Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 7 (2) (2018) : 138 – 145

https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/seloka/article/view/19651

The Accommodation Pattern of Society Language in Trading Domain with Javanese Society in Semarang

 2 Alibasa Limbong¹ & Ida Zulaeha

¹Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia ²Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Article Info Abstract ______History Articles Batak Society as newcomers or minority in Semarang accommodates its Received: language. One of the domains requiring accommodation is trading. The purpose June 2018 Accepted: of this research is to analyze Batak society language accommodation in trading July 2018 domain to Javanese in Semarang. The research uses sociolinguistics approach Published: as its methodology. The data is collected by using observation and record as the August 2018 ______basic techniques. Then it is continued by participant observation, free involved Keywords: observation, recording, and noting. The data analysis is done using coding accommodation, method and interactive model. Based on the findings, they show the batak society, accommodation pattern are (1) pattern of Javanese accommodation convergent, language, trading domain (2) pattern of Javanese accommodation most convergent, (3) pattern of Batak ______Toba language accommodation divergent, (4) pattern of Batak Karo language accommodation divergent, and (5) pattern of Batak Simalungun language DOI https://doi.org/10.15294 accommodation divergent. /seloka.v7i2.19651

© 2018 Universitas Negeri Semarang

 Correspondenceaddress: p-ISSN 2301-6744 Willem Iskandar Pasar V Medan Estate, Medan 20221 e-ISSN 2502-4493 E-mail: [email protected]

138 Alibasa Limbong & Ida Zulaeha Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 7 (2) (2018) :138 – 145

INTRODUCTION seller or buyer. This adjustment is included to sociolinguistic study in term of language Many tribes mixed in Semarang Region accommodation. Rokhman (2013) states that the allowing the society to be multilingual. Batak situation of language in society is studied deeper Society comes from North Sumatera and in sociolinguistic study. consisting from five sub-tribes: Batak Toba, Batak There are some pattern varieties: (1) the Karo, Batak Simalungun, Batak Pakpak, Batak most convergence action, when the speakers Maindailing, Angkola (Kozok, 1999). Since speaks the listener’s language (interlocutor) and 2010, Batakist reachers 3.362 people livingin struggles to show the exactly same correctness of Semarang. the native speaker, (2) less convergence, when https://nanopdf.com/download/untitledbapeda interlocutor speaks his own language with different kotasemarang_pdf action to the native speaker, (3) divergence, when From those sub-tribes, Batak Toba, Batak interlocutor speaks his language with very slow Karo, and Batak Simalungun are the most rhythm to respect his listeners, (4) most dominant sub-tribes of Batak in Semarang. divergence, when the interlocutor speaks his Batak society in Semarang as new comer language with normal speed ignoring any listener must be able to create good relationship among around him, Giles (in Sumarsono, 2013). Each societies in the region. It is realized through the pattern is described as follow. use of language. Apriliyani & Rokhman (2016) Increasing Decreasing states that as communication meant, language Lingusitc dimension convergence divergence has various functions, among them is to create Other group language cooperative relationship among human. The with pronunciation as good as natives. language of Batak people has different Other group language background to in Semarang. with self-pronunciation characteristics. Mardikantoro (2012) states that in using language Own group language cannot be separated from social and cultural with slow speaking speed. factors of the speakers. Own group language Batak people are identic with their unique with normal speaking speed. high tone dialect. Yusuf (2017) states that in uttering to different speakers, language has The table shows the attitudes of speakers in potential conflict between them caused by adjusting themselves and also defending their misunderstanding. Therefore, Batak society language. A group of speaker adjusting its needs to adjust their language to create good language to other group’s language is seen as relationship or interaction. The process is done by accommodation. It is based on the awareness selecting the diction while speaking to Javanese emergence telling their group is minority. The as major society. The selected codes affect toward interlocutor group being loyal to its language communication success (Kholidah & Haryadi, even when it is in major different group is seen as 2017). Communication occurs in every aspects of divergence. It is based on the principle to avoid society life (Eliya& Zulaeha, 2017), included in their language fading. Therefore, a group of trading. To describe or determine the selection speaker can accommodate the language into process of language on bilingual society, it is convergence or divergence. important to understand the concept of domain A relevant research done by Supardo (Budiasa, 2013). (2000) titled “Language Status and Domain is essentially constellation from Accommodation on Java-Sunda linguistic location, topic, and participant factors (Fisman in boarder in Cilacap.” It shows some findings: (1) Fasol, 1984). The research focuses on trading Sunda language is minority in Banyumas regency domain considered to require language and only exists in Cilacap, exactly in Majenang, adjustment both from Batak people having role as (2) the status of the language is lower than

