A DIALECT GEOGRAPHY OF BUGIS Timothy Friberg, October 1984 Unpublished typescript, 174 pages

LIST OF MAPS, APPENDICES, AND BUGIS TEXTS

Map 1 Collection sites Map 2 Bugis dialect areas according to the Language Atlas of South Sulawesi, 1974 Map 3 Cognate percentages for pairs of contiguous wordlists Map 4 The subdialects of the Bugis language Map 5 The dialects of the Bugis language Map 6 Lexical isoglosses Map 7 #1 pohon, tree Map 8 #7 tempurung kelapa, half a coconut shell Map 9 #10 pohon sagu, sago palm Map 10 #11 pandan, lemon grass Map 11 #12 pisang, banana Map 11A #12 pisang, banana Map 12 #13 sirih, betel-leaf Map 13 #14 rotan, rattan Map 14 #15 bambu, bamboo Map 15 #18 alang-alang, a long-stemmed grass Map 16 #24 dia, he, she Map 17 #29 bulan, moon, month Map 18 #30 bintang, star Map 19 #32 mata air, spring, well Map 20 #37 awan, cloud Map 21 #39 danau, lake Map 22 #47 hangat, warm Map 23 #49 dingin, cold Map 25 #55 anjing, dog Map 26 #56 kalong, bat Map 27 #58 nyamuk, mosquito Map 28 #59 tikus, rat, mouse Map 29 #63 hitam, black Map 30 #67 hijau, green Map 31 #82 banyak, many Map 32 #83 besar, big Map 33 #84 kecil, small Map 34 #89 penuh, full Map 35 #91 baik, good Map 36 #94 jemur, berjemur, dry in sun Map 37 #96 ini, this Map 38 #97 itu, that Map 39 #98 di sini, here Map 40 #101 di atas, on top of, on Map 41 #106 timur, east Map 42 #107 barat, west Map 43 #110 daging, meat Map 44 #111 darah, blood Map 45 #112 tulang, bone Map 46 #114 rambut, hair Map 47 #120 mulut, mouth Map 48 #121 bibir, lip Map 49 #127 tangan, hand, arm Map 50 #128 perut, stomach Map 51 #132 jantung, heart Map 52 #133 muka, face Map 53 #142 isteri, wife Map 54 #144 ibu, mother Map 55 #146 anak sulung, fisrtborn Map 56 #147 anak bungsu, youngest child Map 57 #148 nenek laki-laki, grandfather Map 58 #149 nenek perempuan, grandmother Map 59 #150 nenek moyang, ancestor Map 60 #151 kakak laki-laki, older brother Map 61 #153 adik laki-laki, younger brother Map 62 #156 bibi, tante, aunt Map 63 #157 teman, kawan, friend Map 64 #158 tamu, guest Map 65 #159 hamba, budak, servant, slave Map 66 #160 mas kawin, bride price, dowry Map 67 #163 jalan, road Map 68 #169 menumbuk padi, pound rice Map 69 #174 di mana, where? Map 70 #175 mengapa, kenapa, why? Map 71 #176 bagaimana, how? Map 72 #178 ulang, repeat Map 73 #181 lapar, hungry Map 74 #183 gigit, mengigit, bite Map 75 #185 dengar, mendengar, hear Map 76 #188 bangun, membangun, wake up Map 77 #189 membangunkan, awaken (someone) Map 78 #195 berjalan, walk Map 79 #196 datang, come Map 80 #198 duduk, sit Map 81 #199 berdiri, stand Map 82 #202 mentah, vomit Map 83 #205 menangis, cry Map 84 #206 mandi, bathe Map 85 #207 mandikan, kasih mandi, bathe someone Map 86 #208 jatuh, fall Map 87 #209 jatuhkan, kasih jatuh, drop Map 88 #211 bermimpi, dream Map 89 #216 bicara, berkata, bilang, speak, say Map 90 #105 rimundri - rimondri Map 91 #'s 4, 109 uli aju - oli aju Map 92 #6 duri - dori Map 93 #12 utti - otti Map 94 #197 lewu' - liwu' Map 95 #92 malebu - malibu Mqp 96 #68 setdi - sitdi Map 97 #203 mammitcu - mammetcu Map 98 #180 minung - menung Map 99 #'s 120, 121 timu - temu Map 100 #18 adea - area Map 101 ch - sh from 12 reflexes Map 102 #108 wiring (b - w - h - zero) Map 103 #30 bittuing (b - w - h - zero) Map 104 n - l from 3 reflexes Map 105 #87 macawe (ch - k - zero) Map 106 #146 macoa (ch - t) Map 107 p - f from 80 reflexes

Appendix A Collection sites by hamlet, village, subdistrict, district Appendix B Sample Wordbook page

Bugis Text 1 Sompe'na La Baso Lao ri Jawa Bugis Text 2 Nippinna La Ranggang Indonesian Translation Mimpinya La Ranggang A DIALECT GEOGRAPHY OF BUGIS Timothy Friberg, SIL Indonesia

Introduction

The Bugis people of South Sulawesi are the most numerous and progressive of its inhabitants. Population figures put their current number at more than

2,500,000. In addition to the Bugis in their homeland in South Sulawesi, their history of sailing has brought them throughout insular Southeast Asia.

Today significant settlements of Bugis are found in Sumatera, Kalimantan and Sabah (East Malaysia).

It is natural that a traditional language like Bugis, spoken by so many people, should show dialect variation. Indeed, the Language Atlas of South

Sulawesi (Peta Bahasa Sulawesi Selatan, 1974) lists ten dialects of Bugis. Grimes and Grimes (in preparation) lists nine. How these dialects interrelate and the extent of mutual intelligibility among them are questions of interest.

We initiated field work to answer these and other questions. But the very fact of data collection raised its own series of questions. What should

the method of sampling be? How extensive should the sampling be?

In answer to the first question, we chose two instruments, the first

precise and formal and the second impressionistic and informal. The first was a 216-item wordlist, nearly the same as that used by Grimes and Grimes. (The wordlist is in effect reproduced in the discussion under the section

Geographical Distribution of Individual Words, below.) The second was two stories translated into the Soppeng dialect of Bugis which we played at

various places in order to test comprehension. (This comprehension test technique, when applied rigorously, yields good results. Our informal use of

it, especially having only a single dialect recorded, was intentional and should not be taken as a poor reflection of the merits of the testing technique.) No other mention will be made of our second technique than to say

comprehension of the test tape was nearly universal; the only difficulty was

puzzlement among some of those tested as to why they should be tested on

something that was so clearly their language.

If there were as many as ten dialects of Bugis, the depth of our data collection had to account for a number of points and speakers within each

BUGIS - Friberg; October 1984 - 1 - dialect area. We decided to take one wordlist in each subdistrict which had original Bugis population (as opposed to recent inaligrant population).

Additionally, we sampled border areas where the situation was unclear to us. Though the subdistricts show considerable variation in area and population, we felt that one wordlist per subdistrict would yield a fairly accurate picture of the dialect, especially since the subdistrict boandaries generally follow those of former kingdoms or clan groupings. Our procedure was to elicit the necessary information from a wide spectrum of society. Our respondents ranged in age from 13 to 60. Nine were less than 30, 25 were between 30 and 39, 24 were 40 to 49, 23 were 50 to 59 and nine were over 60. Eighty-two men and eight women were ireluded. Because our field work always had to pass through official channels, it was a constant struggle to keep the number of civil servants volunteering as respondents to a reasonably low figure. Our reasoning stemmed from wanting to avoid a high degree of influence from Indonesian among government workers and from the fact that civil servants are freely transferred between dialect ar--- Ve did not find that transfers affected civil servants at the village and hamlet levels.)

Each candidate for respondent was asked whether Bugis was his native language. We further required that the respondent was born in the village and his parents in the subdistrict where the information was cathered. In a few border areas where original Bugis populations gave way to recent imnigrant populations (mixed with original nonBugis populations) we had to relax the requirement that parents also be born locally. In all but three or four cases the wordlist was taken in the area in question. Cur wordlist for the Pasangkayu speech form of Bugis was taken from a Pasangkayu-bcrn speaker in Mamuju subdistrict rather than in Pasangkayu itsell. In the other two or three exceptions, the wordlist was taken in a village adjacent to that of the respondent's birth and residence.

Wordlists were gathered from the following thirteen districts: Luwu (7 of 16 subdistricts), Wajo, Mamuju (1 of 6), Bone, Sc2peng, Sinjai, Bulukumba (2 of 7), Polewali-Mamasa (2 of 9), Pinrang, Sidenr eng-flappang, Earru, Pangkajene-Kepulauan (from the six nonisland subdistricts) and Maros. The missing subdistricts either did not have original Bugis or had Bugis inhabitants either in such mixed or small populations that it was not

BUGIS - Friberg. October iS - 2 - practical to find them. Only one of three subdistricts in Pare-pare city sampled and none in Ujung Pandang. See Map 1 and Appendix A for locations and lists of data collection sites. (In four cases two Buis wordlists gathered from single subdistricts, either in order to represent locations thought too far from a sampled location or because local opinion sent us after an interesting, but yet unsampled Bugis speech form.) The wordlists were taken in phonetic notation so that phonetic form as

well as lexical form would be represented in the data. A large majority of respondents knew Indonesian well enough to respond directly without help. We permitted other local people to advise the respondent where he hesitated or so

desired. However, we required that the respondent himself pronounce the word so uniformity of pronunciation could be maintained for a given location.

Ninety wordlists, each containing 216 items, were elicited and later transferred to a wordbook where each page contained one item in all its ninety

varieties. (Several wordlist items were subnumbered a. and b. In such cases only the a. form was transferred to the wordboo:;:. The items were entered into the wordbook page in groups representing cognate sets- EEch it .m

also numbered as an identification of its source wordlist. Where a given wordlist item elicited more than one response, each response was entered its corresponding appropriate cognate set on the vioru-...,.: rac.e. See Appendix B, a sample wordbook page.

It is possible to identify a number of problems in connection

eliciting data of this kind. Each of these is discussed below with a statement of our response to the problem.

1. In one or more words elicited, the respondent was not representative

of the community of which he was a member. This problem will not be widespread, so the isolated instances of it will - apneer as hlurps on the isogloss maps and hopefully be recognized as such. Fcr e::ample, on Map 9 (wordlist item #10, pohon sagu, sago palm) those isolated responses, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7 and 0, might be such cases. If a respondent is not representative, his audience usually will have corrected him before the word is recorded.

However, such instances will frequently be recorded along with the corrected form; as synonyms. If a form is thus not representative of a community because it was borrowed from another dialect area ty an educated or

BUGIS - Friberg; Octd), well-traveled respondent, it will appear as irregular. Cn the other hand, there is a wide-spread interdialectal communication across the Bugis homeland, partly due to marriage patterns and other influences. In such cases borrowings of vocabulary from other dialect areas may be reflected in a community's speech repetroire. Only further on-site testing will be able to distinguish one type from the other. 2. A respondent did not understand the meaning of the Indonesian word and gave an incorrect response as a result. If he knew he didn't understand the Indonesian word, we feel that our experience lends considerable weight to our conclusion that he would then ask for clarificaticn. If he thought he knew the Indonesian, but didn't, then our data is skewed to the degree this happened. But since every wordlist represents a different speaker (and the input of helpers not infrequently), we feel that this problem is insignificant to our sampling. 3. Our wordlist unfortunately contained several items that caused problems or confusion. To alleviate this, we have excluded the problem-causing forms. One of these was item number 5 where the Indonesian words stand for seed and/or seedling. These forms regularly generated much discussion and multiple responses. In another case, number 113, the

Indonesian words for fat (noun) and fat (adjective) were asked. Since care was not taken to turn these into two separate ite ms threughout the ninety wordlists, these too are eliminated to assure consistency. 4. Multiple responses, that is synonyms, from a si : Imbnesian word, when spontaneous and not elicited, are not considered a problem and are left to stand. An example of this is item 91, good, where the eight different total responses were often given in groups of two or three by a given respondent. Speaking of multiple responses in general, we may make the following observations. Of 19,440 words elicited (90 wordlists each with 216 items) there were only 613 with multiple responses. That is, for every 31.7 words on an average there was one elicited multiple res:"onse, or put al-Lotter way, 3% of the entire data base. Only 102 items of the 216 on the wordlist shored any multiple response, several limited to a single wordlist but with one represented in various combinations on 53 wordlists. The five highest cases

BUG'S - Friberg;, October 19(44 - 4 - (and the reason for the large number) are item 5, seed (wide semantic range allowed for in the three Indonesian words); item 23, you (sg) (polite and everyday forms); item 91, good (inherently valid and/or learned alternates); item 113, fat (both noun and adjective - there were two Indonesian words elicited) and item 211, dream (inherently valid alternates). With these five included each of the 102 multiple responses occurs an average of 6.0 times. Without these five the total multiple responses are reduced to 434, for an average of 4.3 occurrences for each of the 97 (=102-5) it--- With individual wordlists and respondents the range of multiple responses shown is from a high of 22 per wordlist down to none - those giving entirely single responses. There are two possibilities for those wordlists and/or respondents showing a high degree of multiple responses (although the high, 22, is only 10% of the total). Either the dialect area in question is somehow a border area and thus the. multiple responses indicate an enriched vocabulary due to contact or the respondent is widely-traveled or -read or is a linguist in his own right. Of course, a combination of these two factors is also possible. The six highest wordlists/respondents with respect to multiple responses (29, 38, 55, 58, 77 and 85) are not necessarily at dialect border areas; the respondents must then be better tededucag Buis speakers well aware of what is beyond their own dialect area. For all wordlstsi/respondents, there is an average of 6.8 items with multiple respc_eses per respondent (with 613 total instances of multiple responses; for the adjusted figure of 434 instances, there is an average of 4.8). In figuring the cognate percentages between wordlists, words were assigned to cognate sets (that is, they were considered the same word or different) as they were transferred from wordlist to wordbook. When the

wordbook was complete, these assignments were reevaluated in light of the total picture. Words with no response (not leaven or r. ,t remazhered) were

assigned to their own empty cognate set. The • ' r:arts of multiple responses were assigned to their own respective cognate sets Fnd thus counted once for each cognate set in which they had m ' rship. Tus, wordlist 39

with item 1 (bulan, month) in cognate set a MA:3, wordlist 49 with the same item in cognate set b [ketig] and wordlist 32 showing a multiple response

(both [uliy] and [ketiD]) means that dialect 32 is cosnete with both dialect

BUGIS - Friberg;. Octobec 1964 - 5 - 39 and dialect 49 with respect to item 1, whereas for the same item 1

dialects 39 and 49 are not cognate. As an alternate apprcach we could have taken only the response item that was identified as more basic or preferred

or the one that was given first

Of the 216 wordlist items, we disqualified sixteen for nurposes of figuring the cognate percentages between pairs of wordlists. (It was fortuitous that the final number of words ccmeared was 200. We did not

purposely disqualify items in order to arrive at an even 200.) Those disqulaified and the reasons for each follow:

Item: Reason for disqualification:

5 Three Indonesian words for seed/seedling were elicited in one item, sparking quite a bit of discussion. We felt the semantic range of the Indonesian words was confusing to our respondents and the words given by them often came with considerable hesitation or confusion. Further, we actually elicited synonyms beycnd what came spontaneously from our respondents' lips. 9 Coconut frond is completely redundant with item 2, leaf, and item 8 coconut palm. 11 Lemon grass and/or ??. This item generated wideepread confusion. A frequent response was, "That's our word for the Indonesian word pineapple. 23 You (sg) sometimes generated the polite form, scmetimes the everyday form, and sometimes a multiple response of bothorm fs. Though these are separate responses, it seems clsar that both are used in all locations (except possibly location 39 wbere Miter] was elicited). 24 He, she, as with other pronouns, elicited whet app eared to us as forced responses, usually after much thought. This ears to be because it is more natural for Bugis to indicate proecmdnel reference by affixation. Also we elicited contrasts betweer pelite and everyday forms. 2E We (exclusive). According to Mills (1975) the exclusive form of first person plural is obsolete, a form which he gives as [ik:!:e]. V.e did have that as a response in Luwu (6, 7, 10, 11) and Scpeeng (3). Our most frequent response was [idimanf74,1, a cembination of the polite form of address and the morpheme all. The other feeeuent response was I plus all, [iyamarAg]. It may be, since Indonesian we (inclusive) has been so widely reinterpreted (se below), that Indonesian we (exclusive) has come to take its place. However, our respondents were generally confused as to this form and meaning. 26 Indonesian we (inclusive) has been reiatereeeted wiCely throughout South Sulawesi as you (polite, sg or V..). Thus the resecnses we elicited are not a fair representation of meaning of we (inclusive). 27 They generated the most discussion and greatest hesitetion of all the pronouns, though it drew only one blank respcnse. For the variation displayed and the spotty nature of its di ' ibutf.on, we discarded it as unnatural. 47 Warm (not hot) was disqualified for the largely phrasal nature of the responses. 98,99 Here was not found acceptable because the various zee:eon:es seem to represent different combinations of the same meenhemes. This would be a very interesting study in itself, but not easy to aseign to different cognate sets. There is si%dil:...ry dissualified and represents a more extreme case of the same reascn. 113 Both Indonesian words are at the same time a noun and an adjective fat. This generated quite a bit of confusion. In the later stages of data collection we began to elicit both items, but the damage to an

BUGIS - Friberg Octdb, - 6 - inclusion of this word for purposes of figuring dialect relatedness had already been done. 152 Older sister differed from older brother (item 151) almost exclusively in terms of the gender modifier (older sibling female versus older sibling male). 156 Aunt has largely fallen together with the Bugis word for uncle due to the loss of the first morpheme (ina) and its replacement by aria. A certain amount of confusion existed at the mention of aunt. 161 Bark cloth drew almost unamimous . blank response ori-ihe'part of the respondents. None of the seven responses given were related to any of the others. The Indonesian euphemism for die was thrown out because it elicited the same response as for item 190, die, in all tut a few cases.

Identifying the Dialects Dialects of a language may be discrete, usually shoAng geographically defined boundaries, or they may be chained, where each settlement is most like its nearest neighbors and least like those most distant from it. Of course, dialects also display cultural, political and other influences. In Bugis there is found a mixture of all of these. There are a number of ways that dialects may be identified. For our

purposes we have worked with three means of identification: 1. percentage of shared cognates, 2. individual and composite lexical distribution and 3. individual and composite phonetic distributicn. The first method takes each pair of wordlists (ninety wordlists yield 4005 pairs) and determines the percentage of shared cognates between them. Fiçh values are taken to demonstrate close dialect fit, lower values more distant fit. One would expect that dialect relatedness is a function of distance, but that only holds in the most general sense. Historical factors play interesting games with expectations. Percentages of shared cognates, as the first o2 three methcds employed

in this study for determining the dialects of Bugis and their relationship to

another, have been central to our conclusions. But are they reliable?

What about inherent variability within a given comunity? Our experience with multiple responses indicates that nearly fifty percent of the wordlist items (102/216) received multiple responses at least somewhere among the 90

collection sites. With such a high potential number of multiple responses or

synonyms, the PSC count between any two communities may be badly skewed. With in mind, we decided to check for inherent variability within a single community where one dialect form was presupposed. Thus we returned to the BUGIS - Friberg -7- subdistrict capital of Segeri-mandalle where we had earlier obtained a wordlist fran a 60-year old male respondent. We took two more wordlists from two male respondents aged 29 and 32. Of the same generation, they were friends, but not classmates. One was married with four children, the other single. One was accorded special status as a direct-line descendant of Muhamud, the other had no special claims. The one was present but quiet at the wordlist of the second, the second not present at the wordliot of the first. The wordlists from the latter two respondents relate at 99%. The 60-year-old shares 97% with the 29 year old and 95% with the 32 year old.

