SAWERIGADING

Volume 20 No. 2, Agustus 2014 Halaman 261—269 INTERFERENCE OF LOCAL CULTURE ON THE USE OF IN (Interferensi Budaya Lokal Pada Penggunaan Bahasa di Sulawesi Selatan)

David G. Manuputty Balai Bahasa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Provinsi Sulawesi Barat Jalan Sultan Alauddin Km 7/Tala Salapang Makassar 90221 Telepon (0411)882401, Faksimile (0411)882403 Pos-el: [email protected] Diterima: 4 Maret 2014; Direvisi: 7 Juni 2014; Diterima: 14 Juli 2014

Abstrak Selain bahasa Indonesia, ada bahasa daerah dan bahasa asing. Namun, sesuai dengan amanat Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 dan Pasal 36, butir ketiga Sumpah Pemuda, pemerintah berkewajiban untuk mengembangkan dan membina bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional dan bahasa daerah, terutama yang dipelihara dan digunakan oleh penuturnya, sebagai salah satu unsur kebudayaan nasional. Tak dapat dipungkiri bahwa bahasa asing dan bahasa daerah banyak memengaruhi bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa asing mewarnai sektor ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, dan perdagangan, sementara bahasa daerah menginterferensi aspek budaya dan nilai rasa. lnterferensi adalah masuknya kata serapan ke dalam suatu bahasa yang sesungguhnya melanggar kaidah bahasa itu sendiri. Contoh: penggunaan kosakata ‘kita’ yang sebenarnya berarti ‘orang pertama jamak’ dalam bahasa Indonesia; sementara penyebutan ‘kita’ dalam hal ini mengacu pada orang kedua ‘Anda’. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah deskriptif-kualitatif yang ditunjang oleh teknik pengumpulan data, yaitu menginventarisasi kosakata, klitik, dan struktur bahasa Bugis dan bahasa Makassar. Bagaimanakah fenomena budaya, terutama bahasa daerah, di Sulawesi Selatan menginterferensi penggunaan bahasa Indonesia? Hal-hal inilah yang menjadi parameter dalam penulisan ini. Kata kunci: bahasa Indonesia, bahasa daerah, interferensi

Abstract In addition to Indonesian language, there are local languages and​​ foreign languages. However, in accordance with the mandate of the Act of 1945 and Section 36, the third point of the Youth Pledge, the government is obliged to develop and promote Indonesian language as the national language and local language, especially those maintained and used by the speakers, as one of the elements of national culture. It cannot be denied that the foreign language and the local language have influenced Indonesian language a lot. The foreign language​​ coloured the sectors of science, technology, and economy especially in trading, while local language influenced and interfered the cultural aspects and the value of sense. Interference is the inclusion of loan word(s) into a language that actually breaks the rules of the language in itself. For example, the use of vocabulary kita which in fact means ‘we’ in Indonesian language; while the mention of kita in this case refers to the second person ‘you’. Method used in this writing is descriptive-qualitative supported by data collection techniques such as inventory and recording the Buginese and Makassarese words, clitics, and structural construction. How does the penomenon of local culture, especially language, in South Sulawesi interferes the use of Indonesian language? Those will be the parameter in this writing. Keywords: Indonesian language, local language, interference

