A DIALECT GEOGRAPHY of BUGIS Timothy Friberg, October 1984 Unpublished Typescript, 174 Pages
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A DIALECT GEOGRAPHY OF BUGIS Timothy Friberg, October 1984 Unpublished typescript, 174 pages LIST OF MAPS, APPENDICES, AND BUGIS TEXTS Map 1 Collection sites Map 2 Bugis dialect areas according to the Language Atlas of South Sulawesi, 1974 Map 3 Cognate percentages for pairs of contiguous wordlists Map 4 The subdialects of the Bugis language Map 5 The dialects of the Bugis language Map 6 Lexical isoglosses Map 7 #1 pohon, tree Map 8 #7 tempurung kelapa, half a coconut shell Map 9 #10 pohon sagu, sago palm Map 10 #11 pandan, lemon grass Map 11 #12 pisang, banana Map 11A #12 pisang, banana Map 12 #13 sirih, betel-leaf Map 13 #14 rotan, rattan Map 14 #15 bambu, bamboo Map 15 #18 alang-alang, a long-stemmed grass Map 16 #24 dia, he, she Map 17 #29 bulan, moon, month Map 18 #30 bintang, star Map 19 #32 mata air, spring, well Map 20 #37 awan, cloud Map 21 #39 danau, lake Map 22 #47 hangat, warm Map 23 #49 dingin, cold Map 25 #55 anjing, dog Map 26 #56 kalong, bat Map 27 #58 nyamuk, mosquito Map 28 #59 tikus, rat, mouse Map 29 #63 hitam, black Map 30 #67 hijau, green Map 31 #82 banyak, many Map 32 #83 besar, big Map 33 #84 kecil, small Map 34 #89 penuh, full Map 35 #91 baik, good Map 36 #94 jemur, berjemur, dry in sun Map 37 #96 ini, this Map 38 #97 itu, that Map 39 #98 di sini, here Map 40 #101 di atas, on top of, on Map 41 #106 timur, east Map 42 #107 barat, west Map 43 #110 daging, meat Map 44 #111 darah, blood Map 45 #112 tulang, bone Map 46 #114 rambut, hair Map 47 #120 mulut, mouth Map 48 #121 bibir, lip Map 49 #127 tangan, hand, arm Map 50 #128 perut, stomach Map 51 #132 jantung, heart Map 52 #133 muka, face Map 53 #142 isteri, wife Map 54 #144 ibu, mother Map 55 #146 anak sulung, fisrtborn Map 56 #147 anak bungsu, youngest child Map 57 #148 nenek laki-laki, grandfather Map 58 #149 nenek perempuan, grandmother Map 59 #150 nenek moyang, ancestor Map 60 #151 kakak laki-laki, older brother Map 61 #153 adik laki-laki, younger brother Map 62 #156 bibi, tante, aunt Map 63 #157 teman, kawan, friend Map 64 #158 tamu, guest Map 65 #159 hamba, budak, servant, slave Map 66 #160 mas kawin, bride price, dowry Map 67 #163 jalan, road Map 68 #169 menumbuk padi, pound rice Map 69 #174 di mana, where? Map 70 #175 mengapa, kenapa, why? Map 71 #176 bagaimana, how? Map 72 #178 ulang, repeat Map 73 #181 lapar, hungry Map 74 #183 gigit, mengigit, bite Map 75 #185 dengar, mendengar, hear Map 76 #188 bangun, membangun, wake up Map 77 #189 membangunkan, awaken (someone) Map 78 #195 berjalan, walk Map 79 #196 datang, come Map 80 #198 duduk, sit Map 81 #199 berdiri, stand Map 82 #202 mentah, vomit Map 83 #205 menangis, cry Map 84 #206 mandi, bathe Map 85 #207 mandikan, kasih mandi, bathe someone Map 86 #208 jatuh, fall Map 87 #209 jatuhkan, kasih jatuh, drop Map 88 #211 bermimpi, dream Map 89 #216 bicara, berkata, bilang, speak, say Map 90 #105 rimundri - rimondri Map 91 #'s 4, 109 uli aju - oli aju Map 92 #6 duri - dori Map 93 #12 utti - otti Map 94 #197 lewu' - liwu' Map 95 #92 malebu - malibu Mqp 96 #68 setdi - sitdi Map 97 #203 mammitcu - mammetcu Map 98 #180 minung - menung Map 99 #'s 120, 121 timu - temu Map 100 #18 adea - area Map 101 ch - sh from 12 reflexes Map 102 #108 wiring (b - w - h - zero) Map 103 #30 bittuing (b - w - h - zero) Map 104 n - l from 3 reflexes Map 105 #87 macawe (ch - k - zero) Map 106 #146 macoa (ch - t) Map 107 p - f from 80 reflexes Appendix A Collection sites by hamlet, village, subdistrict, district Appendix B Sample Wordbook page Bugis Text 1 Sompe'na La Baso Lao ri Jawa Bugis Text 2 Nippinna La Ranggang Indonesian Translation Mimpinya La Ranggang A DIALECT GEOGRAPHY OF BUGIS Timothy Friberg, SIL Indonesia Introduction The Bugis people of South Sulawesi are the most numerous and progressive of its inhabitants. Population figures put their current number at more than 2,500,000. In addition to the Bugis in their homeland in South Sulawesi, their history of sailing has brought them throughout insular Southeast Asia. Today significant settlements of Bugis are found in Sumatera, Kalimantan and Sabah (East Malaysia). It is natural that a traditional language like Bugis, spoken by so many people, should show dialect variation. Indeed, the Language Atlas of South Sulawesi (Peta Bahasa Sulawesi Selatan, 1974) lists ten dialects of Bugis. Grimes and Grimes (in preparation) lists nine. How these dialects interrelate and the extent of mutual intelligibility among them are questions of interest. We initiated field work to answer these and other questions. But the very fact of