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Digging for the Roots of Language Death in Eastern Indonesia: the Cases of Kayeli and Hukumina

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Digging for the Roots of Language Death in Eastern Indonesia: the Cases of Kayeli and Hukumina DOCUMENT RESUME ED 384 231 FL 023 076 AUTHOR Grimes, Charles E. TITLE Digging for the Roots of Language Death in Eastern Indonesia: The Cases of Kayeli and Hukumina. PUB DATE Jan 95 NOTE 19p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America (69th, New Orleans, LA, January 5-8, 1995). PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) Speeches /Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Diachronic Linguistics; Foreign Countries; *Geographic Location; *Indonesian Languages; *Language Role; Language Usage; Multilingualism; Power Structure; *Uncommonly Taught Languages IDENTIFIERS Indonesia ABSTRACT Looking at descriptive, comparative social and historical evidencB, this study explored factors contributing to language death for two languages formerly spoken on the Indonesian island of Buru. Field data were gathered from the last remaining speaker of Hukumina and from the last four speakers of Kayeli. A significant historical event that set in motion changing social dynamics was the forced relocation by the Dutch in 1656 of a number of coastal communities on this and surrounding islands, which severed the ties between Hukumina speakers and their traditional place of origin (with its access to ancestors and associated power). The same event brought a large number of outsiders to live around the Dutch fort near the traditional village of Kayeli, creating a multiethnic and multilingual community that gradually resulted in a shift to Malay for both Hukumina and Kayeli language communities. This contrasts with the Buru language still spoken as the primary means of daily communication in the island's interior. Also, using supporting evidence from other languages in the area, the study concludes that traditional notions of place and power are tightly linked to language ecology in this region. Contains 33 references. (Author/MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Paper presented at the 69th Annual Meetingof the Linguistic Society of America Organized session: Field reports/Endangeredlanguages N New Orleans, 5-8 January 1995 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * 00 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Digging for the roots of languagedeath in eastern Indonesia: the cases of Kayeli andHukumina "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S DEPARTMENT OFEDUCATION and Improvement Once of EauCalmnal Research MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY RESOUR RCES INFORMATION EDUCATIONAL CENT E (ER IC) reOrOduCed as --rxc:\e'D c4Tnrs /30CoMen1 haS been organization /*carvedroar the person or Charles E. Grimes OrigrnatIng it been made to improve C Minor ChaeQeS have reproduCtron quslrtv Summer Institute of Linguistics,Indonesia stated mtnrs docu TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Potnts of view or opinionsrepresent odtcrat ment do not necessarily INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" OERI positron or poIrcy explores factors Looking at descriptive, comparative,social and historical evidence, the paper island of Bum. contributing to language death for twolanguages formerly spoken, on the Indonesian and from During fieldwork in 1989 data were collectedfrom the last remaining speaker of Hukumina, changing social the last four speakers of Kayeli. Asignificant historical event that set in motion communities on Buru dynamics was the forced relocation bythe Dutch in 1656 of a number of coastal their traditional place and surrounding islands. This severedthe ties between Hukumina speakers and brought a large number of origin (with its access to ancestorsand associated power). The same event Kayeli, creating a multiethnic of outsiders to live around the Dutchfort near the traditional village of both the Hukumina and and multilingual community whichgradually resulted in a shift to Malay for primary means Kayeli language communities. This contrastswith the Bum language still spoken as the has written a reference of daily communication in the interiorof the island and for which the author in the area the paper argues that grammar. Also usingsupporting evidence from other languages region. traditional notions of place and power aretightly linked to language ecology in this 1. INTRODUCTION Muslim and 50% Christian, In the Indonesian province of Malukuwhere the population is roughly 50% of language ecology. In people often make distinctions alongreligious lines in explaining their view languages and have shifted to Christian communities, they assert,people no longer speak their vernacular people have retained their Ambonese Malay.t In Muslim communities, onthe other hand, they assert that vernacular languages and speak AmboneseMalay as a second language. Whilethis largely characterizes affiliation per se has not villages around the provincial capital onthe small island of Ambon, religious One has only to look at been the determining factor in languagemaintenance or shift in central Maluku. Muslim communities have shifted the nearby island of Buru to findthe opposite dynamicsthere some the vernacular language to Malay, while traditionaland Christian communities continue to use vigorously. focus on two relatively recent casesof language shift and death amongMuslim In this paper I and social factors. communities on the island of Buru, looking at avariety of relevant historical, cultural gained from these Buru cases, I thendiscuss several other endangered On the basis of the understanding other islands in the languages and cases of language shift inboth Muslim and Christian communities on Indonesian (see B. D. Grimes Ambonese Malay is a regional varietydistinct from the standard Malay known as draft of this paper. 1991). I am indebted to Barbara Dix Grimesfor her extensive comments on an earlier 1 Digging for the roots of language death CE. Grimes 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE My research on the functionally extinct languages of Kaye li and Hukumina has been part of my involvement in the Buru Language Project, a project focusing primarily on the vernacular language of 45,000 native inhabitants on the island (called the Buru language), but also including other languages found on the island such as Kaye li, Hukumina, and languages with which these are in contact, such as Ambelau, Ambonese Malay, Buton, Indonesian, Su la and Tukang Besi.2 During fieldwork in 1989 I visited the Kaye li area hoping to put the Buru language and culture in its larger context with solid linguistic and cultural data from Kaye li. An earlier attempt at taking a Kaye li wordlist in 1983 in Nam lea (across the bay from Kaye li) had proved frustrating, and that data was unreliable. Although recent literature (Wurm and Hattori 1983) had indicated there were 1,000 speakers of Kaye li, in 1989 it took half a day to find fo it speakers in three villages with the help of therajaof Kaye li. No one in Kaye li could think of anyone else still alive .iho spoke the Kaye li language. Over a three day period of meeting with these four people (two men and two womenall of whom were over sixty years old), they themselves came to several realizations. First, they realized that none of them had used the language actively for over thirty years. Second, as I tried to elicit basic vocabulary there was a growing horror as they came to reaiize what one of them finally verbalized on the second day: "If the four of us cannot remember these words, then they are lost forever." Third, They also began to realize thatthe discourse of past glory which had brought identity and cohesion to them as an ethnic group was built on a now crumbled foundationwhile the number of people whocould trace their ethnic origins to Kayeli kin groups was about 800, they had not maintained their languagewhich symbolized and preserved their unique ethnic identity. It had been lost, not by conscious choice, but by simple neglect. As I wasgetting on a boat to leave, therajaof Kayeli (who had been present at all sessions), asked me, "With the words that you gathered, could you please put together a book that we can use in school to teach our children how to speak our language again?" Not only were these realizations traumatic for them, but also for me as I struggled with having been the instrument that triggeredthese realizations, albeit unintentionally. On the earlier survey trip to the north coast of Buru in 1983, I had gathered data from the last speaker of Leliali in the village of Jiku Merasa. That data and the data from Kayeli were sufficient to establish Leliali as a divergent dialect of Kayeli. Upon visiting Jiku Merasa again in late 1989, I learned that the gentleman had died the previous March. No other speakers were known by the community. During my three days in Kayeli in 1989 I was also introduced to a toothless old woman around 80 years old who claimed to speak Hukumina, also known locally as `Bambaa'. She had married a Hukumina speaker, but to her knowledge neither she nor anyone else had used the language since WWII. Her mind wandered regularly, and the little data I was able to collect from her are a mixture of Kayeli, Bum, and some other language that I assume is Hukumina. There are no other knownspeakers. 2. BURU LANGUAGE GEOGRAPHY OVERVIEW The following figure summarizes what is currently known about languages on Buru. It is based on direct linguistic evidence as well as on indirect evidence such as written historical records, and local oral history, ane place names (adapted from C. Grimes,
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