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INTRODUCTION developing Indonesian language, especially There are a lot of languages in Indonesia. vocabulary and terminology. In addition to bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian It is undeniable that the existence of local language), there is also the use of local and​​ and foreign languages has influenced the use foreign languages. All the languages have​​ each of Indonesian language. The local language status and function, as defined in the National influences the cultural aspects and the value Language Politics (Manuputty, 2010: 226). of sense, while the foreign language colors​​ the Indonesian language serves as the national sectors of science, technology, and economy language or language of unity and state. In its especially in trading. capacity as the national language, Indonesian However, in accordance with the mandate language serves as (l) the symbol of national of the Act of 1945 and Section 36, the third point identity, (2) the symbol of national pride, (3) of the Youth Pledge, the government is obliged medium for unifying the various ethnic groups to develop and promote Indonesian language as having different socio-cultural background and the national language and the local languages, language, and (4) medium of intercultural among especially those maintained and used by the regions; while as the state language, Indonesian speakers, as one of the national culture elements. language serves as (l) official language of the Due to the ones mentioned above, the state, (2) official language of instruction in phenomeon covering local culture in South educational institutions, (3) official language at Sulawesi will be represented by two major the national level, (4) official language for the ethnics, Buginese and Makassarese in addition to development of national culture, (5 ) medium the linguistic condition in South Sulawesi. How for developing and utilizing modern science, does the phenomenon of local culture (language) (6) language used in mass media, (7) supporting in South Sulawesi represented by Buginese Indonesian literature, and (8) enriching language language and interfere the and literature. use of Indonesian language? Those will be the parameter in this writing.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK It is the fact that human life use language as mean of communication, so that language has role based on the communicative function. Language serves as an adhesive in uniting the family, society and language socialization. Picture 1: Map of Eastern Indonesia Keraf (1984:14) stated, using language can be either generally or universally when it is seen According to Moeliono (2001), local from the nature of its functions, as follows. languages ​​in Indonesia serve as (1) symbol of national identity, (2) symbol of local pride, (3) 1) For practical purposes, communication medium of communication among the family among people. and local community, (4) medium for supporting 2) For artistic purposes, when local culture and Indonesian language, and (5) people process the language to medium for supporting local and Indonesian produce beautiful phrases, as in stories, literature; while the foreign languages ​​have poems, poetries, drawing, painting, music, the function as (1) medium of communication and carvings. among nations, (2) medium of modern science 3) For philological purpose, when and technology use, (3) source intended for studying ancient manuscripts,

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historical background, culture, human METHOD customs, and language development. Method used in this writing is descriptive- 4) For being the key in studying other qualitative in order to describe the interference of knowledge. local culture on the use of Indonesian language in While according to Sobur (2004:307), South Sulawesi. Culture which is very influential if the process of communication is successful in the interference regard is the language that conveying the message from one person or in this writing is represented by Buginese party to another, the communication context language and Makassarese language as the most also includes the “transmission” of knowledge dominant local languages in South Sulawesi. about something. However, the subsequent The method is supported by data collection communication is not only delivering techniques such as inventory and recording the information, but also a process of interaction Buginese and Makassarese words, clitics, and between the knowledge and the truth of the first structural construction which interfere the use of and second or even third parties. Indonesian language in South Sulawesi. Sufika (2007:68) stated that language is a part of culture that is closely related to DISCUSSION thinking. Thus, cultured society has a certain There are four ethnic groups in way of thinking which is expressed in language. South Sulawesi, namely: Bugis, Makassar, Language is the most flexible intellectual tools Massenrengpulu, and Toraja. Those ethnics have and the most powerful developed by people. local language of their own which have the same One function of language is its ability to reflect name with the name of ethnic including dialects the world and itself. Language can describe the respectively. In addition to the four languages, people’s culture, and through language culture there are other languages that are scattered can be understood. So, the most basic one is the dialects, as , Taeq language, language; therefore, language shows the nation. Konjo language, , and the While Iswary (2011: 52) stated that endangered Limolang language. However, since every language expressed in lexical form is a these languages are the language of ‘cognate’, representation of related cultural reality. In other the structure pattern and their influence in words, every culture has its particular ways in speaking Indonesian language are not different. categorizing reality. A lot of interferences of these local languages Further, according to Ahimsa (2001: 24), that characterize the use of Indonesian language, there are three kinds of view concerning the particularly with respect to the aspects of the relationship between language and culture. culture and the value of sense (Manuputty, 2013: 1. Language used by community is considered Appendix IX:3). as all related community cultures. Adhering to the motto that language shows 2. Language is part of the culture. the nation, consciously or not, language is mirror 3. Language is a condition for cultures. of one’s attitude. When a person speaks he Finally, interference is the inclusion of loan actually shows his identity and credentials (Alwi word(s) into a language that actually breaks the and Sugono, 2011:6). rules of the language in itself. For example, the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number use of Buginese and Makassarese word as kita 24 Year 2009 concerning flag, language, State which in fact means first person plural ‘we’ Emblem and National Anthem was passed on July in Indonesian language; while the mention of 9, 2009 (Tim Penyusun, 2011: 29). As the name kita in this case refers to the second person implies, one of the topics set out in the legislation ‘you’. (Act). This is about language of the country that explicitly describes the linguistic issues. 262 263 Sawerigading, Vol. 20, No. 2, Agustus 2014: 261—269

In addition to the standard Indonesian including terms used as loan word in the region language, people should also know about the of South Sulawesi. culture, especially local language vocabulary

