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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Language Is a System of Communication Used by Human Being Which Consist of A
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study Language is a system of communication used by human being which consist of a set of sounds, symbols, gestures, and signal to desire to others. Language is very important in people daily life because they use language every time in their daily activity to communicate with each other. To communicate means to understand and to express any information, thought, feelings, culture and technology. Thousand of language is spoken in this world one of that is English language, English language important to be learn especially to students because English can improve the quality of social life. English is considered as a foreign language in Indonesia. As students, learn English from the very beginning from their schooling. As a foreign language learner it is not possible to speak English with a proper sound. But Indonesian people always try to learn about English language because Indonesian people realize that how important English in their life. One of the problems for a foreign language learner is that how to accurately utter the speech sound of language main purpose of speaking a language is to communicate with others. Caused demand of technology in this era and we have been free trade in ASEAN economic community since in the beginning 2015, they have to master and develop English especially four skills in English : speaking, listening, writing, reading. Beside to know the four skills of language the students also should master speaking because it is one of important element that has a position in the four language skills. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
75 Fonologi Isolek Non-Austronesia Di Pulau
Cerpen Indonesia 8 (Edisi Khusus FONOLOGI ISOLEK NON-AUSTRONESIA DI PULAU MOROTAI Kongres Cerpen). Jakarta: Yayasan Akar. Danandjaja, James. 1994. Folklor Indonesia: THE PHONOLOGY OF NON-AUSTRONESIAN ISOLECT IN Ilmu Gosip, Dongeng, dan lain-lain. MOROTAI ISLAND Jakarta: Grafiti. Danardana, Agus Sri (Ed.). 2011. Ensiklopedia Marwia Hi. Ibrahim Sastra Riau. Pekanbaru: Palagan Press. Dosen Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Ternate Effendy,Tenas. 2004. Tunjuk Ajar Melayu: Ponsel: 085228842947, Pos-el: [email protected] Butir-butir Budaya Melayu Riau. Yogyakarta: Balai Kajian dan Abstrak Pengembangan Budaya Melayu. Penduduk di bagian selatan Pulau Morotai menuturkan isolek yang mirip dengan bahasa Galela, Fitriana, Yulita, dkk. 2013. Folklor Suku dan sebagian lainnya di bagian utara pulau ini berbahasa Tobelo, di samping itu Desa Pilowo dan Bonai. Pekanbaru: Palagan Press. Waringin berbahasa Gorap, sebagian kecil lainnya berbahasa Sangir. Penelitian ini bertujuan Madjid, Bakhtiar. 2009. “Revitalisasi Tradisi untuk menjelaskan (1) deskripsi fonologi isolek non-Austronesia di Pulau Morotai. (2) Proses Lisan Dola Bololo dalam Masyarakat morfofonemik isolek non-Austronesia di Pulau Morotai. Terdapat tiga desa yang dijadikan titik Kesultanan Ternate: Sebuah Kajian pengamatan, yaitu Desa Daeo di Kecamatan Morotai Selatan, Desa Sangowo dan Desa Mira di Budaya” (Tesis). Bali: Program Studi Kecamatan Morotai Timur. Setiap titik pengamatan terdiri atas tiga informan. Penjaringan data Kajian Budaya, Universitas Udayana. kebahasaan digunakan Daftar Swadesh. Penyediaan data digunakan metode cakap dan metode Pilliang, Yasraf Amir. 2004. Dunia yang simak beserta teknik-tekniknya, seperti teknik cakap semuka, teknik catat dan teknik rekam, juga Dilipat: Tamasya Melampaui Batas- teknik sadap. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode padan intralingual. Hasil penelitian batas Kebudayaan, Bandung: Jalasutra. -
De Sousa Sinitic MSEA
THE FAR SOUTHERN SINITIC LANGUAGES AS PART OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (DRAFT: for MPI MSEA workshop. 