439.6–439.8*‡Specific North Germanic languages

Class comprehensive works in 439.5 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.6 *‡ (Old Icelandic), Icelandic, Faeroese

For comprehensive works on west Scandinavian languages, see 439.5 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.600 1–.600 9] *‡Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Old Norse (Old Icelandic), Icelandic, Faeroese

Relocated to 439.601–439.609 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.601–.609 *‡Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Old Norse (Old Icelandic), Icelandic, Faeroese [formerly 439.6001–439.6009]; Old Norse (Old Icelandic) Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Old Norse 439.60143 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.61–.68 *‡Subdivisions of Old Norse (Old Icelandic) Add to base number 439.6 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Old

Norse 439.65 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.69 *‡Icelandic and Faeroese Icelandic ca. 1500– For comprehensive works on modern west Scandinavian languages, see

439.5 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.690 01–.690 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Icelandic and Faeroese

Relocated to 439.6901–439.6909 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.690 1–.690 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Icelandic and Faeroese [formerly 439.69001–439.69009]; Icelandic Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Icelandic 439.690143 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.691–.698 *‡Subdivisions of Icelandic Add to base number 439.69 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Icelandic 439.695

19 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439

439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.699 **Faeroese 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.7 **Swedish 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.77 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations

Number built according to instructions under 420–490 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.770 01–.770 09 *‡Standard subdivisions 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.770 090 1] *‡To 499 A..

Do not use; class in 439.5 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.770 090 2] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499 Do not use for proto-Nordic language; class in 439.5. Do

not use for ; class in 439.7701 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.770 094–.770 099] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 439.779 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.770 1 *‡Old Swedish to 1526 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.776–.778] *‡Geographic variations in Sweden

Relocated to 439.779486–439.779488 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.779 *‡Geographic variations 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.779 01–.779 09] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 439.77001–439.77009 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.779 1 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 439.7791 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions

439.7791734 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.779 4–.779 9 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world Add to base number 439.779 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Sweden 439.779485 [formerly

439.776–439.778], dialects of Finland 439.7794897 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.8 *‡Danish and Norwegian 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.81 **Danish

Class Dano-Norwegian in 439.82 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.817 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations

Number built according to instructions under 420–490 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.817 001–.817 009 *‡Standard subdivisions

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490 *Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

20 439 German[and[related[languages 439

439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.817 009 01] *‡To 499 A.D.

Do not use; class in 439.5 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.817 009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499 Do not use for proto-Nordic language; class in 439.5.

Do not use for Old Danish; class in 439.81701 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.817 009 4–.817 009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 439.8179 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.817 01 *‡Old Danish to 1500 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.817 1–.817 5] *‡Geographic variations in Denmark

Relocated to 439.81794891–439.81794895 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.817 9 *‡Geographic variations 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.817 901–.817 909] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 439.817001–439.817009 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.817 91 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 439.81791 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions

439.81791734 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.817 94–.817 99 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world Add to base number 439.8179 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Denmark 439.8179489 [formerly

439.8171–439.8175], dialects of Germany 439.817943 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.82 **Norwegian Class here New Norse, Landsm( [both formerly 439.83]; Dano-Norwegian, ( ( Riksm l, Bokm l 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.827 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations

Number built according to instructions under 420–490 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.827 001–.827 009 *‡Standard subdivisions 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.827 009 01] *‡To 499 A.D.

Do not use; class in 439.5 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.827 009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499 Do not use for proto-Nordic language; class in 439.5. Do not use for Old Norse; class in 439.6. Do not use for ; class in 439.82702

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

21 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439

439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.827 009 03 *‡Modern period, 1500–

Do not use for Middle Norwegian; class in 439.82702439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.827 009 4–.827 009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 439.8279 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.827 02 *‡Middle Norwegian, 1350–1525 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.827 2–.827 4] *‡Geographic variations in Norway

Relocated to 439.8279482–439.8279484 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439

[.827 9 *‡Geographic variations 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.827 901–.827 909] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 439.827001–439.827009 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.827 91 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 439.82791 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions

439.82791734 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.827 94–.827 99 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world Add to base number 439.8279 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Norway 439.8279481 [formerly

439.8272–439.8274], dialects of 439.827973 439439 Germa Deweyn[iandDecima[relatedliClassification[languages 439 [.9 *‡

Including Burgundian, Gothic, Vandalic 440 Fren ch440[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 440 [440 *‡French and related Romance languages Class here Romance languages Class comprehensive works on Italic languages in 470 For Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican, see 450;

for Spanish and Portuguese, see 460 440 Fren ch440[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 440 [.01–.03 *‡Standard subdivisions of Romance languages Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Romance languages 440.0143 440 Fren ch440[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 440 [.04 *‡Special topics of Romance languages Add to base number 440.04 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Romance languages 440.045 440 Fren ch440[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 440

[.05–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Romance languages 440 Fren ch440[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 440 [.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of French Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of French 440.143

22 441 French[and[related[Romance[languages 441

441 Fren ch441[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 441 [441–448 *‡Subdivisions of French Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 44

notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of French 441.5 441 Fren ch441[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 441 [441 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of

Number built according to instructions under 441–448 442 Fren ch442[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 442 [442 *‡Etymology of standard French

Number built according to instructions under 441–448 443 Fren ch443[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 443 [443 *‡Dictionaries of standard French Number built according to instructions under 441–448 [444] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 16 445 Fren ch445[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 445 [445 *‡Grammar of standard French Number built according to instructions under 441–448 [446] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 18 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447 [447 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of French Number built according to instructions under 441–448

See also 449 for Occitan, Franco-Provençal 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447 [.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499 Do not use for ; class in 447.01. Do not use for

Middle French; class in 447.02 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447 [.009 031] *‡16th century, 1500–1599

Do not use; class in 447.02 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447 [.009 4–.009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 447.9 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447

[.01 *‡Old French to 1400 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447

[.02 *‡, 1400–1600 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447 [.09] *‡Modern nongeographic variations Number discontinued; class in 447

23 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447

447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447

[.1–.8] *‡Geographic variations in

Relocated to 447.944 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447

[.9 *‡Geographic variations 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447 [.901–.909] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 447.001–447.009 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447 [.91 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 447.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of the overseas regions of the French Republic

447.9171244 447 Fren ch447[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 447 [.94–.99 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world Add to base number 447.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in France 447.944 [formerly 447.1–447.8], dialects of Quebec 447.9714, 447.97294 For geographic variations of Old French, see 447.01094–447.01099; for geographic variations of Middle French, see 447.02094–447.02099 See also 449.709449 for Provençal of Occitan; also 459.984 for

Corsican 448 Fren ch448[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 448 [448 *‡Standard French usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 441–448 449 Fren ch449[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 449 [449 *‡Occitan, Catalan, Franco-Provençal Class here Langue d’oc; Provençal in the sense of a synonym of Occitan

Class Provençal in the sense of one of the dialects of Occitan in 449.709449 449 Fren ch449[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 449 [.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Occitan, Langue d’oc Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of Occitan 449.0143

Subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 449 Fren ch449[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 449 [.1–.8 *‡Subdivisions of Occitan, Langue d’oc Add to base number 449 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Occitan 449.5

Subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 449 Fren ch449[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 449 [.709 449 *‡Provençal dialect Number built according to instructions under 449.1–449.8 Class Provençal in the sense of a synonym of Occitan in 449

See also 449 for for Franco-Provençal 449 Fren ch449[and Dewey[relatediDecima[RomancliClassificatione[languages 449 [.9 **Catalan

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

24 450 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 450

450 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,450[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 450 [450 *‡Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican Class Dalmatian in 457.994972; class comprehensive works on Romance

languages in 440; class comprehensive works on Italic languages in 470 450 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,450[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 450 [.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Italian Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics

of Italian 450.143 451 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,451[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 451 [451–458 *‡Subdivisions of Italian Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 45

notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Italian 451.5 451 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,451[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 451 [451 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard Italian

Number built according to instructions under 451–458 452 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,452[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 452 [452 *‡Etymology of standard Italian

Number built according to instructions under 451–458 453 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,453[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 453 [453 *‡Dictionaries of standard Italian Number built according to instructions under 451–458 [454] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 16 455 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,455[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 455 [455 *‡Grammar of standard Italian Number built according to instructions under 451–458 [456] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 18 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [457 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Italian

Number built according to instructions under 451–458 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499 Do not use for Old Italian; class in 457.01. Do not use for

Middle Italian; class in 457.02 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.009 031] *‡16th century, 1500–1599 Do not use; class in 457.02

25 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457

457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457

[.009 4–.009 9] *‡Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 457.9 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457

[.01 *‡Old Italian to 1300 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457

[.02 *‡Middle Italian, 1300–1600 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.09] *‡Modern nongeographic variations

Number discontinued; class in 457 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.1–.7] *‡Geographic variations in peninsular

Relocated to 457.945 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.8] *‡Geographic variations in Sicily

Relocated to 457.99458 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.9 *‡Geographic variations Sardinian relocated to 459.982 For geographic variations of Old Italian, see 457.01094–457.01099; for

geographic variations of Middle Italian, see 457.02094–457.02099 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.901–.909] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 457.001–457.009 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.91 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 457.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions 457.91734 Geographic variations in Cagliari of relocated to

459.98271 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.92] *‡Geographic variations in Nuoro province of Sardinia

Relocated to 459.982712 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.93] *‡Geographic variations in Sassari province of Sardinia

Relocated to 459.982713 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.94 *‡Geographic variations in Europe Add to base number 457.94 the numbers following —4 in notation 41–49 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Italy 457.945 [formerly 457.1–457.7], 457.94972 [formerly 457.994972] Geographic variations in Oristano province of Sardinia relocated to

459.98274 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.95 *‡Geographic variations in Asia Add to base number 457.95 the numbers following —5 in notation 51–59 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Philippines 457.9599 Corsican relocated to 459.984

26 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.96–.98 *‡Geographic variations in Africa, , South America Add to base number 457.9 notation 6–8 from Table 2, e.g., geographic

variations in 457.9612 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.99 *‡Geographic variations in other parts of world Add to base number 457.99 the numbers following —9 in notation 91–98

from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in 457.994 457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,457[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 457 [.994 972] *‡Dalmatian language

Relocated to 457.94972 458 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,458[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 458 [458 *‡Standard Italian usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 451–458 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [459 *‡Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican

459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Romanian Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Romanian 459.0143 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.1–.8 *‡Subdivisions of Romanian Add to base number 459 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Romanian 459.5 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459

[.9 *‡Rhaetian languages; Sardinian, Corsican 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459

[.92 ** 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.94 **

See also 467.9496 for Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459

[.96 **Romansch language 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459

[.98 *‡Sardinian and Corsican 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459

[.982 **Sardinian [formerly 457.9] 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.982 7 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations

Number built according to instructions under 420–490 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.982 709 459 1–.982 709 459 4] *‡Treatment by localities in Sardinia

Do not use; class in 459.98271–459.98274 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.982 71–.982 74] *‡Geographic variations in Sardinia [formerly 459.91–459.94]

Relocated to 457.99459 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.982 71 *‡Geographic variations in Cagliari province of Sardinia [formerly 457.91]

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

27 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459

459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459

[.982 72 *‡Geographic variations in Nuoro province of Sardinia [formerly

457.92] 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.982 73 *‡Geographic variations in Sassari province of Sardinia [formerly

457.93] 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459 [.982 74 *‡Geographic variations in Oristano province of Sardinia [formerly

457.94] 459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,459[Rhaetian, DeweyiDecima[Sardinian,liClassification[Corsican 459

[.984 **Corsican [formerly 457.95] 460460 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 460 [460 *‡Spanish, Portuguese, Galician

Class comprehensive works on Romance languages in 440 460460 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 460 [.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions for comprehensive works on Spanish and

Portuguese 460460 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 460 [.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Spanish Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics

of Spanish 460.143 461461 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 461 [461–468 *‡Subdivisions of Spanish Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 46

notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Spanish 461.5 461461 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 461 [461 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard Spanish

Number built according to instructions under 461–468 462462 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 462 [462 *‡Etymology of standard Spanish

Number built according to instructions under 461–468 463463 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 463 [463 *‡Dictionaries of standard Spanish Number built according to instructions under 461–468 [464] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 16 465465 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 465 [465 *‡Grammar of standard Spanish Number built according to instructions under 461–468 [466] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 18 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [467 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Spanish

Number built according to instructions under 461–468 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography

28 467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467

467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467

[.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499 Do not use for ; class in 467.01. Do not use for

Middle Spanish; class in 467.02 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [.009 031] *‡16th century, 1500–1599

Do not use; class in 467.02 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [.009 4–.009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 467.9 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467

[.01 *‡Old Spanish to 1100 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467

[.02 *‡Middle Spanish, 1100–1600 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [.09] *‡Modern nongeographic variations

Number discontinued; class in 467 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [.1–.8] *‡Geographic variations in

Relocated to 467.946 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467

[.9 *‡Geographic variations 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [.901–.909] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 467.001–467.009 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [.91 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 467.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19

from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions 467.91734 467467 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 467 [.94–.99 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world Add to base number 467.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Spain 467.946 [formerly 467.1–467.8], Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) 467.9496, Papiamento 467.972986, Latin American dialects 467.98 For geographic variations of Old Spanish, see 467.01094–467.01099;

for geographic variations of Middle Spanish, see 467.02094–467.02099468468 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 468 [468 *‡Standard Spanish usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 461–468 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [469 *‡Portuguese and Galician

469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Portuguese Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Portuguese 469.0143 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.1–.5 *‡Subdivisions of Portuguese Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 469 notation 1–5 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Portuguese 469.15

29 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469

469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469

[.7 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic

variations 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469

[.700 1–.700 8 *‡Standard subdivisions 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469

[.700 9 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.700 902] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499 Do not use for Old Portuguese; class in 469.701. Do not use

for Middle Portuguese; class in 469.702 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.700 903 1] *‡16th century, 1500–1599

Do not use; class in 469.702 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.700 94–.700 99] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 469.79 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469

[.701 *‡Old Portuguese to 1100 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469

[.702 *‡Middle Portuguese, 1100–1600 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.709] *‡Modern nongeographic variations

Number discontinued; class in 469.7 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.71–.76] *‡Geographic variations in continental Portugal Geographic variations of Portuguese in continental Portugal relocated to 469.79469; geographic variations of Galician in continental Portugal

relocated from 469.71–469.72 to 469.9 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.78] *‡Geographic variations in Madeira

Relocated to 469.794698 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.79 *‡Geographic variations in specific continents, countries, localities in

modern world 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.790 1–.790 9] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 469.7001–469.7009 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.791 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 469.791 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of the Portuguese Empire 469.791712469 Geographic variations in Azores relocated to 469.794699

30 469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.794 *‡Geographic variations in Europe Add to base number 469.794 the numbers following —4 in notation 41–49 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Portugal 469.79469 [formerly 469.71–469.76], geographic variations in Madeira 469.794698 [formerly 469.78], geographic variations in Azores 469.794699 [formerly 469.791], geographic variations in Spain 469.7946 For geographic variations of Old Portuguese, see 469.701094–469.701099; for geographic variations of Middle Portuguese, see 469.702094–469.702099

Geographic variations of Galician in Spain relocated to 469.9 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.795–.797 *‡Geographic variations in Asia, Africa, North America Add to base number 469.79 notation 5–7 from Table 2, e.g., Crioulo of -Bissau 469.796657 [formerly 469.7996657], Crioulo of Cape Verde Islands and comprehensive works on Crioulo 469.796658 [formerly 469.7996658]

See also 467.972986 for Papiamento 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.798 *‡Geographic variations in South America Add to base number 469.798 the numbers following —8 in notation 81–89 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Brazil 469.7981, dialects of São Paulo 469.798161 Notation —81–87 from Table 2 replaces notation 811–817 from Table 2 with the result that many numbers have been reused with

new meanings 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.799 *‡Geographic variations in other parts of world Add to base number 469.79 notation 9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic

variations of Australia 469.7994 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.799 01–.799 09] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 469.79001–469.79009 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.799 1 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 469.7991 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions

469.7991734 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.799 665 7] *‡Crioulo of Guinea-Bissau

Relocated to 469.796657 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.799 665 8] *‡Crioulo of Cape Verde Islands; comprehensive works on Crioulo

Relocated to 469.796658 469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469 [.8 *‡Standard Portuguese usage (Prescriptive linguistics) Add to base number 469.8 the numbers following —8 in notation 8001–8955 from Table 4, e.g., reading Portuguese 469.84

31 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469

469469 Spanish, DeweyiDecima[Portuguese,liClassification[Galician 469

[.9 **Galician [formerly 469.71–469.72, 469.794]

Class here Gallegan 470 Latin470 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 470 [470 *‡Latin and related Italic languages Class here Italic languages Class comprehensive works on Latin and Greek in 480

For Romance languages, see 440 470 Latin470 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 470

[.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Italic languages 470 Latin470 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 470 [.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Latin Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics

of Latin 470.143 471 Latin471 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 471 [471–478 *‡Subdivisions of Latin Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 47 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Latin 471.5

See Manual at 471–475, 478 vs. 477 471 Latin471 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 471 [471 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of

Number built according to instructions under 471–478 472 Latin472 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 472 [472 *‡Etymology of classical Latin

Number built according to instructions under 471–478 473 Latin473 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 473 [473 *‡Dictionaries of classical Latin Number built according to instructions under 471–478 [474] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 16 475 Latin475 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 475 [475 *‡Grammar of classical Latin Number built according to instructions under 471–478 [476] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 18 477 Latin477 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 477 [477 *‡Old, postclassical, Standard subdivisions are added for any or all topics in heading Variant name for : preclassical Latin Number built according to instructions under 471–478

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

32 478 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 478

478 Latin478 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 478 [478 *‡Classical Latin usage (Prescriptive linguistics) Number built according to instructions under 471–478

Class here classical-revival Latin usage during medieval or modern times 479 Latin479 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 479 [479 *‡Other Italic languages

479 Latin479 [Deweyand[relatediDecima[ItalicliClassification[languages 479

[.4–.9 *‡Specific languages Add to base number 479 the numbers following —79 in notation 794–799

from Table 6, e.g., Umbrian 479.9 480 Classical[Greek480[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 480 [480 *‡Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages Classical Greek: the Greek that flourished between 750 and 350 B.. Class here Hellenic languages, comprehensive works on classical (Greek and Latin) languages

For Latin, see 470 480 Classical[Greek480[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 480

[.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of classical (Greek and Latin) languages 480 Classical[Greek480[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 480

[.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Hellenic languages, classical Greek 481 Classical[Greek481[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 481 [481–488 *‡Subdivisions of classical, preclassical, postclassical Greek Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 48 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of classical Greek 481.5 Dialects of classical Greek are classed in the numbers for classical Greek (480.1–485, 488)

For standard subdivisions of classical Greek, see 480.1–480.9 481 Classical[Greek481[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 481 [481 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488 482 Classical[Greek482[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 482 [482 *‡Etymology of classical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488 483 Classical[Greek483[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 483 [483 *‡Dictionaries of classical Greek Number built according to instructions under 481–488 [484] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 16 485 Classical[Greek485[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 485 [485 *‡Grammar of classical Greek Number built according to instructions under 481–488 [486] *‡[Unassigned] Most recently used in Edition 18

33 487 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 487

487 Classical[Greek487[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 487 [487 *‡Preclassical and postclassical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488 487 Classical[Greek487[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 487 [.1 *‡Preclassical Greek Including Mycenaean Greek,

See also 492.6 for Linear A 487 Classical[Greek487[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 487 [.3 *‡Postclassical Greek Including Byzantine Greek

For Koine, see 487.4 487 Classical[Greek487[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 487 [.4 *‡Koine (Hellenistic Greek)

Class here Biblical Greek 488 Classical[Greek488[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 488 [488 *‡Classical Greek usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 481–488 489 Classical[Greek489[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 489 [489 *‡Other Hellenic languages

489 Classical[Greek489[and Dewey[relatediDecima[HellenicliClassification[languages 489

[.3 **Modern Greek

Including , Katharevusa 490 DeweyiDecima490 OtheliClassificationr[languages 490 [490 *‡Other languages

Including language of Indus script 490 DeweyiDecima490 OtheliClassificationr[languages 490

SUMMARY

[491 East Indo-European and Celtic languages [492 Afro-Asiatic languages [493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages [494 Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, [495 Languages of east and [496 African languages [497 North American native languages [498 South American native languages [499 Non- of , Austronesian languages,

miscellaneous languages 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [491 *‡East Indo-European and Celtic languages Class comprehensive works on Indo-European languages in 410

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

34 491 Other[languages 491

491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

SUMMARY

[491.1 Indo- [.2 [.3 Middle Indo-Aryan languages [.4 Modern Indo-Aryan languages [.5 Iranian languages [.6 Celtic languages [.7 Russian and related [.8 Slavic (Slavonic) languages

[.9 Baltic and other Indo-European languages 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.1 *‡Indo-Iranian languages For Indo-Aryan languages, see 491.2–491.4; for Iranian languages, see

491.5 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

> [491.2–491.4*‡Indo-Aryan languages

Class comprehensive works in 491.1 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.2 **Sanskrit 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.29 *‡Vedic (Old Indo-Aryan) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.3 *‡Middle Indo-Aryan languages Former heading: Middle Indic languages Class here comprehensive works on Prakrit languages

For modern Prakrit languages, see 491.4 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.37 **Pali 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.4 *‡Modern Indo-Aryan languages Former heading: Modern Indic languages Class here modern Prakrit languages

Class comprehensive works on Prakrit languages in 491.3 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.41 *‡Sindhi and 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.410 1–.410 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Sindhi Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Sindhi 491.40143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.411–.418 *‡Subdivisions of Sindhi Add to base number 491.41 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Sindhi 491.415 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.419 **Lahnda 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.42 **Panjabi

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

35 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491

491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.43 *‡Western languages Class here comprehensive works on Hindi languages For languages of east central zone of Indo-Aryan languages (Eastern

Hindi languages), see 491.492 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.430 01–.430 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of Western Hindi languages

Relocated to 491.4301–491.4309 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.430 1–.430 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Western Hindi languages [formerly 491.43001–491.43009], Hindi Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Hindi 491.430143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.431–.438 *‡Subdivisions of Hindi Add to base number 491.43 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Hindi 491.435 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.439 ** 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.44 **Bengali Class here comprehensive works on Bengali and Assamese

For Assamese, see 491.451 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.45 *‡Assamese, Bihari, Oriya 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.451 **Assamese 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.454 **Bihari 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.454 7 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations Number built according to instructions under 420–490

Including Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.456 **Oriya 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.46 *‡Marathi and Konkani 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.460 1–.460 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Marathi Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Marathi 491.460143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.461–.468 *‡Subdivisions of Marathi Add to base number 491.46 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Marathi 491.465 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.469 **Konkani 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.47 *‡Gujarati, Bhili, Rajasthani

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

36 491 Other[languages 491

491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.470 1–.470 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Gujarati Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Gujarati 491.470143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.471–.478 *‡Subdivisions of Gujarati Add to base number 491.47 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Gujarati 491.475 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.479 **Rajasthani 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.479 7 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations Number built according to instructions under 420–490

Including Jaipuri, Marwari 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.48 *‡Sinhalese-Maldivian languages

Class here Sinhalese (Sinhala) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.480 1–.480 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Sinhalese (Sinhala) Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Sinhalese 491.480143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.481–.488 *‡Subdivisions of Sinhalese (Sinhala) Add to base number 491.48 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Sinhalese 491.485 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.489 **Divehi (Maldivian) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.49 *‡Other Indo-Aryan languages Including Nuristani (Kafiri) See also 494.8 for Dravidian languages; also 495.4 for Tibeto-Burman

languages; also 495.95 for Munda languages 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.492 *‡Languages of east central zone of Indo-Aryan languages (Eastern Hindi languages) Including Awadhi, Bagheli, Chattisgarhi, Fijian Hindustani ( Hindi)

Class comprehensive works on Hindi languages in 491.43 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.495 ** 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.496 *‡Pahari languages Including Garhwali Class here languages of northern zone of Indo-Aryan languages

For Nepali, see 491.495 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.497 **Romani

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

37 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491

491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.499 *‡Dardic (Pisacha) languages

Including Kashmiri, Khowar, Kohistani, Shina 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.5 *‡Iranian languages 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.51 **Old Persian Class here ancient west Iranian languages

See also 491.52 for Avestan language 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.52 **Avestan

Class here ancient east Iranian languages 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.53 *‡Middle Iranian languages

Including Khotanese (Saka), Pahlavi (Middle Persian), Sogdian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.55 **Modern Persian (Farsi)

Class Tajik in 491.57 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.56 **Dari 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.57 **Tajik 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.59 *‡Other modern Iranian languages

Including Pamir languages; Osetin (Ossetic) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.593 **Pashto (Afghan) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.597 *‡ Including central and southern Kurdish

Class here Kurdish (Kurmanji, northern Kurdish) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.597 01–.597 09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Kurdish (Kurmanji) Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4,

e.g., semantics of Kurdish 491.5970143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.597 1–.597 8 *‡Subdivisions of Kurdish (Kurmanji) Add to base number 491.597 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g.,

grammar of Kurdish 491.5975 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.598 **Baluchi 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.6 *‡Celtic languages

Including Gaulish 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.62 **Irish Gaelic 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.63 **Scottish Gaelic 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.64 **Manx

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

38 491 Other[languages 491

491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.66 **Welsh (Cymric) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.67 **Cornish 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.68 **Breton 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.7 *‡Russian and related East Slavic languages Class here East Slavic languages

Class comprehensive works on Slavic (Slavonic) languages in 491.8 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.700 1–.700 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of East Slavic languages 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.701–.709 *‡Standard subdivisions of Russian Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Russian 491.70143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.71–.75 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics, etymology, dictionaries, grammar of Russian Add to base number 491.7 notation 1–5 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Russian 491.75 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.77 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations

of Russian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.770 01–.770 08 *‡Standard subdivisions 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.770 09 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.770 090 2] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use; class in 491.7701 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.770 090 31] *‡16th century, 1500–1599 Do not use for Old Russian; class in 491.7701. Do not

use for Middle Russian; class in 491.7702 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.770 090 32] *‡17th century, 1600–1699

Do not use; class in 491.7702 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.770 090 33 *‡18th century, 1700–1799

Do not use for Middle Russian; class in 491.7702 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.770 094–.770 099] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 491.779 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.770 1 *‡Old Russian to 1550 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.770 2 *‡Middle Russian, 1550–1750 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.770 9] *‡Modern nongeographic variations Number discontinued; class in 491.77

39 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491

491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.774–.779 *‡Geographic variations Add to base number 491.77 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of Far Eastern 491.77577 For geographic variations of Old Russian, see 491.7701094–491.7701099. For geographic variations in Middle

Russian, see 491.7702094–491.7702099 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.78 *‡Standard Russian usage (Prescriptive linguistics) Add to base number 491.78 the numbers following —8 in notation

8001–86 from Table 4, e.g., reading Russian 491.784 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.79 *‡Ukrainian and Belarusian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.790 1–.790 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Ukrainian Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Ukrainian 491.790143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.791–.798 *‡Subdivisions of Ukrainian Add to base number 491.79 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Ukrainian 491.795 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.799 **Belarusian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.8 *‡Slavic (Slavonic) languages Including Common Slavic Class here comprehensive works on Balto-Slavic languages

For East Slavic languages, see 491.7; for Baltic languages, see 491.9 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.801–.803 *‡Standard subdivisions Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Slavic languages 491.80143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.804 *‡Special topics of Slavic languages Add to base number 491.804 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Slavic languages 491.8045 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.805–.809 *‡Standard subdivisions 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.81 *‡Bulgarian and related Class here South Slavic languages For Serbian, see 491.82; for Croatian and Bosnian, see 491.83; for

Slovenian, see 491.84 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.810 01–.810 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of South Slavic languages Relocated to 491.8101–491.8109

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

40 491 Other[languages 491

491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.810 1–.810 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of South Slavic languages [formerly 491.81001–491.81009], Bulgarian Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Bulgarian 491.810143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.811–.815 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics, etymology, dictionaries, grammar of Bulgarian Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 491.81 notation 1–5 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Bulgarian 491.8115

Class comprehensive works in 491.81 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.817 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic

variations of Bulgarian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.817 001–.817 008 *‡Standard subdivisions 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.817 009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography

Do not use for Old Bulgarian; class in 491.81701 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.817 01 **Old Bulgarian (Church Slavic) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.818 *‡Standard Bulgarian usage (Prescriptive linguistics) Add to base number 491.818 the numbers following —8 in notation

8001–86 from Table 4, e.g., reading Bulgarian 491.8184 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.819 **Macedonian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.82 **Serbian Class here Serbo-Croatian (languages of Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians treated together as a single language)

For Croatian, see 491.83. For Bosnian, see 491.839 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.83 **Croatian [formerly 491.82] and Bosnian Subdivisions are added for Croatian and Bosnian together, for Croatian

alone 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.839 **Bosnian [formerly 491.82] 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.84 **Slovenian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.85 *‡Polish and related West Slavic languages Including Kashubian Class here West Slavic languages For Czech, see 491.86; for Slovak, see 491.87; for Wendish, see

491.88; for Polabian, see 491.89 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.850 01–.850 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of West Slavic languages Relocated to 491.8501–491.8509

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

41 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491

491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.850 1–.850 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of West Slavic languages [formerly 491.85001–491.85009], Polish Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Polish 491.850143 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.851–.858 *‡Subdivisions of Polish Add to base number 491.85 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Polish 491.855 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.86 **Czech 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.867 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations Number built according to instructions under 420–490

Including Moravian dialects 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.87 **Slovak 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.88 **Wendish (Lusatian, Sorbian) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.89 **Polabian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.9 *‡Baltic and other Indo-European languages 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

> [491.91–491.93*‡Baltic languages

Class comprehensive works in 491.9 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.91 *‡Old Prussian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.92 **Lithuanian 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491

[.93 **Latvian (Lettish) 491 DeweyiDecima491 OtheliClassificationr[languages 491 [.99 *‡Other Indo-European languages Add to base number 491.99 the numbers following —9199 in notation 91991–91998 from Table 6, e.g., Albanian 491.991, Phrygian 491.993; then to the number given for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Albanian 491.9915

491.991 Albanian

491.992 Armenian

491.994 Tocharian

491.998 Hittite 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [492 *‡Afro-Asiatic languages Class here For non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages, see 493

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

42 492 Other[languages 492

492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.01–.03 *‡Standard subdivisions Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Semitic languages 492.0143 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.04 *‡Special topics of Afro-Asiatic and Semitic languages Add to base number 492.04 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Semitic languages 492.045 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

[.05–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.1 *‡East Semitic languages Class here Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) For Eblaite, see 492.6

See also 499.95 for Sumerian 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.101–.109 *‡Standard subdivisions of Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Akkadian 492.10143 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.11–.18 *‡Subdivisions of Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) Add to base number 492.1 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Akkadian 492.15; dialects of Assyrian, Babylonian 492.17 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

> [492.2–492.9*‡West Semitic languages

Class comprehensive works in 492 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.2 *‡Aramaic languages

For Eastern Aramaic languages, see 492.3 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.29 *‡Western Aramaic languages

Including Biblical Aramaic (Chaldee) and Samaritan 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.3 *‡Eastern Aramaic languages

Class here Syriac 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.301–.309 *‡Standard subdivisions of Syriac Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Syriac 492.30143 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.31–.38 *‡Subdivisions of Syriac Add to base number 492.3 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Syriac 492.35 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.4 **Hebrew

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

43 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492

492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

[.6 *‡Canaanite languages Including Ammonite, Eblaite, Moabite, Phoenician; Linear A and its language Class here comprehensive works on Canaanitic languages For Hebrew, see 492.4 See also 487.1 for Linear B

See Manual at T6—926 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

[.67 **Ugaritic 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.7 *‡Arabic and Maltese Class here Classical Arabic,

See also 492.9 for South Arabian languages 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.701–.709 *‡Standard subdivisions of Arabic Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Arabic 492.70143 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.71–.78 *‡Subdivisions of Arabic Add to base number 492.7 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Arabic 492.75 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

[.79 **Maltese 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.8 *‡Ethiopian languages Including Gurage, Harari Class here comprehensive works on South Semitic languages

For South Arabian languages, see 492.9 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

[.81 **Ge‘ez language 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

[.82 **Tigré 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

[.83 **Tigrinya 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492

[.87 ** 492 DeweyiDecima492 OtheliClassificationr[languages 492 [.9 *‡South Arabian languages Including Mahri, Sokotri Class comprehensive works on South Semitic languages in 492.8 See also 492.7 for Arabic

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

44 493 Other[languages 493

493 DeweyiDecima493 OtheliClassificationr[languages 493 [493 *‡Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages Add to base number 493 the numbers following —93 in notation 931–937 from Table 6, e.g., Afar 493.5, Oromo 493.55; then to the number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Oromo 493.555

493.1 Egyptian

493.2 Coptic

493.33 Tamazight

493.34 Kabyle

493.38 Tamashek

493.54 Somali

493.55 Oromo

493.72 Hausa 494 DeweyiDecima494 OtheliClassificationr[languages 494 [494 *‡Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages Add to base number 494 the numbers following —94 in notation 941–948 from Table 6, e.g., Mongolian 494.23, Altai 494.33; then to the number given for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Mongolian 494.235

494.23 Mongolian proper, Halh Mongolian ()

494.315 Chuvash

494.323 Uighur

494.325 Uzbek

494.332 Yakut

494.345 Kazakh

494.347 Kyrgyz

494.35 Turkish, Osmanli,

494.361 Azerbaijani

494.364 Turkmen

494.387 Tatar

494.388 Crimean Tatar

494.511 Hungarian (Magyar)

494.541 Finnish (Suomi)

494.545 Estonian

45 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495

494.55 Sami

494.811 Tamil

494.812

494.814 (Kanarese)

494.823 Gondi

494.824 Kui (Khond, Kandh)

494.827 Telugu

494.83 Brahui For Japanese, see 495.6; for Korean, see 495.7

See also 497.1 for Inuit, Yupik, Aleut languages 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [495 *‡Languages of east and southeast Asia Including Karen Here are classed languages of closely related to the languages of east and southeast Asia Class here Sino-Tibetan languages

For Austronesian languages of east and southeast Asia, see 499.2 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.1 **Chinese

Class here Beijing dialect; Mandarin (Putonghua) (standard )495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.17 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Chinese Number built according to instructions under 420–490

Class in 495.1 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.170 94–.170 99] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 495.179 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.171–.178] *‡Geographic variations in China

Relocated to 495.17951 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495

[.179 *‡Geographic variations 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.179 01–.179 09] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 495.17001–495.17009 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.179 1 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general Add to base number 467.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions 495.1791734

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

46 495 Other[languages 495

495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495

[.179 4–.179 9 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world Add to base number 495.179 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in China 495.17951 [formerly 495.171–495.178], dialects of Guangdong Sheng, comprehensive works on Yue () dialects 495.1795127 [formerly 495.1727]; works that narrowly on the Cantonese dialect as spoken in the municipality of Canton 495.17951275 [formerly 495.17275], Chinese dialects in Malaysia 495.179595, Yue

(Cantonese) dialects as spoken in North America 495.1797 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.4 *‡Tibetan and related Tibeto-Burman languages Including Baric, Bodish, Class here Tibeto-Burman languages Class Karen in 495

For Burmese, see 495.8 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.400 1–.400 9] *‡Standard subdivisions of Tibeto-Burman languages

Relocated to 495.401–495.409 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.401–.409 *‡Standard subdivisions of Tibeto-Burman languages [formerly 495.4001–495.4009], Tibetan Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Tibetan 495.40143 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.41–.48 *‡Subdivisions of Tibetan Add to base number 495.4 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of

Tibetan 495.45 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.49 *‡Eastern Himalayan languages Including Chepang, Limbu, Magari, Sunwar; Newari Class here , Mahakiranti languages

See also 491.495 for Nepali 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495

[.6 **Japanese 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495

[.7 **Korean 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.8 **Burmese

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

47 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495

495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495

[.9 *‡Miscellaneous languages of southeast Asia; Munda languages Only those languages provided for below Including Kadai languages, Kam-Sui languages Class here Daic languages Class in 495.93

For Austronesian languages, see 499.2 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.91 *‡Thai (Siamese) and related

Class here Tai languages 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.910 01–.910 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of Tai languages

Relocated to 495.9101–495.9109 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.910 1–.910 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Tai languages [formerly 495.91001–495.91009], Thai (Siamese) Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Thai 495.910143 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.911–.918 *‡Subdivisions of Thai (Siamese) Add to base number 495.91 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar

of Thai 495.915 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.919 *‡Other Tai languages Including Shan

For Viet-Muong languages, see 495.92 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495

[.919 1 **Lao 495 DeweyiDecima495 OtheliClassificationr[languages 495 [.92–.97 *‡Viet-Muong, Austroasiatic, Munda, Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) languages Add to base number 495.9 the numbers following —959 in notation 9592–9597 from Table 6, e.g., Vietnamese 495.922, Khasi 495.93; then to the number given for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Vietnamese 495.9225

495.922 Vietnamese

495.932 Khmer (Cambodian)

495.972 Hmong (Miao)

495.978 Yao

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

48 496 Other[languages 496

496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [496 *‡African languages Class Afrikaans in 439.36; class Malagasy in 499.3. Class an African creole having a non-African primary source language with the source language, plus notation 7 from Table 4, e.g., Krio 427.9664 For Ethiopian languages, see 492.8; for non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages,

see 493 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.1 *‡ languages

Including Khoikhoi, San 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.3 *‡-Congo languages

Including Ijoid, Kordofanian languages; Dogon 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496

[.32 *‡West Atlantic languages 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.321 *‡Senegambian languages Former heading: Senegal group Including Serer (Serer-Sine)

For Fula, see 496.322 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496

[.321 4 **Wolof 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496

[.322 **Fula (Fulani) 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.33 *‡Igboid, Defoid, Edoid, Idomoid, Nupoid, Akpes, Oko, Ukaan languages; ; Igboid, Defoid, Edoid, Idomoid, Nupoid, Akpes, Oko, Ukaan languages, formerly considered Kwa languages, are now considered Benue-Congo languages Add to base number 496.33 the numbers following —9633 in notation 96332–96338 from Table 6, e.g., Yoruba 496.333, Baoulé 496.338; then for each language with a base number listed below, add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Yoruba 496.3335

496.332 Ibo (Igbo)

496.333 Yoruba

496.3374 Ewe

496.3378 Gã

496.3385 Akan, Fante,

Class comprehensive works on Benue-Congo languages in 496.36 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.34 *‡

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

49 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496

496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.345 *‡Manding-Mokole languages

Class here Mandekan languages 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496

[.345 2 **Bambara 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.348 *‡Mende-Bandi languages Including Bandi (Gbandi)

Class here Mende 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.348 01–.348 09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Mende Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4,

e.g., semantics of Mende 496.3480143 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.348 1–.348 8 *‡Subdivisions of Mende Add to base number 496.348 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g.,

grammar of Mende 496.3485 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.35 *‡Gur (Voltaic) languages Including Dagomba, Moré, Senufo

Class Dogon in 496.3 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.36 *‡Benue-Congo and Adamawa-Ubangi languages Standard subdivisions are added for Benue-Congo and Adamawa-Ubangi languages together, for Benue-Congo languages alone Including Bamileke Class here Class (from zone A) in 496.396 For Igboid, Defoid, Edoid, Idomoid, Nupoid, Akpes, Oko, Ukaan

languages, see 496.33; for , see 496.39 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.361 *‡Adamawa-Ubangi languages

Including Gbaya, Zande 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496

[.361 6 **Sango 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.364 *‡

Including Ibibio 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496

[.364 2 **Efik 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.39 *‡Bantu languages Bantu proper (Narrow Bantu) See also 496.36 for Bantoid languages other than Bantu proper See Manual at T6—9639

*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

50 496 Other[languages 496

496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496

[.390 1–.390 3 *‡Standard subdivisions Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,

semantics of Bantu languages 496.390143 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.390 4 *‡Special topics of Bantu languages Add to base number 496.3904 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g.,

grammar of Bantu languages 496.39045 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.390 5–.390 9 *‡Standard subdivisions

51 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496

496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.391–.399 *‡Specific Bantu languages and language families Add to base number 496.39 the numbers following —9639 in notation 96391–96399 from Table 6, e.g., Ewondo 496.396, Zulu 496.3986; then for each language with a base number listed below, add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Zulu 496.39865

496.3915 Bemba

496.3918 Nyanja, Chichewa (Chewa)

496.392 Swahili

496.3931 Kongo (Koongo)

496.3932 Mbundu ()

496.39461 Rwanda ()

496.39465 Rundi

496.3954 Kikuyu

496.3957 Ganda ()

496.3962 Duala

496.39686

496.3975 Shona

496.3976 Venda (Tshivenda)

496.39771 Northern Sotho

496.39772 Southern Sotho

496.39775 Tswana

496.3978 Tsonga

496.3985 Xhosa

496.3986 Zulu

496.3987 Swazi (siSwati)

496.3989 Ndebele () 496 DeweyiDecima496 OtheliClassificationr[languages 496 [.5 *‡Nilo- Including Nilotic, Nubian languages; Luo, Songhai Class here Chari-Nile (Macrosudanic) languages

52 497 Other[languages 497

497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497 [497 *‡North American native languages Class here comprehensive works on North and South American native languages

For South American native languages, see 498 497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497 [.1–.2 *‡Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, Na-Dene languages Add to base number 497 the numbers following —97 in notation 971–972 from Table 6, e.g., Na-Dene languages 497.2, Navajo 497.26; then to the number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Navajo 497.265

497.124 Eastern Canadian

497.19 Aleut

497.256 Mescalero-Chiricahua (Chiricahua, Mescalero)

497.26 Navajo (Diné)

497.27

497.28 Haida 497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497 [.3 *‡Algic and Standard subdivisions are added for Algic and Muskogean languages together, for alone Including Lumbee, Yurok Class here

53 497 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 497

497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497 [.31–.38 *‡Specific Algic and Muskogean languages and language families Add to base number 497.3 the numbers following —973 in notation 9731–9738 from Table 6, e.g., Cree 497.323, Muskogean languages 497.38; then to the number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Cree 497.3235

497.312 Kickapoo

497.313 Menomini

497.314 Mesquakie, Fox

497.315 Miami

497.316

497.317

497.323 Cree

497.333 Ojibwa, Chippewa

497.336 Ottawa

497.343 Micmac

497.344 Mohegan, Narragansett

497.345 Unami (Delaware, Lenni )

497.347 Powhatan

497.348 Wampanoag

497.352 Blackfoot, Siksika

497.353

497.354

497.385 Muskogee (Creek)

497.3859

497.386

497.387 Choctaw 497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497 [.4 *‡Penutian, Mayan, Mixe-Zoque, Uto-Aztecan,

54 497 Other[languages 497

497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497 [.41–.49 *‡Specific Penutian, Mayan, Mixe-Zoque, Uto-Aztecan, Kiowa Tanoan languages and language families Add to base number 497.4 the numbers following —974 in notation 9741–9749 from Table 6, e.g., Uto-Aztecan languages 497.45, 497.452; then to the number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Nahuatl 497.4525

497.4122 Klamath, Modoc

497.4124 Nez Percé

497.4127 Yakama

497.4128

497.4133 Miwok

497.422 Cakchikel

497.423 Quiché

497.427 Maya, Yucatec Maya

497.4287 Tzotzil

497.452 Nahuatl (Aztec)

497.4542 Yaqui

497.4544

497.4546 Tarahumara

497.4552 Tohono ’odham

497.45529 Akimel O’odham 497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497 [.5 *‡Siouan, Iroquoian, Hokan, Chumash, Yuki languages Class Keresan languages in 497.9; class in 497.93 See also 497.9 for

55 497 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 497

497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497 [.52–.58 *‡Specific Siouan, Iroquoian, Hokan, Chumash, Yuki languages and language families Add to base number 497.5 the numbers following —975 in notation 9752–9758 from Table 6, e.g., 497.55, 497.557; then to the number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Cherokee 497.5575

497.522

497.5243 Dakota

497.5244 Lakota

497.5253 Omaha

497.52539

497.5254 Osage

497.526 Winnebago

497.5272 Crow

497.5274

497.5542 Mohawk

497.5543 Oneida

497.5546 Seneca

497.555 Wyandot, Huron

497.557 Cherokee

497.5722 Mohave

497.5724 Havasupai, Walapai, Yavapai

497.576 Washo

56 497 Other[languages 497

497 DeweyiDecima497 OtheliClassificationr[languages 497

[.6–.9 *‡Oto-Manguean, Chibchan languages of North America, Misumalpan, other North American languages Add to base number 497 the numbers following —97 in notation 976–979 from Table 6, e.g., Oto-Manguean languages 497.6, Zapotec 497.68; then to the number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Zapotec 497.685

497.63 Mixtec

497.68 Zapotec

497.83 San Blas Kuna (San Blas Cuna)

497.882 Mískito

497.922 Taino

497.932

497.933 Pawnee

497.9435 Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille

497.953 Kwakiutl

497.955 Nootka

497.96 Purépecha (Tarasco)

497.992

497.994 Zuni 498 DeweyiDecima498 OtheliClassificationr[languages 498 [498 *‡South American native languages Add to base number 498 the numbers following —98 in notation 982–989 from Table 6, e.g., Quechua 498.323, 498.35; then to the number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Quechua 498.3235

498.323 Quechua (Kechua)

498.324 Aymara

498.372 Shuar

498.3822 Paraguayan Guaraní

498.3832 Tupí (Nhengatu)

498.422 Carib (Galibi)

498.72 Mapudungun ()

498.92 Yanomamo

57 499 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 499

499 DeweyiDecima499 OtheliClassificationr[languages 499 [499 *‡Non-Austronesian , Austronesian languages, miscellaneous languages Add to base number 499 the numbers following —99 in notation 991–999 from Table 6, e.g., 499.4, Maori 499.442; then to the number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Maori 499.4425

499.211 Tagalog (Filipino)

499.221 Indonesian (Bahasa )

499.222 Javanese

499.2232 Sunda (Sundanese)

499.2234 Madura (Madurese)

499.2238 Bali (Balinese)

499.2242 Aceh (Achinese)

499.2244 Minangkabau

499.22462 Batak Toba

499.22466 Batak Dairi

499.2248

499.2256 Banjar (Banjarese)

499.2262 Bugis (Buginese)

499.2264 Makasar

499.28 Malay (Bahasa Malaysia, Standard Malay) and aboriginal Malay languages

499.3 Malagasy

499.42 Hawaiian

499.442 Maori

499.444 Tahitian

499.462 Samoan

499.482 Tongan (Tonga)

499.484 (Niuean)

499.59 Fijian

499.92 Basque

58 499 Other[languages 499

499.95 Sumerian

499.9623 Abkhaz

499.9625 Adyghe

499.969 Georgian

499.992

499.993

59 006 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [

006 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification[ 006 [

006.35 vs. 410.285 Computational linguistics vs. computer applications in linguistics Use 006.35 for works on com puta ti onal linguis ti . Use 410.285 for com puter appli cati ons in linguis ti cs in the broad sense. For exam ple, use 410.28553 for general software tools, e.g., program s that gener ate concor dance s. If in doubt,

pre fer 006.35. 401 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimali[Classification Language 401 [

401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 Philosophy and theory of language vs. Meaning, interpretation, hermeneutics in philosophy vs. Linguistic philosophies vs. Philosophy and theory of linguistics Use 401 for works by phi lologist s studying language, lit erature , and various other cultura l issues, but with an em phasis on language, and for works where phi- lologist s with broader concerns than linguist s refle ct on their disci pli ne and its methods. Use 401 also for broad works on the phi losophy and theory of language and languages writ ten by linguist s and phi lologist s. Use 401.41 Semiot ics or 401.43 Sem anti cs for works in which linguist s study se - manti cs and semiot ics to answer tradi ti onal questi ons about natural languages , often in rela ti on to other topics in linguis ti c the ory, such as gram mar, lexicol ogy, phonol ogy. Use 410.1 for works in which linguist s refle ct on their disci pli ne and its meth ods. (See also discus sion at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415.) Philosophy of language Use 149.94 for "linguis ti c philoso phies "—viewpoint s or schools of phi losophy that put study of language at the center and use linguis ti c methods to study multi - ple questi ons in phi losophy, such as meta physics , aes thet ics, logic, or ethics . Use 121.68 for philo sophi cal writ ing on lan guage in ves ti gat ing tra di tional con cerns of episte ology (theory of knowl edge), for exam ple, truth and how truth can be de ter mined.

If in doubt, prefer in the follow ing order: 401, 410.1, 149.94, 121.68. 401 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimali[Classification Language 401 [

401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.45, 401.9, 412, 415 Meaning Use 401.43 for works on se manti cs dealing with meaning in language, cover ing top ics such as syn on ymy, am bi gu ity, and se man tic truth (me talin guis tic truth). Se man tics is par ticu larly con cerned with the un der ly ing logi cal struc ture of natu- ral lan guage, i.e., what ele ments are neces sary be yond cor rect gramm ar for state - ments to make sense. Use 412 for works on etym ology that study the history of the meanings of indi vid ual words. Use 415 for works on gram mar that are con- cerned with meaning only in rela ti on to morphol ogy and syntax. If in doubt, pre- fer 401.43.

60 [ Language 407

Use 401.45 for inter disci pli nary works on linguis ti c pragm atics . Use 306.44 for works on the soci ol ogy of language concerne d with meaning as affect ed by so- ciocul tura l context . Use 306.44 also for works on linguis ti c pragm atics that deal with language in its socio cul tura l context , but use 401.9 for works on pragm atics

that focus on the indi vid ual psycho logi cal context . If in doubt, prefer 401.45.407 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimali[Classification Language 407 [

407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071, T4—80071 Education in language vs. Language acquisition Use 407.1 for broad works on language edu cati on not lim ited to the prescri p tive approach and com prehen sive works on the study and teaching of both language and litera ture . Use 410.71 for works on the study and teaching of linguis ti cs. Use 418.0071 for works on how to study or teach language us ing a prescri p tive ap- proach. The basi c dist inct ion betw een presc ript ive and nonpre sc ript ive linguis - tics is explai ned in the Man ual note at 410. If in doubt, prefer 407.1. Use nota ti on for the specif ic language, plus nota ti on 071 from Table 1 (which is incor po rated in Table 4), for works on studying and teach ing the lin guisti cs of that language, broad works on study ing and teach ing the lan guage that are not lim ited to the prescri p tive approach, and com prehen sive works on studying and teaching both the language and its litera ture , e.g., com prehen sive works on study ing and teach ing French lan guage and litera ture 440.71. Use no tati on 80071 from Table 4 for works on how to study or teach a specif ic language us ing a prescri p tive approach, e.g., how to teach basic French 448.0071. If in doubt, prefer T1—071. Use 401.93 for works on the psychol ogy of learning language in form ally, as a child learns from its parents . Use T4—019 for the psy chology of learning a spe- cific language in form ally. Use 418.0071, or T4—80071 for a specif ic language, for the psychol ogy of form al study and teaching of language. Use 401.93, or T4—019 for a specif ic language, for com prehen sive works on the psychol ogy of learning language both form ally and infor m ally. If in doubt, pre fer 401.93 or

T4—019. 410 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimal[i LinguisticsClassification 410 [

410 Linguistics Prescriptive linguistics Use 410–417 and 419–490 plus nota ti on 1–7 from Table 4 for works on nonpre - scrip tive ap proaches to lin guis tics (e.g., de scrip tive and theo reti cal lin guis tics), which are concerne d with descri bing or explai ning language us age as it does or did exist , without re gard to an ideal of correct usage. Use 418 and 419–490 plus nota ti on 8 from Table 4 for works on prescri pti ve approache s, which are con- cerned with prom oting standard or cor rect usage of language, i.e., trying to learn to speak or write like educat ed nati ve users of a standard form of a language. For exam ple, use 415 and nota ti on 5 from Table 4 for descri pti ve works about gram - mar, but use 418 and nota ti on 82 from Table 4 for prescri pti ve works about gram - mar, e.g., descri pti ve works on French gram mar 445, pre scripti ve works on French gram mar 448.2. However, use 413 and nota ti on 3 from Table 4 for dic -

61 410 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [

tion ar ies, re gard less of whether they are pre scrip tive or descrip tive, e.g., French dic tion ar ies 443. Use the number for nonpre scri pti ve approache s for com prehen sive works con- tain ing both non pre scrip tive and pre scrip tive lin guis tics, e.g., a col lec tion con- taining both descri pti ve and pre scripti ve papers about gram mar in general or the gram mar of many differ ent languages 415. If in doubt, prefer the number for non- pre scrip tive ap proaches. Contrastive linguistics Use 410 or other num bers not lim ited to appli ed linguis ti cs for works of contra s- tive linguis ti cs that are purely descri pti ve or theoret ical , or a com bina ti on of ap- plied and nonap pli ed linguis ti cs. Use 418 and nota ti on 8 from Table 4 for works of contra sti ve linguis ti cs that focus on finding ways to prevent errors caused by in ter fer ence or nega tive trans fers from a first lan guage in learn ing a sec ond lan - guage or in translat ing into a second language. If in doubt, prefer the number not lim ited to ap plied lin guis tics. Historical linguistics Use 417.7 for works on general histori cal (dia chronic) linguis ti cs. Use nota ti on 09 from Table 1 for general histori cal linguis ti cs of a specif ic language, or for his torical lin guis tics of a spe cific topic, if the work gives a his tory, but not if the work merely discusses the pro cesses of change in a gen eral way. For ex am ple, use 415 for a general descri pti on of gram mati cal change, 425.09 for a history of gram mati cal changes in the Engli sh language, and 420.9 for a history of all kinds of changes in the Engli sh language. Al though no provi sion com para ble to 417.7 exist s for indi vid ual languages in Ta ble 4, nota ti on 7 is provided under spe cific languages for works that focus on the dis tincti ve charac ter isti cs of specif ic early forms of the language, e.g., 427.02 Middle Engli sh. Class a com pari son of two languages with the language re quiring local em phasis (usuall the language that is less com mon in the parti cular set ting). For exam ple, li braries in English-spea king countri will use 495.6 for a work com paring - lish and Japanese , but librar ies in Ja pan will use 420. If no em phasis is re quired, class the work with the language com ing later in Ta ble 6. Class a com pari son of three or more languages in the most specif ic number that will contai them all; e.g., use 430 for a com pari son of Dutch, Germ an, and Eng - lish, since all are Germ anic languages ; use 491.6 for a com pari son of Gaelic, Welsh, and Bre ton, since all are Celtic languag es. Use 410 if there is no number that will contai n all the languages , e.g., a com pari - son of French, Hebrew, and Japa nese. Use the same cri teria for com pari sons of just one fea ture of vari ous languages , but do not add nota ti on from Table 4 to the number for language famili es unles s there are specia l instruc tions to do so. For exam ple, li braries in English-spea king countri es will use 495.65 for a com pari son of Engli sh and Japanese gram mar, but li braries in Ja pan will use 425. Use 415 for a com pari son of French, Hebrew, and n gram mar; use 430.045 for a com pari son of Dutch, Germ an, and Engli sh

62 [ English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 420

gram mar (becaus e at 430.04 there are instruc tions to add); but use 491.6 for a com pari son of Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton gram mar. See also dis cussion at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,

T4—80071. 420 Manual[ EnglishioniUse[andiof[iOldDewey[EnglishiDecima[(Anglo-Saxon)liClassification 420 [

420–490 Specific languages Dialects Sources may dif fer as to whether a par ticu lar tongue is a lan guage or a dialect. Treat a tongue as a dia lect if it is shown as such in the Dewey Decim al Classi fi ca - tion even if it is treated as a language in the work being classi fie d, and vice versa. Language vs. subject Class exam ples and col lec tions of "text" whose purpose is to display and study a lan guage with the lan guage, even if lim ited to a spe cific sub ject, e.g., a gram mar of sci enti fic Engli sh 425. Class language analy sis of a spe cific work with the

number for the work. If in doubt, pre fer the spe cific subject or work. 471 Manualion[ LatiniUse[iofandiDewey[relatediDecima[Italicli[Classificationlanguages 471 [

471–475, 478 vs. 477 Classical vs. Old, postclassical, Vulgar Latin

The dates of the Clas sical Age of Latin are 80 B.C. to 130 A.D. (the Cicero nian Age 80 B.C. to 43 B.C., the Golden Age of Augustan lit erature 43 B.C. to 18 A.D., the Sil ver Age 18 A.D. to 130 A.D.). Use 471–475 and 478 for form al or liter ary Latin writ ten at any time af ter the Clas si cal Age that con forms to the stan dards of that age, e.g., a linguis ti c study on Latin manuscri pts of the monks of Iona. How- ever, use 477 for works on Vulgar Latin, on Old Latin (80 B.C. or earlie ), or on post clas si cal Latin. The phrase "post clas si cal Latin" re fers to the non clas si cal or vulgar ize d Latin used from the death of Juve nal (140 A.D.) unti l the period of re - newed inter est in the "pure" Latin of the Classi cal Age in the 11th and 12th centu - ries, and from the 14th century onward. If in doubt, pre fer 471–475 and 478.

63 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ NAlabama language 497.38 A Alacalufan languages 498.7 Alaskan 497.12 499.962 Alaskan Inuktitut languages 497.12 Abazin language 499.962 491.991 Abbreviation dictionaries 413.15 497.19 N 423.15 NAlgerian Arabic 492.770 965 Abbreviations 411 NAlgerian spoken Arabic 492.770 965 499.962 3 Algic languages 497.3 Abkhazo-Adyghian languages 499.962 Algonkian languages 497.3 Abnaki language 497.34 NAlgonkin language 497.33 Aboriginal Australian Algonquian languages 497.3 languages 499.15 NAlgonquin language 497.33 Aboriginal Malay languages 499.28 I books 411 Accent (Linguistics) 414.6 Alphabets 411 Aceh language 499.224 2 applied linguistics 418 NAcehnese language 499.224 2 N English language 421.1 P Achinese language 499.224 2 N 492.411 Acoli language 496.5 N Irish Gaelic language 491.621 1 Acronym dictionaries 413.15 N Sanskrit language 491.211 N English language 423.15 437.944 39 Acronyms 411 494.33 Adamawa-Eastern languages 496.361 494 496.361 NAlur language 496.5 Adamawa-Ubangi languages NAmele language 499.12 496.361 dialects Adangme language 496.337 (U.S.) 427.973 Adjectivals 415.5 American English Adjectives 415.5 pronunciation (U.S.) 421.54 Adverbials 415.76 American English spelling Adverbs 415.76 (U.S.) 421.54 499.962 5 American Indian languages 497 Aequian language 479.7 South America 498 493.5 American native languages 497 Affixes (Grammar) 415.92 South America 498 Afghan language 491.593 American Sign Language 419.7 African languages 496 497 Afrihili (Artificial South America 498 language) 499.99 Ameslan (Sign language) 419.7 Afrikaans language 439.36 Amharic language 492.87 Afro-Asiatic languages 492 Ammonite language 492.6 non-Semitic 493 Anaphora Afrohili (Artificial P linguistics 401.456 language) 499.99 Anatolian languages 491.998 (Grammar) 415 Andean languages 498.32 Ainu language 494.6 Andhra language 494.827 (Central Andi languages 499.964 African Republic) 496.396 NAndoke language 498.9 496.338 5 NAndoque language 498.9 Akimel O’odham language 497.455 29 language 493.7 Akkadian language 492.1 Anglo-Saxon language 429 Akoli language 496.5 Angoni language 496.398 Akpes language 496.33 Annam-Muong languages 495.92 Akwe-Shavante language 498.4 Annamese language 495.922

64 RelativeiIndex ____ Antonym dictionaries 413.1 NAustralian Aboriginal N English language 423.12 languages 499.15 Anyi language 496.338 5 Australian languages 499.15 NApache languages 497.25 I Australian Sign Language 419.94 Apachean languages 497.25 N 419.94 Applied linguistics 418 Austroasiatic languages 495.93 Arabic language 492.7 Austronesian languages 499.2 Aramaic languages 492.2 499.964 NAraona language 498.9 Avaric language 499.964 497.354 Avaro-Andi-Dido languages 499.964 Arauan languages 498.9 Avestan language 491.52 NAraucanian language 498.72 I Avikam language 496.337 498.72 Awadhi dialect 491.492 NArawak language 498.39 NAwbono language 499.1 498.39 NAyatalic languages 499.2 Central America 497.92 498.324 South America 498.39 Aymaran languages 498.324 West Indies 497.92 494.361 NArbore language 493.5 Aztec language 497.452 Archaisms (Linguistics) 417.7 Aztecan languages 497.452 I 419.82 N 419.82 B NArgobba language 492.8 Argot 417.2 Babine language 497.2 497.932 Babylonian dialect 492.17 491.992 Badui language 499.223 Articles (Grammar) 415.5 Bafia languages 496.396 Artificial languages 499.99 Bagheli dialect 491.492 Arutani-Sape languages 498.9 Bahasa Indonesia 499.221 Aryan languages Bahasa Kebangsaan 499.28 (Indo-European) 410 Bahasa Malaysia 499.28 Aryan languages Bahasa Melayu 499.28 (Indo-Iranian) 491.1 Bahing-Vayu languages 495.49 Ashante language 496.338 5 Bali language 499.223 8 NAsheninca Campa language 499.223 8 498.39 Balkar language 494.38 ASL (Sign language) 419.7 Balochi language 491.598 Aspect (Grammar) 415.63 Balong language 496.396 491.451 Baltic- 494.54 language 497.524 Baltic languages 491.9 Assyrian dialect 492.17 NBalto-Finnic languages 494.54 Assyro-Babylonian language 492.1 Balto-Slavic languages 491.8 Asua language 496.5 Baluchi language 491.598 Athabascan languages 497.2 Bamana language (Mandekan) Athapascan-Eyak languages 497.2 496.345 2 Athapascan languages 497.2 496.345 2 P Athapaskan languages 497.2 Bamileke languages 496.36 Atlantic languages (Africa) 496.32 Bamun language 496.36 Atsina language 497.354 496.36 Attie language 496.337 Banda languages 496.361 Audio-lingual language study 418 Bandi language 496.348 NAudiolingual language study Bandjoun language 496.36 418 Bangi-Ntomba languages 496.396 8 NAuslan (Sign language) 419.94 NBangi-Ntumba languages 496.396 8

65 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ Banjar language 499.225 6 Biblical 487.4 Banjar 499.225 6 Bielorussian language 491.799 499.225 6 Bihari language 491.454 Bannock language 497.457 7 Bilingualism Bantoid languages 496.36 linguistics 404.2 Bantu languages 496.39 Biluchi language 491.598 Baoulé language 496.338 5 Bini language 496.33 Barai language 499.12 Bira-Huku languages 496.394 Barbacoan languages 498.2 Bisa-Lamba languages 496.391 Bari language 496.5 language 427.995 95 Baric languages 495.4 Black Carib language 497.92 Basaa language () 496.396 NBlackfeet language 497.352 NBasari language (Guinea, 497.352 Senegal, Gambia) 496.32 Blind-deaf people NBasari language ( and communication 419.4–.9 ) 496.35 Bobangi language 496.396 8 494.38 496.35 Basic English 428 495.4 499.92 Bodo languages 495.4 (Cameroon) 496.396 Bokm(l language 439.82 Bassa language () 496.33 Bongo-Bagirmi languages 496.5 NBassari language (Guinea, I Book leveling 418.4 Senegal, Gambia) 496.32 Bornean languages 499.225 NBassari language (Togo and Borneo languages 499.225 Ghana) 496.35 NBosniak language 491.839 Batak Dairi language 499.224 66 Bosnian language 491.839 499.224 6 NBoyash dialect 459.7 Batak Toba language 499.224 62 I 459.7 Baulé language 496.338 5 Brahui language 494.83 Bayono-Awbono languages 499.1 Braille 411 NBegheli dialect 491.492 NBrazilian Sign Language 419.81 Beijing dialect 495.1 I 419.81 493.5 Breton language 491.68 Belarusian language 491.799 British pronunciation 421.55 NBella Coola language 497.94 British Sign Language 419.41 Belorussian language 491.799 British spelling 421.55 496.391 5 Brythonic languages 491.6 NBembe-Kabwari languages 496.394 Bube-Benga languages 496.396 Bembe language (Lake 499.226 2 Tanganyika) 496.394 Bugis language 499.226 2 Bena-Kinga languages 496.391 Bulgarian language 491.81 496.396 496.396 Bengali-Assamese languages 491.44 Burgundian language 439.9 491.44 Buriat language 494.2 Benue-Congo languages 496.36 Burmese language 495.8 Benue-Niger languages 496.36 494.2 493.3 Bushman languages 496.1 NBerik language 499.12 Bushong languages 496.396 Bété language 496.33 NBushoong language 496.396 491.47 P Bwile language 496.393 491.454 7 Byelorussian language 491.799 NBiangai language 499.12 Byzantine Greek language 487.3 I Bias-free language 418 Biblical Aramaic language 492.29

66 RelativeiIndex ____ Celtic languages 491.6 C Central Algonquian languages 497.31 language 497.93 Central American native Caddoan languages 497.93 languages 497 NCahita languages 497.454 Central Dravidian languages 494.82 Cahuapanan languages 498.9 Central Malayo-Polynesian language 497.45 languages 499.22 Cajun French dialect 447.976 3 NCentral Sudanic languages 496.5 Cakchikel language 497.422 Central 494.34 Cambodian language 495.932 NCentral Yupik language 497.14 Campa language 498.39 NChachi language 498.2 Canaanite language 492.6 493.7 Canaanitic languages 492.6 Chaga language 496.395 Canadian language 494.364 English 420.971 Chagga language 496.395 French 440.971 Chaldee (Aramaic) language 492.29 Inuit 497.12 NCham language 499.22 Canadian pronunciation 499.22 English 421.52 499.52 French 441.52 NChapacura language 498.9 Canadian spelling Chapacura-Wanham languages English 421.52 498.9 French 441.52 Chari-Nile languages 496.5 Canella language 498.4 Chattisgarhi dialect 491.492 Cant 417.2 NChayahuita language 498.9 Cantonese dialects 495.172 7 499.964 1 Capitalization (Writing) 411 Chemehuevi language 497.457 6 NCaraja language 498.4 Chepang language 495.49 NCarajó language 498.4 Cheremis language 494.56 Carib language 498.422 497.557 Carib languages 498.42 Chewa language 496.391 8 NCariban languages 498.42 497.353 NCarolinian language 499.52 Chhattisgarhi dialect 491.492 497.2 Chibchan languages 498.2 Case (Grammar) 415.5 Central America 497.8 Case grammar (Theory) 415.018 Chichewa language 496.391 8 NCashinawa language 498.4 497.386 449.9 Chiga language 496.395 6 I 419.467 I 419.83 N 419.467 N 419.83 NCatalonian Sign Language 419.467 Chimakuan languages 497.9 497.52 NChinantec language 497.6 Categorial grammar 415.018 NChinanteco language 497.6 NCatuquina language 495.1 (Katukinan) 498.9 I Dialects 495.17 NCatuquina language (Panoan) I Taiwan 495.172 49 498.4 I 419.51 Caucasian languages 499.96 N 419.51 Caucasic languages 499.96 Chinook language 497.41 (Linguistics) 415.6 Chinyanja language 496.391 8 NCayapa language 498.2 Chipaya language 498.9 NCayapó language 498.4 497.2 497.554 Chippewa language 497.333 499.21

67 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ Chiricahua language 497.256 Common Slavic language 491.8 NChiriguano language 498.382 Comparative grammar 415 NChivenda language 496.397 6 Comparative linguistics 410 Choco languages 498.9 see Manual at 410 Central America 497.9 I Complexity (Linguistics) 410 497.387 Composition (Writing) NChokwe language 496.399 applied linguistics 418 Chokwe-Luchazi languages 496.399 P Compound words 415.92 Chol language 497.428 P Computational linguistics 006.35 Cholan-Tzeltalan languages 497.428 E see Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 Chon languages 498.7 Congo-Kordofanian languages Chopi languages 496.397 496.3 NChorotega language 497.6 Congo language 496.393 1 NChorti language 497.428 Conjugation (Grammar) 415.6 Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages Conjugation tables 494.6 applied linguistics 418 Chulupí language 498.7 Conjunctions (Grammar) 415.7 I 494.33 P Consonants 414 N 494.33 I Constraints (Linguistics) 415 Chumash language 497.58 I Construction grammar 415.018 Chumash languages 497.58 Constructions (Grammar) 415 Church Slavic language 491.817 01 Content analysis Church Slavonic language 491.817 01 linguistics 401.41 499.52 Contractions (Linguistics) 411 494.315 Contrastive linguistics 410 NCi- 496.397 6 applied linguistics 418 Ciceˆwa language 496.391 8 see Manual at 410 I 437.945 3 Conversational language study N 437.945 3 418 499.962 4 NCook Islands Maori language Classical Arabic language 492.7 499.44 Classical Greek language 480 Coordinate constructions Classical languages (Greek (Grammar) 415 and Latin) 480 NCoos language 497.41 Clauses (Grammar) 415 Coptic language 493.2 Clichés 418 497.454 I 428 NCorachol languages 497.454 dictionaries 413.1 Cornish language 491.67 P Clitics 415.92 Corpora (Linguistics) 410.188 Coahuiltecan languages 497.9 Corpus linguistics 410.188 NCocama language 498.383 459.984 Cockney dialect 427.942 1 NCosta Rican Sign Language 419.728 6 NCoconuco language 498.2 I 419.728 6 Coeur d’Alene language 497.943 Costanoan language 497.413 College readers (Reading 497.323 comprehension textbooks) Creek language 497.385 applied linguistics 418 Creoles I College reading improvement linguistics 417.22 programs 418.4 Crimean 494.388 Colloquial language 418 Crioulo language 469.796 658 I 419.861 I Critical discourse analysis 401.41 N 419.861 491.83 language 497.457 2 I Croatian philology 491.83 Commercial languages 401.3 Cross River languages 496.364

68 RelativeiIndex ____ 497.527 2 Demotic language (Modern Cued speech Greek) 489.3 applied linguistics 418 Dependency grammar 415.018 4 NCuicatec language 497.6 Derivation (Etymology) 412 Cuitlateco language 497.9 Derivation (Morphology) 415.92 Cuna language (Panama) 497.83 Derivational morphology 415.92 493.5 Descriptive linguistics 410 NCymraeg language 491.66 see Manual at 410 Cymric language 491.66 I 421.1 Cyrillic alphabet 491.8 alphabet 491.1 Czech language 491.86 Developmental linguistics 401.93 Developmental reading 418.4 D N English language 428.43 Dhegiha languages 497.525 493.7 NDhivehi language 491.489 NDacian language 491.993 Diachronic linguistics 417.7 Dagari language 496.35 see Manual at 410 496.35 Dialectology 417.2 languages 499.964 Dialects 417.2 Daghestan languages 499.964 N Hebrew language 492.47 Dagomba language 496.35 see Manual at 420–490 Dai language () 493.7 N 495.922 7 Daic languages 495.9 Diction 418 Dairi language 499.224 66 applied linguistics 418 497.524 3 Dictionaries 413 Dakota languages 497.524 Dido language 499.964 Dalmatian language (Romance) NDiegueÔo language 497.572 457.949 72 Diné language 497.26 NDalmatian language (Slavic) 491.83 496.5 NDalmato-Romanic language Diola language 496.32 457.949 72 Dioula language 496.345 496.34 (Phonology) 414.6 Dangaleat language 493.7 Diplomatic languages 401.3 439.81 Diriku language 496.399 N applied linguistics 439.818 Discourse analysis I Written Danish 439.818 linguistics 401.41 Dano- 439.82 I Discourse markers 401.41 Dard languages 491.499 I Dissimilation (Phonetics) 414.8 491.499 Divehi language 491.489 Dargi language 499.964 Djirbal language 499.15 499.964 Dogon language 496.3 Dari language 491.56 494.33 (Chad) 493.7 Dowayo language 496.361 NDayak language 499.225 Doyayo language 496.361 Daza language 496.5 Dravida languages 494.81 Deaf-blind people Dravidian languages 494.8 communication 419.4–.9 496.396 2 Deaf people 439.31 sign languages 419.4–.9 NDutch Sign Language 419.492 (Grammar) 415.5 I 419.492 Defoid languages 496.33 Dyerma language 496.5 Deixis 401.456 Dyula language 496.345 Delaware language 497.345 language 495.4 Demotic language (Egyptian) 493.111

69 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ English language 420 E N alphabet 421.1 bilingual dictionaries Early New High German N French 443.21 language 437.02 N German 433.21 East Germanic languages 439.9 N Spanish 463.21 East Iranian languages (Ancient) 491.52 I Conversation and phrase East Scandinavian languages 439.5 books (for businesspeople) 428.34 East Semitic languages 492.1 I Conversation and phrase East Slavic languages 491.7 books (for computer Eastern Algonquian languages 497.34 industry employees) 428.34 Eastern Aramaic languages 492.3 I Conversation and phrase Eastern Arctic Inuit language 497.124 books (for tourism Eastern Canadian Inuit industry employees) 428.34 language 497.124 Dialects Eastern Canadian Inuktitut I Conversation and phrase language 497.124 books 427 P Eastern Fijian languages 499.59 etymology Eastern Himalayan languages 495.49 N dictionaries 422.03 Eastern Hindi languages 491.492 N grammar 425 Eastern languages N prescriptive approach 428.2 (Adamawa-Eastern phylum) NEnglish language (continued) 496.361 N history 420.9 Eastern Malayo-Polynesian I 427.941 1 languages 499.5 standard English Eastern Panjabi language 491.42 N education 428.007 1 Eastern Turkic languages 494.32 N examinations 428.007 6 Eblaite language 492.6 N formal approach 428.2 496.33 N secondary education 428.007 12 496.33 English philology 496.364 2 I Middle English, 1100–1500 Egba language 496.333 427.02 NEgyptian Arabic 492.770 962 Entailment 493.111 P linguistics 401.454 NEgyptian spoken Arabic 492.770 962 Enya languages 496.394 I Ejectives (Phonetics) 414.8 Epigraphy 411.7 499.93 Eponym dictionaries 412.03 I Emotive (Linguistics) 401.43 Ergative constructions 415 Ena language 496.394 Eskimo-Aleut languages 497.1 I Endangered languages 408.9 Eskimo languages 497.1 Enets language 494.4 Esperanto language 499.992 499.12 Esthonian language 494.545 English as a second language 494.545 applied linguistics Ethiopian languages 492.8 audio-lingual approach 428.34 Ethiopic language 492.81 formal approach 428.24 Etruscan language 499.94 English creole languages 427.9 Etymology 412 P dictionaries 412.03 see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.45, 401.9, 412, 415 Eurasiatic languages 410 494.1 494.1

70 RelativeiIndex ____ I Evidentials (Linguistics) 401.43 419.44 I 415 I Frequency (Linguistics) 410.151 496.337 4 Friesian language 439.2 496.396 Frisian language 439.2 I Extraction (Linguistics) 415 Friulian language 459.92 497.2 P Fula language 496.322 Fulah language 496.322 Fulani language 496.322 P Fulfulde language 496.322 Faeroese dialect 439.699 Functionalism Faliscan languages 479.4 linguistics 410.18 496.398 6 Fanakalo 496.398 6 G 496.396 Fante language 496.338 5 Gã language 496.337 8 Fanti language 496.338 5 Gadaba language (Dravidian) 494.82 Farsi language 491.55 Gadaba language (Munda) 495.95 Fe’fe’ language 496.36 Gadba language (Dravidian) 494.82 499.59 Gadba language (Munda) 495.95 Filipino language 499.211 Gaelic languages 491.6 Finger spelling 419 Irish 491.62 see also Fingerspelling Scottish 491.63 Fingerspelling 419 494.36 representing spoken language Galcha language 491.57 418 Galchah language 491.57 Finnic languages 494.54 Galibi language 498.422 494.541 469.9 Finno- 494.5 Galla language 493.55 P Fipa language 496.394 Gallegan language 469.9 Fipa-Mambwe languages 496.394 Gambai dialect 496.5 Five Nations languages Gan dialects (China) 495.172 22 (Iroquoian) 497.554 Ganda language 496.395 7 I Flash (Prisoners’ dialect) 427 P 491.496 Flemish dialect 439.31 Garífuna language 497.92 I Fluency (Language learning) 495.4 407.1 Gaulish language 491.6 I 418.007 1 Gay men 496.337 I Language 408.664 2 Foreign words 412 N language 408.664 2 Formal usage (Language) 418 Gbandi language 496.348 NFormosan languages 499.2 Gbaya language 496.361 I Fossilization (Linguistics) 401.93 496.337 497.314 I 496.337 Franco-Provençal language 449 Gê language 498.4 Franconian dialect 437.943 3 NGê-Pano-Carib languages 498.4 French creole languages 447.9 Ge‘ez language 492.81 440 Gen-Gbe language 496.337 N 17th century 447.009 032 496.337 I 447.009 032 Generative grammar 415.018 2 bilingual dictionaries 499.969 N English 443.21 NGere language (Kru) 496.33 textbooks for English NGere language (Mande) 496.34 speakers N formal approach 448.242 1

71 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ 430 Guaraní language 498.382 2 bilingual dictionaries NGuaycuruan languages 498.7 N English 433.21 Guaymi language 497.8 I 419.43 NGuere language (Kru) 496.33 N 419.43 NGuere language (Mande) 496.34 Germanic languages 430 I Guided reading 418.407 1 Gerunds 415.54 491.47 NGhomala language 496.36 NGulf Arabic 492.770 953 NGilbertese language 499.52 Gulf languages (North Gilyak language 494.6 American native languages) Gisu language 496.395 497.9 Glossaries NGulf spoken Arabic 492.770 953 applied linguistics 418 Gullah dialect 427.975 799 NGoajiro language 498.39 Gumatj language 499.15 Goedelic languages 491.6 496.35 Gogo languages 496.391 Gurage language 492.8 Goidelic languages 491.6 Gurma language 496.35 Goldi language 494.1 495.4 494.823 Gusii language 496.395 439.9 NGyarung language 495.4 I Gradience (Linguistics) 410 Gypsy language 491.497 Grammar 415 applied linguistics 418 see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.45, 401.9, 412, 415 497.28 Grammar, Comparative and Haitian Creole 447.972 94 general I Hakka dialects 495.172 I Adjuncts 415.7 495.172 I Augmentatives 415.92 P Halh 494.23 I 415 NHalia language 499.5 I 415 NHalkomelem language 497.94 I Diminutives 415 Hamitic languages 493 I Infinitival constructions 415 Hamito-Semitic languages 492 I Modularity 415 Harakmbet language 498.9 I Morphosyntax 415 Harari language 492.8 I Pronominals 415.55 493.72 I Reciprocals 415 I 419.669 I reduction 415.9 NHavasupai language 497.572 4 Grammarians 415.092 Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai Grammatical categories 415 language 497.572 4 Grammatical relations 415 496.394 Grebo language 496.33 499.42 Greek language 480 Haya-Jita languages 496.395 Greek language (Modern) 489.3 Hearing-impaired persons Greenlandic Inuit language 497.12 N sign languages 419 Greenlandic Inuktitut Hebrew language 492.4 language 497.12 I Hebrew language, Medieval 492.47 Greenlandic language 497.12 Hellenic languages 480 497.354 Hellenistic Greek language 487.4 Guahiban languages 498.9 496.399 Guaicuru languages 498.7 Hesperonesian languages 499.2 NGuajiro language 498.39 I Hiatus (Linguistics) 414.6 NGuambiano language 498.2 497.527 4 Guanche language 493.3 Hieroglyphic Hittite language 491.998

72 RelativeiIndex ____ Hieroglyphics NIgala language 496.333 Egyptian language 493.111 496.332 I High interest-low vocabulary Igboid languages 496.33 books 418 I Igo language 496.337 Himalayish languages 495.4 Ijo language 496.3 Hindi language 491.43 496.3 NHiri 499.5 Ilamba-Irangi languages 496.394 NHishkaryana language 498.42 Illinois language 497.315 Historical linguistics 417.7 P Illocutionary acts 401.452 N Hebrew language 492.47 NIllyrian language (Slavic) 491.83 see Manual at 410 Illyrian languages (Ancient Hittite language 491.998 Indo-European) 491.993 Hixkaryana language 498.42 NIlocano language 499.21 495.972 Iloko language 499.21 Hmong-Mien languages 495.97 Implication NHo-Chunk language 497.526 P linguistics 401.454 (Munda) 495.95 Indian languages (American) 497 NHoc· language 497.526 South America 498 NHoggar Tamahaq language 493.38 NIndian sign language 419.54 497.57 Indic languages 491.1 I dialects 495.172 45 Indo-Aryan languages 491.1 Holu languages 496.393 Indo-European languages 410 Homonym dictionaries 413.1 Indo-Germanic languages 410 497.458 Indo-Hittite languages 410 Hottentot language 496.1 Indo-Iranian languages 491.1 Hsiang dialects 495.172 15 NIndo-Pakistan Sign Language Hualapai language 497.572 4 419.54 NHuambisa language 498.37 (Bahasa Huastec language 497.42 Indonesia) 499.221 NHuasteco language 497.42 Indonesian languages 499.22 Huavean languages 497.9 NIndonesian Sign Language 419.598 497.454 4 I 419.598 Huku language 496.394 I Indopakistan Sign Language 419.54 Hunanese dialects 495.172 15 Indus script 490 494.511 Infinitives 415.6 497.2 Infixes 415.92 Huron language 497.555 Inflection (Grammar) 415.95 Hurrian languages 499.9 Inflection (Phonology) 414.6 Hyperborean languages 494.6 Inflection tables (Grammar) applied linguistics 418 I 494.54 Ingush language 499.964 1 NIban language 499.225 NInnuit languages 497.12 496.364 Inscriptions Ibo language 496.332 N epigraphy 411.7 439.69 Interior Salish languages 497.943 I Iconicity (Linguistics) 401.41 Interjections (Grammar) 415.7 I 415 Interlingua language 499.993 Ideographs 411 International languages 401.3 Idioms 418 Interpretation dictionaries 413.1 P linguistics 418.02 N English language 423.13 P specific subjects 418.03 Idoma language 496.33 Interpreters 418.020 92 496.33 I Interpreters’ booths 418.020 284

73 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ Interpreting NJordanian-Palestinian Arabic linguistics 418.02 492.770 956 95 N equipment 418.020 284 Joual 447.971 P specific subjects 418.03 Ju-chen language 494.1 Intonation (Linguistics) 414.6 NJuchen language 494.1 Inuit languages 497.12 Judeo-Arabic language 492.77 Inuktitut language (Eastern Judeo-German language 439.1 Canada) 497.124 Judeo- 467.949 6 Inuktitut languages 497.12 Jula language 496.345 497.12 Juncture (Linguistics) 414.6 Inupiat language 497.12 Jurchen language 494.1 Inupik language 497.12 NInuttut language 497.124 K language 497.52 Irangi language 496.394 499.962 4 Iranian languages 491.5 NKabwari language 496.394 NIraqi Arabic 492.770 956 7 Kabyle language 493.34 Irish Gaelic language 491.62 Kachin language 495.4 Irish language 491.62 Kadai languages 495.9 I 419.415 Kafiri languages 491.49 N 419.415 Kaka languages 496.396 Iroquoian languages 497.55 Kako languages 496.396 NIroquois language 497.55 ( Isiswazi language 496.398 7 and Congo) 496.394 NIsland Carib language 497.92 Kalâtdlisut language 497.12 Isleta language 497.497 Kalenjin language 496.5 I 419.569 4 NKalispel language 497.943 5 N 419.569 4 Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille 450 language 497.943 5 I 419.45 Kalmuck language 494.2 N 419.45 Kalmyk language 494.2 Italic languages 470 Kam-Sui languages 495.9 Itzá language 497.427 496.395 3 NKamtuk language 499.12 Kan dialects 495.172 22 Kanarese language 494.814 Jaipuri dialect 491.479 7 Kandh language 494.824 Jakun language 499.28 496.5 495.6 Kannada language 494.814 I 419.52 NKansa language 497.525 N 419.52 496.5 Jargon 417.2 496.393 499.222 Kara-Kalpak language 494.34 Jiangxi dialects 495.172 22 Karachay-Balkar language 494.38 Jicarilla Apache language 497.25 NKaragas language 494.33 NJicarilla language 497.25 494.38 Jindjibandji language 499.15 494.34 Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo Karanga language 496.397 5 languages 495.4 494.54 Jita language 496.395 Karen languages 495 NJivaran languages 498.37 Kari languages (Bantu) 496.394 NJivaro language 498.372 499.968 NJivaroa language 498.372 Kasem language 496.35 Jivaroan languages 498.37 496.35

74 RelativeiIndex ____ 491.499 Kiranti languages 495.49 Kashubian language 491.85 Kirantish languages 495.49 NKatharevousa language Kirghiz language 494.347 (Modern Greek) 489.3 NKiribati language 499.52 Katharevusa language (Modern NKiriwinian language 499.5 Greek) 489.3 language 496.394 65 Kattang language 499.15 Kissi language 496.32 498.9 Kiswahili language 496.392 Kavirondo language (Nilotic) 496.5 Kituba language 496.393 1 NKayan language 499.225 Kiyaka languages 496.393 NKayapó language 498.4 NKlamath language 497.412 2 Kazak language 494.345 Klamath-Modoc language 497.412 2 494.345 497.38 Kechua language 498.323 Kohistani language 491.499 Kechuan languages 498.323 Koine (Greek language) 487.4 Kekchí language 497.42 494.53 Kele languages (Democratic Konde language 496.391 Republic of Congo) 496.396 496.393 1 Kele languages () 496.396 Konjo languages 496.394 497.9 491.469 Keresan languages 497.9 Kono language 496.34 Ket language 494.6 Konzo languages 496.394 Kete language 496.393 P Koongo language 496.393 1 499.12 Kordofanian languages 496.3 NKhakass language 494.33 495.7 (Turkic) 494.36 Kota language (Dravidian) 494.81 Khalkha Mongolian language 494.23 497.2 494.51 496.34 Kharia language 495.95 Krio language 427.966 4 495.93 Kru languages 496.33 Khmer language 495.932 Kuba languages 496.396 NKhmu’ language 495.93 Kuchean language 491.994 Khoi-Khoi language 496.1 (Dravidian) 494.824 Khoi language 496.1 Kuki-Chin languages 495.4 Khoikhoi language 496.1 Kuki-Chin- 495.4 496.1 (Panama) 497.83 Khond language 494.824 Kurdi language 491.597 Khotanese language 491.53 Kurdish language 491.597 491.499 Kuria languages 496.395 Kiangsi dialects 495.172 22 Kurmanji language 491.597 Kickapoo language 497.312 494.83 NKiga (Chiga) language 496.395 6 P Kurux language 494.83 Kikongo languages 496.393 1 Kutchin language 497.2 Kikuyu-Kamba languages 496.395 3 497.992 496.395 4 Kwa languages 496.337 NKilivila language 499.5 Kwakiutl language 497.953 NKiliwa language 497.572 Kwangwa languages 496.399 Kimbala languages 496.393 Kwese language 496.393 Kimbundu language 496.393 2 494.347 496.391 Kinyarwanda language 496.394 61 L Kiowa Apache language 497.25 497.492 Laadi language 496.393 1 Kiowa-Tanoan languages 497.49 Lacandón language 497.427

75 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ Ladin language 459.94 NLenape language 497.345 Ladino language 467.949 6 Lenca language 497.9 Lahnda language 491.419 Lenje-Tonga languages 496.391 Lak-Dargwa languages 499.964 Lenni Lenape language 497.345 499.964 495.4 497.524 4 Lettish language 491.93 Lamba language 496.391 Lëtzeburgesch dialect 437.949 35 499.224 8 Lexicographers 413.092 Lamut language 494.1 Lexicography 413.028 NLand Dayak language 499.225 Lexicology 401.4 Landsm(l language 439.82 Lezghi language 499.964 Langi language 496.394 Lezghian language 499.964 Language 400 NLezghian languages 499.964 education 407.1 Lhomi language 495.4 prescriptive approach 418.007 1 NLibyan Arabic 492.770 961 2 see Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. NLibyan spoken Arabic 492.770 961 2 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071, 491.993 T4—80071 495.49 philosophy * Linear A 492.6 see Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, Linear B 487.1 149.94, 410.1 Lingala language 496.396 86 Language acquisition 401.93 Lingua francas 401.3 N sign languages 419.019 Linguistic change 417.7 see Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. Linguistic philosophies * 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071, see Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, T4—80071 149.94, 410.1 Language attrition Linguistics 410 bilingualism see Manual at 410 N linguistics 404.2 Linguists Language for special purposes linguistics specialists 410.92 401.47 philologists 409.2 Language laboratories Lipreading 418 applied linguistics 418.007 8 applied linguistics 418 Language textbooks education 418 formal approach I Study and teaching 418 N standard English 428.2 Lipspeaking see Manual at 420–490 applied linguistics 418 Language usage 418 Listening Languages 400 applied linguistics 418 see also Language Langue d’oc 449 linguistics 418.4 Lanuvian language 479.4 Literary forms Lao language 495.919 1 E translating 418.041–.048 Lapp language 494.55 Literature Lappish language 494.55 P translating 418.04 Latin American Spanish Lithuanian language 491.92 dialects 467.98 494.54 Latin language 470 Loan words 412 see Manual at 471–475, 478 vs. 477 Lobi language 496.35 Latinian languages 479.4 Local Malay languages 499.22 Latvian language 491.93 NLocative constructions 499.968 (Grammar) 415 NLebanese-Syrian Arabic 492.770 956 91 496.395 Lega-Kalanga languages 496.394 Lolo languages 495.4

76 RelativeiIndex ____ NLolo-Burmese languages 495.4 NMahl language 491.489 Loloish languages 495.4 Mahri language 492.9 Losengo language 496.396 86 497.41 French Creole 447.976 3 Maipuran languages 498.39 Low German language 439.4 491.454 7 Low Germanic languages 439 Majingai dialect 496.5 Lower Mamberamo languages NMaka-Njem languages 496.396 499.1 Makaa-Njem languages 496.396 496.399 497.954 LSP (Special-purpose Makasar language 499.226 4 language) 401.47 NMakassarese language 499.226 4 Luba languages 496.393 496.397 Lucazi language 496.399 Maku languages 498.9 Luchazi language 496.399 Makua languages 496.397 Luganda language 496.395 7 499.3 496.5 Malay language 499.28 496.395 Malay languages 499.22 Ô Luise o language 497.45 Malay-Polynesian languages 499.2 Lule-Vilela languages 498.7 Malayalam language 494.812 Lumbee language 497.3 Malayan languages 499.22 Lunda languages 496.393 499.22 Lundu-Balong languages 496.396 Malayo-Polynesian languages 499.2 P Lungu language 496.394 Malayo-Polynesian languages (Africa) 496.5 of 499.224 Luorawetlin languages 494.6 491.489 Lusatian language 491.88 NMalecite language 497.34 Lusengo language 496.396 86 Malecite-Passamaquoddy 491.998 language 497.34 Luxembourgeois dialect 437.949 35 Malinke language 496.345 Luxembourgian dialect 437.949 35 NMaliseet language 497.34 I language 437.949 35 Maltese language 492.79 Luyana languages 496.399 Malto language 494.83 Luyia language 496.395 497.42 Lwo languages (Africa) 496.5 P Mambwe language 496.394 Lycian language 491.998 NMame language 497.42 Lydian language 491.998 Manchu languages 494.1 Manda languages 496.391 M 497.522 Mandarin Chinese language 495.1 496.5 I Mandarin dialects 495.1 NMacassarese language 499.226 4 Mande languages 496.34 Macedonian language 491.819 Mandekan languages 496.345 Machine translating P 496.345 linguistics 418.020 285 635 P Manding-Mokole languages Macro-Algonkian languages 497.3 496.345 Macro-Gê languages 498.4 Mandingo languages 496.345 NMacro-Sudanic languages 496.5 Mandinka languages 496.345 Macrosudanic languages 496.5 496.5 Madura language 499.223 4 NMangue language 497.6 499.223 4 NManipuri language 495.4 491.454 7 494.51 495.49 Manual alphabet 419 Magyar language 494.511 representing spoken language Mahakiranti languages 495.49 418

77 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ Meaning N American 428.917 linguistics 401.43 N British 428.914 1 see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 418 401.45, 401.9, 412, 415 NManx Gaelic language 491.64 Melanesian languages 499.5 Manx language 491.64 Melayu Asli languages 499.28 Maori language 499.442 Mende-Bandi languages 496.348 498.72 496.348 NMapudungu language 498.72 NMenominee language 497.313 Mapudungun language 498.72 Menomini language 497.313 NMapura language 498.39 Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache Marakwet language 496.5 language 497.256 491.46 NMescalero language 497.256 494.56 Meso-American native 497.572 languages 497 499.42 NMesopotamian Arabic 492.770 956 7 Marquesic languages 499.42 NMesopotamian spoken Arabic Marrucinian language 479.7 492.770 956 7 499.52 Mesquakie language 497.314 Marsian language 479.7 Messapian language 491.993 491.479 7 Metalanguage 410.1 NMasaba language 496.395 Metalinguistics 410.1 NMasaba-Luhya languages 496.395 NMexican Sign Language 419.72 Masaba-Luyia languages 496.395 I 419.72 Masai language 496.5 Miami language (Algic) 497.315 Mascoian languages 498.9 Miao language 495.972 I Masked priming 401.9 Miao-Yao languages 495.97 Massachuset language 497.348 P language 497.323 Mataco-Guaicuru languages 498.7 Micmac language 497.343 NMataco languages 498.7 499.52 NMatagalpa language 497.88 Middle American native Mathematical linguistics 410.151 languages 497 Matumbi languages 496.397 Middle English language 427.02 I 419.698 2 Middle French language 447.02 N 419.698 2 Middle High German language Maya language 497.427 437.02 497.42 Middle Indic languages 491.3 Mbai language (Moissala) 496.5 P Middle Indo-Aryan languages NMbala language (Bandundu, 491.3 Congo) 496.393 Middle Iranian languages 491.53 Mbere languages 496.396 Middle Italian language 457.02 Mbete languages 496.396 P Middle Norwegian language 439.827 02 NMbochi language 496.396 Middle 491.53 Mbole-Ena languages 496.394 Middle 469.702 Mboshi languages 496.396 Middle 491.770 2 Mbosi language 496.396 Middle Spanish language 467.02 Mbukushu language 496.399 Middle Volga languages 494.56 496.361 Mikasuki language 497.38 Mbundu language (Benguela 499.224 4 Province, ) 496.399 Minoan Linear A 492.6 Mbundu language (Luanda Minoan Linear B 487.1 Province, Angola) 496.393 2 NMirish languages 495.4 NMbyá language 498.382 Mískito language 497.882

78 RelativeiIndex ____ Missouri Valley Siouan Mosetenan languages 498.9 languages 497.527 Mosquito language 497.882 Misumalpan languages 497.88 Mossi languages 496.35 Miwok language 497.413 3 NMotilon language 498.2 NMixe language 497.43 NMotu language 499.5 Mixe-Zoque languages 497.43 Mpongwe language 496.396 NMixe-Zoquean languages 497.43 Multilingual phrase books 418.07 P Mixed languages 417.22 Multilingualism 497.63 N children 404.208 3 497.63 linguistics 404.2 Moabite language 492.6 N children 404.208 3 Moba language 496.35 I Multilingualism in children 404.208 3 Modality Munda languages 495.95 linguistics 415.6 495.95 Modern Greek language 489.3 NMundurucu language 498.38 Modern Indic languages 491.4 NMunduruku language 498.38 P Modern Indo-Aryan languages 497.345 491.4 Muong language 495.92 Modern languages 410 Mura languages 498.9 Modern Prakrit languages 491.4 Murui language 498.9 Modern standard Arabic 492.7 NMuskhogean languages 497.38 Modoc language 497.412 2 Muskogean languages 497.38 NMoguex language 498.2 Muskogee language 497.385 Mohave language 497.572 2 Mycenaean Greek language 487.1 497.554 2 Mycenaean Linear B 487.1 NMohegan language 497.344 Myene language 496.396 Mohegan-Montauk- 497.344 N P Mokole languages 496.345 Moldavian language 459 Na-Dene languages 497.2 Mon-Khmer languages 495.93 Naga languages 495.4 Mon language 495.93 Nahuatl language 497.452 Monastic sign languages 419.1 NNajdi Arabic 492.770 953 8 Mong language 495.972 NNajdi spoken Arabic 492.770 953 8 Mongo languages 496.396 499.964 1 NMongo-Nkundu language 496.396 Nakho-Daghestan languages 499.964 Mongolian language 494.23 Nama language 496.1 Mongolian languages 494.2 NNambicuara language 498.4 497.457 NNambikuara language 498.4 Montagnais language 497.32 Nambiquaran languages 498.4 Montauk language 497.344 Names Mood (Grammar) 415.6 etymology 412 Mooré language 496.35 494.1 Mopán language 497.427 Nande languages 496.394 NMopán Maya language 497.427 Nandi language (Bantu) 496.394 Moravian dialects 491.867 Nandi languages (Nilotic) 496.5 Mordvin language 494.56 Narragansett language 497.344 Moré language 496.35 497.32 NMoroccan Arabic 492.770 964 NNatchez language 497.9 NMoroccan spoken Arabic 492.770 964 Native American languages 497 Morphology (Grammar) 415.9 South America 498 Morphophonemics 414 Natural language processing Morphophonology 414 computer science 006.35 Morphosyntax 415 NNauru language 499.52

79 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ NNauruan language 499.52 Nkundu language 496.396 NNavaho language 497.26 I Nochâ (The Russian word) 497.26 491.701 4 495.4 494.34 Ndebele language (South I Nom script character sets Africa) 496.398 9 (Data processing) 495.922 7 Ndebele language () Nominal groups (Grammar) 415.5 496.398 Nominals (Nouns) 415.54 Ndonga languages 496.399 Non-Austronesian languages NNeengatú language 498.383 2 of Oceania 499.1 Nenets language 494.4 NNonaustronesian languages of Nepali language 491.495 Oceania 499.1 Netherlandish languages 439.3 Nootka language 497.955 New Norse language 439.82 Nordic languages 439.5 NNew Norwegian language 439.82 North American native New Testament Greek language languages 497 487.4 North American native peoples I Sign Language N sign languages 419.1 419.93 North Caucasian languages 499.96 N 419.93 North central Caucasian Newari language 495.49 languages 499.964 1 Nez Percé language 497.412 4 North Dravidian languages 494.83 Ngaanyatjara language 499.15 North Germanic languages 439.5 Ngala language 496.396 86 NNorth Levantine Arabic 492.770 956 91 Ngambai dialect 496.5 NNorth Levantine spoken Arabic 494.4 492.770 956 91 Ngando languages 496.396 Northeast Caucasian languages NNgere language (Kru) 496.33 499.964 Ngo language 496.36 Northeast Turkic languages 494.33 Ngombe languages 496.396 Northern Bantu languages 496.394 Ngonde language 496.391 Northern Min dialects 495.172 45 Ngondi languages 496.396 I 495.172 45 NNgoni language (Manda) 496.391 497.457 7 NNgoni language (Zulu) 496.398 6 Northern 496.397 71 Ngundi languages 496.396 Northern 497.496 Nguni languages 496.398 Northern Turkic languages 494.33 NNheengatu language 498.383 2 NNorthern Yemeni Arabic 492.770 953 32 Nhengatu language 498.383 2 Northwest Caucasian languages Nielim language 496.361 499.962 Niger-Congo languages 496.3 Northwest Malayo-Polynesian Niger-Kordofanian languages 496.3 languages 499.225 NNigerian Sign Language 419.669 Northwest Semitic languages 492 Nika language 496.395 Northwest Turkic languages 494.38 Nilo-Saharan languages 496.5 Northwestern Bantu languages Nilotic-Kavirondo language 496.5 496.396 496.5 Norwegian language 439.82 P Niue language 499.484 N applied linguistics 439.828 499.484 I Technical Norwegian 439.828 002 46 Nivkh language 494.6 N technical Norwegian 439.828 002 46 Njabi languages 496.396 I Written Norwegian 439.828 Njebi languages 496.396 I 419.481 Njem language 496.396 N 419.481 Nkoya languages 496.393 Nostratic hypothesis 417.7 Nkundo language 496.396 Noun phrases 415.5

80 RelativeiIndex ____ Nouns 415.54 Old Icelandic language 439.6 Ntcham language 496.35 Old Indic language 491.29 Ntomba language 496.396 8 Old Italian language 457.01 NNtumba language 496.396 8 Old Latin language 477 Nubian languages 496.5 Old Low Franconian language Nuer language 496.5 439.31 Nukuoro language 499.46 Old Low German language 439.4 Number (Grammar) 415.5 Old Low Germanic languages 439 497.457 Old Norse language 439.6 Nunggubuyu language 499.15 Old Persian language 491.51 496.33 Old Portuguese language 469.701 Nupoid languages 496.33 Old Prussian language 491.91 491.49 Old Russian language 491.770 1 NNyakyusa-Konde language Old Saxon language 439.4 496.391 Old Spanish language 467.01 E Nyakyusa language 496.391 P Old 439.770 1 Nyakyusa-Ngonde language 496.391 language 494.31 496.394 Omaha language 497.525 3 Nyanga language 496.394 493.59 Nyanja language 496.391 8 497.554 3 Nyankore language 496.395 6 Onomastics NNyiha language (Nyika-Safwa) etymology 412 496.391 497.554 Nyika (Nika) language 496.395 O’odham language 497.455 2 NNyika language (Nyika-Safwa) I Opacity (Linguistics) 415 496.391 I Optimality theory Nyika-Safwa languages 496.391 (Linguistics) 415 Nyika-Taita languages 496.395 Oral interpretation Nyilamba-Langi languages 496.394 (Lipspeaking) Nyoro-Ganda languages 496.395 6 applied linguistics 418 Nyungar dialects 499.15 Oraon language 494.83 Nzima language 496.338 5 Oriental languages 490 Oriya language 491.456 O 493.55 Orthography 411 Ob-Ugric languages 494.51 applied linguistics 418 449 linguistics 411 499.5 497.525 4 NOdawa language 497.336 Oscan language 479.9 I stones 491.621 1 Osco-Umbrian languages 479.9 Oirat-Kalmyk language 494.2 Osetin language 491.59 Ojibwa language 497.333 Osmanli language 494.35 Ojibwa languages 497.33 Ossete language 491.59 NOjibway language 497.333 E 491.59 NOkanagan language 497.943 Ossetic language 491.59 Oko languages 496.33 Ostyak language 494.51 Okpe language 496.33 Ostyak Samoyed language 494.4 Old Bulgarian language 491.817 01 Oto language (Siouan) 497.52 Old Church Slavic language 491.817 01 Oto-Manguean languages 497.6 P Old Danish language 439.817 01 NOtomanguean languages 497.6 Old English language 429 Otomí language 497.6 Old French language 447.01 Ottawa language 497.336 Old Frisian language 439.2 Ottoman 494.35 Old High German language 437.01 NOyampi language 498.38

81 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ Person (Grammar) 415.5 P I Perspective (Linguistics) 401.41 499.21 Paelignian language 479.7 I Philippine Sign Language 419.599 Paez language 498.2 N 419.599 Pahari languages 491.496 Philologists 409.2 Pahlavi language 491.53 linguistics specialists 410.92 NPaipai language 497.572 Philology 400 Paiute language 497.457 69 linguistics 410 NPaiwan language 499.2 Phoenician language 492.6 Palaic language 491.998 NPhoka language 496.391 499.52 Phonemics 414 Paleography 417.7 Phonetics 414.8 handwriting 411.7 Phonology 414 Paleosiberian languages 494.6 Phrase books 418 NPalestinian-Jordanian Arabic 492.770 956 95 Phrases (Grammar) 415 Pali language 491.37 Phrygian language 491.993 Pama-Maric languages 499.15 Picture dictionaries 413.17 Pama-Nyungan languages 499.15 N English language 423.17 Pamir languages 491.59 English 427.9 Panjabi language 491.42 Pidgins 417.22 498.4 Pigeon English 427.9 NPapago language 497.455 2 Pilipino language 499.211 Papiamento dialect 467.972 986 NPima Bajo language 497.455 499.12 Pima language 497.455 29 I Parasitic gaps (Linguistics) 415 Pintupi dialect 499.15 Paronym dictionaries 413.1 I 496.36 Parsers (Computer science) Pipil language 497.452 natural languages 415.028 563 5 NPisaca languages 491.499 Parsi language (Pahlavi) 491.53 Pisacha languages 491.499 Parsing (Computers) Pitch (Linguistics) 414.6 P natural languages 415.028 563 5 Plains Algonquian languages 497.35 P Part-of-speech tagging 415.028 563 5 Plateau Penutian languages 497.412 Participles 415.6 Plattdeutsch 439.4 Particles (Grammar) 415.7 Pogolo languages 496.391 Parts of speech (Grammar) 415 Pogoro languages 496.391 Pashto language 491.593 NPohnpeian language 499.52 Passamaquoddy language 497.34 NPoka language 496.391 Patois 417.2 NPokomchí language 497.42 Pauses (Linguistics) 414.6 NPokonchi language 497.42 497.933 Polabian language 491.89 Peba-Yaguan languages 498.9 I Polari 427 Pedi language 496.397 71 I Polarity (Linguistics) 401.43 Pemón language 498.42 I 415 Pend d’Oreille language 497.943 5 Polish language 491.85 Pende languages 496.393 Polyglot dictionaries 413 Dutch dialect 437.974 8 Polynesian languages 499.4 Pennsylvania German dialect 437.974 8 Pomo languages 497.574 Penutian languages 497.41 Ponape language 499.52 Pequot dialect 497.344 NPonapean language 499.52 I Periphrasis 401.43 Ponca language 497.525 39 Permian languages 494.53 NPopoloca language 497.6 494.53 Portuguese language 469 Persian language 491.55

82 RelativeiIndex ____ I 419.469 Pushto language 491.593 N 419.469 Putonghua ( Postclassical Greek language 487.3 language) 495.1 Postclassical Latin language 477 497.316 497.347 Praenestian language 479.4 NQuapaw language 497.525 Pragmatics 401.45 I 419.714 N discourse analysis 401.41 419.714 psycholinguistics 401.9 497.572 see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, Quechua language 498.323 401.45, 401.9, 412, 415 498.323 Prakrit languages 491.3 Quiché language 497.423 Preclassical Greek language 487.1 Quichean languages 497.42 Preclassical Latin language 477 Quichean-Mamean languages 497.42 and subject NQuileute language 497.9 (Grammar) 415 Prefixes 415.92 R Prepositional phrases 415.7 Prepositions 415.7 499.22 Prescriptive grammar 418 Raeto-Romance languages 459.9 Prescriptive linguistics 418 NRagoli-Kuria languages 496.395 see Manual at 410 491.479 Presupposition Ramu languages 499.12 P linguistics 401.454 Rapanui language 499.4 Primers (Readers) 418 Rapid reading 418.4 N English language 428.6 Rarotongan language 499.44 I Productivity (Linguistics) 415.9 I 492.411 Pronouns 415.55 Readers (Textbooks) 418 Pronunciation 414 applied linguistics 418 applied linguistics 418 N English language 428.6 linguistics 414 see Manual at 420–490 P specialized dictionaries 413.1 Reading 418.4 Prosodic analysis N education 418.407 1 (Linguistics) 414.6 N English language 428.4 Prosody N secondary education 428.407 12 linguistics 414.6 E equipment 418.402 84 Proto-Malay languages 499.28 I Reading charts 418.402 84 Proto-Nordic language 439.5 Reading materials 418 I Proto-Canaanite script 492.6 P see also Readers (Textbooks) I Prototype (Linguistics) 410 Reconstruction (Linguistics) 417.7 Provençal dialect (Occitan P Reference 401.456 language) 449.709 449 P linguistics 401.456 Provençal language 449 I Reich (The German word) 430.14 Provincialisms Relational grammar 415.018 linguistics 417.2 I (Linguistics) 401.4 Prussian language, Old 491.91 Remedial readers (Textbooks) Psycholinguistics 401.9 N applied linguistics 418 Punctuation 411 Remedial reading 418.4 N English language 421.1 NRengao language 495.93 492.6 Rennellese language 499.46 491.42 Reverse dictionaries 413.1 Punu language 496.396 Rhaetian languages 459.9 Purépecha language 497.96 Rhaeto-Romanic languages 459.9

83 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ Rheto-Romance languages 459.9 Sanaga languages 496.396 Rhyming dictionaries 413.1 496.361 6 Rhythm (Linguistics) 414.6 Sanskrit language 491.2 Rif language 493.3 495.95 NRiff languages 493.3 Sara Gambai dialect 496.5 Riksm(l language 439.82 NSara Ngambai dialect 496.5 Rolong dialect 496.397 757 459.982 Romance languages 440 Sauk language 497.314 9 491.497 P Sauria Paharia language 494.83 459 Scandinavian languages 439.5 Romansch language 459.96 459.96 I To 1700 427.941 1 Romany language 491.497 Scots language (English 496.397 8 dialect) 427.941 1 Rosetta stone 493.111 dialect 427.941 1 Ruanda language 496.394 61 Scottish Gaelic language 491.63 Ruanda-Rundi languages 496.394 6 Scythian languages 491.53 Rundi language 496.394 65 NSea Dayak language 499.225 430 Sea Islands Creole 427.975 799 N Proto-Nordic language 439.5 Second language acquisition 401.93 Russian language 491.7 applied linguistics 418 Rwanda language 496.394 61 education 418.007 1 Rwanda-Rundi languages 496.394 6 P see Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071, S T4—80071 Sedang language 495.93 NSaam language 494.55 NSelepet language 499.12 Saami language 494.55 494.4 Sabellian languages 479.7 Semang languages 495.93 Sabine language 479.7 Semantics Sac language 497.314 9 linguistics 401.43 496.391 see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, Saharan languages 496.5 401.45, 401.9, 412, 415 491.53 see Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, Salampasu-Ndembo languages 149.94, 410.1 496.393 Seminole language 497.385 9 494.36 I Semioticians 401.410 92 Salish language 497.943 5 N 401.410 92 497.94 Semiotics NSaliva language 498.9 linguistics 401.41 Salivan languages 498.9 see Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, Samaritan Aramaic language 492.29 149.94, 410.1 Samaritan language 492.29 Semitic languages 492 Sambalic languages 499.21 Sena language 496.391 Same language 494.55 Senari language 496.35 Sami language 494.55 497.554 6 499.462 Senegal languages 496.321 Samoic Outlier languages 499.46 P Senegambian languages 496.321 494.4 Senga-Sena languages 496.391 San Blas Cuna language 497.83 Senoic languages 495.93 San Blas Kuna language 497.83 Sentences (Grammar) 415 San languages 496.1 Senufo language 496.35 NSanaani Arabic 492.770 953 32 Sepik-Ramu languages 499.12 NSanaani spoken Arabic 492.770 953 32 I Sequence (Linguistics) 401.41

84 RelativeiIndex ____ 491.82 Siwi language 493.3 I Serbian philology 491.82 Skitswish language 497.943 Serbo-Croatian language 491.82 Slang 417.2 Serer language 496.321 Slavic languages 491.8 P Serer-Sine language 496.321 Slavonic languages 491.8 NSeri language 497.57 Slovak language 491.87 Servian language 491.82 491.84 Sesotho language 496.397 72 Slovenian language 491.84 Shaka language 496.395 Sogdian language 491.53 Shambala languages 496.391 NSoko-Kele languages 496.396 Shan language 495.919 Sokotri language 492.9 497.317 493.54 Shi language 496.394 Songe languages 496.393 Shilha language 493.3 Songhai language 496.5 Shilluk language 496.5 Songye languages 496.393 491.499 NSoninke language 496.34 Shira-Punu languages 496.396 Sonoran languages 497.454 496.397 5 Sorbian language 491.88 NShona languages 496.397 5 Sotho languages 496.397 7 NShor language 494.33 Sotho-Tswana languages 496.397 7 497.457 4 I South African Sign Language Shuar language 498.372 419.68 NShuara language 498.372 N 419.68 497.943 South American native Siamese language 495.91 languages 498 P Siberian Yupik languages 497.14 South Arabian languages 492.9 NSidama languages 493.5 South Caucasian languages 499.968 Sidamo languages 493.5 South Dravidian languages 494.81 I Siddham alphabet 491.211 South Halmahera-West New NSierra Popoluca language 497.43 Guinea languages 499.5 I Sign language acquisition 419.019 NSouth Levantine Arabic 492.770 956 95 Sign languages 419 NSouth Levantine spoken Arabic I Signed English 428.917 492.770 956 95 American 428.917 South Mbundu languages 496.399 British 428.914 1 South Semitic languages 492.8 Siksika language 497.352 South Slavic languages 491.81 I Similarity (Language 496.397 learning) 401.93 I dialects 495.172 4 I 418.007 1 495.172 4 I Simultaneous interpreting 418.02 Southern Paiute language 497.457 69 491.41 Southern Sotho language 496.397 72 491.48 Southern Tiwa language 497.497 Sinhalese language 491.48 Southern Turkic languages 494.36 Sinhalese-Maldivian languages NSouthern Yemeni Arabic 492.770 953 35 491.48 Southwest Turkic languages 494.36 Sino-Tibetan languages 495 Spanish language 460 497.52 bilingual dictionaries NSioux language 497.52 N English 463.21 I Sipacapense language 497.42 I Technical Spanish 468.002 46 Sira languages 496.396 N technical Spanish 468.002 46 NSiriano language 498.35 textbooks for English NSirionó language 498.382 speakers SiSwati language 496.398 7 N formal approach 468.242 1 Siwa language 493.3

85 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ I Spanish Sign Language 419.46 Sulawesi languages 499.226 N 419.46 499.95 Speaking NSumo language 497.88 applied linguistics 418 NSumu language 497.88 P Speech acts 401.452 Sunda language 499.223 2 P linguistics 401.452 499.223 2 P Speech errors 401.9 Sunwar language 495.49 Speech perception 401.95 Suomi language 494.541 I Speech perception in infants 401.95 Suprasegmental phonology 414.6 Speed reading 418.4 496.34 Speller-dividers 413.1 499.968 N English language 423.1 Swabian dialect 437.943 37 Spellers 418 496.392 N English language 428.1 Swati language 496.398 7 Spelling 411 496.398 7 applied linguistics 418 Swedish language 439.7 N English language 428.1 E applied linguistics 439.78 linguistics 411 I Written Swedish 439.78 410 I 419.485 I Spelling bees 418 N 419.485 Spelling reform 418 Swiss-German dialect 437.949 4 Spokane language 497.943 Syllabaries 411 Sranan language 427.988 3 Symbols Sranan Tongo 427.988 3 linguistics 411 Sranantonga 427.988 3 Synchronic linguistics 410 Srê language 495.93 see Manual at 410 NStalo language 497.94 Synonym dictionaries 413.1 NStandard Arabic 492.7 N English language 423.12 Standard language Syntax 415 applied linguistics 418 Syriac language 492.3 N education 418.007 1 NSyro-Lebanese Arabic 492.770 956 91 description and analysis 411–415 Standard Malay language 499.28 NStockbridge language 497.344 9 Stress (Linguistics) 414.6 499.964 Structural linguistics 410.18 Tacanan languages 498.9 Subia languages 496.399 Tadzhik language 491.57 NSubiya languages 496.399 499.211 Subject and predicate Tagmemics 415 (Grammar) 415 499.444 Subjectless constructions 415 Tahitic languages 499.44 Sublanguage 401.47 Tai-Kadai languages 495.9 applied linguistics 401.47 Tai languages 495.91 Subordinate constructions Taino language 497.922 (Grammar) 415 Taita language 496.395 Subtiaba-Tlapanec languages 497.9 Taiwan dialects (Chinese NSudanese Arabic 492.770 962 4 language) 495.172 49 NSudanese spoken Arabic 492.770 962 4 NTaiwan languages 499.2 Sudanic languages I 419.512 49 (Chari-Nile) 496.5 N 419.512 49 Suffixes 415.92 NTa‘izzi-Adeni spoken Arabic Suku language 496.393 492.770 953 35 Sukuma-Nyamwezi languages NTa‘izzi-Adeni Arabic 492.770 953 35 496.394 Tajik language 491.57

86 RelativeiIndex ____ NTajiki language 491.57 P Tigrigna language 492.83 Taki-Taki 427.988 3 492.83 Tamahaq language 493.38 Tigua language 497.496 495.4 496.36 Tamashek language 493.38 NTinne languages 497.2 493.38 496.36 Tamazight language 493.33 Tivi language 496.36 494.811 Tiwa language 497.496 495.4 (Melville Tano languages 496.338 5 Island) 499.15 Tanoan languages 497.49 NTlapanec language 497.9 497.496 497.27 497.454 6 499.224 62 Tarahumaran languages 497.454 6 Tobote language 496.35 Tarascan languages 497.96 Tocharian language 491.994 Tarasco language 497.96 Tocharish language 491.994 NTarfit language 493.3 Toda language 494.81 499.15 NTofa language 494.33 Tatar language 494.387 Tohono O’odham language 497.455 2 Crimean 494.388 Tojiki language 491.57 I Tawahka dialect (Honduras) 497.88 Tok Pisin 427.995 3 NTayal language 499.2 Toka language 496.391 Teke languages 496.396 Tokelau language 499.46 494.827 Tokelauan dialect 499.46 496.35 Tokharian language 491.994 Temne language 496.32 (Inhambane) 496.397 Temporal constructions Tonga language (Nyasa) 496.391 (Grammar) 415 Tonga language (Tonga Tenda language 496.32 Islands) 499.482 -Yanzi languages 496.396 Tonga language (Zambesi) 496.391 NTense (Grammar) 415.62 P 499.482 Tepiman languages 497.455 Tongic languages 499.48 Tepo language 496.33 Tongwe languages 496.394 I Terminologists 409.2 Topic and comment (Grammar) Terminology 401.4 415 dictionaries 413 Toradja languages 499.226 N German language 430.14 Toraja languages 499.226 N Russian language 491.701 4 Toraja Sa’dan language 499.226 usage (Applied linguistics) 418 NTotonac language 497.9 NTerraba language 497.8 497.9 496.5 NTotonaco language 497.9 Tetela languages 496.396 NTouareg language 493.38 Teton language 497.524 4 Trans- languages 499.12 Teutonic languages 430 Transcription 497.494 linguistics 411 Thai language 495.91 Transformational grammar 415.018 2 Thesauri (Synonym Translating dictionaries) 413.1 linguistics 418.02 Thonga language 496.397 P specific subjects 418.03 Thracian language 491.993 P Translation (Linguistics) 418.02 Thraco-Phrygian languages 491.993 P specific subjects 418.03 Tibetan language 495.4 Translators 418.020 92 Tibeto-Burman languages 495.4 Transliteration 411 Tigré language 492.82 NTruk language 499.52

87 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ NTrukese language 499.52 Uighur language 494.323 Tshivenda language 496.397 6 NUigur language 494.323 Tsimshian language 497.412 8 496.33 Tsimshian languages 497.412 491.79 Tsogo languages 496.396 I Technical Ukrainian 491.798 002 46 496.397 8 N technical Ukrainian 491.798 002 46 NTsouic languages 499.2 Umatilla language 497.412 Tswa-Ronga languages 496.397 8 Umbrian language 479.9 496.397 75 languages 496.399 Tuareg language 493.38 497.345 Tucano language 498.35 I Unification grammar 415 Tucanoan languages 498.35 Universal languages 401.3 NTucuna language 498.9 Ural-Altaic languages 494 NTukano language 498.35 494.5 NTukanoan languages 498.35 Urban dialects 417.209 173 2 496.391 linguistics 417.209 173 2 Tungus languages 494.1 Urdu language 491.439 Tungus-Manchu languages 494.1 496.33 494.1 Uru-Chipaya languages 498.9 NTunisian Arabic 492.770 961 1 NUru language 498.9 NTunisian spoken Arabic 492.770 961 1 Usage (Applied linguistics) 418 Tupí language 498.383 2 Ute language 497.457 6 Tupí languages 498.38 Uto-Aztecan languages 497.45 NTupí-Guaraní languages 498.38 494.323 NTupian languages 498.38 494.325 Tupinambá language 498.383 Turco-Tataric languages 494.3 Turfanish language 491.994 496.5 Vagala language 496.35 Turkic languages 494.3 496.34 Turkish language 494.35 Vandal language 439.9 494.364 Vandalic language 439.9 Turko-Tatar languages 494.3 Vedic language 491.29 Turkoman language 494.364 Vegliote dialect 457.949 72 497.55 Vei language 496.34 Tuva-Altai languages 494.33 Veinakh languages 499.964 1 language 499.46 Venda language 496.397 6 Tuvinian language 494.33 Venetic language 479.4 Twi language (Ghana) 496.338 5 I 419.87 Typology (Linguistics) 410.1 N 419.87 grammar 415.01 494.54 497.428 Verb phrases 415.6 497.428 7 Verb tables NTzutuhil language 497.42 applied linguistics 418 Tzutujil language 497.42 Verbs 415.6 Vestinian language 479.7 U I Video recordings for foreign speakers 418 496.361 Viet-Muong languages 495.92 499.962 Vietnamese language 495.922 NUchean languages 497.9 Vige language 496.35 494.53 NVisayan language 499.21 Ugaritic language 492.67 Ugric languages 494.51

88 RelativeiIndex ____ Vocabulary 401.4 NWichita language 497.93 dictionaries 413 NWik-Munkan language 499.15 English language 497.526 N usage (Applied linguistics) NWintun language 497.41 428.1 498.9 usage (Applied linguistics) 418 language 497.3 Vogul language 494.51 NWobe language 496.33 Voice (Grammar) 415.6 496.321 4 Volga languages, Middle 494.56 Word classes 415 Volscian language 479.7 Word dividers (Dictionaries) 413.1 Volta-Comoe languages 496.338 N English language 423.1 Voltaic languages 496.35 Word formation 415.92 494.54 Word order 415 Votyak language 494.53 Word origins 412 P Vowe l s 414 Word recognition Vulgar Latin language 477 I Ability testing 418.4 P Word sense disambiguation 401.430 285 635 Words 401.4 NWaica language 498.9 dictionaries 413 497.95 usage (Applied linguistics) 418 Walapai language 497.572 4 Wororan languages 499.15 Walbiri language 499.15 Writing systems (Linguistics) 411 NWalla Walla language 497.412 I Wu dialects 495.172 Walpiri language 499.15 495.172 Wampanoag language 497.348 497.555 498.9 NWarrau language 498.9 497.576 NWayampi language 498.38 Xavante language 498.4 NWayãpi language 498.38 496.398 5 NWayuu language 498.39 I Xiang dialects 495.172 15 Welsh language 491.66 495.172 15 I Weme-Gbe language 496.337 Xinca language 497.9 Wendish language 491.88 Xosa language 496.398 5 West Atlantic languages (Africa) 496.32 Y West Germanic languages 439 West Iranian languages NYaghnobi language 491.59 (Ancient) 491.51 NYagnobi language 491.59 P West New Guinea languages 499.5 Yagua language 498.9 West Scandinavian languages 439.5 NYahuna language 498.35 West Semitic languages 492 NYaka language (Congo and West Slavic languages 491.85 Angola) 496.393 Western Aramaic languages 492.29 Yakama language 497.412 7 NWestern Canadian Inuit NYakima language 497.412 7 language 497.12 494.332 NWestern Canadian Inuktitut P Yambasa languages 496.396 language 497.12 Yanomam languages 498.92 499.15 Yanomamo language 498.92 Western Hindi languages 491.43 I Yanyuwa language 499.15 I Western Mande languages 496.34 Yanzi language 496.396 Western Panjabi language 491.419 (Southeastern Western Turkic languages 494.38 Asia) 495.978

89 DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____ Yao languages (Africa) 496.397 499.52 497.454 2 Yaruro language 498.9 Yaunde-Fang languages 496.396 497.572 4 I 496.36 Yenisei-Ostyak language 494.6 Yenisei Samoyed language 494.4 NYessan-Mayo languages 499.12 Yeye language 496.399 Yiddish language 439.1 Yindjibarndi language 499.15 Yok-Utian languages 497.413 497.413 496.333 P 496.333 497.427 Yucatecan language 497.427 497.9 Yue dialects 495.172 7 Yüeh dialects 495.172 7 Yui language 499.12 Yuit language 497.14 Yukaghir language 494.6 Yuki language 497.5 Yukian languages 497.5 Yuma language 497.572 Yuman languages 497.572 Yupik languages 497.14 Yurak Samoyed language 494.4 497.3

Zamucoan languages 498.9 Zande language 496.361 Zaparoan languages 498.9 Zapotec language 497.68 Zapotecan languages 497.68 Zaramo language 496.391 Zarma language 496.5 Zigula-Zaramo languages 496.391 Zoque language 497.43 496.398 6 497.994 Zyrian language 494.53

90