Table 1. Buginese and Makassarese Vocabularies

Vocabulary Buginese - Makassarese Meaning Andi Buginese aristocracy, honorific Makassarese younger brother or sister Daeng Buginese - Makassarese aristocracy, honorific Makassarese older brother or sister Puang Buginese Sir Kita Bugisese - Makassarese you; we Kodong Buginese - Makassarese Interjection Lasso Buginese - Makassarese interjection, warning Nyamanna Buginese - Makassarese delicious; happy pete-pete Buginese - Makassarese local or urban transpor- ter Sekke Buginese - Makassarese Stingy tabe’ Buginese - Makassarese excuse me Takkala Buginese - Makassarese it’s happened/done

Example: (Aduh, di mana anak saya?) 1. Andi Nur, sudah makanki? (Pitty, where is my boy?) (Andi Nur, Anda sudah makan?) 9. Tunggu saja pembalasanku, lasso!. (Andi Nur, have you got meal already?) (Tunggu saja pembalasanku, bung!) 2. Adaji bapakmu di rumah, Andi? (Just wait and see my revenge, demnit!) (Apakah ayahmu ada di rumah, Dik?) 10. Nyamanna jalan-jalan ke Eropa. (Is your father at home, Kid?) (Enaknya jalan-jalan ke Eropa.) 3. Yang manakah dibilang Daeng Malle? (Happy having trip to Europe.) (Yang manakah yang bernama Daeng 11. Kalian lebih baik naik pete-petemi ke Malle?) kampus. (Which one is called Daeng Malle?) (Kalian sebaiknya naik angkot saja ke 4. Berapa sampai di Malengkeri, Daeng? kampus.) (Berapakah ongkosnya sampai ke (You’d better go to campus by local Malengkeri, Bang?) transporter.) (How much is it to Malengkeri, Man?) 12. Sekke bapaknya. 5. Sudahmi makanta, Puang? (Ayahnya pelit.) (Sudah makannya, Pak?) (His/her father is stingy.) (Have you finished eating, Sir?) 13. Tabe, ini uang kembalinya. 6. Dimana istrinya kita, Pak? (Permisi, ini uang kembaliannya.) (Dimana istri Anda, Pak?) (Excuse me, here is the change.) (Where is your wife, Sir?) 14. Tabe, tidak menggangguki? 7. Sampaimi kita (Permisi, boleh mengganggu?) (Kita telah tiba.) (Excuse me, may I disturb you?) (We have arrived already.) (Here we 15. Biarmi, apa boleh buat. Takkalami. come.) (Biarlah, apa boleh buat. Sudah 8. Manami anakku kodong? terlanjur.) 264 265 David G. Manuputty: Interference of Local Culture ...

(Let it be, what can we do. It’s already there are also clitics, like –ki, -i, -ko, -ka, -mi, happened.) -ma, -mo, etc used as bound-morphemes affixed In addition to the ones mentioned above, on Indonesian words uttered in daily life.

Table 2. Buginese and Makassarese Clitics Clitics Bugis - Makassar Meaning -di Bugis - Makassar don’t you, isn’t he etc -ja Bugis - Makassar just/only me -ji Bugis - Makassar only him/her/it -ka Bugis - Makassar I, me -ki Bugis - Makassar you (polite) -ko Bugis - Makassar You -ma Bugis - Makassar I have already -maki Bugis - Makassar please, go ahead -mi Bugis - Makassar he has already -mo Bugis - Makassar just, only -moko Bugis - Makassar go ahead -na Bugis - Makassar his, her, their -nu Bugis - Makassar Your na- Bugis - Makassar he, she, they -ta Bugis - Makassar your, our

Example 8. Dudukmaki di sampingnya Umi. 1. Yang itu di? (Anda duduk saja di samping Umi.) (Yang itu kan?) (You, sit there beside Umi, please.) (That one, isn’t it?) 9. Maumi pulang ke Belopa. 2. Adaja di sini. (Dia sudah mau pulang ke Belopa.) (Saya hanya di sini.) (He wants to go back to Belopa already.) (I’m just here.) 10. Hasanmo yang antar dia ke sekolah. 3. Dekatji rumahnya dari sini. (Hasan saja yang mengantarnya ke (Dekat saja rumahnya dari sini.) sekolah.) (His house is only a few meters from (Just Hasan take him to school.) here.) 11. Bawa pulangmoko barangnya. 4. Tidak bisaka datang tadi malam. (Bawa pulang saja barangnya.) (Saya tidak bisa datang semalam.) (Take the goods back go ahead.) (I couldn’t come last night.) 12. Kasih dia kuncina? 5. Dimanaki tinggal sekarang? (Beri dia kuncinya?) (Anda menetap dimana sekarang?) (Give him the key?) (Where do you live now? Where are you 13. Yang mana rumahnu? living now?) (Yang mana rumahmu?) 6. Cepatko ke sini. (Which one is your house?) (Kamu cepatlah ke sini) 14. Mau nabeli itu rumah. (Hey you, come here, hurry up.) (Dia mau beli rumah itu.) 7. Sudahma sedia campe’ buat makan siang. (He wants to buy the house.) (Saya sudah sediakan kacang merah 15. Boleh kupinjam uangta? untuk makan siang.) (Boleh saya pinjam uang Anda?) (I have brown beans for lunch.) (May I borrow your money?)

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16. Inimi sekolahta. (Please get his/her cloth.) (Inilah sekolah kita.) In fact, the statement ‘ambilkanki (This is our school.) bajunya’ is a litteral translation either In addition to the interference of local from ‘alanngi words and clitics, there are also a lot of local wajuna’ or from Makassarese language phrases and clauses that interfere the use of ‘allesaiki bajuna’. Indonesian language. 6. Besokpi baru kubayar. (Besok saja baru saya membayar.) Example (I’ll pay it tomorrow.) 1. Siapa rumah ini? In fact, the statement ‘besokpi baru (Rumah siapakah ini?) kubayar’ is a litteral translation either (Whose house is this?) from Buginese language ‘bajapi In fact, the question ‘siapa motor ini’ uwajai’ or from Makassarese language is a litteral translation either from ‘ammukopi lakubayaraki’. Buginese language ‘niga bola iyae’ or 7. Tidurka sama temanku. from Makassarese language ‘nai balla’ (Saya menginap di teman saya.) anne’. (I’ll overnight by my friend.) 2. Tidak kuliat rumahta.. In fact, the statement ‘tidurka sama (Saya tidak tahu rumah Anda.) temanku’ is a litteral translation either (I don’t know where you live.) from Buginese language ‘mattinroa’ In fact, the statement ‘tidak kulihat sibawa saba’ku’ or from Makassarese rumahta’ is a litteral translation either language ‘attinroak ri agangku’. from Buginese language ‘dek uwitai 8. Ada bapak-bapak kasihka uang. bolata’ or from Makassarese language (Ada seorang bapak memberi saya ‘tena kucini balla’ta’. uang.) 3. Gampangji dia kukalahkan. (There was a man giving me money.) (Saya dapat mengalahkannya dengan In fact, the statement ‘ada bapak-bapak mudah.) kasihka uang’ is a litteral translation (It is easy for me to defeat him.) either from Buginese language ‘engka In fact, the statement ‘gampangji dia urane alleka’ dui’ or from Makassarese kukalahkan’ is a litteral translation language ‘nia bura’ne assareak doe’. either from Buginese language 9. Tidak lihatka tempatnya, jadi saya ‘magampangmi ukala iyaro’ or from pulang. Makassarese language ‘gampangji (Saya tidak menemukan tempatnya, jadi nakupabbetai’. saya kembali.) 4. Oto tinggal ditabrakki. (I didn’t the place, so I returned.) (Ia menabrak mobil yang sedang In fact, the statement ‘tidak lihatka parkir.) tempatnya, jadi saya pulang’ is a (He struck a parked car.) litteral translation either from Buginese In fact, the statement ‘oto tinggal language ‘de’ uitai onranna, jaji lisukaq’ ditabrakki’ is a litteral translation either or from Makassarese language ‘tena from Buginese language ‘natubruki oto kuciniki tampa’na, jari motereka’. de’ nai palaleng’ or from Makassarese 10. Besokpi baru kita datang. language ‘napeppeki oto mantang’. (Besok saja Anda ke sini lagi.) 5. Ambilkanki bajunya.. (You’d better come here again (Tolong ambilkan bajunya.) tomorrow.)

