Papuan Malay – a Language of the Austronesian- Papuan Contact Zone
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Developments of Affectedness Marking
Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 ISSN: 0023-1959 Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea ISSN: 0023-1959 Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 0 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 ISSN: 0023-1959 Towards a Papuan history of languages MARK DONOHUE Department of Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University [email protected] 1. Introduction and overview In this paper, I raise one simple point that must be taken into account when considering the history of the ‘Papuan’ languages – namely, the scope of the term ‘Papuan’. I shall argue that ‘Papuan’ is a term that logically should include many languages that have generally been discussed as being ‘Austronesian’. While much detailed work has been carried out on a number of ‘Papuan’ language families, the fact that they are separate families, and are not believed to be related to each other (in the sense of the comparative method) any more than they are to the Austronesian languages which largely surround their region, means that they cannot be considered without reference to those Austronesian languages. I will argue that many of the Austronesian languages which surround the Papuan region (see the appendix) can only be considered to be ‘Austronesian’ in a lexical sense. Since historical linguistics puts little value on simple lexical correspondences in the absence of regular sound correspondences, and regularity of sound correspondence is lacking in the Austronesian languages close to New Guinea, we cannot consider these languages to be ‘fully’ Austronesian. We must therefore consider a Papuan history that is much more widespread than usually conceived. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
In Antoinette SCHAPPER, Ed., Contact and Substrate in the Languages of Wallacea PART 1
Contact and substrate in the languages of Wallacea: Introduction Antoinette SCHAPPER KITLV & University of Cologne 1. What is Wallacea?1 The term “Wallacea” originally refers to a zoogeographical area located between the ancient continents of Sundaland (the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Bali) and Sahul (Australia and New Guinea) (Dickerson 1928). Wallacea includes Sulawesi, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, and many smaller islands of eastern Indonesia and independent Timor-Leste (Map 1). What characterises this region is its diverse biota drawn from both the Southeast Asian and Australian areas. This volume uses the term Wallacea to refer to a linguistic area (Schapper 2015). In linguistic terms as in biogeography, Wallacea constitutes a transition zone, a region in which we observe the progression attenuation of the Southeast Asian linguistic type to that of a Melanesian linguistic type (Gil 2015). Centred further to the east than Biological Wallacea, Linguistic Wallacea takes in the Papuan and Austronesian languages in the region of eastern Nusantara including the Minor Sundic Islands east of Lombok, Timor-Leste, Maluku, the Bird’s Head and Neck of New Guinea, and Cenderawasih Bay (Map 2). Map 1. Biological Wallacea Map 2. Linguistic Wallacea 1 My editing and research for this issue has been supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research VENI project “The evolution of the lexicon. Explorations in lexical stability, semantic shift and borrowing in a Papuan language family” and by the Volkswagen Stiftung DoBeS project “Aru languages documentation”. Many thanks to Asako Shiohara and Yanti for giving me the opportunity to work with them on editing this NUSA special issue. -
Local Languages, Local Malay, and Bahasa Indonesia a Case Study from North Maluku
PB Wacana Vol. 14 No. 2 (October 2012) JOHN BOWDENWacana, Local Vol. 14languages, No. 2 (October local Malay, 2012): and 313–332 Bahasa Indonesia 313 Local languages, local Malay, and Bahasa Indonesia A case study from North Maluku JOHN BOWDEN Abstract Many small languages from eastern Indonesia are threatened with extinction. While it is often assumed that ‘Indonesian’ is replacing the lost languages, in reality, local languages are being replaced by local Malay. In this paper I review some of the reasons for this in North Maluku. I review the directional system in North Maluku Malay and argue that features like the directionals allow those giving up local languages to retain a sense of local linguistic identity. Retaining such an identity makes it easier to abandon local languages than would be the case if people were switching to ‘standard’ Indonesian. Keywords Local Malay, language endangerment, directionals, space, linguistic identity. 1 Introduction Maluku Utara is one of Indonesia’s newest and least known provinces, centred on the island of Halmahera and located between North Sulawesi and West Papua provinces. The area is rich in linguistic diversity. According to Ethnologue (Lewis 2009), the Halmahera region is home to seven Austronesian languages, 17 non-Austronesian languages and two distinct varieties of Malay. Although Maluku Utara is something of a sleepy backwater today, it was once one of the most fabled and important parts of the Indonesian archipelago and it became the source of enormous treasure for outsiders. Its indigenous clove crop was one of the inspirations for the great European age of discovery which propelled navigators such as Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan to set forth on their epic journeys across the globe. -
Manado Malay: Features, Contact, and Contrasts. Timothy Brickell: [email protected]
Manado Malay: features, contact, and contrasts. Timothy Brickell: [email protected] Second International Workshop on Malay varieties: ILCAA (TUFS) 13th-14th October 2018 Timothy Brickell: [email protected] Introduction / Acknowledgments: ● Timothy Brickell – B.A (Hons.): Monash University 2007-2011. ● PhD: La Trobe University 2011-2015. Part of ARC DP 110100662 (CI Jukes) and ARC DECRA 120102017 (CI Schnell). ● 2016 – 2018: University of Melbourne - CI for Endangered Languages Documentation Programme/SOAS IPF 0246. ARC Center of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language (CoEDL) affiliate. ● Fieldwork: 11 months between 2011-2014 in Tondano speech community. 8 months between 2015-2018 in Tonsawang speech community. ● October 2018 - :Endeavour Research Fellowship # 6289 (thank you to Assoc. Prof. Shiohara and ILCAA at TUFS for hosting me). Copyrighted materials of the author PRESENTATION OVERVIEW: ● Background: brief outline of linguistic ecology of North Sulawesi. Background information on Manado Malay. ● Outline of various features of MM: phonology, lexicon, some phonological changes, personal pronouns, ordering of elements within NPs, posessession, morphology, and causatives. ● Compare MM features with those of two indigenous with which have been in close contact with MM for at least 300 years - Tondano and Tonsawang. ● Primary questions: Has long-term contact with indigneous languages resulted in any shared features? Does MM demonstrate structural featues (Adelaar & Prentice 1996; Adelaar 2005) considered characteristic of contact Malay varities? Background:Geography ● Minahasan peninsula: northern tip of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Background: Indigenous language groups ● Ten indigenous language micro-groups of Sulawesi (Mead 2013:141). Approx. 114 languages in total (Simons & Fennings 2018) North Sulawesi indigenous language/ethnic groups: Languages spoken in North Sulawesi: Manado Malay (ISO 639-3: xmm) and nine languages from three microgroups - Minahasan (five), Sangiric (three), Gorontalo-Mongondow (one). -
Eastern Indonesia Malay
Eastern Indonesian Trade Malay Scott Paauw University of Rochester The Malay language has long served as a lingua franca throughout the islands of Indonesia and beyond. Over the past millennium, in a number of locations in eastern Indonesia, far from the Malay homeland, communities speaking the Malay language have emerged. The precise mechanisms involved in transplanting the language to these locations have been poorly understood, apart from an understanding that the language was brought to these regions by a language termed Bazaar Malay or Vehicular Malay. The nature of this trade language how it became established as a communal language in places such as Ambon, Manado, Kupang and the North Moluccas has not been clear. This study is based on a typological comparison of the morphosyntax, phonology and lexicon of seven Malay varieties of eastern Indonesia, with the goal of gaining a better understanding of how these varieties developed. Features which these varieties share with Malay varieties of western Indonesia can be attributed to Vehicular Malay. Other features are shared by all but one of the Malay varieties of eastern Indonesia and are evidence that these varieties descend from a single previously unidentified ancestor language, termed Eastern Indonesian Trade Malay (EITM). EITM had a number of specific innovations when compared with the Malay varieties of western Indonesia. The probable original location of EITM and the probable patterns by which the language spread from this location are also discussed, with innovations shared by subsets of the languages as evidence of these patterns, and a model describing the spread of Malay in eastern Indonesia is presented. -
Languages of Flores
Are the Central Flores languages really typologically unusual? Alexander Elias January 13, 2020 1 Abstract The isolating languages of Central Flores (Austronesian) are typologically distinct from their nearby relatives. They have no bound morphology, as well elaborate numeral clas- sifier systems, and quinary-decimal numeral system. McWhorter (2019) proposes that their isolating typology is due to imperfect adult language acquisition of a language of Sulawesi, brought to Flores by settlers from Sulawesi in the relatively recent past. I pro- pose an alternative interpretation, which better accounts for the other typological features found in Central Flores: the Central Flores languages are isolating because they have a strong substrate influence from a now-extinct isolating language belonging to the Mekong- Mamberamo linguistic area (Gil 2015). This explanation better accounts for the typological profile of Central Flores and is a more plausible contact scenario. Keywords: Central Flores languages, Eastern Indonesia, isolating languages, Mekong- Mamberamo linguistic area, substrate influence 2 Introduction The Central Flores languages (Austronesian; Central Malayo-Polynesian) are a group of serialising SVO languages with obligatory numeral classifier systems spoken on the island of Flores, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands in the east of Indonesia. These languages, which are almost completely lacking in bound morphology, include Lio, Ende, Nage, Keo, Ngadha and Rongga. Taken in their local context, this typological profile is unusual: other Austronesian languages of eastern Indonesia generally have some bound morphology and non-obligatory numeral classifier systems. However, in a broader view, the Central Flores languages are typologically similar to many of the isolating languages of Mainland Southeast Asia and Western New Guinea, many of which are also isolating, serialising SVO languages with obligatory numeral classifier systems. -
Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania
Abstract of http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/thesis/ch1web/ABSTRACT.htm Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania by Glendon A. Lean In modern technological societies we take the existence of numbers and the act of counting for granted: they occur in most everyday activities. They are regarded as being sufficiently important to warrant their occupying a substantial part of the primary school curriculum. Most of us, however, would find it difficult to answer with any authority several basic questions about number and counting. For example, how and when did numbers arise in human cultures: are they relatively recent inventions or are they an ancient feature of language? Is counting an important part of all cultures or only of some? Do all cultures count in essentially the same ways? In English, for example, we use what is known as a base 10 counting system and this is true of other European languages. Indeed our view of counting and number tends to be very much a Eurocentric one and yet the large majority the languages spoken in the world - about 4500 - are not European in nature but are the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. If we take these into account we obtain a quite different picture of counting systems from that of the Eurocentric view. This study, which attempts to answer these questions, is the culmination of more than twenty years on the counting systems of the indigenous and largely unwritten languages of the Pacific region and it involved extensive fieldwork as well as the consultation of published and rare unpublished sources. -
Four Undocumented Languages of Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia
Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 17. Editor: Peter K. Austin Four undocumented languages of Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia LAURA ARNOLD Cite this article: Arnold, Laura. 2020. Four undocumented languages of Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description 17, 25-43. London: EL Publishing. Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/180 This electronic version first published: July 2020 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Four undocumented languages of Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia Laura Arnold University of Edinburgh Summary Salawati, Batta, Biga, and As are four undocumented Austronesian languages belonging to the Raja Ampat-South Halmahera branch of South Halmahera- West New Guinea, spoken in West Papua province, Indonesia. Salawati, Batta, and Biga are spoken in the Raja Ampat archipelago, just off the western tip of the Bird’s Head peninsula of New Guinea, and As is spoken nearby on the New Guinea mainland. All four languages are to some degree endangered, as speakers shift to Papuan Malay, the local lingua franca: Biga is the most vital of the four languages, in that children are still acquiring it, whereas As is moribund, with only a handful of speakers remaining. -
Spices from the East: Papers in Languages of Eastern Indonesia
Sp ices fr om the East Papers in languages of eastern Indonesia Grimes, C.E. editor. Spices from the East: Papers in languages of Eastern Indonesia. PL-503, ix + 235 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2000. DOI:10.15144/PL-503.cover ©2000 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Also in Pacific Linguistics Barsel, Linda A. 1994, The verb morphology of Mo ri, Sulawesi van Klinken, Catherina 1999, A grammar of the Fehan dialect of Tetun: An Austronesian language of West Timor Mead, David E. 1999, Th e Bungku-Tolaki languages of South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia Ross, M.D., ed., 1992, Papers in Austronesian linguistics No. 2. (Papers by Sarah Bel1, Robert Blust, Videa P. De Guzman, Bryan Ezard, Clif Olson, Stephen J. Schooling) Steinhauer, Hein, ed., 1996, Papers in Austronesian linguistics No. 3. (Papers by D.G. Arms, Rene van den Berg, Beatrice Clayre, Aone van Engelenhoven, Donna Evans, Barbara Friberg, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Paul R. Kroeger, DIo Sirk, Hein Steinhauer) Vamarasi, Marit, 1999, Grammatical relations in Bahasa Indonesia Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia, Southeast and South Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. -
2007 Series Change Requests Report
ISO 639-3 Change Requests Series 2007 Summary of Outcomes Joan Spanne (SIL International), ISO 639-3 Registrar, 15 January 2008 Summary of requested changes There were 258 requests considered, recommending 404 explicit changes in the code set. Ten of the requests are still pending. The 247 requests that have been decided have been fully approved, entailing 383 explicit changes in the code set. The 10 requests still pending will be reported in an addendum to this report. The 383 explicit changes can be analyzed as follows: • Retirements: 75 o 7 non-existent languages; o 3 duplicate languages (treated separately from merges of sub-varieties); o 41 merged languages; o 24 split languages, resulting in 71 new language code elements (net gain of 47). • Completely new languages: 59 newly created languages not previously associated with another language in the code set. • Updates: 178 o 151 name updates, either change to a name form or addition of a name form; o 20 denotation updates of languages into which other varieties were merged; o 3 macrolanguage group updates (one spread across two requests, as two updates); o 2 new macrolanguage groups (existing individual languages changed in scope to macrolanguages); o 1 change in language type (which will in the future be handled outside the formal review process, as this is non-normative, supplementary information). Retirements from other than split of a language code element Change Reference Retirement Request Identifier Retirement Remedy Outcome Name Reason number 2007-003 akn Amikoana Non-existent Adopted 2007-004 paj Ipeka-Tapuia Merge Merge into [kpc] Adopted 2007-006 cru Carútana Merge Merge into [bwi] Adopted 2007-009 bxt Buxinhua Duplicate Duplicate of [bgk] Bit Adopted 2007-020 gen Geman Deng Duplicate Duplicate of Miju-Mishmi [mxj] Adopted 2007-021 dat Darang Deng Duplicate Duplicate of Digaro Mishmi [mhu] Adopted 2007-024 wre Ware Non-existent Adopted 2007-033 szk Sizaki Merge Merge into Ikizu [ikz] Adopted 2007-037 ywm Wumeng Yi Merge Merge into [ywu] Wusa Yi, renamed Adopted Wumeng Nasu (cf. -
Agustus 2014.Pdf
MASYARAKAT LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Didirikan pada tahun 1975, Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia (MLI) merupakan organisasi profesi yang bertujuan mengembangkan studi ilmiah mengenai bahasa. PENGURUS MASYARAKAT LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Ketua : Katharina Endriati Sukamto, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya Wakil Ketua : Fairul Zabadi, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Sekretaris : Ifan Iskandar, Universitas Negeri Jakarta Bendahara : Yanti, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya DEWAN EDITOR Utama : Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya Pendamping : Lanny Hidajat, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya Anggota : Bernd Nothofer, Universitas Frankfurt, Jerman; Ellen Rafferty, University of Wisconsin, Amerika Serikat; Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute; Tim McKinnon, Jakarta Field Station MPI; A. Chaedar Alwasilah, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia; E. Aminudin Aziz, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia; Siti Wachidah, Universitas Negeri Jakarta; Katharina Endriati Sukamto, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya; D. Edi Subroto, Universitas Sebelas Maret; I Wayan Arka, Universitas Udayana; A. Effendi Kadarisman, Universitas Negeri Malang; Bahren Umar Siregar, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya; Hasan Basri, Universitas Tadulako; Yassir Nasanius, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya; Dwi Noverini Djenar, Sydney University, Australia; Mahyuni, Universitas Mataram; Patrisius Djiwandono, Universitas Ma Chung; Yanti, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. JURNAL LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Linguistik Indonesia diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1982 dan sejak tahun 2000 diterbitkan tiap bulan Februari dan Agustus. Linguistik Indonesia telah terakreditasi berdasarkan SK Dirjen Dikti No. 040/P/2014, 18 Februari 2014. Jurnal ilmiah ini dibagikan secara cuma-cuma kepada para anggota MLI yang keanggotaannya umumnya melalui Cabang MLI di pelbagai Perguruan Tinggi, tetapi dapat juga secara perseorangan atau institusional. Iuran per tahun adalah Rp 200.000,00 (anggota dalam negeri) dan US$30 (anggota luar negeri).