Though we are pleased with the former figure, this would have to be repeated a number of times before our confidence in it could increase. However, this figure, taken together with the fact of no special anomalies in cur mapping of the total PSCs, encourages us that our figures are en the whole reliable. The second and third figures might be explained as a result of a generational gap, but cannot be ignored, since our 90 respondents range from 13 years to CO. On the whole we feel that 3% is a fair representation of inherent variability. PSCs should be read with this in mind Inevitably when we had completed making tta 4005 comoarisons (by computer admittedly), we discovered several cognate set assigoments that were in error. Generally speaking, there were three or four sets of case or two

words each that we erred in our assignment of. Additionally, there were items 214 and 215 in which [mapbere] and [wareDi] appeared to us as built on different bases, but were later shown to be of the same root [are/ere]. These errors seem to us minor, at the most amounting to a change of 1% PSC. Thus we acknowledge them and at this stage of our research do nothing more with them. The second method is actually to plot the cccurrencss of individual reflexes on a map. Drawing the isoglosses to take in cognate sets will show potential dialect borders. When this is repeated for successive wordlist items, a bundling of isoglosses should lead to demonstrable borders. The more lines there are coming together the more definite the border. The fewer the lines the less definite the border. The third method is to do for phonetic differences that the second

BUGIS - Friberg -8- method does for lexical differences. Again, individual and composite levels of inquiry may be pursued. We have used all three methods in trying to determine the boundaries of the dialects of Bugis. In our discussion they will be presented in the order given above. Based on an analysis of the percentage of shared cognates, various dialects of Bugis will be posited. Then these will be revised as necessary in light of individual and composite lexical distribution. Finally, these revised borders will again be submitted to the results of phonetic distribution and revised as necessary. Our efforts at trying to establish dialect areas on paper for what is really spoken across Bugis territory encountered some discrete borders and some continua. Whether one takes 78%, 80% or 85% as the outer limits of a single language, the question has to be asked all over again with respect to dialect limits. Our rule of thumb has been to censider csntiguous speech forms of less than 90% to be members of different dialects. But much more than a specified cut-off point, we have looked for natural breaks as we have plotted each of about twenty-five of the ninety wordlists as homebase (100%) against all other which were relevant. Thus, for example, when a given wordlist relates to its near neighbors at 94% to 97ti and the next nearest list relates at 90% or 91%, it is the natural break between 92% and 94% inclusive that speaks loudly for some sort of dialect bound We would have liked to identify four or five dialect areas and found that to be sufficient. However, the very interesting history of the Bugis people as local kingdoms relating to each other and to those of nonBugis peoples makes for a more complicated picture. Thus our task of dialect identification under the method of comparing percentages of shared cognates precedes at two levels. First, it identifies a larger number of subdialects, which term we do not rigorously define. Then a discussion follows in which these are grouped into more inclusive dialects. The certainty level of the subdialects is good; that of the dialects is better.

The Language Atlas of South Sulawesi lists ten dialects of Bugis.

Because this is an important statement (although admittedly no meant to be definitive) of the languages of South Sulawesi, we shall list the ten Bugis dialects defined in it here:

BUGIS - Friberg -9- 1. Luwu 2. Wajo 3. Palakka (Bone) 4. Enna' (Sinjai) 5. Soppeng 6. Sidenreng 7. Pare-pare 8. Sawitto (Pinrang) 9. Tal1u2anuae 10. Ugi Riawa (Pasangkayu) (Campalagian)

The boundaries of these dialects as defined in the Atlas are ir.dicated in Map 2. The boundaries on this map may not be exactly what the authors who prepared the Atlas had in mind, but they are the best plotting possible their prose description. Several comments may be made. The western border of Soppeng dialect area is especially indistinct in their description. southern reaches of the Enna' dialect area are also poorly defined. Southern Barru district, all of sPangkep district and western Mea:os district unidentified as to the particular Bugis dialect(s) found, although with some

Makassar mixture this is also a Bugis area .

Campalagian - in Polmas: The dialect called Tallumpanuae or Campalagian in the Langgeua Atlas relates to other dialects of Bugis as another language. The Atlas authors quote- Abdul Muthalib (Dialek Tallumpanuae atau Campalagian, 1973) as saying that Campalagian is a variant of Palakka (Bone Bugis). Cax own wordlist for Campalagian relates to that of Palakka at 55% and to that of Pangkajene

Sidrap (a close neighbor which can be considered a 'standard nortern' Bugis dialect) at 62%. Furthermore, Grimes and Grimes (in press) state that found Campalagian to relate to Bugis-Luwu and Bugis-Bone at 61% and 60%, respectively. Indeed, their figures show that CampelagiLn is' most closely related to nearby Pattae' (a nonBugis language in Binuang) at only 67%. Atlas statement that Campalagian is a dialect of tha Bugis language is unfounded, since their own criterion for dialects of the same language is a

relationship of 85% or higher (alternatively, following D7en, 78%).

Presumably the Atlas considered extralinguistic factors in determining the

status of Campalagian. In response to - our queations about mutual intelligibility between Campalagian, Mandar and Bugis, the local Campalagian people said they could understand Bugis better than Mandar but Camapalagian could not be understood by either of those tgo languages. Based on the preceding discussion, we disqualify Cam2alagan as a dialect of Bugis

and do not mention it further.

BUGIS - Friberg Ugi Riawa - Pasangkayu, Mamuju:

We have included a wordlist of the Ugi Riawa dialect (as called - in the

Language Atlas) in our study (located in Pasangkayu, Mamuju). (Ugi Riawa means 'lower Bugis', with Ujung Pandang and/or the bulk of the Bugis homeland being the highpoint from which it is lower. According to cur figures, Ugi Riawa as a dialect relates to the other dialects with a high of 91% (to locations in Wajo, Soppeng and Polmas) and 90% (to eight locations in Wajo, Soppeng and Pangkep) and with a low of 76% and 78% (two locations, both in Pinrang). Without historical records by which to check our guesses, it that Ugi Riawa was probably colonized by immigrants from the Wajo-Soppeng area. It is difficult to put a glottochronological date on that movement due to the fact that among its settlers there were very probably people from a number of Bugis areas. It would be interesting to check the relationship between Pasangkayu and other locations on the northwest South Sulawesi coast as well as various Bugis settlements in Central Sulawesi in order to ascertain whether there is indeed a unified Ugi Riawa dialect or a number of discrete dialects relating back to their original areas.

Locations in Southern Polmas and Northern Pinrang:

Ugi Riawa is somehow special in that it is not contiguous with any of the other dialect areas. Since it most nearly relates to another Bugis

dialect at 91%, it is easy to identify it as a separate dialect. It is not so easy to understand how the Bugis wordlists taken in the northcest districts of what superficially appears to be contiguous Bugis area fit into the larger picture. By this we mean the subdistricts of Wonsmulyo (33) and Polewali (35), both in Polmas district, and Lembang (36), Duampanua (37) and Patampanua (38), in Pinrang district. The Langua•e Atlas identifies the Saddang (flowing east-west there) as the northern boundary of Eugis territory.

According to their claimed border, which we agree with, our wordlist 38, taken at Teppo, is just within what is clearcut Bugis territory. Wordlist 37, taken

at Pekkabata, is in the area identified as Pattinjo, b:t- just at beginning. (There are also Pattinjo people south of the Saddang River.) Wordlist 36, taken at Tuppu, was given by a native Pattinjo speaker whose second language was Bugis. At that location we found no easily identifiable

BUGIS - Friberg original Bugis person. The Bugis spoken there - represents recent immigrant Bugis (either they themselves or their parents coming from outside the area) and Pattinjo people. Moving northwest into Polmas, the wordlist taken at

Polewali, though the area received several claims of having original Bugis, seems to be typical of the area in that the respondent's parents were Sidrap and Barru. In neighboring Wonomulyo subdistrj.ot to the west the language picture is kelaidioscopic. The Bugis community we visited was again not original; our respondent's forebears came from Soppeng. Reference to Map 3 (Cognate percentages for pairs of contiguous wordlists) indicates that each of these five relates to another, if -a contiguous neighbor, at 93% or 94%. This indicates relative homogeneity of this northwestern set of wordlists and yet shows their unique character This is more pointedly demonstrated by reference to the highest percentage of relatedness each of these holds to any other wordlist. Wordlist 33 of Wonomulyo relates to sites in Sidrap more highly than it relates to wordlists.

35, 36 and 37 (though the respondent's parents came from Soppeng, others in

Ugi Baru hailed from Sidrap). The Polewali wordlist relates to locations in Sidrap just as highly as it does to its contiguous neighbors of Wonomulyo and Lembang. The same can be said of Lembang. Duampenua (3T relates hiThest of all (95%) to Suppa in southern Pinrang district, and relates to a nuezer of locations in Sidrap and Pare-pare as high or higher than it relater to its contiguous neighbors of Lembang and Patampanua. Finay,ll Patameanua :thews its highest relatedness with Sidrap and not with intervening Sawitto (Pir.rang) as might be expected. The preceding comments clearly indicate that these five northwest samplings do not have a linguistic and/or historical tie with each other, but rather with some other area. That area is by and large SZenreng-Reppang and not Sawitto (to be discussed immediately below). It can be cc7olLdad here

(and without historical evidence to the contrary) that Patampanua and Duampanua were settled by Bugis caning from Sidrap who leepfregged the Sawitto dialect (conservative or retrenching at that time for whatever reason) in one

or two waves. Later a continuing Sidrap influence determined the particular form of Bugis adopted by Pattinjo users. Still later anetter wave or two from Sidrap and other locations accounted for the current irmigrant Bugis

BUGIS - Friberg populations now found in Polewali and Wonomulyo. Of course there were other influences as well. Duampanua's high relatedness with Suppa surely indicates some relationship there as well

Locations in Central Pinrang: Again and again in our data, wordlists 39, 40 and 41 share a relationship. They are Malimpung (Patampanua), Watan Sawitto and (Anga) Mattirosompe, respectively. Malimpung actually claims to te a separate language, neither Bugis nor Masenrempulu. Our computionsat show it to be 86% cognate with Watan Sawitto, clearly within the range of the same language.

But since it is only 82, 86, 78 and 80 percent related to its nearest Bugis neighbors, something must be made of its distinctive character. Malimpung is 76% cognate with the Enrekang dialect of Masenrempulu given in Grimes and Grimes and 72% cognate with Bugis-Bone, while Enrekan3 relates to Bugis-Bone at 56%. Clearly Malimpung is somehow transitional bet;cen Bugis and Masenrempulu. If we consider the lexical items in which Malimpung differs from Bugis-Sidrap (using Pangkajene, Sidrap (26) as a basis of comparison), 60% of them are cognate with Masenrempulu. Since Sawitto and Langa also show a relationship with Masenrempulu, though not as close, it may yell be that the

average difference between these three sampling locations and the rest of Bugis represents a substratum persisting from a subjgation of an earlier population by the expanding Bugis. On the other hand, as will be discussed later, there are vocabulary similarities between these three distinct dialects

of Bugis and certain Bugis communities in the far couti---- (southern Bone, Sinjai and Bulukumba) that may speak to an older form of Bugis persisting at the margins of the contiguous whole as compared with an innovating heartland On the other end of the threesome is Lange. It is related to Watan

Sawitto at 94% and to the rest of its contiguous neighbors at 83%, 85% and

83%. It shows the same distinctive isolation with its neighbors as does Malimpung, though the relatedness is not quite as distant. In between Malimpung and Langa is Watan Sawitto, of long history and currently the administrative and economic center of Pinrang district. Besides Malimpung (86%) and Langa (94%), its relatedness to its neighbors is at 87%, 90%, 88% and 89%. Clearly these three form a linguistically similar unit. R,Ierence

BUMS - Friberg -13- again to Map 3, where contiguous wordlists below ninety percent are separated by a double line (as opposed to those at 90% and above with a single line) indicates at a glance the dialect we may agree with the Language Atlas in calling Sawitto. (We only differ with them in their inclusion of Mattirobulu and Suppa, the two southernmost subdistricts of Pinrang.) Of those three Sawitto wordlists Watan Sawitto is closer to any other than are the other two. This may be because of its corridor position, between what is northwest and what is southeast, because of the relative greater importance of

Sawitto as a kingdom compared with its near neighbors or because of other factors difficult to identify at this point

Locations in Southern Pinrang, Pare-pare and Sidenreng-Rappang: Moving down from Sawitto, we find Alitta (Mattirobulu, 44) to be distinct enough from its neighbors or from any place else to be its own subdialect. Its closest percentage is 92% with Pare-pare La-mediately to the south Suppa (43), the most southerly subdistrict of Pinrang district, is likewise without close neighbor. Adjacent Alitta relates at 90%; Pare-pare relates to Suppa at 94%. Its highest relationshipis with Duanpanua north of Sawitto at 95%. These two may have found some continuing contact by way of the sea, or it may be that Duampanua originated out of Suppa Sidrap with its seven subdistricts forms a relatively natural and homogeneous area. The range of relatedness of the outer subdistricts to central Pangkajene is from 93% to 96%. Since Pare-pare ,;?.) is 95% cognate with Pangkajene and Suppa 92%, it seems reasonable to include them too within a Sidrap dialect area

Locations in Barru:

South of Pare-pare entering into Barru district we find that the subdistricts of Mallusetasi (Nepo, 45), Soppeng Riaja (46), Barru (47) and Tanete Rilau (31) are all distinct enough from their neighbors to be called

separate subdialects. (Refer to Map 3 again. This clearly reflects the separate kingdoms of these areas in centuries past. Soppang Riaja lives up to its name (Soppeng west) in relating to two Soppeng wcrdlists (3 and 4) at 92%,

BUGIS - Friberg -14- the second highest figures in the area. A Soppeng influence in the past thus receives weak present-day linguistic testimony. Tanete Rilau and Tanete Riaja

(32) reflect their shared name in showing a relatedness cf 93%, the highest in the area. (See the lexical discussion below concerning the semantic reversal that gives riaja here the meaning 'east'.) Thus we identify four dialects in five subdistricts: Nepo, Soppeng Riaja, Tempo and Tanete.

Locations in Pangkajene-Kepulauan and Maros:

Moving yet farther south along the coast into Fangkep, we discover a dialect unity quite opposite the Barru diversity. If we take Pangj%aene subdistrict as a test center (wordlist taken at Kabba, 62), the surrounding subdistricts (29, 30, 48, 49, 51) relate to it at 94% to 97%. Even northernmost Segeri subdistrict is 95%. king south into Maros district, we discover that even Bantimurung (50) and Maros Baru (63) relate northward with a healthy 96%. The most southerly west coast wordlist from Mandai (90) is a bit more distant, 93%, but still fits well with a larger Fangkep dialect. Eastern Maros is represented by Camba subdistrict where we took two wordlists (52 and 53). These two are only 93% cognate, but both because of the distances and the other low figures involved (the closest of either to a third is Camba to Bontocani (Bone) at 89%), they ap;ear to stand alone as their own Camba dialect.

Locations in Soppeng:

The Soppeng dialect is represented by wordlists 1, 3, 5 and 65. Marioriawa (4) shows closer relatedness to Wajo across Lake Tempe than it does with the rest of Soppeng to the south. Marioriwawo (2) sows independence of its own (91% with Watansoppeng and even lower with its Barru naighbors just over the mountain) and is thus accorded its own subdialect identity. The wordlist was taken at Kessi up in the mountains at the western limits of the subdistrict; it is likely that the eastern part of Marioriwawo (especially around Takkalalla) belongs to the Soppeng dialect.

The western extension of Bone district between Camba and Soppeng is represented by our wordlist 65 taken at interior Gaya Baru in Lamuru subdistrict. It relates northward to Soppeng at 94% batter th:..71- it relates to

BUGIS - Friberg -15- its nearer eastern Bone neighbors (64 and 71) at 92% and 91%, respectively.

(Perhaps a wordlist taken at the district center of Lalabatu might show greater affinity for Bone.) There is historical evidence that Soppeng used this area as a route to the south, as well. We include it with the Soppeng dialect. (Wordlist 16 (Pammana) in Wajo relates equally well to Soppeng and

Wajo. We leave it with Wajo below.

Locations in Wajo: Wajo shows the greatest homogeneity over the greatest area of any dialect area in our study. If Sengkang is taken as a center, we find all nine other subdistricts (as well as Marioriawa, Soppeng as already noted) to be related in the range of 95% to 98%. Lake Tempe protahly acts more as a unifier than as a barrior. We also tentatively add Pompenua (67) and Cenrana (Pallime, 68), which historically related to Wajo via the Watanae River, which drains Lake Tempe, and which were ruled by either Bone or Wajo depending on the victorious kingdom at a given time. North along the east coast from Wajo, Suli (11) and La_ear,ong (12), both in Luwu district, show affinities both north and south. Each of them relate more closely to Wajo (95% and 94%, respectively) than they do to each other (92%). There is historical evidence that these southern Luwu kingdc.as were linked to those in northern Wajo rather than to the northern Luwu kingdoms. Therefore, Suli and Larompong can be included in the lace Wajo dialect

Locations in Luwu We had expected to find a greater unity in Luria than we did. In addition to Suli and Larompong, we took wordlists at Bua Ponirang (10), Wara (Palopo, 7), Bone-bone (9), Malili (8) and Malangke (6). With the exception of Bone-bone these were all original Bugis speakers. At Bone-bone the respondent was from a Bugis family and spoke Bugis, but his first language was Tae' (or Bahasa Luwu, as is characteristic of the coastal Lumu area). The Bugis in Luwu who can be termed original are relailytve fea. Earlier strong

Bugis centers in Luwu (three larger kingdcms can be identi:He have been

depleted, perhaps both through gradual assimilation by the larger Taa' people

BUGIS - Friberg -16- and by flight or death during the wars with Palakka (1670's) and at the time

of the Rebellion (1950-1960's).

We find roughly three subdialects in Luwu. Malangke, Bone-bone and

Malili comprise one loose dialect. They relate to each other at 92% and

Wara is a second dialect, whose closest affinity is with Malangke (90%).

Finally Bua Pondrang represents the third dialect. It is only 85% cognate with Wara to the north, and 89% with Malangke.

Locations in Bone:

Invariably reference was made to Bone as a major Bugis center and most

areas related to it in sane way, whether indirectly as a place of their

origins or directly as the home of their rulers. Indeed, the Lone kingdom has

had widespread influence in South Sulawesi both before Goa's supremacy in the

16th and 17th centuries and even moreso after the overthrow of Goa in 1667.

For purposes of determining the extent of the Bone dialect we first

looked at Palakka as a center. At first glance we would include in such a

dialect Awangpone (55), Tellusiattinge (57), Sibulue Tanete Riattang

(59), Barebbo (60), Ulaweng (61), Leppangen (Lappariaja, 64), Pallime

(Cenrana, 68), Koppe (Lappariaja, 71), Tassippi (Ajangale, 72), Ponre (73) and

Cina (75). However, if we take Pallime (Cenrana, 63) as the center, to which

Arung Palakka moved the capital in the late 1600's, we may also include Dua

Boccoe (56), Pompanua (67) and Pacubbe (Cenrana, 69).. (Indeed, Mare (75) on

the south side of either dialect formulation registers closer relatedness to

Pallime at 94% than it does to Palakka, 93%, for whatever reason; but we do

not include it, for it has greater similarity el %era. We earlier commented that Panpanua and Pallime might have had to look both to Wajo and to

Bone (whether Pallime or Palakka) at various times. Under the discussion of

Wajo we grouped them with Wajo. Here we may want to bring then beck into Bone

where they fit according to current administrative bouries. We may take

Dua Boccoe (56) and Pacubbe (69) to be their own subdialect at the northern

end of Bone; indeed, speakers of this subdialect and those outside recognized

its unique identity

Mare (75), Tonra (76) and Calming (70) may be taken as transitional between Bone to the north and Sinjai to the scfth. kol ly Mare is more

BUGIS - Friberg closely related to Camming across the mountains (96%) than it is to Tonra (95%). The three locations relate to their northern four neighbors more closely than they do to their southern four, but they here are separated as transitional, for when viewed in relation to the whcle of what lies to the north, they are different.

Sinjai, Bulukumba and southern Bone Locations: From the point of view of Salomekko to the south, wa may want to group as a northeast to southwest corridor Salomekko (80), Kajuara (81), Perwakilan Sinjai Utara (82), Sinjai Tengah (88) and Perwakilan Sinjai Barat (35), the

last four relating to Salomekko at 95% to 97%. This would exclur:e Palattae (Kahu, 79), Bontocani (78) and Sinjai Barat (89) to the nol:thwest and Sinjai Utara (77), Sinjai Timur (87), Sinjai Selatan (86), Tanete (Palu%umpa, E4) and Bulukumba city (83) to the southeast with lesser percentE:gcs of relatedness. However, when the center for testing is moved to Sinjai Tang:th, all the above locations naturally fit within one dialect area, with the exception of Palattae to the north and Bulukumba city to the south, both of which we give separate subdialect status. This shifting of cente7:s illustrates how relationships change and how a number of groupings (and canters) must usually be examined before the natural grouping appears. (The respsndent in Sinjai Barat, a Konjo area, was not original Bugis of wW.ch these are few if any in the area.)

The dialects and/or subdialects that have emergc.d from a care2. u1 study of the percentages of shared cognates have been summarized in Map 4. Thye are named either by a district, subdistrict or important hL3torical - name. For purposes of this and the subsequent dialect map wordlists 33, 35 and 36 in Polmas-Pinrang, wordlist 9 in Luwu, and wordlist 89 in Sinjai are not included.

Larger_DialectAreas These twenty-three dialects and subdialects of Bugis group together to

form several larger dialects. These will now be identified. Sawitto (number [2] on Map 4) retains its separate identity; it is not further related to any

BUGIS - Friberg -18- other subdialect. However, Pinrang Utara [1] and Alitta [3] may be joined with Sidrap [4] to form a greater Sidrap dialect form.

Nepo [5], Soppeng Riaja [6], Tompo [7] and Tanete [8] may be placed

together quite loosely as a Barru dialect. Pangkep [9] is left as Pangkep.

Camba [10] is left as Cambia. Kessi [12] and Soppeng [11] become larger

Soppeng. Wajo [13] remains as is, including the two southernmost Luwu areas.

The rest of Luwu, Bua Pondrang [14], Wara [15] and Malangke-Ussu [16]

together loosely as a greater Luwu dialect.

Dua Boccoe [18] now clearly falls in with Bone [17]. Mare [19] may also

be included in a larger Bone dialect. Palattae [20] and Bulu kumba [22]

together with the rest of Sinjai [21] to form a Sinjai dialect. Based then on

groupings of like subdialects according to percentages of shared cognates,

there are the following eleven dialects of Bugis:

Pasangkayu Sawitto Sidrap Barru Pangkep Camba Soppeng Wajo Luwu Bone Sinjai

These are shown in Map 5. (Boundaries of dialects as shown are only rough

approximations. There is clearly a great amount of margi::g and fading at

dialect boundaries.)

Dialects as Seen in Lexical Isool-psses

The second method of identifying dialect boundaries is to plot

changing reflexes for given semantic (wordlist) :Items on a map. Isoglosses

dividing cognate sets are the ingredients of borders. Where a number of

isoglosses bundle together, the border should become clear. There are a

number of.factors thatmay muddy an expected clear sitution. First,

changes may come from different sources. A chançe initiated from --- east and

moving north, west and south will not look the same as one that began in

north and is spreading southward. A newly subjugated area may take on certain

vocabulary change from the conquering area even thouc,Th the two are not

contiguous. A change begun in the center of tha speech area may leave the

margins separated but retaining the older form. Mountains :ill frequently be

conservative compared to valleys containing the routes that carry the

BUGIS - Friberg innovation. Second, changes will be initiated at different times from the

same source. As ripples spread from a disturbed point in water, so wave of change follows wave.

In order to look at lexical isoglosses, we chose the fifty-six interesting items showing difference, took the maps of their plotted reflexes and compared the composite for bundles. The result was disappointing, because the isoglosses, drawn between sets of cognates, followed visual placement When this was transferred to a composite map, the result was mass confusion. To remedy this problem, we separated every set of adjacent

collection points by a line drawn midway between the points and perpendicular to a line connecting the points. This redefined the points to data-collection areas, at the center of which the wordlists were collected. With these fixed borders, we redrew the isoglosses. It should be noted in passing that fixed and straight boundaries, certain former saliences now were islands and certain former islands were saliences. (To note the comparison, observe the differences between the isoglosses in Map 11 and Map 11h.) The result of this new composite of isoglosses was straightforward and the conclusion inescapable, viz., that boundaries exist between every single contiguous data collection area. This is shown on Mt? G. The isoglosses reflected on this map are the lexical difference for the wa,:dlist items 1, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 29, 30, 32, 49, 55, 58, 59, 63, 66, 67, 82, 33, 39, 94, 96, 98, 101, 106, 107, 111, 112, 114, 120, 121, 127, 123, 133, 142, 144, 147, 148, 151, 153, 156, 157, 158, 169, 174, 175, 181, 183, 193, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209. This isogloss mapping may be viewed' on mops 7 and

following. Whereas the individual maps reflect a difference between solid lines (as drawn between completely different cognate set rientrers) and dashed lines (as drawn between partial differences, for example between 1/2 (a

multiple response) and 1), the composite Map 6 only reflects solid lines, that

is, full differences A few comments are in order on what the map syas about dialect differences. It confirms the three subdialect areas of Luwu. It shows

Sawitto to be a distinct area. Interestingly it shows a slightly greater affinity between Alitta and Watan Sawitto itself than between Alitta and its other contiguous neighbors, in contrast to that given in Mai: 3.

BUGIS - Friberg difference stems from the fact that the borders of Map 6 reflect the differences of 56 maps, several of which were disqualified for purposes of calculating the percentages of shared cognates (PSC), while the PSC figures were based on 200 compared wordlist items. The PSC counts were also made on the basis of all multiple responses, while as just noted the borders of Map 6 do not reflect this. Map 6 also shows a rather distinct boundary between the southern sector of the Wajo-Sidrap area. At the northern end of this border the differences appear to be spread across several data collection areas, viz., between 19 and

20, 20 and 21, 21 and 23. The differences between the subdialects of Barru district are confirmed.

The mountains between the Barru dialects and Soppeng and farther south are reflected in the border beginning between 4 and 45 and continuing southerly until that between 89 and 90. The Camba dialect is also well demarcated, again related to the mountain terrain. The border is clear between the eastern sector of the Wajo-Bone dialects. This gives weight to the inclusion of Cenrana with Bone. As to Pompanua (67), though its border with Takkalalla (66) is definite, its border with Pammana (16) is less certain. This v.clects the double influence

Pompanua received, sometimes from Wajo (from Senkang mere than from Takkalalla), sometimes from Palakka-Cenrana. (The border between 16 and 67, 66 and 67, 66 and 68 is geographically the Watanas river.) The subdialect area of Palattae (79) is evident. The border between 79 and 80 and between 70 and 76 is also a mountain chain. The mountains

continuing north do not seem to divide dialect from dialect. Clearly this was an area of great communication historically. Finally, it may be noted that there are no two continuous areas without some sort of lexical isogloss separating them. This is consistent with PSC

scores that indicate a high of 98% only. But there are certain areas that enjoy only minimal differences. Wajo and Sinjai and Pangkep dialect areas are

the widest expanses of minimal difference, though several Bone collection

areas also show only minimal difference.

BUGIS - Friberg -21- Geographical Distribution of Individual Words In this next section we will be making comments on each individual wordlist item. The numbered item will be given in both Indonesian and English. Then the Bugis reflexes will be given. Either reference will be made to a map for the distribution of the cognates or a short description will be given. Interesting aspects of the lay of the isogioss will be made with respect to the PSC-determined dialects. Where minority reflexes are related to other languages, these will be given. Any morphological make-up not to be discussed under phonetics later will be given. 1. pohon, tree. [pop], [batag], [kaflag], [to?] and [poko?]. The distribution looks authentic and not due to semantic cenfusion, • though we expect that there is some interchange possible between [pog] and [batag]. The map (Map 7) has been altered from strictly item 1 to reflect as multiple responses additional information available in items 8 (oohon kelana, coconut palm) and 10 (pohon saqu, sago palm). [to?] is shared by the Mamasa and Enrekang languages. [poko?] is also found in the Konfo and Makassar languages. Makassar is found mixed with Bugis at the subdist:ict level and in some cases down through the hamlet level in the area of wordlists 43, 49, 62, 63, 50, 51 and 90, that just to the south of the area %here [poko?] is the reflex of choice on the map. Surprisingly, where this milture of peoples is found, the Bugis response for tree is never shared [poko?], but always [pog]. Clearly the era of the introduction of[pokolwas not the near present. 2. daun, leaf. The only Bugis word is [deup] consistentlycognate with Indonesian and other languages of the area. 3. akar, root. With the exception of wordlist nine (Bone-bone), the Bugis response is consistently [uri?]. The r ent in Bone-tone was a sharp, though only thirteen-year-old boy. We suspect that in this case and a few others where the response is identical with Indonesian the Bugis item sought was either not known or remembered by our respondent. A Tea' wordlist taken at the same place indicates that the Tae' word for root is the same as the Bugis word, [ur.i?]. 4. kulit kayau or kulit pohon, bark. The Bugis word is uniformly [uli , aju].

BUGIS - Friberg -22- 5. bibit, biji, benih, seed, seedling. We got nine responses to this item: [bine], [pa]Ag.i?li [1i64?], [tusigi, [lappag], [bua], [tarrigig], [batu] and [bibi?]. Indeed, when we discovered the confusion among respondents to this item, we actively elicited multiple forms, getting as many as three fran one respondent. The greatest problem lay in the semantic range represented in the Indonesian words, whether seed, seedling or both of these, and also that there is a special word for the rice seedling, [bine]. 6. duri, thorn. The Bugis reflex was in every case [duri]. 7. tempurung kelapa, half a coconut shell. See Map 8. The response in

Luwu was [barja?], which is also used in the adjacent Wotu language. This was found as an alternative reflex in the two Cenrana wordlists, 63 and 69, and is interesting in light of sane military adventures Luwu is recorded to have had in Cenrana. [baga?] was also noted at Mare (75). At Tabo-taho, Bungoro (49) and Koppe, Lappariaja (71) [sabu'] was elicited as an alternative response.

This was apparently at the several (unrecorded) locations where the respondents wanted to equate teinpurung with husk sabut of a coconut. The larger Bone and Sinjai area, fran Dua Boccoe south to Bulukemba and as far west as Cambia (52) uses the word [Cap&g]. The Sugisw-wd in all other Bugis areas is [katdaro], also the reflex in the Maka and Mandar languages. 8. pohon kelapa, coconut palm. The Bugis word is [kaluiaa], eNcept in Sawitto (wordlists 39, 40, 41) where the reflex is [hie]. The latter reflex is used in the Campalagian and Enrekang languages. 9. daun kelapa, coconut frond is consistent with wordlist items 2,

[daunt,] and 8, [kaluku] or [fiicr] (39, 40, 41). 10. pohon sagu, sago palm. The responses in Bugis are shown on Map 9. [tawaro] is quite general and is well represented in the languages to the north of the Bugis area. In two isolated areas (Tabo-tebo, 49 and Kessi, 2) the respondents did not know the Indonesian word and, presumably, the semantic

item. In other places a great deal of thought had to be pit forth to come up with a word. This experience is coextensive with areas v the sago palm is not grown. In Cangadi (1) the response was [nipa], thatch palm, a similar but

different tree. Twice we received responses similar to the Indone sian term (29 and 44). Once as a multiple response (31) we got ti-;e reflex [kaneu?] and once the reflex [5ali?] (46). Seven times in three west coastal locations and

BUGIS - Friberg .e inland we noted the response [indru']. Much of the Bone and Sinjai use the word [rumpia], which is also used in the Makassar and Mandar languages

11. pandan, lemon grass and/or ??. This particular item generated more than its share of confusion. The base of confusion lay in the respondents' not being sure of the Indonesian word, though sometimes it was their own word they were not sure of. And yet as Map 10 shows the distribution of the elicited reflexes is rather regular, with [pandag] being the reflex of choice. Wajo shows sane evidence for the by-form [pandrig]. This is the first of a number of cases where Pasankayu (34) can more nearly be identified as to origin. The same is true of Bulukumba (83) which, when it is different Sinjai immediately to the north, usually agrees with Pone. In Bone-bone [nase] reflects Indonesian nenas, pineapple, and is the se:ae as the Tae' word elicited there. [baga?], the item given in Maros Baru (63) and Tanete is homophonous with the item found in Luwu for half a coconut shell (item 9) Other reflexes include [buga], [rita], [ballo?] and [banda], the last largely consistently elicited throughout Sinjai. 12. pisang, banana. The general Bugis word is Utti], but [loka], the Mandar language word, is used in the Sidrap dialect area ez well as in Nepo

(45) and Tampa (47) to the south in Barru district. The Sawitto dialect area uses [utti], but the continuation of the Sidrap dial-- area to the north uses [loka] as do the recent Bugis immigrant areas of Polmas. The distribution of these reflexes is widely known among the Bugis, whose folk etymology reports that a Sidrap king by the name of Utti was the occasion for seeking a new term for banana. See Map 11. 13. sirih, betel-leaf. See Map 12. The Bugis res:onses to this item show an interesting distribution. The heartland and overwhelming majority say [ota]. At the margins of Luwu and Maros [leko] is used. This is the same as

the Wotu (north) and Makassar and Konjo (south) langue.:e reflexes. [belulu] is the response of Sawitto, Laranpong (12) and 'nearer Bone as well as Camba (52) and one of the responses of Bulukumba (83). This word is common to

Mamasa, Mamuju and Enrekang languages. [alosi] was recorded in Tonra

though this - seems to be the word for area-nut, another ingredient in

- Friberg - betel-chew. The greater Sinjai dialect area uses [matdaul), as does Mare (75). 14. rotan, rattan. See Map 13. The bulk of Bugis speakers say [araukag], which is also the word in Makassar. However, in the northern area three other words are in use: [pappa2] is the general term in Wajo and Sidrap dialect areas. [uwe] is either the only word elicited or one of several alternates in the transitional area between Bugis and the languages to the north, from Lembang (36) in the west thrcugh to Bila in Deapitue (21) in the

east. It is also the word for rattan used in Mandar, Mamuju, Enrekang 7:7. well as Konjo in the south, where it was also elicited as part of a multiple response in Perwakilan Sinjai Barat (85) in a contiguous Bugis area. Finally in an east coastal strip beginning with Takkalella 10:;6) and moving north, - %e find [lauro] (except in Bua Pondrong (10)), which is the teem used in adjacent

Wbtu in the north and distant Selayar in the south.

15. bambu, bamboo. A potential problem with the reflexes of bamboo, that they may only reflect different kinds of bamboo, does not seem to be borne out by the distribution on Map 14. That is, dalou9111 these are clearly generalized from specific kinds, there is no randomness to the font's given. Luwu (Ussu, 8 and Bua Pondrans, 10) share [bulo] in caszon with C:. le Pangkep dialect area to the far southeast, a term used in the Makassar and Mamasa Sou4hern Bone, Vijai and Ca 171:;a Lye [ porrip], languages. The rest of Luwu shows [patug],aA reflex ehazed with adjacent Konjo, and with Selayar and Mandar. The most usual fo:m is [nwo], found also in the Mamuju and Enrekang languages to the north. Only at Polewali does it seem that we were getting a listing of kinds of ba:oboo, also to include

[tallag], a Toraja-shared term 16. bunga, flower. The Bugis word is uniformly [auja]. 17. buah, fruit. The Bugis reflex is everywhere [hue] except at Cina (74) where [bake] was the response gotten. 18. alang-alang, a long-stemmed grass. See Map 15. The majority response to this word was [area]. At Kessi (2) and Segeri (30) the response was [walla]. In adjacent Tanete Rilau (31) [sari? sari?] wi7s recorded. In Mattirosompe (41) and Suppa (43) on the east coast and in Awangpone (55) and Ulaweng (61) in the west [padappadag] was given, the term u in the Mamuju language. [balig baling] was given at Labakkang (48) and [aru a:u] at Balocci

BUGIS - Friberg -25- (51), Tonra (76) and Sinjai Utara (77). As a response probably cognate with Indonesian alang-alang [ali? ali?] was found at Dua Boccoe (56), Koppe (71) and Tassipi (72). Finally, Palattae uses the term [ropo? ropo?]. Though a number of these minority responses show a measure of regionalization, they are scattered enough that we may safely assume that in the majority of these locations [area] is also kaown and that the various responses probably indicate synonyms or names for other grasses. 19. padi, paddy rice. The Bugis word is everywhere [use]. 20. beras, uncooked rice. [barri?] is the Bugis term. 21. nasi, cooked rice. The Bugis word is [nandre]. 22. aku, I. The Bugis response is everywhere [iya?] except in Malimpung (39) where another cognate form [yaku], also uced in the Enrekang language and elsewhere, is in use. 23. engkau, you (sg). The Bugis generally employ two forms, [iko], the everyday form of address, and [idi?], the polite form. Though in scme places only one form or the other was given, the distribution is euch that it is clear both are in use everywhere, except perhaps in Malimpung (39) where [kita?] was elicited. This latter form is likely only the Indonesian kita (we, inclusive) in its South Sulawesi use as a second person pronoun rather than the local indigenous form. 24. dia, he, she. See map 16. The two main Bugis forms are [iyaro] and [alena]. Their distribution seems generally mi;ced and leads to the conclusion that they are both in wide-spread use. [iyaro] is interchangeable in its final morpheme [ro] (that) with [tu], giving [iyatu]. It also was elicited a number of times as simply [iya]. [alena] seer.s to he composed of [ale], body, and [na], the third person possessive clitic. Other forms recorded were [dia] at Bone-bone (7), a few instances of [iko] and [idi] pairing (see item 23 above), [yatirio] at Malimpung (39) and [ianu] at Camba (52). 25. kami, we (exclusive). TWo responses (never multiply-elicited) were most frequent, [iya?], either alone or with a following [;Etanig] (all) as a pluralizer, and [idi?], whether alone, with a following [man-LIA or preceding [pada] (same). One location in Soppeng (Lalabata, 3) and four in Luwu (6, 7,

BUGIS - Friberg -26- i 10 and 11) responded with [ikkig], a form noted in Mills (1975) as obsolete. Malimpung (39) responded with [yaku]. kita, we (inclusive). The reflexes here were largely [idi?] and its various forms [idimarAg], [pada idi?] and [iditua]. Tie various minority responses included [iya?] (and [iyamanig]). in nine locations, [iko] in four locations, [ikkig] at Ussu (8) and Pasangkayu (34), [tirio] at Malimbung (39) and [aletta] (our body) at Ponre (73). 27. mereka, they. The majority of responses for this item represent [iya?] in combination with various other morphemes giyamanig], [iyaro], (iyanmangro] , [pada?iya], etc.) Other responses were [idi] (or [pada idi?] or [idimanig]) in eleven locations; [alena], either alone or pluralized in 13 places; [ikomar40] at Ma'rang (29) and Salomekko (80); [iyatu?] at Pancarijang (23); [ikkig] at Suli (11); [tauwero] (that/those person(s)) in seven places; [kita manag] at Malimpung (39); [monnagro] in Loa enna (G5); and [relegalgA at Balocci (51). This item drew a blank at Marioriawa (4). The wide variety of responses given and the usual great hesitation before a response indicates that the Bugis usually use descriptive phrases and/or an affix to handle this item. matahari, -sun. The Bugis word is [matai-sso]. The respondent at Pasir Putih (85) rejected the full term, allowing only [.isso] bulan, moon, month. There are two Bugis terms, [ulifi] and [ketig]. [ketig] is restricted to the south of the Bugis hacelanzi End then only in certain areas. See Map 17 for its distribution. It is found at Dna Boom° (56) and Tassipi (72) within a [ulig]-using area. That surely reflects Palakka-dialect influence. Note again the Bulukumba (33) again agrees with Palakka usage over against Sinjai usage. It is difficult to say whether [WAD] or [ketig] is the innovating form. Since Sinjia and Calba are usually conservative and they both have the former form, it ow; be that the latter form is the newer. 30. bintang, star. See M1011,17he usual Bugis form is [bittoeg]. In the northwest dialects of Pinrang, Sidrap and northern Earru, [ar a? uli:g] is found. This is the term found in Pattinjo, literally meaning children of the moon. At the following locations the predominant form [tittoeg] is preceded by [ana?], showing influence from the minority [ana? urT]: Duapitue (21),

BUGIS - Friberg -27- Maritengae (26), Polewali (35) and Suppa (43). A unique [asi asi] was recorded at Lembang, possibly a borrowing from a local language not represented in Grimes and Grimes. 31. air, water. The Bugis word is [uwae]. 32. mata air, spring, well. See Map 19. This item elicited six different Bugis forms. Part of the multiplicity observed may be due to direct translation from Indonesian [mata uwae] or semantic confusion. With respect to the latter a number of our respondents questioned the intent of the item, was it artesian, dug or what? [bubu] was the response of adjacent Liliriaja (1) and Lilirilau (5) in Soppeng. [mata wae] (eye/source of water) is found in Luwu, Soppeng and the southwest coast as well as western Sinjai. It is also in use in other languages such as Mamuju, Mamasa and Mandar. [waetuo] (living water) is general in the northern third of the Bugis area and in eastern Sinjai. It is also found in the Enrekang language. [ulu wae] (water head) was elicited at Tanete Riaja (32). [timpusip] found at Bantimurung (50), Camba (52) and Samaenre (53) in Maros and [timbusu? uhae] at Tanete (84) in Bulbkumba have a shared usage in Makassar. Finally, [uttag] is the response fran Bone. 33. hujan, rain. The Bugis is consistently [tosi]. 34. batu, rock. Bugis has [batu]. 35. pasir, sand. The Bugis form is [kAssi7] exsel-;t in Malangke (6), Wara (7), and maim (8) where [bone] is used, the word f.n a nmber of other neighboring languages. 36. tanah, earth, land. The Bugis reflex is [tan:.-]. 37. awan, cloud. See Map 20. The usual Bugis word is [i-llug]. In addition, [awag] was noted at Bone-bone (9), [saliu] at Bua Pondrang (10) and Barru (47), and [appug] at Lembang (36), Camba (52), Ponre (73) and Bontocani (78). [saliu] is related to Toraja Sa'dan and [appug] to a number of northern languages including Enrekang. 38. angin, wind. Bugis word is everywhere [agig]. In two loctaions, Barru (47) and Balocci (51), a multiple response gave [barubu], a type of wind. 39. danau, lake. See map 21. [tappar-ig] is the usual Bugis response. In the south far away fran Lake Tempe, a number of other responses were

BUGIS - Friberg -28- elicited. At Balocci (51), Camba (52) and Samaenre (53), at Palattae (79) and . at Bone-bone (9) the response was [danau] (raa' at Bone-bona also used [danau]). [balig] was elicited at Ma'rang (29), Segeri (30) and Tabo-tabo [ara0i9] was recorded at Ponre (73), [kaloba] at Mare (75) and Sinjai Utara (77), [binaua] at Perwakilan Sinjai Barat (85) and [lempou] (mudhole) at Mandai. Bikeru (86) drew no response. 40. laut, sea. The Bugis word is [tasi?]. [a14?] is the Bugis form, though in Luwu (Malangke (6), Wara (7), Malili (8) and Bone-bone (9)) a fuller form [paupali?] was recorded, a form which corresponds with a number of northern languages including adjacent Tae'. 42. gunung, mountain. The Bugis reflex is [bulu?]. 43. a i, fire. The Bugis word is everywhere [api]. 44. asap, smoke. The Bugis form is [rumpu]. At Kessi (2) [kat6i] was elicited. This appears to be the Bugis word for sour; Indonesian asao was misunderstood as asam, sour. 45. abu, ashes. The Bugis word is [awu] exce:t at Maros Baru (63) where [alimbubu?] was recorded. 46. panas, hot. [mapella] was consistently the Bugis respence, except at Malimpung (39), Sawitto (40) and Langa (41) wha:2 [mabe?] was given. 47. hangat, warm. See Map 22. There are teo main reflexes here. Some of [mapella], usually reduplicated or modified in some way, accounts for the northern two-thirds of the Bugis area. [makAmmu?] is the response of the lower third. In addition to these we found the following: [situ5u tuju] at Pammana (16) and Barebbo (60); [mapig4?] at Pammana (16),a::,b Sangparu (17) and Tanasitolo (18) in Wajo; [6etde?] at Majauleng (19); [ma%a6e?. 1.:,:e?] (see item 49 below) at Tanete Rilau (31) and Labakkang (48); [r...asa maig sammig] at Baranti (24), Maritengae (26), Teppo (38), Malimpung (39) (all contiguous) and Mare (75); [ma?apba? apba?] (cf. [maba?] in item 46 above) at Pancarijang; [tap taja] at Barru (47); [rede?] at Tellusiattinge (57) and [mawssip] at (74). 48. bakar, burn. With the exception of Bua Pondrang (r: where [makkandre] was received, the Bugis word is [tunu].