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In fact, the statement ‘besokpi baru kita barangnya’ is a litteral translation either datang’ is a litteral translation either from Buginese language ‘engkampa from Buginese language ‘bajapi mu baranna’ or from Makassarese language engka’ or from Makassarese language ‘nia inji baranna’. ‘ammukopi kibattu’. 16. Kotor sekali tulisanku. 11. Kasih pinjam saika dulu polpenta? (Tulisanku kotor sekali.) (Boleh saya pinjam vulpen Anda?) (My writing is so terrible.) (May I borrow your pen?) In fact, the statement ‘kotor sekali In fact, the statement ‘kasih pinjam tulisanku’ is a litteral translation either saika dulu polpenta’ is a litteral from Buginese language ‘macarepa translation either from Buginese language laqdei okiku’ or from Makassarese ‘pinrengikaq jolo polpenta’ or from language ‘rakmasak dudui ukirangku’. Makassarese language ‘panginrang 17. Dijualmi rumahnya. saika rolo polpenta’. (Apakah rumahnya sudah dijual.) 12. Tidak sabarka, jadi naikka ke atas. (Her house is already sold.) (Saya tidak sabaran, jadi naik ke atas.) In fact, the statement ‘masih adaji (I was impatient, so I went upstairs.) barangnya’ is a litteral translation either In fact, the statement ‘tidak sabarka, jadi from Buginese language ‘nabalukni naikka ke atas’ is a litteral translation bolana’ or from Makassarese language either from Buginese language ‘deqwi ‘nabalukangmi ballakna’. sakbarakaq jaji menreqna okoyase’ or 18. Mauma pulang besok. from Makassarese language ‘tenama (Saya sudah mau pulang besok.) sakbaraka jari naika rate’. (I’ll go home tomorrow.) 13. Ikutka lomba makan kerupuk. In fact, the statement ‘mauma pulang (Saya ikut lomba makan kerupuk.) besok’ is a litteral translation either (I took part eating kerupuk competition.) from Buginese language ‘melonak lisu In fact, the statement ‘ikutka lomba baja’ or from Makassarese language makan kerupuk’ is a litteral translation ‘erokma moterek muko’. either from Buginese language 19. Dipukulki kepalanya sama bapaknya. ‘maccoeka pertandingan manre karoppo’ (Ayahnya memukuli kepalanya.) or from Makassarese language (His father hit his scalp.) ‘minawanga pertandingang nganre In fact, the statement ‘dipukulki karoppo’. kepalanya sama bapaknya’ is a litteral 14. Sedikit mamiji lagi, Pak. translation either from Buginese language (Sebentar lagi, Pak.) ‘ipeppe uluna ri ambokna’ or from (It’s almost finished, Sir.) Makassarese language ‘nipeppeki uluna In fact, the statement ‘sedikit mamiji ri manggena’. lagi, Pak’ is a litteral translation either 20. Tidak naik kelaski anakta, Pak. from Buginese language ‘cekdeq mani, (Anak Anda tidak kelas, Pak.) Pak’ or from Makassarese language (Your son is not promoted to the ‘sikekdek mamiji, Pak’. higher grade, Sir.) 15. Masih adaji barangnya? In fact, the statement ‘tidak naik kelaski (Apakah barang tersebut masih anakta, Pak’ is a litteral translation either tersedia?) from Buginese language ‘de nanaik kelas (Is there any stock left?) anakta’ or from Makassarese language In fact, the statement ‘masih adaji ‘tena nanaik kelas anakta, Pak’.

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21. Takutka dimarahi Pak Guru. morning.) (Saya takut dimarahi Pak Guru.) 3. Interrogative Sentence; S – AUX – P - (I’m afraid to be scolded by the ADV, AUX – P - ADV. teacher.) Example: Anda sudah makan tadi pagi? In fact, the statement ‘takutka dimarahi (Have you had breakfast?) Pak Guru’ is a litteral translation either Sudah makan tadi pagi? from Buginese language ‘metauka (Having breakfast already?) nacairi Pak Guru’ or from Makassarese 4. Question; QUESTION WORD - S – P – language ‘mallaka nalarroi Pak Guru’. O – COMP – ADV. 22. Disuruh ikut upacara anak-anak semua. Example: Dimana kita makan siang? (Anak-anak semua wajib mengikuti (Where do we get lunch?) upacara.) 5. Imperative; VERB – ADV/COMP (All students must attend the ceremony.) JANGAN/DILARANG – VERB – ADV/ In fact, the statement ‘disuruh ikut COMP upacara anak-anak semua’ is a litteral HARAP/MOHON – VERB – ADV/ translation either from Buginese COMP language ‘isuro manengi anak-anake Example: Jemput istri saya di bandara maccoe upacara’ or from Makassarese sekarang juga. language ‘nasuro ngasengi anak-anaka (Pick up my wife at the airport right minawang upacara’. now.) As the ones described above, the use of Jangan pergi lama-lama. vocabulary and the interference of words and (Don’t go too long.) phrases or clauses and sentences structure, Harap kenakan sabuk pengaman. have coloured a lot the use of Indonesian (Please use safety belt.) language. That is why, the phrases as tidak kuliat The structure siapa rumah ini ‘whose house rumahta; gampangji dia kukalahkan; oto tinggal is this’ is interfered by the structure construction of ditabrakki; tidurka sama temanku; besokpi either Bugnese language or Makassarese language. baru kubayar; besokpi baru kita datang; ikutka The phrase siapa rumah ini is supposed to be in lomba makan kerupuk; sedikit mamiji lagi; accordance with the DM (explained - explaining) tidak lihatka tempatnya; tidak sabarka; etc are construction law in Indonesian language to infringed the standard Indonesian language become rumah siapa ini. grammar as described above. In addition, the structure of Indonesian Further, according to Indonesian language should be as follows. language rule, the use of the words naik and 1. Affirmative Sentence: S – P; S – P – O; ke atas simultaneously as ... naikka ke atas is S – P – O – COMP – ADV. incorrect; and should be naik or ke atas. Example: Saya makan ikan bakar di The clause disuruh ikut upacara anak- restoran di Makassar. anak semua which is interfered by either (I ate roasted fish in a restaurant in Buginese language ‘nasuro upacara maneng Makassar.) anak-anak’ or Makassarese language ‘nasuro 2. Negative Sentence; S – NEG - P – O – upacara ngaseng anak-anak’. COMP – ADV. Nevertheless, interference caused by Example: Kami tidak menemukan influence of local languages either Buginese barang campuran tadi pagi. or Makassarese have made them utter like (We didn’t find the bubbies this that.

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CLOSURE Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Based on the ones discussed above, the Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. writer can take conclusions as follows; Iswary, Ery. 2011. ‘Acculturation of Language and Culture through Manifestation Indonesian language should be the ‘main of Lexical Usage in Cross Indonesian- language’ in the country; while the cultural ’ in Jurnal Melayu. Kuala elements, especially the local language, should Lumpur :UKM Press. be considered, particularly the ones reflected Keraf, Gorys. 1994. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. in language, such as politeness, implicature, Jakarta: PT Gramedia. greeting, and presupposition that commonly Manuputty, David G. 2013. “Influence of Local used in informal interaction. In addition, the Culture on Learning Bahasa Indonesia cultural elements associated with manners in the among Foreign Community in South community, in utterance, and so on should also and West Sulawesi” in Proceeding 4th be cared. AISOFOL. Jakarta: SEAMEO QITEP in In connection with the above mentioned Language. conclusion, according to the principle that ------. 2010. “Kondisi dan language as part of culture, or a cultural Pemartabatan Bahasa Indonesia sebagai manifestation used to communicate or to interact Identitas Bangsa di Era Globalisasi” dalam with each other, either in writing, orally, or by Sawerigading, Vol. 16, Nomor 2, Agustus. movements (body language), which aims to Makassar: Balai Bahasa Ujung Pandang. convey the intent or desire to others; so that Moeliono, Anton. 2001. Tata Istilah. Jakarta: people can adapt to the habits, behavior, manners Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. of society, and to assimilate with the community, Sobur, Alex. 2004. Semiotika Komunikasi. and in order to avoid ‘clash’ caused by lack Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. of attention to cultural differences, verbal and Sufika, Arwina. 2007. ”Fungsi Bahasa dalam nonverbal therefore, the writer suggests that Perspektif Promosi Pariwisata” dalam anyone, especially the foreign workers, who Chaiyanara (editor) Kesinambungan dan are assigned in Indonesia should know and learn Pemantapan Bahasa di Asia Tenggara. the local culture, in addition to Indonesian Singapura: Rancangan Penubuhan language for foreigners, at locations where they Persatuan Linguis ASEAN. will be located. Tim Penyusun. 2011. “Undang-Undang Repu- blik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 BIBLIOGRAPHY tentang Bendera, Bahasa, Lambang Ahimsa-Putra, Heddy Shri. 2001. Strukturalisme Negara, serta Lagu Kebangsaan”. Jakarta: Levi-Strauss Mitos dan Karya Sastra. Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Jogjakarta: Galang Printika. Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Alwi, Hasan dan Dedy Sugono (Edtor). Kebudayaan. 2011. Politik Bahasa. Jakarta: Badan

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