21st November 2012 version.) Hilário de Sousa ERC project SINOTYPE — École des hautes études en sciences sociales [email protected]; [email protected] Within the Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) linguistic area (e.g. Matisoff 2003; Bisang 2006; Enfield 2005, 2011), some languages are said to be in the core of the language area, while others are said to be periphery. In the core are Mon-Khmer languages like Vietnamese and Khmer, and Kra-Dai languages like Lao and Thai. The core languages generally have: – Lexical tonal and/or phonational contrasts (except that most Khmer dialects lost their phonational contrasts; languages which are primarily tonal often have five or more tonemes); – Analytic morphological profile with many sesquisyllabic or monosyllabic words; – Strong left-headedness, including prepositions and SVO word order. The Sino-Tibetan languages, like Burmese and Mandarin, are said to be periphery to the MSEA linguistic area. The periphery languages have fewer traits that are typical to MSEA. For instance, Burmese is SOV and right-headed in general, but it has some left-headed traits like post-nominal adjectives (‘stative verbs’) and numerals. Mandarin is SVO and has prepositions, but it is otherwise strongly right-headed. These two languages also have fewer lexical tones. This paper aims at discussing some of the phonological and word order typological traits amongst the Sinitic languages, and comparing them with the MSEA typological canon. While none of the Sinitic languages could be considered to be in the core of the MSEA language area, the Far Southern Sinitic languages, namely Yuè, Pínghuà, the Sinitic dialects of Hǎinán and Léizhōu, and perhaps also Hakka in Guǎngdōng (largely corresponding to Chappell (2012, in press)’s ‘Southern Zone’) are less ‘fringe’ than the other Sinitic languages from the point of view of the MSEA linguistic area. -
The Position of Enggano Within Austronesian
7KH3RVLWLRQRI(QJJDQRZLWKLQ$XVWURQHVLDQ 2ZHQ(GZDUGV Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 54, Number 1, June 2015, pp. 54-109 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDL L3UHVV For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ol/summary/v054/54.1.edwards.html Access provided by Australian National University (24 Jul 2015 10:27 GMT) The Position of Enggano within Austronesian Owen Edwards AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Questions have been raised about the precise genetic affiliation of the Enggano language of the Barrier Islands, Sumatra. Such questions have been largely based on Enggano’s lexicon, which shows little trace of an Austronesian heritage. In this paper, I examine a wider range of evidence and show that Enggano is clearly an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian (MP) subgroup. This is achieved through the establishment of regular sound correspondences between Enggano and Proto‒Malayo-Polynesian reconstructions in both the bound morphology and lexicon. I conclude by examining the possible relations of Enggano within MP and show that there is no good evidence of innovations shared between Enggano and any other MP language or subgroup. In the absence of such shared innovations, Enggano should be considered one of several primary branches of MP. 1. INTRODUCTION.1 Enggano is an Austronesian language spoken on the southernmost of the Barrier Islands off the west coast of the island of Sumatra in Indo- nesia; its location is marked by an arrow on map 1. The genetic position of Enggano has remained controversial and unresolved to this day. Two proposals regarding the genetic classification of Enggano have been made: 1. -
The Bungku-Tolaki Languages of South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia
The Bungku-Tolaki languages of South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia Mead, D.E. The Bungku-Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. D-91, xi + 188 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1999. DOI:10.15144/PL-D91.cover ©1999 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), John Bowden, Thomas E. Dutton, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board. -
A Case Study of the Hougang Shui Wei Sheng Niang Temple and Its Lantern Festival Celebration
religions Article The Hainanese Temples of Singapore: A Case Study of the Hougang Shui Wei Sheng Niang Temple and Its Lantern Festival Celebration Yiwen Ji Department of Chinese Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore; [email protected] Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 8 July 2020; Published: 10 July 2020 Abstract: Shui Wei Sheng Niang (4>#娘) Temple is located within a united temple at 109a, Hougang Avenue 5, Singapore. Shui Wei Sheng Niang is a Hainanese goddess. the worship of whom is widespread in Hainanese communities in South East Asia. This paper examines a specific Hainanese temple and how its rituals reflect the history of Hainanese immigration to Singapore. The birthday rites of the goddess (Lantern Festival Celebration) are held on the 4th and 14th of the first lunar month. This paper also introduces the life history and ritual practices of a Hainanese Daoist master and a Hainanese theater actress. Keywords: Singapore; Hainanese temples; Shuiwei