data collection raised its own series of questions. What should the method of sampling be? How extensive should the sampling be? In answer to the first question, we chose two instruments, the first precise and formal and the second impressionistic and informal. The first was a 216-item wordlist, nearly the same as that used by Grimes and Grimes. (The wordlist is in effect reproduced in the discussion under the section Geographical Distribution of Individual Words, below.) The second was two stories translated into the Soppeng dialect of Bugis which we played at various places in order to test comprehension. (This comprehension test technique, when applied rigorously, yields good results. Our informal use of it, especially having only a single dialect recorded, was intentional and should not be taken as a poor reflection of the merits of the testing technique.) No other mention will be made of our second technique than to say comprehension of the test tape was nearly universal; the only difficulty was puzzlement among some of those tested as to why they should be tested on something that was so clearly their language. If there were as many as ten dialects of Bugis, the depth of our data collection had to account for a number of points and speakers within each BUGIS - Friberg; October 1984 - 1 - dialect area. We decided to take one wordlist in each subdistrict which had original Bugis population (as opposed to recent inaligrant population). Additionally, we sampled border areas where the situation was unclear to us. Though the subdistricts show considerable variation in area and population, we felt that one wordlist per subdistrict would yield a fairly accurate picture of the dialect, especially since the subdistrict boandaries generally follow those of former kingdoms or clan groupings. Our procedure was to elicit the necessary information from a wide spectrum of society. Our respondents ranged in age from 13 to 60. Nine were less than 30, 25 were between 30 and 39, 24 were 40 to 49, 23 were 50 to 59 and nine were over 60. Eighty-two men and eight women were ireluded. Because our field work always had to pass through official channels, it was a constant struggle to keep the number of civil servants volunteering as respondents to a reasonably low figure. Our reasoning stemmed from wanting to avoid a high degree of influence from Indonesian among government workers and from the fact that civil servants are freely transferred between dialect ar--- Ve did not find that transfers affected civil servants at the village and hamlet levels.) Each candidate for respondent was asked whether Bugis was his native language. We further required that the respondent was born in the village and his parents in the subdistrict where the information was cathered. In a few border areas where original Bugis populations gave way to recent imnigrant populations (mixed with original nonBugis populations) we had to relax the requirement that parents also be born locally. In all but three or four cases the wordlist was taken in the area in question. Cur wordlist for the Pasangkayu speech form of Bugis was taken from a Pasangkayu-bcrn speaker in Mamuju subdistrict rather than in Pasangkayu itsell. In the other two or three exceptions, the wordlist was taken in a village adjacent to that of the respondent's birth and residence. Wordlists were gathered from the following thirteen districts: Luwu (7 of 16 subdistricts), Wajo, Mamuju (1 of 6), Bone, Sc2peng, Sinjai, Bulukumba (2 of 7), Polewali-Mamasa (2 of 9), Pinrang, Sidenr eng-flappang, Earru, Pangkajene-Kepulauan (from the six nonisland subdistricts) and Maros. The missing subdistricts either did not have original Bugis or had Bugis inhabitants either in such mixed or small populations that it was not BUGIS - Friberg. October iS - 2 - practical to find them. Only one of three subdistricts in Pare-pare city sampled and none in Ujung Pandang. See Map 1 and Appendix A for locations and lists of data collection sites. (In four cases two Buis wordlists gathered from single subdistricts, either in order to represent locations thought too far from a sampled location or because local opinion sent us after an interesting, but yet unsampled Bugis speech form.) The wordlists were taken in phonetic notation so that phonetic form as well as lexical form would be represented in the data. A large majority of respondents knew Indonesian well enough to respond directly without help. We permitted other local people to advise the respondent where he hesitated or so desired. However, we required that the respondent himself pronounce the word so uniformity of pronunciation could be maintained for a given location.