PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series A - 81 PAPERS IN AUSTRONESIAN LINGUISTICS NO.1 edited by H. Steinhauer Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNNERSITY Steinhauer, H. editor. Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1. A-81, viii + 232 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1991. DOI:10.15144/PL-A81.cover ©1991 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES C: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES 0: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: K.A. Adelaar, T.E. Dutton, A.K. Pawley, M.D. Ross, D.T. Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender K.A. McElhanon University of Hawaii Summer Institute of Linguistics David Bmdley H.P. McKaughan La Trobe University University of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. Muhlhliusler Monash University Bond University S.H. Elbert G.N. O'Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. K.l. Franklin K.L. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W. Grace Gillian SankolT University of Hawaii University of Pennsylvania M.A.K. Halliday W.A.L. Stok hof University of Sydney University of Leiden E. Haugen B.K. T'sou Harvard University City Polytc<.:hnicof Hong Kong A. Healey E.M. Uhlenbcck Summer Institute of Linguisti<.:s University of Lciden L.A. Hercus J.W.M. Yerhaar Australian National University The Hague, The Netherlands John Lynch c.L. Voorhoeve Umversity of Papua New Guinea University of Leiden All correspondence concerning PA CIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and SUbscriptions, should be addressed to: PA CIFIC LINGUI STICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 26 01 Australia Copyright © The Authors First Published 1991 Copyedited by Janet Ezard and Joan Birnie Typeset by Anne Rees Maps drawn by Theo Baumann Printed by A.N.U. Printing Service Bound by F & M Perfect Bookbinding The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund ISSN 0078 -75 31, 1032-5077 ISBN 08588 34022 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v INTRODUCfION vii KA ADELAAR New ideas on the early history of Malagasy 1-22 KA ADELAAR Some notes on the origin of Sri Lanka Malay 23-37 MARGARET J. FLOREY Shifting patterns of language allegiance: a generational perspective from eastern Indonesia 39-47 C.D. GRIJNS Bahasa Indonesia avant la lettre in the 1920s 49-81 BARBARA DIX GRIMES The development and use of Ambonese Malay 83-123 STEPHEN H. LEVINSOHN Constituentorder in eliclauses in Malay narratives 125-135 J.NOORDUYN The languages of Sulawesi 137-150 BERND NOTHOFER The languages of Brunei Darussalam 151-176 H. STEINHAUER Malay in east Indonesia: the case of Larantuka (Flores) 177-195 H. STEINHAUER On Malay in eastern Indonesia in the 19th century 197-225 iii PREFACE This is the second of Pacific Linguistics' Series A volumes to appear under a recently adopted policy whereby volumes are edited by members of the Editorial Board or other invited persons. This policy has been adopted to make cataloguing, bibliographic referencing, and finding volumes in libraries simpler. In the past these features were complicated by the facts that (i) there were many subseries under Series A, and (ii) all contributors to a Series A volume were listed as its authors so that anyone wishing to consult an article in a volume had to know under which author the volume was catalogued in order to fmd the volume. Now volumes will be listed under the editor's name. In adopting this policy, however, it should be pointed out that the editor's duties will vary from one volume to another. In some cases the editor will have little more to do with the production of the volume than a member of the editorial board would do in connection with the publicationof volumes in our other series. In other cases the editor will play a major role in the production of the volume, by soliciting papers and reworking contributors' articles. In any event, the editor will be a specialist in the field represented by the volume, and his/her role will be indicated in its preface or introduction. In the case of the present volume, the editor's tasks have in general been limited to those of referee and editorial adviser. Series A volumes will not be on specific themes. They will remain as they have always been­ collections of individual papers. Any special thematic volumes will be published in Series C. We hope that this new policy will make life easier for our contributors,readers and other users. TOM DUTTON v IN1RODUCfION Four of the papers of this issue of Pacific Linguistics were originally presented as linguistic