Shengniang; Daoist masters; opera singers 1. Introduction Although the original Hainan village of Hougang no longer exists in Singapore due to the urbanization and renovation of Singapore, people of that Hainanese community still gather together to celebrate the Lantern Festival and worship the goddess Shui Wei Sheng Niang (4>#娘), who originated from Hainan Island. This shows how Hainanese descendants still have the autonomy to maintain their cultural, religious, and dialect-based identity. The traditional Keepers of the Incense Burners and Village Heads of Ritual are still selected each New Year before celebrations begin. This indicates that the customary institutions of decision-making within the Hainanese community are still alive. -
Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map
SVENSKA FORSKNINGSINSTITUTET I ISTANBUL SWEDISH RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN ISTANBUL SKRIFTER — PUBLICATIONS 5 _________________________________________________ Lars Johanson Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul Stockholm 2001 Published with fõnancial support from Magn. Bergvalls Stiftelse. © Lars Johanson Cover: Carte de l’Asie ... par I. M. Hasius, dessinée par Aug. Gottl. Boehmius. Nürnberg: Héritiers de Homann 1744 (photo: Royal Library, Stockholm). Universitetstryckeriet, Uppsala 2001 ISBN 91-86884-10-7 Prefatory Note The present publication contains a considerably expanded version of a lecture delivered in Stockholm by Professor Lars Johanson, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, on the occasion of the ninetieth birth- day of Professor Gunnar Jarring on October 20, 1997. This inaugu- rated the “Jarring Lectures” series arranged by the Swedish Research Institute of Istanbul (SFII), and it is planned that, after a second lec- ture by Professor Staffan Rosén in 1999 and a third one by Dr. Bernt Brendemoen in 2000, the series will continue on a regular, annual, basis. The Editors Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map Linguistic documentation in the field The topic of the present contribution, dedicated to my dear and admired colleague Gunnar Jarring, is linguistic fõeld research, journeys of discovery aiming to draw the map of the Turkic linguistic world in a more detailed and adequate way than done before. The survey will start with the period of the classical pioneering achievements, particu- larly from the perspective of Scandinavian Turcology. It will then pro- ceed to current aspects of language documentation, commenting brief- ly on a number of ongoing projects that the author is particularly fami- liar with. -
Siberia and India: Historical Cultural Affinities
Dr. K. Warikoo 1 © Vivekananda International Foundation 2020 Published in 2020 by Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg | Chanakyapuri | New Delhi - 110021 Tel: 011-24121764 | Fax: 011-66173415 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.vifindia.org Follow us on Twitter | @vifindia Facebook | /vifindia All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Dr. K. Warikoo is former Professor, Centre for Inner Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is currently Senior Fellow, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi. This paper is based on the author’s writings published earlier, which have been updated and consolidated at one place. All photos have been taken by the author during his field studies in the region. Siberia and India: Historical Cultural Affinities India and Eurasia have had close social and cultural linkages, as Buddhism spread from India to Central Asia, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and far wide. Buddhism provides a direct link between India and the peoples of Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Tuva, Altai, Urals etc.) who have distinctive historico-cultural affinities with the Indian Himalayas particularly due to common traditions and Buddhist culture. Revival of Buddhism in Siberia is of great importance to India in terms of restoring and reinvigorating the lost linkages. The Eurasianism of Russia, which is a Eurasian country due to its geographical situation, brings it closer to India in historical-cultural, political and economic terms. -
Meaning of People Names in Batak Karo Community, Juhar District, Karo Regency: Anthropolinguistic Study