BUGIS - Friberg -29- dingin, cold. See Map 23. The Bugis word is [ma6akke?] (alternatively, [make a?]) except in Camba and part of Sinjai where [makelle?] is found. malam, night. [winni] is the Bugis word, exceot in Malik:A.1m where [bogDi] is used, a form found in many languages to the north ofB ugis ikan, fish. The Bugis word is uniformly [bale]. 52. burung, bird. The Bugis reflex is [manu? manu?] ([manu?] alone means chicken). bulu burung, feather. [bulu (manu? manu?)] is the Bugis form. 54. telur, egg. The Bugis response is consistently [ittello?]. anjing, dog. See Map 24. Overwhelmingly [asu] is the Bugis word. In most of Luwu (6, 7, 9, 10) and in Lembang (36), Sawitto (40), Langa (41) and Alitta (44) in the northwest, [bokka] is found. This latter reflex is also found in the neighboring (to Luwu) Wotu language. Mills represents this word as meaning bark. 56. kalong, bat. See Map 25. The Bugis word f(.):: bat is [parsnip] , though what appears to be a by-form [panniki] is found in Luwu, Sawitto and in Sinjai Barat. [panniki] itself is widely found in ncnBugis languages, as in Makassar, Konjo, Mandar, Enrekang and Wotu, a fact which well e:Tlains its occurrence in Bugis at the margins. The following other reflexes, [kalumparri?], [alo], [geno geno] and [rante], were also reco:ded and impress us as being names for various kinds of bats 57. kutu, louse. The Bugis form is [utu]. 58. nyamuk, mosquito. See Map 26. [namo?] is the regular Bugis word. In Luwu (7, 8, 10) and in Camba and Sinjai, [sissi?] is heard. This latter term is found in Konjo, Mamuju, Mamasa and Toraja Sa'dan languages. There is sane evidence that in the [namo?] area of Bugis, [sissi?] is a special kind of mosquito.

59. tikus, mouse, rat. [balawo] and [ODeLiKill] are the two Bugis reflexes. The distribution shown on Map 27 indicates the Luwu, Bone and Maros use of [belesu]. [belesu] is also found in Wotu; [balawo] in Makassar and Konjo. ular, snake. The Bugis reflex is [ula?].

BUGIS - Friberg -30- tanduk, horn. The Bugis word is [tandru?]. 62. ekor, tail. The Bugis form is uniformly [ikko?). 63. hitam, black. There are two Bugis words in use, [mabolog] and [malotog). The distribution of these is seen on Map 28. There is sane evidence that both forms are used everywhere in the Bugis homeland and that the forms given on the map are only the unmarked form for a given area. The other form would have restricted use, for example, to describe a black horse. [mabolcg] is also used in Pattinjo; [malotog] is common to Mandar, Mamuju, Mamasa and Toraja Sa'dan putih, white. [mapute] is the Bugis word. 65. merah, red. The Bugis reflex is [maCalla?]. 66. kuning, yellow. See Map 29. Bugis has two words in use. [maridi] is dominant and central. It is also found in Konjo, Mandar, Mamuju, Mamasa and Toraja Sa'dan. [ma?ufifii?] is used at the margins: in Luwu, most of Wajo, Sawitto and Alitta and the bulk of Sinjai. It is common also to Makassar and Wotu. 67. hijau, green. There are three Bugis words for green, the discussion of which by respondents may indicate that shades or kinds of green (even blue) are involved. Nevertheless the distribution of the three forms on Map 30 seems to indicate that each form is unmarked in sc:ae area. [rnakudara] is current across the northern area of Bugis lands and is also found in the Mamuju and Enrekang languages. [maijo] is used in Luwu, Duampanua (37) and in much of the south central Bugis,area. It is common to Toraja Sa'dan, Wotu and Mamasa. Finally, along the southeast coast and along the south limits of Bugis settlements [moMombulo] is found. This is ccaimon to the adjacent Makassar and Konjo languages. 68. satu, one. The Bugis word is [setdi] in all locations except Malimpung (39), Pasir Putih (85) and Sinjai Timur (87) where [&u?] was elicited. Though as a primary response [Ceu?] is restricted to the northwest and southeast margins, there is evidence that it is also in use in a restricted ways elsewhere. The other numbers elicited were consistent across the Bugis dialects: 69. dua, two [dual 70. tiga, three [tellu]

BUGIS - Friberg -31- 71. empat, four [ePPV] 72. lima, five [lima] 73. enam, six [ennig] 74. tujuh, seven [pitu] 75. delapan, eight [arua] 76. sembilan, nine [asera] 77. sepuluh, ten [sappulo] 78. dua puluh, twenty [duappulo] 79. seratus, one hundred [siratu] 80. seribu, one thousand [sisebbu] 81. semua, all. [iyamanig] is the Bugis reflex. 82. banyak, many. See Map 31. The usual Bugs response is [maega]. However in Camba (52, 53) the response was [mahildo?]. In a small, but contiguous section of Bone (54, 55, 59, 61, 73, 74) the word is [matabbig], a form in common with Wotu. 83. besar, big. [maloppo], [battoa] and [Inrana] are the responses gotten. Though Map 32 indicates distribution of the primary response, it is probable that all three forms are known everywhere in restricted usage. [maloppo] is common to Makassar; [battoa] to Campalagian and Enrekang. 84. kecil, small. The Bugis forms are [baitaa] and [mar.i-nni?] with Oie5u] being a by-form of the former. The distribvrtion on Yap 33 of [mar4enni?], especially the large number of places where it was gotten only as one of two responses, indicates that [bait6u" is generalan d that largely in Sidrap only [mavinni?j is a synonym. [bait6u] is also found in Enrekang and Wotu; [marinni?] is Mamuju. 85. panjang, long. The Bugis word is [malampe]. At Langa (41) [matandre] was given as part of a multiple response. This seems to be the Bugis word for tinggi, tall. 86. pendek, short. The Bugis reflex in [map 1. Three other reflexes were obtained in multiple response with [maporlflf:c?]. [bot6W] was gotten at Tanasitolo (18), [mapaMe?] at Pasangkayu (34) and Langa (41) and [mabodo] at Pasir Putih (85) and Sinjai Tengah (88). The latter form is common to contiguous Konjo.

BUGIS - Friberg -32-

E 87. dekat, near. The Bugis word is [makawe2] everywhere. 88. jauh, far. The reflex here is [mabela]. 89. penuh, lull. See Map 34. The Bugis Corm [buXe7], in common with Wotu, is limited to Malangke (6) and Wara (7) in Luwu and most of Wajo and some adjacent subdistricts. Otherwise, the Bugis wo:d is [panno], a found in such languages as Selayar, Mandar, Mamuju, Mamasa, Toraja Sa'dan and Enrekang. 90. baru, new. The Bugis word is [mabaru]. In addition to [mabaru] at Ponre (73) and Kahu (79) [nappe] was also obtained. This latter response may also be expected elsewhere in restricted use. 91. baik, good. The Bugis responses for this item seem to be a combination of regional differentiation and straightforward synonyms. As can be seen from Map 35, the most widely spread reflex is [makAssip], also found in Enrekang. [makafije] appears to be regional to Sidrap and Sawitto dialects. [made6eg] shows no regional distribution and is probably only a restricted-use synonym, as in the response to 'how are you?': [kareba madeaeg] (fine). [mapa&?] found in five locations (29, 60, 75, 77 and 87) also shows no particular dialect affinity. [magello?], centered in the Bone dialect, the response of thirteen locations. [mamalo?] is found in Ca:lba (52 and and Mandai (90) and is common to Toraja Sa'dan. [m.6010] aad [:aapara?] were recorded only in Pasir Putih (85). Several of these ref7:axes also seem to have the meaning cantik, beautiful, pretty. 92. bulat, round. The Bugis response was consistently [malebu] 93. kering, dry. [marakko] is the Bugis reflex. 94. jemur, berjemur, to dry in the sun. The Bugis forms are [mapAsso], [madakko] and [diapinag]. A certain amount of regional grouping is found for [madakko] as seen in Map 36, largely Sidrap and the Larru subdialects [diaginap], in what appears to be a passive form meaning to expose to wind, was elicited only at Awangpone (55). 95. tidak, no. The basic Bugis resronse is [de?]. An additional morpheme was added in the responses at Sinjai Utara (77) end Kahu (79) to produce [de?gaga]. Though this usually means tidak ada, (there is no/not), our respondents at these two places insisted that their responses meant simply This, if correct, is not unusual in light of the frequent strengthening

BUGIS - Friberg that the negative morpheme undergoes in a variety of languages (cf. English slang, 'no way'). At a number of Sinjai dialect locations (70, 82-89) [dena?] was the form elicited. At Camba (52) the response was [bana?] and at Malimpung (39) [taeg]. Though [bena?] and [dena?] show obvicus possibilities, at no location was an unsolicited [henna?], one name for the greater Sinjai dialect, found. 96. ini, this. See Map 37. The Bugis reflex is widely [iyaeh], though Camba and Sinjai as dialect areas show [etdi]. [inne?] (Langa, 41) and [gkae] (Kahu, 79) were also encountered. Whereas [inne?] is common to Mamuju at the same end of the Bugis spread as Langa, [etdi] is common to Mandar at the opposite end from Sinjai. 97. itu, that. See Map 38. The usual Bugis response is [iyaro], sometimes strengthened to [iyaroe] or[iyarodia]. Six scattered resr:onses (24, 33, 40, 46, 54 and 87) showed [iyatu] or its variations. [iyaro] is in common with Campalagian; [iyatu] with Toraja Sa'dan and Wotu. 98. di sini, here. See Map 39. The basic response form for Bugis is [kue] or one of its presyllable variations, [akkue], [okkue] or [akkue]. The Sinjai and Camba dialects have a reflex that is slightly expanded, [kuetdi?]. There are also a number of locations showing [komae]. These are Wara (7) and Bua Pondrang (10) in Luwu and five locations scattered elsewhere (22, 29, 59, 62 and 65). Finally there are these responses from the S:witto,Alitta dialect area and Barebbo (60): [kine?] (39), [arini] (40), [nonne?] (41), [konoe] (44) and [kufiig ] (60). 99. di situ, there. The Bugis responses for this item are confusing, not only phonetically, but also morphemically. The basic form appears to be [koro] to which a suffixed [ria/dia], [atu/tu] or [ro/aro] or a prefi::ed [ak] or [ok] may be added. There are also other vari-"-°ons. In addition respondents at Kessi (2) and Bantimurung (50) preferred the base of [yaro]. Finally, [kinerio] was given at Malimpung (39). There was no confusion on the part of the respondents, only on the part of passing data collectors and later analysts. We are sure that a deeper knowledge of the language would help to sort out the dialect use and distribution of this item. 100. di dalam, in, inside. The Bugis word is the preposition [i/di/ri] (also in the items to follow) plus [lal~~].

BUGIS - Friberg -34- 101. di atas, on top of, on. See Map 40. [ase,] is the usual Bugis response. In a number of locations in the lower Pangkep dialect area as well as at Wara (7), Lilirilau (5), Palakka (54), Leppangeng (64), Lamuru (65), Caroming (70) and Koppe (71) [wawo] is the reflex. (At Marioriwawo (2) whose name contains the morpheme, [ase?] is used.) At Tanasitolo. (18), [lebotna] was given as an alternative response; this appears generally to mean surface. 102. di luar, outside. [saliwiy] is the Bugis reflex. 103. di bawah, under, beneath. The Bugis response is [awa], except at Malimpung (39) where the form is [ricy], a form cognate with that of Enrekang. 104. di depan, in front of, before. The Bugis word is [010].

105. di belakang, behind. [mundri] is the Bugis form, except at Malangke (6), Wara (7), Awangpone (55) and Sibulue (58) where [boko?] was given. This appears to be the word for the body part back. 106. timur, east. The majority Bugis response is [alau?] whose distribution is seen on Map 41. This reflex, cognate with Indonesian laut, sea, meant seaward originally. Since the Bugis people are found on both sides of the peninsula, it speaks for an eastcoast beginning for the Bugis, whether in Luwu or Bone. [timor4g] or a shorter [timo?] is the reflex of Sidrap and points northwest and parts of Luwu. Whatever the multiple origins of the speakers of the Ugi Riawa dialect of Pasang! .:.....:u, this item helps confirm a Sidrap origin. It shares the same form with Campalagian, Enrekang and Konjo. [manoray] recorded in Bone-bone (9) is apparently the Bugis word for north. Finally, at Tanete Rilau (31), Tanete Riaja (3Z and Barru (47), we found the form [iaja]. This small enclave becomes very interesting in light of the next item. 107. barat, west. The most frequently used word for L's,t as can be seen on Map 42, is [orai?]. It is coextensive with the distribution of [alau?] in item 106 less the area of southern Bone and Sinjai where the reflex is [(di)a5a]. (One of our respondents who gave both [orai?] and [diala] claimed that one meant near west and the other far west.) Notice that [a5a] means west in this item and east in the small enclave identified in item 106. Did it originally mean inland or toward the mountains? [maniyay] in Bone-bone (9) appears to mean south in actual fact. The area given to [timur:- ] in item 106 is here divided between [bark?] (Luwu) and [wattay] (Sidrap and

BUGIS - Friberg -35- northwestern points). If we were led to identify Pasangkayu with S:drap by the previous item, this item leads us to identify it with Luwu. If not related to Luwu on both counts of east and west, it probably is influenced by any of several northern languages showing the same cognateness with Indonesian for these two items. Finally, the south Barru enclave shows [nal?"' for west. Were these locations literalist in taking [alau?] as meaning toward the sea? It is more probably that the flip in meaning came under Makassar influence whose Gowa-Tallo port city and center of the kingdom faced westward toward the sea. 108. pinggir, edge. The Bugis word here is [wiri], except in Pitumpanua (13) where [ribandre0] was elicited. 109. kulit, skin. The Bugis word is consistently [uli?]. 110. daging, meat, . flesh. See Map 43. The majority of the Bugis say [juku], a term in common with Toraja Sa'dan, Enrekang and Wotu. In the northwest, east coast and south there is se evidence for [dageW and [lisi?], not infrequently as a multiple response along with [juku]. 111. darah, blood. See Map 44. The Bugis word is usually given as [dare], but, in the area identified as the Camba and Sinjai dialects [6era?] is found either alone or alternating with [dara]. [6era?] is common to Mandar and to the adjacent Makassar areas. 112. tulang, bone. See Map 45. The more frequent Bugis word is [buku], a form in common with Makassar, Konjo and Mandar. In Bone and Sinjai the form is [kabuttu]. Notice the salience including Lamuru in an otherwise north-south division. This is rare evidence for Bona influence in Lamuru the western appendage of present-day Bone district. 113. lemak, gemuk, fat. As noted elsewhere, this item presented problems because of the adjective-noun possibilities of the source items as well as because we changed to eliciting both midstream. [ma6ommo?] and [lundra?] are quite general in their distribution. [loppo], gotten in four locations, seems only to mean great or big (see item 83). [jamela?] was limited to two locations in Sidrap. [lappe]-was found in Camba, Bone and Sinjai. Finally, [malama?] is restricted to Sinjai. 114. rambut, hair. The Bugis reflexes, [germ-:?] and [welua?], seem

BUGIS - Friberg -36-

, . . rather evenly divided. See Map 46 for actual distribution. [welua?] is common to languages to the north of Bugis. bulu, body hair. The Bugis term is [bulu]. 116. kepala, head. The Bugis reflex is [ulu]. 117. telinga, ear. The Bugis word is [daut6uliE]. The first syllable is sometimes explained as a morpheme meaning leaf (see item 2) and is missing in a few Sinjai locations. meta, eye. The Bugis reflex is meta. hidung, nose. The Bugis word is [igi?]. mulut, mouth. The distribution of the reflexes of this item and the next, Maps 47 and 48, show almost identical isoglosses. This is interesting in that the reflex [timu] is said everywhere, in most of the Bugis area as mouth, as here, and in the rest of the Bugis area as lip, next item. Since the two items mouth and lips are easy to confuse, it is probably the case that in Sengkang (14) and Ramona (16) the multiple responses of [timu] and [sumpag], the other major reflex, indicate an expected hesitation at the isogloss itself. Notice that there is no multiple response at these two locations for the next item. In two locations this item also has [bawa], in Segeri (30) and Soppeng Riaja (46). [sumpag] is in cariu...n with Wotu; [bawa] with Makassar and Konjo. We have seen other evidenee of Makassar influence on the west coast. 121. bibir, lip. The Bugis reflexes are [witi;e?] and [timu]. (See item 120 above also. [wiwe?] is in common with Makassar and Konjo; [timu] (with this meaning) in common with Campalagian and Enrekang. gigi, tooth. The Bugis word is everywhere 4isi]. 123. lidah, tongue. The Bugis reflex is [lilah] except in Larompong (12) where [pallepi?] was elicited. kuku, nail, claw. [kanuku] is the Bugis form. 125. kaki, foot, leg. The Bugis word is [aje] lutut, knee. The Bugis form is [uttu?]. 127. tangan, hand, arm. See Map 49. The Bugis term is [5ari] in the south and also in the east coastal strip running up to Palopo. It is [lima] elsewhere. [lima] is common with Makassar, Konjo, Mender and Toraja Sa'dan.

BUGIS - Friberg -37- 128. perut, stomach. There was some confusion among respondents whether the Indonesian word meant the outside belly or inside stomach. This is probably exclusively reflected in the distribution of [paru?] on Map 50 which in every case but one is one of a multiple response. The other three reflexes appear regionalized. [babua] is general. [wAttag], in common with Makassar, Konjo and Enrekang, is a Sidrap reflex. [eppog], in common with Wotu, is found only around Bone city. 129. leher, neck. The Bugis reflex is [allog]. 130. susu, breast. The Bugis word is [susu]. 131. hati, liver, seat of emotions. The Bugis word is [ate]. 132. jantung, heart. See Map 51. The reflexes gotten for this item show a bewildering distribution. If we eliminate [lis? dilaET] (inside contents) of Tonra (76) and [bua] of Pasangkayu (34) we can lower the number of reflexes to four, but it does nothing for the distribution. [5antug] is found 30 times, most generally in Wajo, northern Pangkep and Sinjai. [ate], found 27 times, is even more spotty, being found in southern Bone, part of Sinjai and Soppeng, among others. [uso], found 26 times as well as in Pattinjo and Enrekang, has its greatest concentration in the Sawitto and Sidrap dialect areas, Bone and southern Sinjai. Finally, [Cokke] is found in five of its seven occurrences in southern Pangkep. The elicitation of this word often met with hesitation on the respondent's part. Because [ate] is so commonly used as 'the seat of one's emotions', there was not a widespread awareness of the Bugis word for the physical heart. Thuathe large number who responded with the Indonesian term. In same areas the Bugis word was readily known, but in other areas it was produced after much discussion or thought. 133. muka, face. See Map 52. The usual Bugis response is [rupa], a term also used in Makassar, Konjo, Mandar and Enre!:ang. [lindro], a Bugis word that generally means forehead, was given at Suli (11), along with [rupa]. It possibily could be an error, but note that it is the word used in Toraja Sa'dan. [tappa], in 17 occurrences, is quite well scattered, but apears most concentrated in Sidrap and northern Barru. 134. tahi, feces. The word is everywhere [tai] in Bugis. At Kessi (2) the response given was [lindro], clearly a mishearing of dahi, forehead.

