Realitas Aspek Ekonomi-Sosial Masyarakat

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Realitas Aspek Ekonomi-Sosial Masyarakat SAWERIGADING Volume 20 No. 1, April 2014 Halaman 15—24 REALITAS ASPEK EKONOMI-SOSIAL MASYARAKAT KUBU DALAM METAFOR BAHASA SUKU KUBU DI JAMBI (The Reality of Social-Economic Aspects of Kubu Society in The Metaphor of Kubu Language in Jambi) Natal P. Sitanggang Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Jambi Jalan A.R. Hakim No. 101, Telanaipura, Jambi Telepon/Faksimile (0741) 61131 Pos-el: [email protected] Diterima: 20 November 2013; Dievisi: 7 Januari 2014; Disetujui: 20 Maret 2014 Abstract This article discusses a certain Kubu culture in Bukit Duabelas, Jambi Province based on lingustic perspective, metaphor. Linguistically, metaphor is explained by the formation of its concept and contexts. The fact of the metaphor is gained from the daily conversation of Kubu tribe and analyzed pragmatically and interpretatively to compare and to relate metaphor signs with the intended meaning. In this study, it is found that there is a relevance between social-economy and the form of the metaphor used. Diachronically, it is also found that there is a relationship between the metaphor of Malay/Indonesian and the metaphor of Kubu language. That is why, this study becomes an important reference in tracing a part of prototype and metaphoric contextual analogyfound in Malay/ Indonesian. This is believed because some Malay culture can still be seen in primitive life of Kubu tribe at the moment. Keywords: metaphor, Kubu, background, context, social-economy Abstrak Tulisan ini membahas bagian kebudayaan suku Kubu di Bukit Duabelas Provinsi Jambi dari sudut pandang kebahasaan, yaitu metafor. Metafor menjelaskan konsep dan konteks pembentukan kebudayaan masyarakat tersebut. Fakta metafor diperoleh dari percakapan sehari-hari suku Kubu dan dianalisis secara pragmatik dan interpretatif untuk membandingkan dan mengaitkan tanda metafor dengan makna yang dimaksudkan.Dalam kajian ini ditemukan relevansi aspek ekonomi-sosial dengan bentuk metafor yang digunakan. Secara diakronis, ditemukan pula keterkaitan metafor bahasa Melayu/Indonesia dengan metafor bahasa Kubu. Oleh karena itu, ulasan ini menjadi referensi penting dalam menelusuri sebagian prototipe dan analogi konteks metaforisasi yang terdapat dalam bahasa Melayu/Indonesia saat ini. Hal ini diyakini karena sebagian potret budaya Melayu secara umum pada masa lalu masih dapat terlihat dalam kehidupan primitif suku Kubu saat ini. Kata kunci: metafor, Kubu, latar, konteks, ekonomi-sosial PENDAHULUAN kalanya tidak saling berhubungan secara harfiah. Metafor merupakan aspek penting yang Karena kerap tidak saling berhubungan, fenomena perlu dipahami dalam sebuah bahasa. Pentingnya metafor termasuk dalam bentuk kias (figurative). aspek ini disebabkan adanya penyampaian suatu Sehubungan dengan bentuk kias atau figuratif konsep makna melalui media lain (transferensi). ini, tidak jarang terjadi pemahaman yang salah Dalam pada itu, antara konsep dan media itu ada karena penginferensian secara harfiah terhadap bentuk-bentuk kias, misalnya, oleh penerjemah, 14 14 15 15 15 Sawerigading, Vol. 20, 1 April 2014: 15—24 peneliti, atau pemelajar bahasa itu (band. Saville- ungkapan dan hubungannya dengan ungkapan Troike 2003: 29). yang terdapat dalam bahasa MI, di antaranya, Metafor dalam kajian komunikasi ataupun buah tangan, simpulan, nenek, putusan, sebelah dalam kajian retorika tradisional dipandang mata dantutup mata. sebagai suatu kajian yang menarik. Hal tersebut Dengan mencermati bahwa metafor erat kaitannya dengan bentuk bahasa, nilai, dan merupakan bentuk bahasa yang bersifat figuratif, estetika yang ada di dalamnya. Dalam kajian diperlukan suatu upaya penalaran untuk antropologi, penelusuran metafor satu etnik dapat menemukan kesejajaran antara yang penanda dan menjadi pintu masuk untuk menggali implikasi petanda sebagaimana dalam terminologi Saussure pemikiran tertentu dan/atau pengalaman (Kridalaksana 2005: 25—32). Sehubungan masyarakatnya tentang dunia (Lakoff dan Johnson dengan itu, masalah dalam penelitian ini dapat dalam Duranti 2000: 64; Saeed 2003: 346). dirumuskan dengan dua pertanyaan berikut. Selain itu, fenomena metafor dalam sebuah (1) Bagaimana bentukdan konteks metafor bahasa dapat dipandang sebagai bagian dari evolusi dalam MK? bahasa sekaligus menjadi histori perkembangan (2) Bagaimana metafor MK menggambarkan cara manusia dalam berpikir atau berlogika realitas aspek ekonomi dan sosial MK? (Saville-Troike ibid 28). Bahkan menurut Mey (2001: 305) metafor tidak hanya terkait dengan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pola pikir, tetapi juga mengindikasikan struktur fitur dan karakteristikmetafor dalam MK. Fitur dan kekuasaan dan penguasaan dalam masyarakat. karakteristik itu dapat dicapai dengan dua tujuan Dalam perkembangannya, bentuk-bentuk berikut. metafor turut memberi sumbangan dalam (1) Mengidentifikasi bentukdan menemukan penggramatikalan bentuk-bentuk dalam bahasa konteks bentuk-bentuk metafor dalam (Hopper dan Traugott 1993: 85; Saeed 2003: 344). MK. Sebagai contoh, saat ini bahasa Melayu-Indonesia (2) Mendeskripsikan realitas aspek ekonomi (selanjutnya disingkat dengan MI) mengenal dan sosial MK berdasarkan sudut pandang bentuk bergantung pada, menangani masalah, metafor. menelan biaya, menarik perhatian, dan sebagainya. Bentuk-bentuk tersebut dapat menunjukkan ciri KERANGKA TEORI kegramatikalan dan keleksikalan di satu sisi, dan Metafor sebagai Kajian Pragmatik ciri metaforanya di sisi lain. Berbicara tentang keetnikan, kajian Metafora adalah bentuk kiasan berupa tentang metafor dalam etnik masyarakat Kubu kata atau frasa yang tidak secara harfiah merujuk (selanjutnya disingkat dengan MK) di Jambi, pada suatu objek atau konsep yang digunakan, menjadi menarik dan penting diperhitungkan melainkan untuk menggantikan yang lain dengan dalam khazanah kebahasaan MI saat ini. menyiratkan persamaan atau analogi di antara Kajian ini menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam bentuk yang diperbandingkan. Dalam Merriam- menelusuri bagian prototipe dan konteks metafor Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary dicatat yang didapati dalam bahasa MI saat ini (Hopper bahwa metafor secara etimologi berasal dari dan Traugott ibid: 84; Mey 2001: 306; Saeed bahasa Yunani, yaitu dari bentuk meta ‘antara’ ibid: 345). Hal ini diyakini karena potret budaya dan pherein ‘membawa atau menanggung’, MI secara umum di masa lalu masih dapat sedangkan metapherein berarti ‘membawa lebih terlihat dalam kehidupan primitif (alamiah) dari’ atau ‘mentransfer’. MK yang saat ini masih berlangsung. Dengan Fenomena metafor dalam berbahasa tidak penelitian ini, kita dapat mengetahui ciri konteks terlepas dari sejarah pragmatiknya. Sebelum yang melatar belakangi pembentukan sejumlah kemunculan teori pragmatik, metafor memang 16 16 16 17 17 Natal P. Sitanggang: Realitas Aspek Ekonomi Sosial ... dipandang sebagai objek semantik. Namun, catatanKoentjaraningrat (1974) yang menyebutkan Levinson (1983: 147--62) lebih melihatnya bahwa tingkat ekonomi manusia yang terendah sebagai gejala pragmatik. Dia menyebutkan adalah berburu. Dari tingkat inilah mereka bahwa metafor merupakan kasus pelanggaran berkembang ketingkat beternak kemudian bertani. maksim dalam postulasi maksim implikatur yang Dengan demikian, ketika kata jerat diusulkan oleh Grice. Pandangan ini juga diterima digunakan dalam konteks tahapan kebudayaan oleh Hopper dan Traugott (1993: 84). Mereka manusia yang lebih modern (misalnya, konteks menyebutkan bahwa secara karakter pragmatik hukum), jelas kata itu bukan lagi benda jerat dan metafor pada dasarnya bersifat analogis (Mey seperti pada masa lampau. Namun, konsep 2001: 306). peristiwa yang terkait dengan jerat itu, secara Selain itu, pembentukan dua fenomena diakronis terbawa dari masa lampau dan secara bahasa ini dilatari oleh adanya konteks. analogis termodifikasi oleh konteks masa kini. Pentingnya peran konteks itu ditegaskan Giora Elemen-Elemen Metafora (1999 dalam Jay 2002: 318) yang menyebutkan: Menurut Richars (1936 dalam Saeed “..., that context tell us how to read 2003:346) terminologi metaforatas dua elemen: the metaphoricity of an expression. The tenor dan vehicle. Tenor adalah kesan atau main idea behind graded salience is that subjek yang disimbolkan (petanda). Vehicle people give priority to the salient meaning adalah sarana yang menyimbolkan (penanda) of a word regardless of contex. The salient yang kesan atau tenornya. Konsep tenor bagi meaning of a word or expression is its penulis lain disebut sebagai topik. Dengan lexicalized meaning, the meaning is the menggunakan istilah topik, Jay (2002: 317) literal meaning of a novel metaphor but menambahkan unsur ground (latar) untuk not the intended nonliteral meaning made menjelaskan keterkaitan topik dengan vehicle. available by the context. The familiarity, Dalam hal itu, latar menyajikan persamaan availability, frequency, and conventionality antara keduanya. Berparadigma dari terminologi of an expression contribute to its salient Saussure (Kridalaksana 2005: 28), vehicle atau meaning and give it privileged status.” sarana merupakan penanda, dan tenor atau topik Selain oleh kelaziman, tingkat keseringan, merupakan petanda. Dalam tulisan ini, selain dan keberterimaan masyarakat (sebagaimana akan mengidentifikasi topik dan sarana, penulis disebutkan Giora di atas) sebuah fakta metafor juga akan menghadirkan latardengan mengacu juga dilatari oleh konteks peristiwa, lingkungan, pada pendapat Jay. dan tingkat peradaban penuturnya, sebagai mana Metafor Menggambarkan Budaya terlihat dalam penelitian ini (band. Mey ibid: 302). Oleh karena itu, metafor dapat dijadikan sebagai Aspek metafora
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