contributions to the Sixth European Colloquium on Indonesian and Malay Studies (ECIMS), held in Passau (West Germany), 22-27 June 1987. As with the previous colloquiums (Paris 1977, London 1979, Naples 1981, Leiden 1983 and Sintra 1985) ECIMS aimed at gathering social scientists of various persuasions and breedings, among them economists, sociologists, historians, literary scientists, anthropologists and linguists. Scholars from four Southeast Asian and ten European countries as well as from Australia met under the general conference topic 'The Daerah, Past and Present'. This formulation left room for a wide spectrum of subjects, only implicitly excluding studies pertaining to non-regional, that is national, matters. In line with the limited number of professional linguists among the participants at the Colloquium, the linguistic contributions had to be of an exploratory and of a general informative character rather than theory oriented or directed at the solution of specific intricacies of unknown and inaccessible languages. Two of the papers from this colloquium in this collection - those by J. Noorduyn and B. Nothofer - present comprehensive pictures of the linguistic scene on the island of Sulawesi (in Indonesia) and of Brunei Darussalam respectively. The two other ECIMS papers in this volume deal with aspects of the spread and history of Malay: C.D. Grijns discusses the varieties of Malay which were in use in Java around the beginning of the 20th century, Steinhauer's papers continue his observations on eastern Indonesian varieties of Malay, this time on Malay in Ambon in the middle of the 19th century. The ECIMS contributions are supplemented by papers by Barbara Dix Grimes, on the position of Ambon Malay today, by K.A. Adelaar, on the origins of Sri Lanka Malay and on the early history of Malagasy, and ones by Stephen Levinsohn, on di clauses in Malay, and Margaret Florey on shifting patterns of language allegiance. HEIN STEINHAUER 1991 Vll Steinhauer, H. editor. Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1. A-81, viii + 232 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1991. DOI:10.15144/PL-A81.cover ©1991 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. NEW IDEAS ON TIIE EARLY HISTORY OF MALAGASY K.A. ADELAAR 1. INTRODUCTION The year 1988 will prove a milestone in the study of Malagasy historical linguistics - as was1951, the year in which Dahl showed that the Malagasy language has its direct roots in the South-East Barito area of South Kalimantan. In 1988 Pierre Simon and Waruno Mahdi each published a book on the linguistic history of Malagasy. Simon focuses on the historical and sociolinguistic conditions under which Malagasy developed, whereas Mahdi draws extra attention to Proto Austronesian linguistics and prehistory , but in general they are both concerned with the same subject. What are the roots of Malagasy? How did it develop into the language it is today? And what were the circumstances which contributed to th is development? In the following pages I give a critical evaluation of Simon and Mahdi's works. For each book I give a summary, in which [ try to present the author's opinions, then I proceed with my own criticism. I then conclude the article with a new hypothesis re garding the sociohistorical conditions under which the Malagasy language and people came into being. 2. SUMMARY OF SIMON'S BOOK Simon proposes several periods in th e history and reconstruction of Ancient Malagasy. He does so for a period starting in the 2nd century AD and lasting until the arrival of West Europeans in the Indian Ocean. Simon divides the history of the Malagasy language into th ree main stages: 1) 'Indonesic Proto Malagasy ', 2) 'Common Paleo-Malagasy ' and 3) the split into Malagasy dialects. 1) INDONESIC PR OT O MALAGASY . Simon contends that this language was an early offshoot of Proto South-East Barito. [n the 2nd century AD, some Proto South-East Barito speakers, conveniently called 'Wej us', moved to th e South Kalimantan coast, developed sailing activities across th e Java Sea and founded one or possibly several kingdoms on its shores. On Java's north coast th e Wejus came in contact with speakers of Malayo-Javanic languages. Th rough this contact, which must have lasted some 150-200 years, the language of th e Wejus underwent a 'phonetic and morphological revolution' and developed into a separate language, 'Indonesic Proto Malagasy'. 2) COMMON PALEO-MALAGASY. In th e 3rd century AD, according to Simon, th e Wejus established relations with the East African coast, and in the four centuries to follow, some of th em went over to East Africa.