-38- BUGIS - Friberg 135. air kecil, air kencing, urine. The Bugis is [teme], sometimes with [uwae] (water) prefixed in translation of the Indonesian, tuli, deaf. The Bugis term is generally [mataru] or [matarutaru] At Pancarijang (23) and Panca Lautang (28) we got Ranta?] - as a second response. At Pasangkayu the reflex is [bogo], a form cognate with adjacent Mamuju. buta, blind. The Bugis word is [buta]. At Sinjai Utara we also found [bit6o?], partial blindness. orang, person. The Bugis is [tau]. 139. laki-laki, male. The Bugis word is [oroane] except at Malimpung (39) where [tumane] is found, a term also found in Mar.dar and Enrekang. 140. perempuan, female. The reflex in Bugis is [makkundrai], except at Malimpung (39) and Langa (41) where [tubene] is used, a term also found in Mandar, suami, husband. [lakkai] is everywhere the Buis reflex. 142. isteri, wife. See Map 53. The usual EI:j.s word is [bene] or [baine]. In a few locations in Bone, Sinjai, and Camba [indoana] (child's mother) is found, either alone or along side of [bane]. 143. ayah, bapak, father. We found that [amboo] or [ambe'] is the universal Bugis word for father. However, the fellowing five reflexes were found as alternative reflexes. [ama] in Lilirilau (5); [tuma toa] at Bantimurung (50); [bapa'] at Samaenre (53); [ua2] at Dua Eoccce (56), at Pallime (68) and Pacubbe (69) and [puag] at Ulaweng (61). ibu, mother. See Map 54. The usual Bugis response in [indc?]. At Lilirilau (5) we got [ina] as a second response. At 13 locations we got [uma] or [0\ma]; the seven locations where this was the only response given are 7, 48, 49, 51, 62, 77 and 86. [Ama] is in common with Makassar; [ina] with Wotu. 145. nama, name. The Bugis word is [as g]. 146. anak sulung, firstborn. The Bugis reflexes hire all have [ana?] in common. This is then modified in four ways: [ma&a] (old) is the most frequent modifier. As Map 55 shows, Douai') (first, hagiming) has wide currency, but only in many small groupings. [pammulp]a (first) was the

BUGIS - Friberg -39- modifier in Bone-bone (9), Bua Pondrang (10), Duapitue (21) and Awangpone [diolo] (front, before) was the modifier in Samaenre (53).

147. anak bungsu, youngest child. See Map 56. As in item 146 above, the Bugis reflexes all include the form [ana2] with same sort of modification. But unlike the preceding, three of the four modifiers in this item show regionalization. [malcao] (young) encompasses northern Bone/southern Wajo and Soppeng and over to the west coast. To the north of that area the modifier [paCu6uy] (or [ka6uCug]) is used. In the south [bur,,ko] is used. In eight locations mainly limited to Luwu and Bone, [paCapurf:*] (or [ka6apur.irl i, last) is used.

148. nenek laki-laki, grandfather. As Map 57 indicates [nene? burane] (or [arcane]) is used north and south, being split by an area of [late] usage very nearly equal to the Bone and Pangkep dialect areas. A reflex including [pattoa] is found at Salomekko (80) and Perwakilan Sinjai Utara (82). [lato?] is shared with Makassar and [pattoa] with Wotu and Selayar

149. nenek perempuan, grandmother. See Map 58. The Bugis reflex is largely [nene? makkundrai] (or [nene? tubene] in Malimpung, 39). There are seven instances of [kadjau] in northeastern Bone and also at Kessi (2), Lilirilau (5) and Bungoro (49). A lone [kope?] was elicited at Barru (47). A

form of [toa] was part of the reflex at Bantiniurung (50), Ponre (73), Salomekko (80) and Perwakilan Sinjai Utara (82). 150. nenek moyang, ancestor. The terms for areeetor all involve some modification of [nene?] though in some cases the modifier can stand alone.

See Map 59 for distribution, which, except for two items, seems rather spotty.

The most usual form of modifier is [riolo] - or [toriolo] (before). [uttu?] is found in nine locations with several in Wajo. [bce] is used in the Pangkep dialect area. [6arompeag] was recorded at Langa (41) and Malusetasi bpoyaD] was recorded 14 times. [ma6oa] was recorded at Liliriaja (1). [malapirip] was heard at Sibulue (58). [pitu lappi] (seven layers) is used at Pallime (68) and Mare (75). [mero] was recorded at Lilirilau (5). [nene?] without modification was used in three locations 151. kakak laki-laki, older brother. The several Bugis reflexes here are modified, usually by [oroane] (male) or one of its variants, by [mattoa] 58 and 74) or by [tumane] (Malimpung, 39). As seen on Map 60, the reflex

BUGIS - Friberg -40- [kaka'] encompasses Soppeng, Wajo and Luwu. This form is common to Makassar, Konjo • and Enrekang. The reflex [kale?] is found in Sidrap; it is also found in Campalagian. [daeg] is used elsewhere with the exception of some spotty use of [stir4 sur4g] in the Pangkep dialect area. At Sibulte (58) [pada raneta mat6oa] was recorded. 152. kakak perempuan, older sister. As with the preceding item,

reflexes here are modified by [makkundrai] or "Malimpung (39) and Langa (41), by [tubene]. The reflexes themselves are [kaka?], [daeg], [kale] and [sure surig]. These four have almost an identical distribution as the same reflexes in item 151. At Sibulue (58) [ana? taratta mat6oe] was recorded as the reflex. 153. adik laki-laki, younger brother. See Map 61. [andri?] is the reflex most widely used in Bugis. A related reflex, [adi?] is used in most of Sidrap and some adjoining subdistricts. [padarane malolo] was recorded as an alternative response at Sibulue (58), a location which shows some uniqueness in items 151-153. 154. anak cucu, grandchild. The Bugis word is [appa]. 155. paman, an, uncle. The usual Bugis response in [amaur;]. In four Luwu locations (6, 8, 9, 11), however, the response is [La'']. 156. bibi, tante, aunt. See Map 62. The Bugis response of most of Wajo, Soppeng and parts of Bone is [inure], a refleA in common with Campalagian, Mandar and Enrekang. In most of the rest of the Bugis area, [amure] (or [amaure], uncle) is the standard form (also common to Wotu). As necessary in order to distinguish it from the male count _ , [makkundrai] (female) is added. [tanti?] was the response in Bone-bone (9) and [ua?] at Malangke (6) and Larompong (12), a form current in adjacent Tae'. 157. teman, kawan, friend. See Map 63. [ragg], a Wotu-related term, is the response of Liliriaja (1), Bone-bona (9) and Alitta (44). With some crossover [silaug] is the major response in Bone, Soppeng and Pangkep and points south while [sibawarj] is the response in areas to the north. [sahaba?] has scattered use in ten locations. [papadaurane] was one of two responses in Barebbo (60). 158. tamu, guest. See Map 64. An area co prising Camba, Pangkep, and Barru dialect areas as well as a salience into Sidrap is represented by the

BUGIS - Friberg -41- [kaka?] encompasses Soppeng, Wajo and Luwu. This form is caLion to Makassar, Konjo ' and Enrekang. The reflex [kale?] is found in Sidrap; it is also found in Campalagian. [daeg] is used elsewhere with the exception of some spotty use of [sur4 sur4g] in the Pangkep dialect area. At Sibulte (58) [Dada raneta mat6oa] was recorded. 152. kakak perempuan, older sister. AS with the preceding item, reflexes here are modified by [makkundrai] or, in Malimpung (39) and Langa (41), by [tubene]. The reflexes themselves are [kaka?], [daeu], [kale] and [sur4 sur4g]. These four have a]most an identical distribution as the same reflexes in item 151. At Sibulue (58) [ana? taratta matèoa] was recorded as the reflex. 153. adik laki-laki, younger brother. See Map 61. [andri?] is the reflex most widely used in Bugis. A related reflex; • [adi?] is used in most of Sidrap and some adjoining subdistricts. [padarane malolo] was recorded as an alternative response at Sibulue (58), a location which shows some uniqueness in items 151-153. 154. anak cucu, grandchild. The Bugis word is [appo]. 155. paman, am, uncle. The usual Bugis resconse in [amaur,J]. In four Luwu locations (6, 8, 9, 11), however, the response is [e.a')]. 156. bibi, tante, aunt. See Map 62. The Bugis response of most of Wajo, Soppeng and parts of Bone is [inaure], a reflex in =non with Campalagian, Mandar and Enrekang. In most of the rest of the Bugis area, [amure] (or [amaure], uncle) is the standard form (also common to WOtu). As necessary in order to distinguish it from the male counterpart, [makkundrai] (female) is added. [tanti?] was the response in Bone-bone (9) and [ua?] at Malangke (6) and Larompong (12), a form current in adjazent Tae'. 157. teman, kawan, friend. See Map 63. [ralylp], a Wotu-related term, is the response of Liliriaja (1), Bone-bone (9) and Alitta (44). With same crossover [silaug] is the major response in Bone, Soppeng and Pangkep and points south while [sitewag] is the response in areas to tha north. [sahaba?] has scattered use in ten locations. [papedaurane] was one of two responses in Barebbo (60). , 158. tamu, guest. See Map 64. An area comprising Camba, Pangkep, and Barru dialect areas as well as a salience into Sidrap is represented by the

BUGIS - Friberg -41- misunderstanding the noun intention and replacing it was a verb, berjalan, to walk. 164. perahu, boat. The Bugis term is [lopi]. 165. pisau, knife. The reflex in Bugis is [piso]. 166.parang, machete. The Bugis word is [bankug], except at Malimpung (39) where the response was [badi]; [basi] in Seko Tengah is the nearest term in Grimes and Grimes. 167. lesung, mortar. The usual Bugis term is [palugg]. Additionally, at Suppa (43) [a6obekag] was elicited. In the Sawitto dialect area (including for this item Patampanua (38), [issog] is the reflex, in common with several nearby languages, including Enrekang. 168. alu, pestle. The Bugis word is [alu]. 169. menumbuk padi, pound rice. See Map 68. The regular Bugis reflex is [mannumpu? ase], shared with Campalagian and Mamasa. In contiguous Kessi (2), Tanete Rilau (32), Tanete Riaja (32) and Barru (47), the term in use is [malutda ase]. In Koppe (71) the response was [mattcAtu ase]. 170. garam, salt. The Bugis word is [pdje?], except at Malimpung (39) where we recorded [sia], a term shared with Enrekancj. 171. gula, sugar. The Bugis word is [golla]. 172. apa, what? The usual word in Bugis is [aga]. In the Sawitto dialect and at Patampanua (38) [apa] is the reflex. (At both Patampnnua and Langa (41) [apa] was a multiple response along with [aga]. It is thus likely that [aga] is everywhere known and used.) 173. siapa, who? The Bugis word is [iga] except in the Sawitto and Camba dialect areas where [nae] or [inai] is used. 174. di mana, where? [kegi] (with interesting variations) is the,main response, as indicated on Map 69. [kendro], a term in ccmcon with Campalagian and Mandar, is found through Sidrap and parts of adjacent Wajo and Sawitto, [kei], in common with Makassar, at Samaenre (53) and Pasir Putih (35) and [nudagi] at Malimpung (39). 175. mengapa, kenapa, why? See Map 70. The Bugis tcrm is [magi] (also found in Wotu) which shows sane internal variation, as with [maragai] in parts of Sinjai. Additionally, [pekkogi] was recorded at Pare-pare (42) and Lamuru

BUGIS - Friberg -43- (65); [mappae] (in common with Enrekang) in the Sawitto dialect area; and

[uanigka] at Dua Boccoe (56). 176. bagaimana, how? See Map 71. The usual Bugis term is [pekkogi}, with sane morphemic variation noted. A number of locations scattered north, central and south show [magi] as in item 175 above. Iittan. Sawitto (40) has [mappai] (shared with Mandar) whereas the other two Sawitto dialect locations (39 and 41) have [nakkua] (in common with Mamasa and Enrekang), a form also found in Sinjai in the south (85, 87 and 89). Liliriaja (1) responded simply with [bagaimana]. 177. berapa, how much/many? The Bugis word is [siapa] except in the

Sawitto dialect where it is [siapa]. 178. ulang, repeat. The most frequent Bugis response is [makkulij], followed by [ulap]. As shown on Map 72 both of these have wide-spread distribution. [lisu] is found in seven locations and [pamulai] in seven. [parevA?] is found at Segeri (30), Bungoro (49) and Samaenre (53). [alaulin] was the response at Camba (52) and [paimig] alone (meaning again) at Duapitue (21). 179. haus, thirsty. The Bugis word is [mad' a]. 180. minum, drink. The reflex in Bugis is [ninuq]. 181. lapar, hungry. The Bugis terms are [malL and [maliwas,i4A, the former in common with Enrekang, the latter with Campalagim and Wotu. As Map 73 indicates, there is a split in the distribution of [maliwasij]. It is found in Sidrap, Sawitto and adjoining subdistricts and in Camba, Sinjai and adjoining subdistricts. As frequently observed,,Bulukmba city has the same reflex as Bone. 182. makan, eat. The Bugis response is [marere]. 183. gigit, menggigti, bite. The main Bugis response is [makokko?]. As shown on Map 74, [makikkij] has limited distribution in the northern half of the territory represented by [makokko?]. Along the northern tier the word is [matto?a?]. [kekke] is found at several Luwu locations. Finally, [isi]

was recorded at Wara (7), most probably a mishearing of ,^: 1" as gigi, tooth. [makokkoR] is common in South Sulawesi languages, found in Makassar, Selayar, Campalagian, Mandar and Mamuju among others. [maki%ki] = in common with Konjo; [kekke] with Enrekang.

BUGIS - Friberg -44- 184. lihat, melihat, see. The Bugis term is everywhere [makita]. 185. dengar, mendengar, hear. See Map 75. The most frequent Bugis word is [maregkaliga], a term in common with Campalagian. [pesatdig] is found in Luwu (6 and 9) and Sawitto (39 and 41), a word cemmn to Enrekang. [ma6alligi?] was recorded at Sinjai Selatan (86) as part of a multiple response. 186. tidur, sleep. [matindro] is consistently the Bugis response. 187. tahu, know. [wissig] is the Bugis word, except for [mataru taru] recorded at Kessi (2), a word normally recognized as meaning deaf (see item 136); and [tau], recorded at Malili (8) and Bua Pondrang (10). 188. bangun, membangun, wake up. See Map 76. The usual response is [motcR] (also in Campalagian). In Luwu [tokkog] is found at 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12 and is common to adjacent Wotu. As part of a multiple response with [moto)], [pasidig] was recorded at Palakka (54), Dua Boccoe (56) and Sinjai Utara (77) and [taliga] at Wattangpalu (25). 189. membangunkan, awaken (someone). The causative form [mapoto?i] of the previous item [moto?] is widely the Bugis word. As Map 77 indicates, [mattadu?] is scattered around the Bugis area, finding concentration in Luwu, Sidrap and Sinjai. Finally, [patokkog] was rc7-7--7ad at Bone-bone (9) and Malili (8). [mapoto?i] is common to Enrekang, [liattedu?] to Mandar and Enrekang. 190. mati, die, dead. [mate] is the Bugis reflex except at Kessi (2) where [maelo] was recorded. 191. meninggal dunia, die (euphemism). What is euphemistic in one language does not necessarily receive the same treatment in another. Thus in Bugis [mate] is the recorded response with few exceptions. Those exceptions include [nasalai line] (leaving the earth) recorded at Tanasitolo (18), Maritengae (26) and Tanete Riaja (32) and [lisu?i ripamacena] (returning to the Creator), at Tanete Riattang (59) and Barebbo (60). 192. bunuh, membunuh, kill. [uno] is the Bugis reflex. 193. berenang, swim. The Bugis response in [nate]. [morog] was recorded at Patampanua (38), A4tan. Sawitto (40) and Langa ;41) as part of a multiple response with [nape].

BUGIS - Friberg -45- 194. terbang, fly. The Bugis word is [luttuTh 195. berjalan, walk. See Map 78. The usual Bugis word is [5okka]. [malalip] was found either as the only response or part of a multiple response at seven locations (see item 163). [loka loka] was recorded at Wara (7) and Bua Pondrang (10). [likka], a term in common with Konjo, Selayar and Campalagian, is used in the Sawitto dialect area. 196. datang, came. See Map 79. The predaninant Bugis form is [pole], a term in common with Mandar and Campalagian. [Apkai] is frequent, too, occurring in twenty recorded instances throughout the Bugis area except Luwu. [takappo] was found only three times, at Lilirilau (5), Pammana (16) and Wattangpalu (25). 197. berbaring, lie down. [leu?] is the Bugis reflex, with [matindro tindro] also occurring at Bua Pondrang. 198. duduk, sit. See Map 80. This word is anothar instance of one reflex occurring nearly everywhere, here [tudap], with another, [6ado?] occurring in Sawitto (and Alitta) and Sinjai. This latter is common to Konjo and Campalagian. 199. berdiri, stand. See Map 81. [tottop] is the main Bugis response. [makkatde?], cammon to Campalagian, Mandar, Mamasa and Toraja Sa'dan, was recorded at Pancarijang (23) and Suppa (43). [tojo] is found in parts of Sidrap and Sawitto (23, 24, 26, 39, 44). It is common to Enrekang. 200. menyanyi, sing. The Bugis form is consistently [makkelorj]. 201. batuk, cough. [more] is everywhere as the Bugis word. [mese?] also was found at Sibulue (58). 202. muntah, vomit. See Map 82. [tallua] is the predominant Bugis response, being common to Mandar, Mamuju, Saldan Toraja and Wotu. In the northwest [malane] is the response in Sawitto and adjoining subdistricts of Sidrap. It is also found in Makassar and Enrekang. In Sinjai the term is [maru7], a term used in Konjo and Selayar. 203. meludah, spit. The Bugis word is [mamit6u]. 204. tertawa, laugh. The Bugis term is [mi6awa]. 205. menangis, cry. The distribution here is between [karra?], limited largely to Luwu and Sidrap and surrounding subdistricts (see Map 83) and [tarri], a form shared with Makassar.

BUGIS - Friberg -46- 206. mandi, bathe. See Map 84. Sidrap and Sawitto as well as adjoining subdistricts show [dio], a word also in use in Konjo, Campalagian,

Enrekang and Sa'dan Toraja. It was also recorded in Wara (7). The rest of the Bugis area shows [Came], a term shared with Makassar.

207. mandikan, kasih mandi, bathe - someone. See Map 85. The distribution here is almost identical to that of item 236. The Bugis words are [6ammei] and [dRA]

208. jatuh, fall. See Map 86. With respect to this item the Bugis area is divided roughly north and south with [buaN (common to Campalagian) the term of preference in the north, but not unrepresented in the south and

[matdu?] and its byform [mandrug] preferred in the south, but not unknown in the north. [boto] is found in Luwu (6, 7, 8, 9) and is found in the adjacent

Wotu language. [sappo?] was recorded at Ponre (73). [matdannt,c2] was found at Tanete Riaja (32), Pare-pare (42) and Barru (47).

209. jatuhkan, kasih jatuh, drop. [buaui], the causative or transitive form of item 208, shows much greater distribution than simple [buaj] in that it - is found throughout the southern reaches of the Fugis area as well as

generally in the north. [pasampe?], recorded only at Kessi (2), looks very much like the causative form of [seppo?] in item 2C3. [botoaui] has the same distribution as [boto] in the previous item, all ia Luwu. [patdann+?] is found at Tanete Riaja (32) and Barru (47). Finally, [paddu?i] and its byform fpandruui] is found throughout greater Sinjai and scattered elsewhere. See Map 87,

210. gatal, itchy. The Bugis form is [makatd:?] alternating with [mat4?]

211. bermimpi, dream. See Map 88. [mannippi], a form common to Campalagian, Mandar, Mamasa and Sa'dan Toraja, is found almost exclusively alternating with [katulu tulu] in the north part of the Bugis area. The latter, in common with Enrekang and Wotu, is also found in the southern area. [kakita kita] is found in four Sidrap and Sawitto locations (24, 25, 28, 39). [masotnai] was recorded in Sinjai Barat. Not unexpectedly it is common to

Konjo, the dominant language of Sinjai Barat, as well as Makassar. and Mamuju. 212. mengantuk, be sleepy. [dakkarutdu?] is the Bugis reflex.

BUGIS - Friberg -47- 213. mengng,andu be pregnant. The Bugis form is [matanpu?]. 214. beri, memberi, kasih, give. The Bugis form is [mapbere] with its alternate [aregi], a form shared by Campalagian and Memuju. In Malimpung (39) [begi] was recorded. 215. memberikan, give something. The distribution of the Bugis forms for this item is identical with that of item 214. The terms are [mapberei] ([naweregi]) everywhere except in Malimpung (39), [nabegi]. 216. bicara, berkata, bilang, speak, say. [mapbi?ara], a form shared by Makassar and Enrekang, is the most common reflex recorded in the Bugis area. Other reflexes, scattered here and there as indicated in Map 89, include [makkadai], [manima?], [mappau], [mgarita], [matte], [matdekig], and [mat6anni].

Dialects as Seen in Phonetic Isoglosses

The third method of identifying dialect boundaries is to plot the phonetic differences for given wordlist items on a map. Again, the isoglosses separating these differences are dialect boundaries. A bundling of isoglosses indicates stronger dialect boundaries; where only one or two isoglosses occur, there the boundary is weak. Phonetic and lexical differences for given wordlist items are similar in that a careful plotting of each can result in a mappign of dialects. But there are differences between the two methods. The greatest difference is that lexical plotting is individually isolated by item, whereas phonetic plotting is relateable to other items that show the same particular phonetic feature(s). By way of example, 'hair', =but, is [gem ::?] in certain defineable sections of the Bugis area, [welua?] in others, and both [gamr14?] and [welua?] in a relationship of synonymy in a few others. Furthermore, in areas where only one of these two reflexes is known for 'hair', it may be possible to ascertain that the other is present with changed or different meaning. Unless we can establish that two lexical items were borrowed at precisely the same time, there is little to be gained by comparing the distribution of one word with that of others, except that a composite of all words showing distributional differences will aid in drawing dialect

BUGIS - Friberg -48- boundaries, as demonstrated for Bugis earlier. Indeed, it is in finding the distributions of two words identical that we may conclude a (near) common history. With phonetic differences the situation is quite different in that a relatively small number of phonemes or phonetic features recur potentially many times through a large lexicon. Thus it is possible to compare the distribution of phonetic feature x in lexical item A with that of the same feature in lexical item B. Where the distributions are similar, though clearly different, it may indicate a phonetic change in progress as the change of phonetic feature diffuses through the lexicon, item by item.

The phonetic isoglosses for Bugis do very little to change the dialect picture as already established by comparing percentages of shared cognates under the first method and confirmed by the lexical isoglosses of the second method. The two most striking conclusions are the confirmation of the Sawitto dialect area and the establishment of a Sinjai-Camba dialect area, combining the earlier-determined Combo and Sinjai dialects. These two conclusions will be evident in the discussion of individual phonetic differences to follow. We may summarize the kinds of phonetic differences noted before the individual differences are sampled. First, there is the Wei type. In this case one is known everywhere [a] while the other is restricted in some degree [i]. This is clearly a case of phonemic split or merger; which will wait a reconstruction of proto-Bugis to determine the individual cases. Second, there is the [u/o] type where both phonemes are known everywhere, but for certain items there is a constrast. Third, there is the Wgi type where one

[6] is standard and the other [g] is innovating. Not all differences observed in our wordlists will be discussed below, but only enough of the interesting cases to represent the variation generally. [u/o] variation: There are Bugis reflexes that everywhere show [u], for example [tulu7] (tali, rope). There are also reflexes that are consistently [0], for example [lopi] ( erahujwW- There are also reflexes that are overwhelmingly [u], but with occasional instances of [o], for example [ina.ure]/[ame.ure] (bibi/paman, aunt/uncle). Similarly there are reflexes overridingly with [0], but with occasional replacement by [u], for example, [mapofi6o?] (?endek,

BUGIS - Friberg -49- short). Here we will only focus by way of Maps 90 to 93 on a few items showing more balanced occurrence of [u] and [o]. These maps, for [rimundri], [duri] and [utti], respectively indicate a changing isogloss. The source of the innovation and the direction of change await more investigation [i/e) variation: As with [u/o], there are Bugis words only with [i], and only with [e] in analogous environments. Then there are reflexes that show variation. The of two to be looked at can be seen in Maps 94 to 96, respectively representing [lewuTh [malebu] and [setdi]. The phonetic distinctiveness of Sawitto dialect can be observed here. (Though in some senses Sawitto is conservative, this has to be determined on an item-for-item basis and must more analysis. The second set shows variation for [mammitn], [minug] and [timu], respectively Maps 97-99. Note that in the first set [e] is predominant, while [i] is in the second. The direction of change to be determined for each could actually be going in opposite directions, especially if the smaller area for each set were the source of innovation. variation: This designation is here taken to cover variation of [-i] with [a], [e], [i], or [o]. All in all there are 72 reflexes where this variation is evident, of which at most ten may perhaps be due to a reduction of another vowel to [a] ([a] is an allophone of [4]). In this va—ation the Sawitto dialect stands unique in its resistance to M. Wbcre other dialects regularly have M, Sawitto usually shows [a] ([ur:::?]/[ura?]), though also [o] Upanno]/[ponno]), [e] ([macalla?]/macella?] and [i] Umakati-?]/[makati?]). The uniformity of the Sawitto dialect is sometimes er2anded to include different combinations of its adjoining subdistricts, Lembang (36), Duampanua (37), Patampanua (38), Pare-pare (42), Suppa (43) and Alitta (44). In addition to these locations, there is not infrequent sporadic occurrence of small groups or individual isolates showing something in place of [::]. [ai/e] variation: A limited amount of variation is found for this set in such important words as [baine]/[bene] (isieri,lutifi) and [baitcu]/[betcu] (te.r, ei sihajj ).. In the next several variations, it will be seen how closely Camba and Sinjai pattern with respect to phonetics

BUGIS - Friberg -50- [r/d] variation: Two different isoglosses are noted. For leaf, daun, we observe

[raug]/[dauy] with [rauy] occurring in southern Bone from Mare (75) and Camming (70) south throughout Sinjai and continuing on to Bulukumba city (83).

It also included both Camba data-collection points. A different isogloss is noted on Map 100 for [area]/[adea]. [C/5] variation: The variation of this set is basically that of stressed syllable intervocalic or word initial [iS] alternating with innovating [5]. Map 101 shows the distribution of any occurrence of [s] from twelve possible occurrences. The center is clearly within a square formed by Pervakilan Sinjai Utara (82), Sinjai Utara (77), Sinjai Timur (87) and Sinjai Tengah (88) where six to eight occurrences each were recorded. Only one point in Camba (Realolo, 53) shows this alternation. [b/w/h/O] variation: The last variation in which Sinjai.Cmnbe so clearly pattern together is with this set. About forty reflexes show variation with respect to sane or all of [b/w/h/0]. In order merely to sample the complexity of this set of phonemes, we include only two maps, 102 and 103. The first shows the patterning of Sinjai- Camba with respect to [h]. Notice the [b] in the northwest, weakened to [w] in the center of the Bugis area, itself further weakened to [h] in Slejei-..Cmnba. The second map shows the potential complexity of this variation, for in it M is generally to the north and [b] to the south. [1/n] variation: Map 104 demonstrates the distribution of this pair. This distribution is similar to that of the [r/d] variation, but the [1] usa3e also extends to Maros. [6/k] variation: Map 105 demonstrates a variation between [6] and [k] (and the reduction of this phoneme). [ndr/td] variation: This variaton is seen in such word pairs as [mendrup]/[metdug] (jatuh, to fall) and [mapaandruyi]/[mapatdup] (jatuhkan, to drop). (The other

BUGIS - Friberg -51- differences are accounted for by morphophonemics of verbal affixation. Since at least one location had both alternates it is reasonable to think that this variation is quite old and that the change is no longer moving in either direction. [t/C] variation: This pair is summarized in the reflex of Map 106. [p/p] variation: - again there is variation between an older phoneme [p] and an innovating [p]. The distribution of Map 107 indicates ore or more occurrences of [p] from some eighty reflexes. The environment is usually stressed syllable word initial or intervocalic [p], though a few unexpected cases also occur, e.g., [lanee]. A few other variations are only listed here: [pp/kk] and [p/k], [C/s]

[o/e], [o/a], [o/p/i], various cases of metathesis both of syllables and

adjacent segments, [5/dy], [au/o] and [NC/CC].

Summary of Interdialectal Cognate Relationships study consisted of 4005 pairs of collection sites. In order to

display each of these in a matrix, we would be dealing with an unwieldly set of figures. This is especially true in that the spread of villages visited represent an area roughly 70 miles wide and 150 miles long. Ue have therefore chosen to show by matrix only those pairs within the nine dialect areas (Pasangkayu as a single point is not represented) and in a tenth matrix the

percentage , of shared cognates (PSC) among the ten dialects. (Each dialect in the final matrix is represented by its linguistic center, which is the location underlined in the first nine matrices.)

WARA (07) MALLUSETASI (45) 87 BONE-BONE (09) 91 SOPPENG RIAJA (46)

89 93 MALILI (08) 88 92 TANETE RILAU (31) 90 92 92 MALANGKE (06) 89 91 93 TANETE RIAJA (32) 85 86 88 89 BUA PONDRANG (10) 88 83 91 92 BARRU (Tompo, 47) LUWU dialect BARRU Dialect

BUGIS - Friberg -52- WATAN SMUT° (40) NAPIWITAAND (02) 94 MATTIROSOMPE (41) 87 LILIRIMA (01) 86 87 MALIMPUNG (39) 90 951 LILIRILAU (05) SAWITTO Dialect 91 93 95 LALNBATA (03) 88 90 90 94 LAMURU (65) SOPPENG Dialect

LAROMPONG (12)

92 SULI (11)

92 93 PITUMPANUA (13) 94 94 95 SABBANGPARU (17)

92 91 93 95 MARIORIAWA (04)

91 91 95 94 96 MAJAULENG (19) 92 91 95 96 97 • 96 TANASITOLO (18) 93 93 96 96 96 97 97 PAMMANA (16) 93 92 96 96 95 96 95 97 TAKKALALLA (Peneki, 66)

94 95 98 96 97 97 95 96 98 SENGEANG (14) 93 92 96 95 95 95 97 97 97 96 SAJCANGLNG (15) 93 92 96 96 94 95 96 96 96 96 97 BELANA (22) 91 93 93 95 94 94 96 95 95 95 95 96i NT,NIANG2AJO (20) WAJO Dialect

BUGIS - Friberg -53- SUPPA (43) 91 BARANTI (24) 90 93 WATTANGPALU (25) 88 90 96 PANCA LAUTANG (28) 91 93 93 94 PATAMPANUA (38) 89 94 94 94 95 MARITENGAE (26) 91 94 94 95 96 96 PANCARIJANG (23) 90 94 94 93 95 97 97 TELLU PIMPOE (27) 90 91 93 92 94 92 94 94 PARE-PARE (Ujung, 42) 92 91 93 93 94 93 94 94 95 DUAMPANUA (37) 93 94 96 95 95 95 96 96 94 95 MATTIROBULU (Alitta, 44) 90 91 93 93 91 94 92 93 91 92 95 DUAPITUE (21) SIDRAP Dialect

BUNGORD (49) 94 LABAKKANG (48) 93 96 MA'RANG (29) 92 93 96 SEGERI-MANDALLE (30) 94 95 95 95 BALOCCI (51) 94 95 '94 96 97 PANGEAJENE (62) 94 94 95 94 94 96 BANTIMURUNG (50) 93 95 95 93 95 96 .96 MAROS BARU (63) 91 92 92 91 93 93 94 95 MANDAI (90) PANGKEP Dialect

BUGIS - Friberg -54- CAMBA (Camba, 52)

93 CAMBA (Realolo, 53)

85 86 KAHU (79)

86 88 91 SINJAI BARAT (89) 86 87 93 92 UJUNG BULU (83) 87 86 90 93 92 SINJAI TIMUR (87)

87 88 93 92 92 96 SINJAI UTARA (77)

87 88 90 93 90 95 95 PERK. SINJAI UTARA (82) 87 88 90 92 92 93 94 96 SALOMEKKO (80)

87 88 91 93 94 94 95 95 97 KAJUARA (81) 88 89 93 96 94 97 95 95 95 96 SINJAI TENCAH (88) 91 91 92 95 93 96 94 96 95 96 97 PERK. SINJAI BAPAT (65) 89 89 94 92 93 94 93 95 94 95 96 96 BONTOCANI (73) 88 89 92 94 96 94 95 94 94 97 96 96 96 BULUKUMPA (84) 85 86 90 92 92 94 95 91 91 92 94 93 92 95 SINJAI SELATAN (86)

SINJAI-CAMBA Dialect

BUGIS - Friberg -55- LAPPABIAJA (Koppe, 71) 1 914 (Panpanua, 67) 92 95 94 93 92 95 90 92 92 92 (76) 95 94 93 94 92 91 PALAKKA (54) 94 94 94 95 95 94 96 TELLUSIATTINGE (57) 94 97 95 96 98 93 95 (Pallime, 68) 93 93 93 95 95 94 94 96 96 AWANGPONE (55) 92 90 91 92 91 93 96 94 93 97. 92 92 93 92 92 94 95 94 94 97 92 92 97 96 94 93 95 95 95 96 94 93 96 96 93 94 97 96 96 96 95 96 971BAREBBO (60) 93 91 92 92 91 91 95 93 94 93 95 94 94 95]CINA (74) 95 93 93 94 94 94 96 95 97 94 95 95 96 96 96'SIBULUE (58) 93 92 94 94 92 94 94 93 94 95 94 95 95 96 94 LAPPARIAJA (Patangkai, 64) 91 92 91 92 91 95 93 92 94 95 95 94 93 93 94 96 4ARE (75) 1 89 89 89 90 88 92 92 92 91 93 94 91 91 92 94 94 94 96 LIBURENG (70) BONE Dialect

LUWU (06) 86 SINJAI-CAMBA (85) 85 85 PASANGKAYU (34) 89 91 91 WAJO (14) 83 87 88 89 BARRU (31) 84 90 85 89 91 PANGKEP (62) 87 91 86 91 89 92 BONE (55) 83 90 91 85 90 91 91 SOPPENG (3) 79 81 83 84 82 78 79 84 PINRANG (44) 77 78 79 79 77 72 74 78 85 SAWITTO (41) PSC between the Major Bugis Dialects

BUGIS - Friberg -56- Conclusion Working backwards from the unity of Bugis as a language, largely unified

through common culture, geography and history, we have identified ten

(alternatively eleven) larger dialects of the language. One, Sawitto, is distinct enough almost to be another language, especially when viewed through

the perceptions of speakers farthest removed from it, whether from Luwu or Sinjai. At the other extreme is Soppeng, so central and basic that it might be said not to have an existence of its own, but rather to merge into adjacent dialects, especially Wajo. Focusing on greater detail, we see that these ten or eleven dialects consist of twenth-three (or more) yet more localized subdialects. These have their own identity, though the number of bundled isoglosses between them is less. Of course, beyond the scope of this dialect geography, but presupposed by it, are numerous village speech traits and yet more numerous idiolects representing the entire Bugis population, one by one. This continuum from language to idiolect may be represented in summary for Bugis in the following

form:

BUGIS - Friberg -57- Sawitto Sawitto Sawitto Pinrang Alitta Sidrap Sidrap Sidrap Nepo Soppeng Riaja Barru Earru TomPo Tanete Pangkep Pangkep Pans.kep Kessi Soppeng Soppeng Soppeng Wajo Wajo Wajo Bua Pondrang Wara Luwu Luwu Malangke-Ussu Palakka-Cenrana Dua Boccoe Bone Bone T Mare

Camba Camba

Sinjai Sinjai-Camba Bulukumba Sinjai Palattae Pasangkayu Pasangkayu Pasangkayu

FROM IDIOLECT TO THE BUGIS LANGUAGE

Somewhere between language as a whole social communication form and idiolect as a building block of the larger canes the difficult to define, yet psychologically real, unit of dialect. This presentation has tied to

establish the dialects of Bugis based on extensive field work and a rigorous analysis thereof. What we have said here can and hopefully will be refined by additional research as well as by native-speaker interaction with these

materials. Specifically, several areas of further inquiry seem fruitful to us.

First, the totality of elicited wordlist reflexes should now be taken back to the original collection sites and tested to see which comprise the full complement of local usage, which are recognized as part of the larger language spoken 'out there' , which forms are in use under different meanings and which

draw camplete blanks. Second, an expanded wordlist perhaps numbering several thousand items should be elicited in as many of our collection sites as

BUGIS - Friberg -58- necessary, both as input to a dialect dictionary of Bugis and as material for

Austronesianists. Third, a reconstruction of proto-Bugis should be undertaken, both on the internal evidence of these ninety wordlists and on evidence available external to the Bugis language from such sources as Mills

and Grimes and Grimes. Fourth, a study of intonational patterns could profitably be undertaken, preferably by a native speaker, in order to state for the dialects what we heard time and time again from local respondents, that the intonation of 'here' and 'there' are the only differences within the Bugis language.

Finally, we would like to acknowledge the helpfulness of many here in

South Sulawesi for making our undertaking a success. From the highest offices of governor and university rector to the hamlet farmers who shared their speech forms with us, we have been the recipients of much kindness and goodwill. The frustrations of the requirements of official channels lessened as our project became the day's business.

REFERENCES

Andaya, Leonard Y. 1981. THE HERITAGE OF ARUNG PALAKKA. A History of South Sulawesi in the Seventeenth Century. The Hague ... Martins Nijhoff.

Grimes, Charles and Barbara Grimes. THE LANGUAGES OF SOUTH SULAWESI. In Preparation.

Mills, Roger F. 1975. PROM SOUTH SULAWESI AND PROTO AUSTRONESIAN PHONOLOGY. (Vols 1 and 2). PhD Dissertation. University of Michigan.

Muthalib, Drs. Abdul. 1973. DIALEK TALLUMPANUAE ATAU CAMPALAGIAN. Lembaga Bahasa Nasional Cabang III, Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia. Pelenkahu, Drs. R.A., Drs. Abdul Muthalib, Drs. J.F. Pattiasina. 1974. FETA BAHASA SULAWESI SELATAN. Lembaga Bahasa Nasional, Cabang III. Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Said, M. Ide. 1977. KAMUS BAHASA BUGIS-INDONESIA. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Jakarta, Indonesia. Tamin Chairan, Rasdiana P., Adnan Usmar, Karma SL:ki. 1979. MORFOLOGI DAN SINTAKSIS BAHASA BUGIS. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Jakarta, Indonesia.

BUGIS - Friberg -59- 34 9 8 Mamuju Map 1 Collection Sites (numbers correlated with tYlr:names,:inrAppendiat A) 7

? Polewali-Mamasa Luwu 33 35 11

_nrang 38 Sidenrmg- Rappang 21

20 i 1' 14 Wajo

46 Sopp4 7.0 W.: r Barru \1 \ 69 f 47 131 57 39 2 55 61 5459 7 1 32 65 60 64 73 74 53 43 49 pi Pangkajene Bone Kepulauan 70 62 76 jj

1 52 79 80 81 50 UjuJ Maros 90 Q4 77 _r- -~ t 88 Sinjai

3.1auk

83 RIAWA ju

\ , oewa ■ 7 ■ ---- A /" ki 1 e . ". ... / / / Pi.nrang„, / .....-.4.■.-1.2== / i I SAWITTO ,- Sidenreba- MAP 2 Rap district boundaries: SIDENRENp Wajo - _ - - - Par are dialect boundaries: _- - dial-ect names; c SOPPENG district names: ,„.. Soppeng \, -„.. SOITENG Bugis dialect areas 1 \I according to the Barra 1 Sopp Language Atlas of South Sulawesi 1--- -- BoLe )1 )1 I ,1 k PALAXKA

Pangkajend, Kepulauan / / -.."--"' / (UNIWNTIFIED% 1

Maros . Ujung P clang,' .- - _. - _ . ,- _ Sin jai

■ .. `..Bid..1z1Zimbo N \ ..... ' "

i 'L 1

'-

Map 3 Cognate percentages for pairs of contiguous wordlists

borders 90% and above borders 89% and below

9y .

44,

I 9:3 7-1q 90 9.4 Y6 s7* ( i4 C 7

90 9-z ' s0,1c0' 3. I .0. 1 95- c/94', % I 6.-‘ — 8,4- r-91—". (9c, fql -.-(' 94 4 , 4643 -;<9' 9

1 • u - ' v •+/;. )

5.647 95 '

.10/? A V qq 88 • 0 5,6 \- . ./3,A • / ( 23 16

The subdialects of the Bugis language Map 4 15 subdialect boundary district boundary Soppeng district name \\.1

N Luna 1 1 \ /----., ... 2...1.212:ang / ■ 1. Pinrang Utara- -... / 2. Sawitto . / 3. Alitta 7 7 - - 4. Sidrap 2 9-, Nepo 6. Soppeng Riaja ( 7. Tompo 3 t Sidenreng- / 8. Tanete 9. Pangkep 10. Camba Pa pax Wajo 11. Soppeng - - 12. Kessi 13 ,, 13. Wajo 5 14. Bua Pondrang 15. Wara - '-' 16. Malangke-Ussu 1 Barrul / 1 _ _ - 17. Palakka-Cenrana 6 •\ 18. Dua Boccoe -18 19. Mare ; 20. Palattae Sop 21. Sinjai 22. Bulukumba . 2\ 11 1 23. Pasangkayu t _...- 8 i 17 me / ,... t Pangkajene- I Kepulauan 0 - 10 9 d - __..... /4 .-- i Ujung Pan g Maros 0 .■...... as ...... ‹..."' - .....1 ..... "..., 1 ....- -...- .- - Sinjai -- - .

l I •••• (

Map 5 /1

The dialects of the Bugis language

(based on percentage of shared cognates)

dialect boundary,...,

district boundary

SOPPENG dialect name

Soppeng district name

.

\ \ Lima. 1_ . .. / . N Pinrang ,I .

,\ . ) \\ ;z,.. / '.1-

/ :TTO ;/ - c (also PASANGKAYU 7 .-:; in Mamuju) Sidenrenr), Ragparig..„ .7 t. 1-'' -ADRAP if o : ce \ z- % e„.

\t 11..A.Z 0 ■

BARRU .,/- ---;.

Barru I Sopper.g

r \ \ SOP1

1 i ,r -

BONE

(/ Box:a Pangkaje (----- \.T "-pulaue.n 1 CAVIBA yi ----,1 y/ XNQUP y - _ fp

Uju] Maros ~ [ - - _ - .- - ,.... - ..,, Sinjai

AI . - -

11.7..lb

1

j 34

Map 6 6 Lexical Isoglosses 1- 5 differences 6-10 11-15 00=* 16-20 21-25 (see text for explanat&on)

'

12

/0 J1

19 19 45 14 16 / 65 C 117 „ 46 --"* \ 68 56 3 '69 ‘,.\ /5 2 73. 65 11442"'L-lx-fc 6 48 49

r 53 \ ' 70 ) \ J 62 76

6 i \ 17: 9 yi ,,,,„.(81 90 89 - t 1- #1. polin 1. 'poi 2.bataD 3. kafial) 4. to' 5. poke

1 1 4

1 4 4 1 1 4 1 1

% 4 Map 7 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1

1/2 1 1 (5 2 1

5 1 5 2

41 7 1 $ _ \____I-- -,1/_ 5 , 1 1 1 \ 1/2 _. 1 ..- - 1 \-/ , . 1 1 1

1 2 #7. tempurung kelapa 2 1. katdaro 2. baa)ac 3. 6apirj 4. sabu°

E

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Map 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ - 1

1 c 1 /2 1 1 3

1 1 1 3 3 /lk; ! 3 3> 3 1 f 1 IL I 1 3 11 1

1 3 3 i 3 1 3

3 1 #10. pohon sagu 0. -- 1. tawaro 3. Sali9 4. sagu 5. kanau' 6. indre 7. nipa

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '1 1 1

J 1 1 3 1 1 '6/5\6 07 1 2 I .1/2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 ) 2 2 2 i V2/ 2 i 2 2 1 2

1 2 0 2 2 3,/ . 2 , J.--. ) #11. pandan 1 . , pandar3 / 1 . pandr 2. ease 3. ballo? 4. bazja 5. banda 6. rita 7 . bwia

I 1 1 1

1 7 1 1 \ i 1 j1 1 i - 1 1 _ .- 1 — Map 10 1 '1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1 1 1 V1 1 1 ci. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (i 1 1 1 1 , 1 ) 1 1 t (4 5 5 5 1

6 / 5

5 5 #12. pisang 1 1 (1 4' 1. utti 2. loka

1

1

2 1 2

2 / 1 I 1/2 i 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 Map 11 2 1 1 2 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1. ) 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 i . #12. pisang 1 . utti 2. loka

,

2 \ 1

/

I Map 11A

1

/ 1 )

i K - #13. sir'ih 1. ota 2. leko 3. belulu 4. matdauo 5. alosi

1 1

1 3 1‘1/3 I 1 3 3 x 1 1 1 1 1 Map 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1

1 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5

1 a 2 4 2

2 4

4 4

4 3. #14. rotan ( 1. araulcap 2.. paPpa 3. lauro 4. uwe

1/2. 4

1/2 3 1/11- 4 4 J4+ 3 2/4

2 Map 13 '2 3 2 1 i ,r,i

1 1 1 1

1 1 c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 V 1 1 11 1 1 .14 -z- I 1 i 1

1 f I #15 . bambu Di 1. awo 2. parri33 3. bulo 4. tallaD 5 .patur)

1 I 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...... 1 1 Map 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1. , 1 1 1

313 a 1 1 t 1 i 1 2 i li

V .-- - / 1 i / 1/ 2 1 141 ...& i 2 -- 1/2 / 3 3 / 2 - — ..- 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 (211 i; 3 2 ■ -

2 #18. alang-alang 1. area 2.10wAlla 3. sari?-sari? 4. padaP padal) 5. ba142) bal}rj 6. aru? 7.ropo? ropo? 8.ali? a11?

(

1

1 1 i 1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Map 15 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 8 / 1

1 112 / 1 3,11- 111 -- -- 1 1 1 1 1/5 1 1 t i 1 1

1 1/6i I 1/74 _ / 1 ( 1 tai/1 1 k, ,

1

1

i #24. dia. 7 Y _ (ft 27) 1. yaro 2. alena 3. idi?- 4. ianu 5atyatirio 6. iko 7. dia

1 3 2

1 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 Map 16 1 0 1 1

6 1 1 - 1 1 1

2 1 - 1 Y2 1 2

2 4 4 1 11

6

2 1i t #29. 1 . WAD - 2. ket1r) -

1

1

K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 Map 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‘1 1 1 1 1 1 / 3/2 c / 1 i 1/2 ' 2 - - 1 )„ . 1 2

2

1 ■ 2 1 S) r 1 1

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

1/2

t 1 1 #30. bintang 1. weitto4 / bi:ktoe9 2. Etna? uln 3. asi-asi

t

1 1 3

2 2- \ , 2 / 1 1/Z / ( L N \ 1/2 i Map 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 i 1; • 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 \ 1 2 2 J #32. mata air -. 2 1. bubu 2. mata wae 3. waetu° 4. ulu wae 5 . t impusla) .. -:,e 6. uttar)

1

3 2 3 1 2 3 t -- - / 2 ,..• / 3 1 i 3 3 2 , N 2/3 '" t 2 2 3 3 3 3 rm 3 3 33 2/3 3 3 2 2 2 6' 2 N6 c-- - 2 \ ( t73 3 6 26 I 2 2 6 6 6 6 - 6 6 2 i 2/5

... Ii p - 2 .... ■ 3 D

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1 1 J./

1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 \11 1 Map 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1/3 ' 1 1 %- 11 1 _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sd 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1

] 1 #`39 . datiau 1. tappark) 2: danau 3. ba144 4. aralai4 5. kaloba4 6. binarp, 3 7. lempou N

1 1 1 1

\ 1

1 1 1 1 .1 1 i 1 1 Map 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 " N, 1 \ I 114 i 1 t /1 11 3 1 1 1

, 2 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 6

1

7

ti I L #47. hangat 1. mapella-polla 2. makAmmuc 3.masammio-semm14 4.ma?aPbe-aPba? 5.make60-kede? 6.aituju-tuju 7. mapa04? 8. rede? 9. taro. -ta4a 10.mawAsskj 11.6etde?

1

1

.1 1 1 Map 22 1 !ifI a 1 1 '1 1

1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 9 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 i g / 2 2

2 1 2 i 2 2 Li/z 2 2 ) 2 2 1 2 2 2

2 1 #49. dingin 1. meaakke9 / maketde" - 2. makaller) -

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 Map 23 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 i 1 1

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- E #55. anj ing 1. 2. bokka

2

1 (/ 1 1/2

1 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Map 24 1 , ; 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 3. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1'' 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I A 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 #56. kalong 1 2 2 0 1. paruiir) 2. panniki 3. geno-geno 4. alo 5. kalumpari? 6. ra•nte, 7

\ (

1

L / i / v? i \„.....1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Map 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 G 1 1 1 1 1 #--.1 (> 1 k 1 r/ \ 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 15

1 // i 1/2 , / 113) 1 I 1

1 1 f I #58. nyamuk 2 1. namo9 2. sissi9

,

1

7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. ( 1 1 1 Map 26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ci 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 i l 1 1 / i 1/2 2 _ 11/4 1 2

• 1 #59. tikus 1. balawo 2. ,belesu

2/1

1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Map 27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 — 1 1 1 ./2 1 ]/2 ,' a , 2 / 1 1 1 / 1 1 2 ,., (1/2 1 A / 1 2 -

1 , 2 / 1/2 \ 2 2 t 1 ■ 2 2 2

1 2 2

- 2/1 1/2 1 1 1 1 , 112 -

2 i2 #63. hitain 1. 'maboln 2. malotorj

1 1

1

1 1 . , 1 1 1 1 1 Map 28 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 _ 1

2 1/2/ / 1 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 / 1 2 2 2 i 2 2 2 2 / _ 2/-

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 #66. kuning 1. maridi 2. macufifii9

~--,-✓' 1 1 1 1

1 1 2 \ 2

(172'1 2 1 2 Map 29 1 2 2 ( , 1 / 2 7T I; 2 e 1 ( 1- -) i 7 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 . 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 (i 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 , 2 ■ 2 2 2 2 2 1

; 1 (C- #67. hOàu' 1. makudara 2. maido / i'o 3. moUombulo

I ,

1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Map 30 1 1 1 , 1 1 . I 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1

3 1 3 1 1 1 1 ;--' --;" i 1/2 /‘ 1 1 L. /3 2

2 ■ 1/2. , 1 2

3y

3

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t

1

1

- 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 Map 31 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 ( 3 311- ] o 1 1 1 3 S3 ( 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 [ 1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 143 #83. bepar :} ; 172 1 , maloppo 1 2.. battoa 3. maraYa -

2 t 1 i . (

1 1

'i. 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2/3/1 1 Map 32 1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 \ i 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 C 1 1 1

1 1 1 2 1 •`N 1 1/3 1 1

C2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 .1 1 #84. kecil 1 1 112:17-- 1.;3 bait6u / 9 \ .. 'marinni 3. 6i6u '

1 , 1/2 / ( 1 2 ,,

1 I 2 1 / 1 (2 1 -/ / 1/2 12 1 ' -- V2 /- -- Map 33 -~ 1 t 1/2 ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 \ 1 2 1 1 i 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 F

1 1 1 1 ,.....

L/2) . ) 1 T 1

1

i `-- __2 2 1. buke9 24 ,panno

1

,

f

2

1

2

2 2 2 Map 34 2 1 2 11/2 1 t 1/2 / 1 1 1

2 •■‘ 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -• 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2

2 #91. baik

1, 2. makanS11 3. made6ej 4. mapaatc 5. magallo? 6. mamalo? 7. ma8ole? 8. mapare?

1 ( 2 1 2 / 2

\ 1/2 - - - - e1/ 21/ e 2 / 1 2 2 2 r 112 / Map 35 2 i1 1 1/ 1 2 1 ) 1 4 4 1 T 3 1 i /1/5 e ;31 1 1 çj1 / 1 / 1/5 ( 1 / 1 - 1 ■ '1\ / e•1/2.') ‘ 1/5 1/5-1 , 5

3 1 5 ` t 1 / 1 ' / 1 i 1/6 ' it - e i 1/3 i 1 - 1 1 i . 4/1. 6 1 t 1 1 ■ 8/7/1 1 1

,,/'\-3'rf #94. berjemur 1 1 mEU3Asso 2. 3. ,clia4g. , , d la-r!

i

1

1 t 1/3 .1 1 1 2 1 2 1 ( 2 2 V 1 Map 3,6 2 1/2 1 2 1 '1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 ■ 1 1/2 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e # 9 6 . ini, ' J 1.. iyaeh 2. inne? 3. etdi 4. "AO

I (

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 Nero 37 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11

1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 s 3 3 3 3 3

3

1 /~--- 1 - #97. itu 1. yaro - 2. yatu

2 J1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 ■ Map 38 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

- 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,1 , 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1

1 y #98. di sini 1 J Q) 1. okkue 1 2. komae --Th 3. kone, etc. 4.kuetdi 2

/)

1 /

/ 1 1 3 3 1 \ 1 1 1 3 1 1 ,0 1 1 Map 39 1 1 1 1 --ii 1 .( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I a. / t--- , 1/3 1 1 1 1 3 -

1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 4

1 4 4

t..._ --- 1 #101. di atas 1, iase? 1 2, diwawo 3.-- lebotna

IN

1 1 / 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 Nap 40 1 1 " ...* 1 1 1 ■ _ l 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 (; 111122\ , 1 \ 1 1 1

1 1 / 1 1 1/2

( 112 1 . 1 9

2 1

1 1 1 l 2 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 -

3 3 2 1. 2. timor - 3. manorar) - 4. ia Sa

4 1 1 1 1

1 2 2 2 2 2 / 2 2 2 ;2 1 Map 41 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]. 1 1

1 1 1 rd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

L Z_ / 2 #107. barat 3 2 1 1. orai? 2. barl? - 3. maniyari 4. wattall 5. ilau? 6. diala 2

1 . 1 4

4 1 4 4 4 4 1 / 4 4 4 4 1 Map 42 4 1 1 1 ,,...... 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 fI. liGi 1 .■ 1 1 ) 5) 1 1 1

6 V1 .6 1 6 " 6 71/ 6 \

r 6 6 6 1 6 1 1 6 6 5 6 1 6 6 1 6 6 6 'r GA ` 6

6

6 \---- 1 #110. daging 1. Sakti 2. 3. lis.i?.

I

1

s 1 I '. 1/ i 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 Map 43 1 1 \.) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N 3 1/3 i N \ 1 1 i D 1 1 1. 2 1 1 1 1 3 S 1 1 1 1 3 3

3

1/3

0 #111. darah 1 1. dara 2.'6era?

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 , Map 44 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 /i 1 I t thi 1 1 1 /---. 1 ' 2/1 vri / 2 1 N 1 .2/1

/ 2 -- r7. F2/1

...- /1.1.) #112. - tulang 1 . ' buku 2. kabut tu

1/

K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nap 45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 )(2 l. 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 /1. 1 2 1 2 `) 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A i) 2• , ) #114. rambut . t 1. gemmi? 2. welua?

ri

r2; 1- )

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Map 46 2 2 it 7 N 2 2 2 1, 1/2.4., 1 2/ ,, N___ 1 1 1 1 1 1 c1 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 ti 1/2 ) i"--;\ ,..., „ . r1/2 il 1 -r i 2 \ 2 1 fi 1 \

1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

2

2 .... ,

#120. muiUt ,i 1. timu 2.'sumpao t ,- 3. bawa

,

I

I 1

1

1

1 " 1\ 1/2) 1 % 1 ./ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1/1 ,7 / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

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1 1 1

1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 ( 2 2 2 Map 48 2 9 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 ] 1 1 1 .1 1 1 0 1, 1 1 1 1 1 rj 1 1 '1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1

1

I

s #127. tang an 1: 3'ari 2.' lima

1

2 2 2 2 ■ 2 Map 49 2 2 2 2 2 2 i i/2 \t \ 2 2 \ 9 I 1/9 '''' 2 , / 1 1 1 1 i . • i 1/2 • ) / 1 lif . i 1 1 0 1 \ - .0 1 1 I 1 a 1 1 e 1 ' i 1 1

1 1 1/2 1'

1 '1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ocTh #128. pprut 1.. babua 2. paru? 3. wottao 4. aPpoo

1 i

1

1

- , 1 , 1/3 1 1 Nap 50 1/3 i 3 %A -

I 1/2. )1 1 - , i 0 1 1 1 4

1 1 1

1 4 ". /2 / 1/4 1 1 / 1/2 - 1 '1 ( 1%d t 1 1 — 1 1 / ( 1/2\ 112 i I / I , /2 / L 1 9 / 1/2'% 1 k 1/2

— --

1\— _ #132. jentung 3 3 . 1 Santurj /3: 2. ate H 4. dokke? 5. bua 6. list? dilalli

3 1 ( 3

\--C1 (1. 3 1 3 2 / c\ 2 Map 51 1 32 / 1 - \3 1 1 1 /1/21 1 1 .\3. 1 2 1 a • 2 1 3 L 2 3 3/4 i____,...- 3

2 (Nr. 1 i 6

K I. 4 1 , #133. muka 2' 1 . taPpa 2 2. ,rupa 3. lindro ;

2

3/2

,

2 L. 1 I -"'". 2 r ‘ 2 2 / 1/2 1 I

1 Z i 1 Map 52 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

112. 2 _ _ _ ) 2 2 2 2 , 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ' 2 (■ 1/2 1 1/2 1 2 (2 2 2 2 2 :2 1 2 2 ,2 ? CO 2 2 2 2 2 2 r 2 ■ 2 P 2 #142. isteri 1 D 1. baine 2. indoana?

1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Map 53 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 i 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 I ' 1/2 ( 1

1 1 1

1 2 1 1 s 1 '" 1 1 ) I 1 / 1/2'). 1 1 / 1

, 1 1 #144. ibu 1/2 1 1 1. indo? 2. A mma? 3 . ina

2

I 1 ' 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MaP 54 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / s 11 1 1 1/3 1 1 . .112 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C2 , 2 1/2 1 i 1 1 1

2 , 1 JE- 1 1 1/2 /

2 1 1 ( 1 1 ) 27\.

1 ; 1/2 t #146. anak sulung 1. ana? ma6oa 2.-ana? bu41? ana? pammula9 4. ana? diolo

N

2

.

4 / 1 1/2. // 3 11 1/2 1 1 Map 55 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 ( ''2

1 1 1 2 1 / 2/1 1 1 j - 1 1 1 1

2 — - 1/2 3 3 #147. anak: bungsu 3 ( 1. ana? malolo 2.,ana? patCu6uall 3. ana? pat6apur14 4. ana? bur4ko 2

r- 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Map 56 2 2 2 //1/2 \ 1/2 1/21 1 — 1 1 t 42/ 1 1 4 1 1

4 1 4 1 1 1 1

1 4 4 -.r 4 4 4 4 4 7 / 1/ 4 I 4 4 i 1/4 / , 4 1_ I

4

(

4 #148. nenek laki-laki 1..nene? burane 2.'lato? .,,- 3. peAtoa:., lc, pattoa

2 1 1 t _J

1

1 1 i

1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 l'-- i 1 k liz , Map 57 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 1 ( 1 1 , 1 1 1

1 2 — .1- 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 .5 l 2 1

2 -°' - 1/2 1 1 1/2 1 I — .... ., 1/2 / 1

7 , -._ 3: (( #149.nenekperempuan 1. ;nene? makkundrai 2..kadSau 3. to :e? tube:n(7 4. kone?

L. pautoa -

2 )

I 1 1 a 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 . ]. 1 1 '1 1 1 Map58 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 I 1 1 -4_ 0, 1 1 (2 1 1 1 1 1/5-0) 1 1 k/1 0 1 1 1 , 1 ) 1 e— 1&) lsd 1

1 1 #150. nenek moyang 1.,neneq?toriolo" 2.. nene? ultu 3. nene? boe 4. nene? &rompearj 5. none? moyaia 1 6. none? maóu 7. nene? malapirki 8. nene? 9.nene? pitu lappi 10.nene? mero 2

1

1 1

1 /

1 1 c 2 1 Map 59 2 2 ) } 1 1 2 1 I

i 1 11

1 p 6 1 i

3 1 1

1 1 ,

3 \ 1 1

1 _ q 2 S. 5 1 1 1 1

2

.

. (Ir. #151. kakak 1aki-laki 1 1. kaka? 2., kale? 3. daer4 4. surf-sur4 - 5. pada raneta mat6oa -

3 / 3 1 1 1

3 1 3 1 2/3 ' 2 1 I%___ 3 3 \'' (/ 2 2 r 1 1 Map 60 '1 1 1/ ( 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 ' - - - --S‘, - .s. /1 \ 1/3 1 \ ... ,1 3 — 1/3 t 1/ 4 i 3 3 3 3 / ...... 3 3 3/4 3 3 3 3 -. 3/4 3 3 3

3

3

A ( ( adik 1. andri 2. adi? 3. padarane malolo

1 1 i

1

2 2 2 2

2 2 1 1 1 0 Map 61 2 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 61. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 , 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

fir 1 #156. bibi, tante 3 ; 1. insure 4 2., amure 3. tamtV? 4. ua? ( 2

2 2 2 2

2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 Map 62 2 1 1 ) 1 ( 2 1 t 1 i

1

1 2 1 2 2 / 2 2 2 2 2 1 (2 2 2 1j 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

(544Z f 1 #157. teman 3 ( 1. 2.:silau4 3* sibawa4 4. sahaba? 5. pa?padaurane

3 3/ 3

3 3

3 2 3 3 4 3 3 _ 4 3 1 3 Map 63

3 3 3

z 2 2 2 2 2 / 1 2 i 3/2,

2 2 2 2 -411) 2 2 2 12/ 2 2 _2/ 2 ./_ 2 3/4 2/1 2 2 jj 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 -

2 i 2 2/4) 2 A 2

2

, / #158. tamu 1 1. taupole - 2. tamu 3. toana 4. pada? -

I

1 1 rq I I / - 3 3 1 1 11 ' 1 1 1 ) Map 64 —1\ 4 1 1 c 3 1 I 1 1 1

3 1

1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1

3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 - 1 - 3 3 1 1 2. 3 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 #159 . ,hamba / budak 1. ata 2. babu 3 . pat t att 113 4. banasu-nasu? 5 . suro 6 . ana? guru

I

11

1 1 1 1 1 1 -2 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 Map 65 1 1 1 „ 1 1 1 1 1/3 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 C6 1 1 1 A 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 q 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 #160. mas kawin 2 2 1. 1181? kawin} 2 2.•sompa 3. pua4 melo? kawi4 4. du?i mendre? - 5. pasio? 6. sundrA4 1 7. le o - -8-.—ni k

2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( 2 2 2 \i Map 66 2f4

2 2 2

2 2 ( % - - 2 - 2 i I/ 2 2 2' 2 2 2 2 2 2 G 2

2 2 / zi 51 ; 2 _ ■ 2 , 2 1) 211 0 2 2 2 6 6/2 \ )2 7

/ #163. jalan 1 . ' lalkj 2. dYokka 3. watatana - 3 4. balatu? .

1 1 1 1 1

1 / 1/3 i ■_ i 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1/3) 1 1 *-- 1 • 1 1 1 1 / 4, 1 Map 67 I 1/3- 1 3 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1/3 i / --...... , ,

1 1 1 1I i 3ii f 1 -. - % 1 /4 I I

1 1 #169. meriumbuk padi 1. mannampu7 ase 2. malutda ase 3. mattettu ase

I 1 1 11 1 f

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Map 68 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 i f 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 i 5 L 1 1 1

1

\\\ / 1 #174. di, mana 1 1 1 1. tegi / kegi" 2. kendro 3. kei 4. nudarli 1

g

1 1 4 2 2 1 / 2 2 2 2 2 Map 69 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 \ "__ 1 #175. mengapa 1. magae 2. peKkugi 3. mappai 4. manioka ,

1 1 1 1 1

1 3 3 1 1 1 — 1 1 /2) 1 1 ' 1 1 Map 70 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6) 1 1 1 1 1 1 3. 1 1 1 1 1 C2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 i 1 s 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 #176. bagaimana ( 1.;:pekkogi 2. magai 3. apa nakua mappai . bagaimana

I 2 1 J

1 1 1 3 4 V 1 1 /

1 z 11 1 '1 1 Map 71 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (3 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

D 1 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 1 )

1 1 r 1

/

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i 1 3 4

2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Map 72

1

2 1

1 1 5j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 c 1 ( 112)1 1 1 '

2 (/ 1 #181. lapar 1. malupu 2. maliwasirj ....

,

C 1 2 ...... 1/2. 1 / 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2/ t 2 2 _ 2 1 map 73 1 1. ---- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 /i la i ‘! / / 1 1 / 1

1 A. 1 2 1 1/2), ) 1 2 --( L 1 2 2 d'* ii 2 2 -- -.. 1/2 r — (0 #183. menggigit 1 1. okke 1 2. ikkii 3. kekke 4. to?a? 5. isi

1 )

4 A 1 1

4 4 \ 4 4 4 4 4 4 e 4 tf 1/2./, Map 74 4 '4 2 2 4 2 1 \ 1 t 1/2 / 1 /1 1 1 (1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 ti 1 1 1 ~ -1 1 A ) 1 -d 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 ) 1 1 1, 1 1 2. 1 1 1

1

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r-""

( 1 1 1

1 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11 1 1 'l 1 1 Map 75 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1? 1 1

1 1 ) 1 1 r i 1 , Vsz 1 #188. bangun 2 2 2 1. inoto? 2. tokko4 3. taliraa - 4. pas4dix

i)

1

1 1 1 1 1 Map 76 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 e % I 1/ 4 11 1 1 1 (] 1 1 1

1 1 / _, I 1 1 ‘ 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 i 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 , (11

1 / ,

#189 . membangunkan 1. mapoto?i 2. mautadu? 3.. patokkol

1 I

I 9 2 L

. 2 / / 1/2 , i 2 2 2 2 1 1 6 1 2 1. Map 77 1

1 1 •, 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

I/2 / 1 ; 1 0 1- 2- - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ./- 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 .... - %, /2 1k. 1/21,1 1 1 1 1

\-\-- ?■, #195. 1. dYokka - 2. malalArj 3. loka-loka 4. likka

1 / , 1/2 _ 4 1/2 / \ 1 \, — 1 1 1 1 1 Map 78 1 '1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 / 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 (1 1 1 1 11

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1

1 1 11

1 1 1 1 1 1 1I ii

1 - f 1 #196. datang 1. pole 2. takappo 3 . Anka

1

1

1

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1 \ ...,!: ' / 1/3 ‘7 4.-' 1.%: — / ...., 1 1 1 1 1 ) 1 I 1/3 1/3 1 1 — --,—, 1 1 1 1

1

1

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1 \ 1 1

/1

2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) Map 80 1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j /oh,

- i 1 1 #199. berdiri 1. 2. makkatde? 3.' tojo

, 1 1 1

1 1 , 3 , , 1 ,2/3 1 3 ■ 1 1 Y 1 1 1 1/3 k i 1 1 Map 81 1 '1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I

1 1 1 1

1

1

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I '

1

1

1 1

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f Appendix A: Collection Sites by Hamlet, Village, Subdistrict, District WL# Kampung Desa Kecamatan ten Hamlet Village Subdistrict District

01. Apanang Cangadi Liliriaja Soppeng 02. Kessi Gattareng Marioriwawo Soppeng 03. Bila Bila Lalabata Soppeng 04. Batu-batu Manorang Salo Marioriawa Soppeng 05. Marosa Ujung Lilirilau Soppeng 06. Amassangan Pau Malangke Luwu 07. Palopo Sabbamparu Wara Luwu 08. Ussu Manurung Malin Luwu 09. Bone-bone Bone-bone Bone-bone Luwu 10. Olang Bakti Bua Pondrang Luwu 11. Cimpo Selatan Cimpo Suli Luwu 12. Bone Pute Bone Pute Larompong Luwu 13. Kera Kera Pitumpanua Wajo 14. Sengkang Siengkang Tempe Wajo 15. Jalang Akkajeng Sajoanging Wajo 16. Pammana Pammana Pammana Wajo 17. Kota Baru Sompe Sabbangparu Wajo 18. Tancung Tancung Tanasitolo Wajo 19. Bottodongga Bottobenteng Majauleng Wajo 20. Anabanua Anabanua Maniangpajo Wajo 21. Dua Bila Duapitue Sidrap 22. Menge Belawa Belawa Wajo 23. Mario Rijangpanua Pancarijang Sidrap 24. Tonronge Lautang Tonronge Baranti Sidrap 25. Uluale Arawa Wattangpalu Sidrap 26. Dua Pangkajene Maritengae Sidrap 27. Amparita Amparita Tellu Limpoe Sidrap 28. Sukeppe Lise Panca Lautang Sidrap 29. Bonto-bonto Bonto-bonto Ma'rang Pangkep 30. Bonto-mattene Bonto-mattene Segeri-mandalle Pangkep 31. Pekkae Lalolang Tanete Rilau Barru 32. Ralla Lompo Riaja Tanete Riaja Barru 33. Ugi Baru Ugi Baru Wonomulyo Polmas 34. Pasangkayu Pasangkayu Pasangkayu Mamuju 35. Polewali Polewali Polewali Polmas 36. Tuppu Tadokkong Lembang Pinrang 37. Pekkabata Lampa Duampanua Pinrang 38. Teppo Teppo PataMpanua Pinrang 39. Malimpung Malimpung Patampanua Pinrang 40. Rubae Macorawalie Watan Sawitto Pinrang 41. Langnga Langnga Mattirosompe Pinrang 42. Bulusogae Lapadde Ujung Pare-pare 43. Majennang Wattang Suppa Suppa Pinrang 44. Kariango Alitta Mattirobulu Pinrang 45. Lanrae Nepo Mallusetasi Barru 46. Lapasu/Buludua Balusu Soppeng Riaja Barru 47. Tompo Tompo Barru Barru 48. Bontowo Labakkang Labakkang Pangkep 49. Salo Metie Tabo-tabo Bungoro Pangkep 50. Bantimurung Jenetaesa Bantimurung Maros 51. Tompo Balang Balleanging Balocci Pangkep 52. Camba Cempaniga Camba Maros 53. Realolo Samaenre Camba Maros Appendix A (continued) WL# Kampung Desa Kecamatan Kabupaten

54. Palakka Bulutempe Palakka Bone 55. Pekae Kading Awangpone Bone 56. Polejiwa Cabbeng Dua Boccoe Bone 57. Tokaseng Otting Tellusiattinge Bone 58. Pattirobajo Cinnong Sibulue Bone 59. Benteng Bajoe Tanete Riattang Bone 60. Bakke Wollangi Barebbo Bone 61. Taccipi Ulaweng Cinnong Ulaweng Bone 62. Galung Boko Kabba Pangkajene Pangkep 63. Kassi Pettuadae Maros Baru Maros 64. Leppangeng Patangkai Lappariaja Bone 65. Tujue Gaya Baru Lamuru Bone 66. Watampeneki Peneki Takkalalla Wajo 67. Pompanua Pompanua Ajangale Bone 68. Pallime Pallime Cenrana Bone 69. Pacubbe Pacubbe Cenrana Bone 70. Camming Ceppaga Libureng Bone 71. Koppe Liliriawang Lappariaja Bone 72. Maccope Tassipi Ajangale Bone 73. Lonrong Pattimpa Ponre Bone 74. Barangmamase Lompu Cina Bone 75. Kadai Talluboccoe Mare Bone 76. Bulubulu Bulubulu Tonra Bone 77. Lappa Lappa Sinjai Utara Sinjai 78. Pammusureng Pammusureng Bontocani Bone 79. Palattae Balle Kahu Bone 80. Tana Lappa Gattareng Salomekko Bone 81. Lahua Tarasu Kajuara Bone 82. Bulupoddo Lamatiriattang Perw Sinjai Utara Sinjai 83. Bulukumba Terang-terang Ujung Bulu Bulukumba 84. Tanete Tanete Bulukumpa Bulukumba 85. Jennae Pasir Putih Perw Sinjai Barat Sinjai 86. Bikeru Sangiasseri Sinjai Selatan Sinjai 87. Takkalalla Sanjai Sinjai Timur Sinjai 88. Maniinpahoi Saotengnga Sinjai Tengah Sinjai 89. Manipi Tassililu Sinjai Barat Sinjai 90. Makkarae Tenrigangkae Mandai Maros Appendix B: Sample Wordbook Page 107

harat tti-esk

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‘ 3 _ ora l 90 a.raj: riaja „ 67_ s5-1- hu 1 c 537- • ia u 6-3 G1 cijiZ SOMPE' NA LA BASU LAO RI JAWA

Puranana ripettui makkedae harusu'ki sompe lao ri Jawa , La Baso sibawa siya- gangngare tau tahanang laingnge riyabbereyanni lao ri Yulius, parawira pasukang Belandae tentara ,- Tonang kappala'ni natasompe. Siyagangngare esso ittana sompe'ki madoddo senna nasaba deigaga anging.

Rimakkuwannanaro de'na nariyulle patterui sompeketta ri akkattata mammulangnge. Masalembo Sompe'ni ri yattanna pulo , nasaba polei anging raja; untu' mallinrung. Sipanrasa-rasani sompe mattuttung wiring tasi gangkanna lettu'ki riseddie Pe- labuhang. Iyaro wettue tenniyana wettunna untu' sompe, rimakkuwannanaro mappa- ngajani La Baso, makkedae rekko sompe'ki matteru lolongekki matu bahaya. Iyakiya Iyaro parawirae lebbi mateppe'i ri jurumudie sibawa ri kapiteng kappala'e.

Rimakkuwannanaro sompe'ni matteru. Iyaro wettue mangirii anging pole yattang- nge sibawa madoddo. Nasenni ana' kappala'e naullei sompe paimeng. Jaji nakkani

balangona,I nasompe mattuttung wiring tasi. Iyakiya de' namaitta ri munrinna polei anginrajae, nanaunrui kappala'ta. Nasaba de' nakkulle sompe matteru kap-

pala'e mewai angingnge, manyarani bawang sibawa leppessangngi kappala'e mali na-

tiwi anging. Wettutta lalo ri yattanna pule Bawean, mallinrukki cedde. Ripakkas- se'ni kappala'e sibawa siyoi tulu mattemmuiwi iyaro kappala'e. Nasaba metauki

tassengke ri kessi'el ripanonnoni sompe'e nainappa rileppessang kappala'e mac- coweriwi angingnge. Majjallo'ni matteru angingnge, angkanna pappa bajana ma u-

lani ribuwang lurenna kappala'e ri tasie. Esso rappina iyaro ana'-ana ' kappa- la'e nabbeyassi pakkakkasa'-pakkakkasa'na kappala'e ri tasi'e. Siyagangngare esso ittana de' taita mata esso sibawa wettowing, na angingnge matteru-terui

majjallo. Angkanna lennye'ni ammenasatta untu' salama. Ri wenni maseppulona eppa taronak-konakki ri tasi'e, kira-kira tengnga vta benninna naperasani ana' kappala' e maddepperi potting. Jaji loro'ni mennang tulu sibawa batu untu' gangkai lamunna Naissenni mennang lamunna iyaro onrongnge patappulo metere. De' namaitta ri munrinna nagangkasi mennang pai- meng, lamunna naweki telluppulo metere. Metauni mennang tassengke kappalena, jaji panonnoni mennang eppa balango ri poncinna kappala'e, nainappa mammenasa rekko weddingngi namasitta ele. Coco'-coco'ni ana' kappala'e panonno sikoci untu' lari pole ri kappala'ero. Iyakiya makkedai La Baso lao ri parawirae mak- keda6 rekko de' naonro ri kappala'e iyaro ana' kappala'e, de' naullei mennang salama. Rimakkuwannanaro narette'ni tuluna sikocie angkanna mali. 2

Ri wettu de'napa na ele, nappetangngarenniLLa gas() kuwammengngi nanté:ma-

neng mennang. Malani La Baso roti nainappa mattarima kasi ri Puwangnge. Nainap-

pa nabage-bage iyaro rátie, nananrei. Puranana manre maneng situju genne'e, nabuwanni lureng gandonna ri tasi'e kuwammengngi namaringeng kappala'e.

Matajannana essoe naitani ana' kappalaq pottanangnge, iyakiya de' nais- sengngi pottanang aga iyaro. Maeloni mennang pappottanangngi iyaro igama kap-- pala'e kuwaro rekko naullei. Narette'ni siring tulu balangoe nainappa nalep-

pessang tallemme iyaro sining balangoe ri tasi'e. Naleppessang toni tulu si-

yo6ngngi golingnge. Nainappa paenre sompe ri bagiyang yolona kappalate ku- wammengngi nairii anging iyaro kappalaq mattuju ri wiring. Iyakiya tabbuttui iyaro kappalale ri kessile. Tassengkeni bagiyang yolona made' nakedo, na ba-

giyang monrinna ancuru nakenna anginraja.

Siring parajuriq ri kappalaiero. manniya'ni mpuno manengngi tau ta- hanangnge, nasaba metaui mennang ajakke matu engka nange lao ri pottanangnge

sibawa lari. Iyakiya iyaro parawirae napesangkaiwi iyaro parajurite. Nasuroni

sininna tau naulle nange luppe riyolo' sibawa flange lao ri wiring. Iya laing- nge makkatenningngi ri papengnge iyaretga reppa kappalaq. Na iyanaro nalla-

lengi nawedding manekki salama lettu ri pottanangnge.

_Pakkutanana

1. Kegi riyabbereyang iyaro tau tahanangnge? 2. Pekkugi iyaro sompekenna, amang iyare'ga mawatang?

3. Aga saba'na nappangaja La Baso makkedae rekko sompe'ki matteru lolongekki

bahaya? 4. Aga nabuwang pole ri kappala'ero? 5. Siyampenidur sompe nainappa maddepperi pbitang?

6. Niga makkuraga maelO lari pole ri kappalalero?

7. Aga nabage-bage La Baso untu' riyanre? 8. Aga naita wettunna eleni? 9. Magi parajuri-parajuriq namanniya' untu' mpunoi sining tahanangnge? 10. Pekkugi carana naullei salama maneng iyaro lise'na kappalale? NIPPINNA LA RANGGANG

Ris6uwa6 venni, mannippiwi La Ranggaag mattikkeng bal6 ri salo6.

P6seddinnana 616na mapperi-perini lao ri bolana La Sagena, balibolana, akkattana ma6loi minreag dowi untuk aangelliyang lotrii, nasaba nasengagi iyaro nippinna makessing.

Makkedani La Ranggang lao ri La Sag6na, "Eh sellao, painrengisaka dowita duwassebbu rupiah, engka nippikku makessing, ma6loka melli lotr6i."

Napp6bali La Sag6aa, "Di' namasussa iyatu dowi sikuwa6 sellao; iyakiya uppanna riwaja?"

Nakkeda La Ranggang, "Rékko d6' Baba', engka muwaro manu'na anaaelt limakkaju mahlo ubaltisangadi ri pasa6."

Natarimana dowie, matteruna lao ri toko6 melli loter6i.

Wenninnana, teppai bosi raja6. Memme'ni tinrona La Ranggang. Teanasenna- sennana ri tengnga benninna, tappa k6yo' manu'na. Naoto' sêlenaa nalari lao ri sumpangng6, matteru luppe no ri tana6 nasaba bolana bola pancis. Iyakiya nasaba rajana bosi6 nalle'ni uwa6 sedd6 bolana angkanna marica manenni alêna sibawa lipa'na. Angkanna d6'na najaji naiwai manu'na. E16 mani nappai nais- song makkeda6 lennye'ni tellu manu'na iya battowa6. Nappa towi namaingeki makkeda6 iyanaro nakenna nippinna.

Pakkutanana

1. Aga ma6lo naelli La Ranggang nainreng dowi?

2. P6kkugi carana mpajai inrenna?

3. Magi naoto' sfileng La Ranggang ri tengnga beani6? MIMPINTA LA RANGGANG

Pada suatu madam, La Ranggang bermimpi menangkap ikan di sungai.

Setelah bangun keesokaa pagiaya, segera is pergi ke rumah La Sagan*, te- taaggaaya, maksudays hendak memiajam uang, untuk membali lotrei, sebab is me- nyangka mimpinya itu bagus.

Kota La Ranggang kepada La Sagena, "Hai sobsit,tolong pinjamkan uangnya 4 2.000,00 ; ada mimpiku yang bagus, soya mau membeli lotrei." Jawab La Sagena, "Tidak susah uang sebegitu sobat, tetapi kapan akan di- kembalikan?" Kata La Ranggang, "Kalau tidak ada halangan, ada ayamnya anak-anak lima ekor, soya akan jual lusa di pasar."

Setelah menerima uang,langsung is ke toko membeli lotrei.

Ketika malam, hujan turun dengan derasnya, sehingga tidur La Ranggang sangat nyenyak. Tiba-tiba pada tengah aalamnya, ayamnya berkeok seperti di- cekik lehernya. Lain is bangun dan beriari ke pintu, dan langsung bielompak ke tanah sebab rumahnya tidak tinggi. Tetapi karena derasnya hujan, halaman rumahnya tergenang dengan air sehingga is basah kuyup bersama sarungnyae

Akhirnya tidak jadi melihat ayamnya. Nanti ke esokan harinya bare is tahu bahwa tiga ekor ayamnya yang besar-besar telah lenyap. Baru jugs is menyai. dari bahwa itulah tabir mimpinya.

Pertanyaan

1. Apa yang akan dibeli La Ranggang sehingga is meminjam uang?

2. Bagaimana caranya is akan membayar utangnya itu?

3. Mengapa is bangun tengah malam dan beriari ke pintu?