Vol. 9, No. 1, June 2020 • ISSN 2302-9609 L'Geneus : The Journal Language Generations of Intellectual Society journal homepage: http://geneus.jurnalhukumbisnis.com/index.php/geneus MEANING OF PEOPLE NAMES IN BATAK KARO COMMUNITY, JUHAR DISTRICT, KARO REGENCY: ANTHROPOLINGUISTIC STUDY Novianti Bukit Ethics Email : [email protected] Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Jalan Dr. T. Mansur No.9, Medan Sumatera Utara A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Name is a word or group of words used to identify and mention the name of people, Received: 01/04/2020 animals and places. This study aims to describe the meaning of people's names in the Revised: 01/05/2020 Karo Batak community in Juhar District, Karo Regency, which are the terms of giving Accepted: 01/06/2020 names, types of people's names, categorization of meanings of people's names and Available online: 30/06/2020 cultural values in people's names in the Karo Batak community. This research uses the anthropoliguistic approach (cultural liguistic) put forward by Kridalaksana and Beratha which states that cultural linguistics is a study of the position and function of language in a broader social and cultural context which has a role in shaping and maintaining cultural practices and social structures of society. This study also uses the onomastic theory which states that semantics is the study of the relationship between linguistic signs and the things they sign. From the results of the data assessment, it can be concluded that the naming of people in the Batak Karo community in Juhar sub-district is done by means of custom in giving names. -
Languages of Southeast Asia
Jiarong Horpa Zhaba Amdo Tibetan Guiqiong Queyu Horpa Wu Chinese Central Tibetan Khams Tibetan Muya Huizhou Chinese Eastern Xiangxi Miao Yidu LuobaLanguages of Southeast Asia Northern Tujia Bogaer Luoba Ersu Yidu Luoba Tibetan Mandarin Chinese Digaro-Mishmi Northern Pumi Yidu LuobaDarang Deng Namuyi Bogaer Luoba Geman Deng Shixing Hmong Njua Eastern Xiangxi Miao Tibetan Idu-Mishmi Idu-Mishmi Nuosu Tibetan Tshangla Hmong Njua Miju-Mishmi Drung Tawan Monba Wunai Bunu Adi Khamti Southern Pumi Large Flowery Miao Dzongkha Kurtokha Dzalakha Phake Wunai Bunu Ta w an g M o np a Gelao Wunai Bunu Gan Chinese Bumthangkha Lama Nung Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Norra Wusa Nasu Xiang Chinese Chug Nung Wunai Bunu Chocangacakha Dakpakha Khamti Min Bei Chinese Nupbikha Lish Kachari Ta se N a ga Naxi Hmong Njua Brokpake Nisi Khamti Nung Large Flowery Miao Nyenkha Chalikha Sartang Lisu Nung Lisu Southern Pumi Kalaktang Monpa Apatani Khamti Ta se N a ga Wusa Nasu Adap Tshangla Nocte Naga Ayi Nung Khengkha Rawang Gongduk Tshangla Sherdukpen Nocte Naga Lisu Large Flowery Miao Northern Dong Khamti Lipo Wusa NasuWhite Miao Nepali Nepali Lhao Vo Deori Luopohe Miao Ge Southern Pumi White Miao Nepali Konyak Naga Nusu Gelao GelaoNorthern Guiyang MiaoLuopohe Miao Bodo Kachari White Miao Khamti Lipo Lipo Northern Qiandong Miao White Miao Gelao Hmong Njua Eastern Qiandong Miao Phom Naga Khamti Zauzou Lipo Large Flowery Miao Ge Northern Rengma Naga Chang Naga Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Assamese Southern Guiyang Miao Southern Rengma Naga Khamti Ta i N u a Wusa Nasu Northern Huishui -
BOOK of ABSTRACTS June 28 to July 2, 2021 15Th ICAL 2021 WELCOME
15TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUSTRONESIAN LINGUISTICS BOOK OF ABSTRACTS June 28 to July 2, 2021 15th ICAL 2021 WELCOME The Austronesian languages are a family of languages widely dispersed throughout the islands of The name Austronesian comes from Latin auster ICAL The 15-ICAL wan, Philippines 15th ICAL 2021 ORGANIZERS Department of Asian Studies Sinophone Borderlands CONTACTS: [email protected] [email protected] 15th ICAL 2021 PROGRAMME Monday, June 28 8:30–9:00 WELCOME 9:00–10:00 EARLY CAREER PLENARY | Victoria Chen et al | CHANNEL 1 Is Malayo-Polynesian a primary branch of Austronesian? A view from morphosyntax 10:00–10:30 COFFEE BREAK | CHANNEL 3 CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2 S2: S1: 10:30-11:00 Owen Edwards and Charles Grimes Yoshimi Miyake A preliminary description of Belitung Malay languages of eastern Indonesia and Timor-Leste Atsuko Kanda Utsumi and Sri Budi Lestari 11:00-11:30 Luis Ximenes Santos Language Use and Language Attitude of Kemak dialects in Timor-Leste Ethnic groups in Indonesia 11:30-11:30 Yunus Sulistyono Kristina Gallego Linking oral history and historical linguistics: Reconstructing population dynamics, The case of Alorese in east Indonesia agentivity, and dominance: 150 years of language contact and change in Babuyan Claro, Philippines 12:00–12:30 COFFEE BREAK | CHANNEL 3 12:30–13:30 PLENARY | Olinda Lucas and Catharina Williams-van Klinken | CHANNEL 1 Modern poetry in Tetun Dili CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL