DOCSLIB.ORG

Indonesian Language Policy and the Views of Javanese Language Teachers in Yogyakarta: Implications for Action

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indonesian Language Policy and the Views of Javanese Language Teachers in Yogyakarta: Implications for Action School of Education Indonesian Language Policy and the Views of Javanese Language Teachers in Yogyakarta: Implications for Action Bambang Suwarno This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University June 2014 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: ____________________________ Date : ____________________________ ii Abstract Research indicates that there has been a language shift from heritage languages to the Indonesian language in Indonesia. The country’s language policy and planning (LPP) exists to manage such a shift. This study aimed to analyse the impact the Indonesian language policy and planning (ILPP) is having on the status and use of heritage languages in general and the Javanese language in particular. In addition the study sought to explore the views of Javanese language teachers in Sleman regency on the ILPP. Finally the study sought to explore the implications the research findings hold for the re-evaluation of the integrity of the existing form of the ILPP and its capacity to stem such a shift. In order to achieve these objectives, the study adopted a dynamic dual strand approach to methodology. The first strand included analysis of Indonesian language-related laws at national and provincial level. The second strand consisted of a survey of Javanese language teachers in Sleman regency, to ascertain their views of the ILPP and their preferences of domains for the Javanese language. Analysis revealed that the existing LPP might not be effective in stemming language shift or indeed congruent with the Indonesian Constitution. Derived from the data analysis, a number of models were conceived for policy revision; one was based on the teachers’ views while another was devised from language policy theory and the Indian language policy. iii Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to God, who I believe has given me blessing and guidance in my study. I would like to express my great gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Graham Dellar, for his expertise, compassion and patience, as well as his valuable direction and constructive guidance. I would also like to express my great gratitude to my co- supervisor, Dr Jennifer Howell, who worked with my supervisor to ensure that my thesis could attain the best possible standard. I am also indebted to Dr Chris Conlan and Dr Ian Chalmers for their earlier work with me on my study. I owe great gratitude to Dr Anna Alderson, who gave me a lot of time for discussion and helpful feedback. I would offer my great gratitude to the Chancellor and other officers of Curtin University, in general, and those of the Faculty of Humanities, School of Education, in particular, who have provided me with the opportunity to pursue my PhD education. In particular, I would like to express my great gratitude to Prof Lina Peliccione and Prof Rhonda Oliver, who have facilitated my studies, and Prof Rob Cavanagh, who has served as the Chairperson of my Thesis Committee. I also owe gratitude to other university officers, including those of the library and health and disability offices, who have attended to my special needs. With my hearing problem, communication with me must have been very demanding and thus I would like to express my great appreciation to the ladies and gentlemen for their patience. My completion of the study shall bear witness to the great attention that Curtin University devotes to those who happen to be handicapped or less endowed. I would like to express my great gratitude to the examiners who have provided valuable suggestions and comments, thereby improving my thesis. At this opportunity, I would also like to express my great gratitude to the Indonesian Government, especially the Ministry of Education, who, through the DIKTI {Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi (The Directorate General of Higher Education)}, provided me with a scholarship during the four years, out of nearly five iv years of my study, and the officers of Universitas Bengkulu, especially the Rector and the Vice Rectors, and the Dean of FKIP (Teachers Training Faculty), who facilitated this scholarship. I am also indebted to the indirect assistance that I receive from the officers of Western Australian Department of Education, in particular those of Millen Primary School, and from the officers of New Focus Company. Great appreciation is offered to the officials from the Pusat Bahasa in Jakarta and the Balai Bahasa Yogyakarta, for their kind assistance in locating the language- related laws, and the Bappeda DIY in Yogyakarta, which issued the permit for the field work. I am also greatly indebted to the participants, the Javanese language teachers in Sleman regency, for their participation and encouragement. Without their participation, this thesis would not have achieved its completion. I am grateful to Mr. Binartoto and his field team, who provided much help in the field work. I am also grateful to my PhD student colleagues for their suggestions. Last but not least, I am grateful to my family: my wife, Woro Wuryani, and my children, Amanda, Berna, and Chelsea, who persevered and patiently endured all the tribulations during my study. May they share the great joy of the completion of this study – and I dedicate this thesis to them. May this thesis also be dedicated to the conservation of heritage languages. v Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................iv Table of Contents...............................................................................................................vi List of Tables.......................................................................................................................ix List of Figures......................................................................................................................xi List of Appendices.............................................................................................................xii List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background and Context of the Study .............................................................1 1.2. The Purpose of this Study...................................................................................6 1.3. The Significance of the Study.............................................................................9 1.4. Research Questions ........................................................................................... 10 1.5. Research Design and Limitations ................................................................... 11 1.6. Definitions of Key Terms ................................................................................ 13 1.7. Organisation of the Thesis............................................................................... 14 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................................. 15 2.1. Heritage languages ............................................................................................. 16 2.1.1. Heritage languages in Indonesia ................................................................................... 17 2.1.2. The Javanese language....................................................................................................18 2.2. Domains .............................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1. Public domains................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.2. Private domains................................................................................................................ 22 2.3. Language Shift .................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1. The shift from heritage languages to the national language in Indonesia............. 23 2.3.2. Heritage language protection......................................................................................... 25 2.4. The Dynamics of Language Shift ................................................................... 28 2.4.1. The unstable multilingual society in Indonesia.......................................................... 28 2.4.2. Triggers for language shift ............................................................................................. 29 2.4.3. The significance of language shift to indigenous heritage languages..................... 31 2.4.4. Averting language shift................................................................................................... 32 2.5. Language Policy and Planning (LPP)............................................................. 33 2.5.1. Defining language policy...............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Language Choice of Balinese and Japanese Mixed Marriage Children
    ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 604-610, July 2020 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1104.11 Language Choice of Balinese and Japanese Mixed Marriage Children Lukia Zuraida Bali Tourism Polytechnic, Bali, Indonesia Made Budiarsa Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia I Ketut Darma Laksana Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia I Wayan Simpen Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia Abstract—Japanese and Balinese mixed marriage children have become bilingual since the early years of the language acquisition period. They acquired the inheritance of the languages (Indonesian, Japanese, and Balinese) from their parents. This research was conducted to find the language choice of mixed marriage children of Balinese and Japanese in Bali. The language use domain is divided into two: family and social. In each domain, the topic, the background of the situation, and the people involved are determined. The data was gathered using questionnaires employed to 10 mixed married families. The method includes observation and interviews. The result of data analysis showed that in the family domain there are variations of the children's language preferences when communicating. The children choose Indonesian when communicating with the father, and Japanese with the mother. However, there are also other options for using mixed code between Indonesian, Japanese and also English. In the social domain, the language choice is more homogeneous, which is Indonesian. Meanwhile, it was found that there was resistance towards the use of Balinese by Japanese- Balinese Mixed Marriage Family (JBMF) and the factors that affected the children's language choice were also discovered.
    [Show full text]
  • The Linguistic Ecology of Lombok, Eastern Indonesia
    2018-06-01 Uppsala University Workshop Sasak, eastern Indonesia: layers of language contact and language change Peter K. Austin Linguistics Department, SOAS University of London Many thanks to Berndt Nothofer for sharing his Sasak materials and research on etymologies, and to colleagues in Lombok for assistance with data and analysis, especially Lalu Dasmara, Lalu Hasbollah and Sudirman. Key points of today’s talk ◼ The history and sociology of Lombok, eastern Indonesia has led to complex lexical borrowings from languages to the west through the innovation of a speech levels system ◼ Earlier believed the ‘core vocabulary’ (body parts, kinship, numbers, pronouns) was immune from borrowing but not here ◼ Sasak has innovated new non-etymological non- borrowed material through a kind of system pattern borrowing Outline ◼ Geography and History ◼ Population and Sociology ◼ Language variation ◼ Contact phenomena ◼ Conclusions Indonesia Data collection Lombok history ◼ Majapahit dependency (13th-15th century) Lombok history ◼ Borrowed Javanese cultural traditions: caste system, aristocracy, Hindu-Buddhist cultural concepts and practices, literacy ◼ Influence of Makassarese (east Lombok) and Balinese (west Lombok) from 16th century ◼ 1678 Balinese Gegel drive out Makassarese, 1740 Balinese Karangasem conquer Gelgel, dominate all Lombok ◼ Introduction of priesthood, books, Aksara Sasak, reinforcement of Javanese influences ◼ Karangasem-Lombok enhanced court by collecting greatest works of the Balinese and Javanese literature, centre of literary
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2011.02128V1 [Cs.CL] 4 Nov 2020
    Cross-Lingual Machine Speech Chain for Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Bataks Speech Recognition and Synthesis Sashi Novitasari1, Andros Tjandra1, Sakriani Sakti1;2, Satoshi Nakamura1;2 1Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan 2RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project AIP, Japan fsashi.novitasari.si3, tjandra.ai6, ssakti,[email protected] Abstract Even though over seven hundred ethnic languages are spoken in Indonesia, the available technology remains limited that could support communication within indigenous communities as well as with people outside the villages. As a result, indigenous communities still face isolation due to cultural barriers; languages continue to disappear. To accelerate communication, speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) technology is one approach that can overcome language barriers. However, S2ST systems require machine translation (MT), speech recognition (ASR), and synthesis (TTS) that rely heavily on supervised training and a broad set of language resources that can be difficult to collect from ethnic communities. Recently, a machine speech chain mechanism was proposed to enable ASR and TTS to assist each other in semi-supervised learning. The framework was initially implemented only for monolingual languages. In this study, we focus on developing speech recognition and synthesis for these Indonesian ethnic languages: Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Bataks. We first separately train ASR and TTS of standard Indonesian in supervised training. We then develop ASR and TTS of ethnic languages by utilizing Indonesian ASR and TTS in a cross-lingual machine speech chain framework with only text or only speech data removing the need for paired speech-text data of those ethnic languages. Keywords: Indonesian ethnic languages, cross-lingual approach, machine speech chain, speech recognition and synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Folklore As a Tool to Naturally Learn and Maintain Sasak Language As Mother Tongue
    Folklore as a Tool to Naturally Learn and Maintain Sasak Language as Mother Tongue Nuriadi Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Majapahit Street No.62, Mataram Keywords: Folklore, Maintenance, Sasak Language, Mother Tongue. Abstract: This paper discusses the role of function of Sasak folklore, especially verbal folklores, in teaching and maintaining Sasak language naturally. ‘Sasak’ is a name of an ethnic group exisiting in Lombok island using Sasak language as mother tongue. Based on qualitative research, Sasak people is usually ‘planting’ (teaching) the Sasak language as their mother tongue through folklore, especially verbal Sasak folklores. Those are such as: pinje panje, children playing songs (elate), lullabying songs (bedede), or story telling (waran). This activity mostly happens in informal form in any kind of occasions. This phenomenon is usually undergone by mothers to their children or by other children to their friends in their own communities. Hence, it is also found that this model of learning is very effective in maintaining the Sasak language as mother tongue and Sasak culture. Finally, based on the research, most of the informants acknowledge that they still well remember all the folklores they played in childhood. They even still love their Sasak backgrounds. Therefore, Sasak folklore is a good tool in naturally teaching and/or maintaining Sasak language. 1 INTRODUCTION taking a role as mother-tongue for that group. It is embedded, according to Sairin (2010), in the vein of Language is as a culture and identity as well for each the real users and functions as a determinant of ethnic group (Sairin, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting Endangered Literary Genres in Sasak, Eastern Indonesia
    Documenting endangered literary genres in Sasak, eastern Indonesia Peter K. Austin Endangered Languages Academic Programme Department of Linguistics, SOAS ANDC, Australian National University [email protected] 2013-01-30 Draft paper prepared for Indonesian Linguistics Workshop, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, February 2013 – do not quote or cite without permission Abstract1 The island of Lombok, eastern Indonesia, is linguistically and culturally complex, with several languages being used there, including Sasak, Balinese, Kawi (a form of early modern Javanese) and Indonesian. Sasak shows wide geographical and social variation, with a system of speech levels, apparently borrowed from its western neighbours. The Sasaks also have a literary tradition of writing manuscripts on palm leaves (lòntar) in a manner similar to that of the Balinese (Rubinstein 2000, Creese 1999), and historically, the Javanese. Lombok today remains one of only a handful of places in Indonesia where reading lòntar (called in Sasak, pepaòsan) continues to be practised, however even there the number of people who are able to read and interpret the texts is rapidly diminishing. In this paper I outline the nature of the Sasak literary materials (see also Marrison 1999, 2000, Van der Meij 1996, 2002), how reading is taught, the nature of reading performances, and the role of this genre within contemporary Sasak culture. This work results from fieldwork undertaken in two locations on Lombok, and studies I have carried out with some of the few younger specialists who is able to perform lòntar reading. The paper concludes with discussion of some challenges for language documentation theory and practice (Himmelmann 2002, Woodbury 2011) that arise in the process of recording and analyzing 1 Research on Sasak has been supported at various times by the Australian Research Council, the School of Oriental and African Studies, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies and the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.
    [Show full text]
  • Maybe English First and Then Balinese and Bahasa Indonesia“: a Case of Language Shift, Attrition, and Preference
    Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 11(1), May 2016, pp. 81-99 —0aybe English first and then Balinese and Bahasa Indonesia“: A case of language shift, attrition, and preference Siana Linda Bonafix* LembagaPengembanganProfesi, UniversitasTaruma Negara, Jakarta Christine Manara Program PascaSarjana, LinguistikTerapanBahasaInggris, UniversitasKatolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Jakarta Abstract This small-scale Tualitative study aims to explore the participants‘ view of languages acquired, learned, and used in their family in an Indonesian context. The two participants were Indonesians who came from multilingual and mixed-cultural family background. The study explores three research questions: 1) What are the languages acquired (by the participants‘ family members), co- existed, and/or shift in the family of the two speakers? 2) What factors affect the dynamicity of these languages? 3) How do the participants perceive their self-identity? The qualitative data were collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed to be analyzed using thematic analysis. The study detects local language shift to Indonesian from one generation to the next in the participants‘ family. The data also shows several factors for valorizing particular languages than the others. These factors include socioeconomic factor, education, frequency of contact, areas of upbringing (rural or urban) and attitude towards the language. The study also reveals that both participants identify their self-identity based on the place where they were born and grew up instead of their linguistic identity. Keywords: bilingualism, bilinguality, language dynamics, valorization, mix-cultural families Introduction Indonesia is a big multicultural and multilingual country. It is reported in 2016 that the population of the country is 257 million (BadanPusatStatistik, National StatisticsBureau).
    [Show full text]
  • I I SKRIPSI KEKERABATAN BAHASA SASAK DIALEK MENO-MENE DAN
    i SKRIPSI KEKERABATAN BAHASA SASAK DIALEK MENO-MENE DAN BAHASA SUMBAWA DIALEK TALIWANG DALAM KAJIAN LINGUISTIK HISTORIS KOMPARATIF Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Strata Satu (S1) Pada Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram Heni Rukmana 11411A0022 PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INDONESIA FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MATARAM 2019 i HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN SKRIPSI KEKERABATAN BAHASA SASAK DIALEK MENO-MENE DAN BAHASA SUMBAWA DIALEK TALIWANG DALAM KAJIAN LINGUISTIK HISTORIS KOMPARATIF Telah memenuhi syarat dan disetujui Tanggal 2019 Dosen Pembimbing I Dosen Pembimbing II Drs. H. Akhmad H. Mus, M.Hum. Habiburrahman, M.Pd. NIDN 0822086002 NIDN 0824088701 Menyetujui: PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INDOENESIA FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MATARAM Ketua Program Studi, Habiburrahman, M.Pd. NIDN 0824088701 ii PENGESAHAN iii SURAT PERNYATAAN Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini saya mahasiswi Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram menyatakan bahwa : Nama : Heni Rukmana NIM : 11411A0022 Alamat : Karang Jangkong, Kec. Cakranegara Kota Mataram Memang benar skripsi saya yang berjudul Kekerabatan Bahasa Sasak Dialek Meno-mene dan Bahasa Sumbawa Dialek Taliwang (Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif) adalah asli karya sendiri dan belum pernah diajukan untuk mendapatkan gelar akademik di tempat manapun. Skripsi ini murni gagasan, rumusan dan penelitian saya sendiri tanpa bantuan pihak lain, kecuali arahan pembimbing. Jika terdapat karya atau pendapat orang lain yang telah dipublikasikan, memang diacu sebagai sumber dan dicantumkan dalam daftar pustaka. Jika dikemudian hari pernyataan saya ini terbukti tidak benar, saya siap mempertanggung jawabkannya, termasuk bersedia meninggalkan gelar kesarjanaan yang saya peroleh. Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sadar dan tanpa tekanan dari pihak manapun.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 465 Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Education and Social Sciences (ACCESS 2019) An Analisys of Passive Construction in Rempung Language East Lombok Moh. Ismail Fahmi* Amrullah Amrullah Postgraduate English Department Postgraduate English Department Universitas Mataram Universitas Mataram Mataram Indonesia Mataram Indonesia [email protected] Abstract— The purpose of this research is to identify the All along the period, people always learn language, forms of passive voice in Rempung language and to investigate because the language has crucial rule in the real life. It is whether the appearance i-prefix –form in the Rempung. This imaginable, without language how the world will be. But research was conducted at Rempung village. The design of the probably for its customary, language is infrequently has research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection method not attention, and usually supposed as common things as used is note taking as primary data while having conversation human being walking or breathing. Language is not just with people who are speaking Rempung as their native language. spoken but also alliance by its rule, in this case syntax. After all data were collected, then they were sorted based on the Almost whole the educational institutions, which open researcher's needs to be analyzed. The data analysis shows that program of Strata (S-1) of language, teach their students the passive construction in Rempung Language is divided in two kinds. First passive construction use “i” prefix but active and about linguistics. The knowledge of it is not as a passive as same prefix (Inverted passive).
    [Show full text]
  • Discovering the 'Language' and the 'Literature' of West Java
    Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No.1, June 1996 Discovering the 'Language' and the 'Literature' of West Java: An Introduction to the Formation of Sundanese Writing in 19th Century West Java* Mikihira MaRlYAMA** I The 'Language' Discovering the 'Language' An ethnicity (een volk) is defined by a language.i) This idea had come to be generally accepted in the Dutch East Indies at the beginning of the twentieth century. The prominent Sundanese scholar, Raden Memed Sastrahadiprawira, expressed it, probably in the 1920s, as follows: Basa teh anoe djadi loeloegoe, pangtetelana djeung pangdjembarna tina sagala tanda-tanda noe ngabedakeun bangsa pada bangsa. Lamoen sipatna roepa-roepa basa tea leungit, bedana bakat-bakatna kabangsaan oge moesna. Lamoen ras kabangsaanana soewoeng, basana eta bangsa tea oge lila-lila leungit. [Sastrahadiprawira in Deenik n. y.: 2] [The language forms a norm: the most evident and the most comprehensive symbols (notions) to distinguish one ethnic group from another. If the characteristics of a language disappear, the distinguishing features of an ethnicity will fade away as well. If an ethnicity no longer exists, the language of the ethnic group will also disappear in due course of time.] There is a third element involved: culture. Here too, Dutch assumptions exerted a great influence upon the thinking of the growing group of Sundanese intellectuals: a It occurred to me that I wanted to be a scholar when I first met the late Prof. Kenji Tsuchiya in 1980. It is he who stimulated me to write about the formation of Sundano­ logy in a letter from Jakarta in 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • Sundanese Language Level Detection Using Rule-Based Classification: Case Studies on Twitter
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 08, AUGUST 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Sundanese Language Level Detection Using Rule-Based Classification: Case Studies On Twitter Ade Sutedi, Dede Kurniadi, Wiyoga Baswardono Abstract : Along with the history of the Sundanese tradition, language has an important role to show the existence of Sundanese culture, especially in Banten and West Java. Today, the use of Sundanese language are decreased due to a competition of regional languages with national languages even with foreign languages. In addition, the divergence of language in the society cause disparities between young people and older people. The native speaker are reduced due to social developments in society that are increasingly wide open. This issue becomes popular in the last decade due to the death of language especially for regional language. To discover the existence of Sundanese language in social media today, Twitter was used to analyze as a parameter that indicate the existence of a Sundanese language used by the people. The objectives of this research are: (1) to identified the existence of Sundanese language in social media; (2) to classify the word levels of Sundanese language used and comparing their levels to get the summary of characteristic of Sundanese language for every region. In this research, classification process taken from Sundanese vocabulary which divided into three levels: Ribaldry level (Loma), Standard level (Hormat ka sorangan), and Polite level (Hormat ka batur). Classification involves the word n-grams (unigram, bigram, and trigram) features with rule-based classification to determine Sundanese and non Sundanese language with their levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 178 1st International Conference of Innovation in Education (ICoIE 2018) The Role of Parents in Sundanese Language Preservation Dingding Haerudin Sundanese nd Culture Education Graduate School Indunesia University of Education Bangdung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract—This paper presents one of the results of pressure in the study refers to speaking partner, who is the research on “A Need Analysis of Mother Tongue Program higher-ranking or older (Panicacci & Dewaele 2017). Development 2013.” The study aimed to describe the efforts of parents in the preservation of the Sundanese language as a To address the problems certainly requires the native language and a local language. The description of this cooperation of all parties, especially the family paper includes the use of Sundanese language in everyday environment (parents) and educational institutions. It is life at home and its surrounding environment; in important to expose knowledge and understanding of the communication with teachers at school; the importance of cultural richness embodied in language and literature, as a instilling manners of speaking (undak-usuk/unggah-ungguh) valuable treasure and universal source of local wisdom to children; the importance of Sundanese language teaching (Cornhill 2014). in schools; the importance of children learning local culture; the types of culture that children learn; the efforts of parents Therefore, this paper presents one of the results of to encourage children to learn the culture; and the opinion research on “A Need Analysis of Mother Tongue Program that the local language is used as the language of education Development 2013.” The one of the results is efforts of at the elementary level.
    [Show full text]
  • A Grammar of Toba Batak Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde
    A GRAMMAR OF TOBA BATAK KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE TRANSLATION SERIES 13 H. N. VAN DER TUUK A GRAMMAR OF TOBA BATAK Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. 1971 This book is published under a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Education and Sciences The original title was : TOBASCHE SPRAAKUNST in dienst en op kosten van het Nederlandsch Bijbelgenootschap vervaardigd door H. N. van der Tuuk Amsterdam Eerste Stuk (Klankstelsel) 1864 Tweede Stuk (De woorden als Zindeelen) 1867 The translation was made by Miss Jeune Scott-Kemball; the work was edited by A. Teeuw and R. Roolvink, with a Foreword by A. Teeuw. ISBN 978-94-017-6707-1 ISBN 978-94-017-6778-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-6778-1 CONTENTS page Foreword by A. Teeuw XIII Preface to part I XL Preface to part II . XLII Introduction XLVI PART I THE SOUND SYSTEM I. SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION 1. WTiting . 3 2. The alphabet . 3 3. Anak ni surat . 4 4. Pronunciation of the a 5 5. Pronunciation of thee 5 6. Pronunciation of the o . 6 7. The relationship of ·the consona.n.ts to each other 7 8. Fusion of vowels . 9 9. wortl boundary . 10 10. The pronunciation of ?? . 10 11. The nasals as closers before an edged consonant 11 12. The nasals as closeTs before h . 12 13. Douible s . 13 14. The edged consonants as closers before h. 13 15. A closer n before l, r and m 13 16. R as closer of a prefix 14 17.
    [Show full text]