139 Alibasa Limbong & Ida Zulaeha Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 7 (2) (2018) :138 – 145

Banymas Javanese dialect until implicitly the use The accommodation phenomenon of of the language is limited creating its speakers to Batak people also varies. The accommodation is integrate and accommodate to Javanese speakers, done through language selection affected by (3) the intention to alter the code is caused by society’s thought. When the society has principle bilingual ability to linguistic environment to keep and prevent any local language transitions predicted as the most demanded language. then automatically will tend to select appropriate Guerini’s work (2014) titled “Language language. Widianto & Zulaeha (2016) states the Contact, Language Mixing and Identity: The Akan language selection occurs because of the purpose Spoken by Ghanaian Immigrants in Northern of speaker to achieve. The findings revealed by Italy”concludes the use of the language will go Mardikantoro (2012), “The form of language through transition from altering the codes to transitions of Samin society’s Javanese language mixing the code causing language transition from ngoko Javanese language to krama. The (both words and phrases). This situation is transitions or transition is affected by some affected by long term language contact. The factors until ngoko language is only used in family mixed variety will be more expressive and and neighbor domain. Meanwhile, in social and important tool in society’s repertoire, regularly educational domains have used krama. used in formal spontaneous interaction done by The attitude of Batak people in treating the Akan society. language appropriately will determine language Sartini (2015) in her study titled “Diaspora entity. From Zulaeha (2017) “Defending the Language Action of Balinese in Eastern Java: language will occur when collectively the society Sociolinguistics Study” concludes three used of language speakers decide to keep using the language in family domain: , previous language because of other language Javanese language, and . usage force”. Therefore, Batak society can utter Those languages are substituting each other in collectively by considering their listeners. By communication. In religion domain, Balinese defending to use their own language to interact, language is still defended while doing religious Batak people accommodate the language into rites. In friendship domain, mixing and altering convergence with Javanese people in creating codes occurred. The codes occur among Balinese, good relationship and communicative Javanese, and Indonesian language. While in interaction. educational domain, especially in learning process of religious course, the most used METHODS language is Indonesia. Beside the phenomenon of mixing and altering codes, in the interaction done The approaches used are theoretical and by Balinese diaspora, accommodation of methodological approaches. The theoretical language also occurs. The models of approach used is sociolinguistics, meanwhile the accommodation are convergence and divergence. methodological approach is descriptive In the interaction, with major ethnic, Javanese qualitative. The collected data are taken from ethnics, Balinese tends to accommodate their observing, basic technique and advance language to Javanese language. technique. The techniques are record, to record Adyana & Fathur (2016) in their study someone’s speaking. Then, the advance titled “Language accommodation in Javanese – techniques are: observation, participant Tionghoa – Arab ethnics of Pekalongan society in observation, free participant observation, trading domain” shows the selection of the used recording, and noting (Sudaryanto, 1993). language are altering and mixing codes. The The data gained is tested in terms of its accommodation patterns are Javanese validity using triangulation. The data analysis divergence, Tionghoa convergence, and Arabic uses coding method and screening the convergence. The factors causing them are social determinant technique (Sudaryanto, 2015). The status, social distance, and speaking purposes. analysis is done interactively through two

140 Alibasa Limbong & Ida Zulaeha Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 7 (2) (2018) :138 – 145 procedures: (1) analysis while collecting data, and are mackerel tuna, pindang, and gurame. In the next (2) analysis after collecting data (Miles & utterances, P1 still uses Javanese lexicon werno- Huberman, 2014). The first procedure is done werno ikidan ana. Then, P1 still uses Javanese through data reduction, presentation, conclusion lexicon ‘Nek tongkol pira kui’ meaning How much or tentative verification. The second procedure is does mackerel tuna costs. In this utterance, nek and done through transcribing the recording, pira kuiare Javanese lexicons. Then, P2 tells the grouping the data originally taken from recording price by uttering ‘Tongkol telulas ewu Mbak’ and domain notes, describing until concluding meaning ‘Mackerel tuna is thirteen thousand Mbak. the patterns of accommodation. In the utterance tersebut telulas ewuis Javanese lexicon. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The event of the utterance interprets that Batak society accommodates Javanese language Batak society is involved in trading into convergent. The society attempts to speak interaction both as seller or buyer. The interaction Javanese although the dialect cannot meet with describes the different accommodation patterns. the native speakers. Seen from the lexicons on the excerpt, the accommodated Javanese language is Pattern of Javanese Accommodation included ngoko with purpose to ease transaction. Convergent The excerpts also show intimate and recognizing Batak society realizes itself as newcomer relationships among Batak and Javanese people. and minority in Semarang. Therefore, the society attempts to accommodate Javanese language Pattern of Javanese Accommodation Most with convergent pattern. This utterance Convergent interprets the accommodation done by Batak The accommodation is done by Batak society as buyers. people as sellers. The events of utterances Context: A Female (P1) Buyer (Batak Person) interpreting convergent patterns of Javanese Buys Fish from Male Javanese Street Seller (P2) language is shown below. P1 : Ana apaMas? Context: (P1) A Female Seller (Batak People) [ͻnͻͻpͻ mas] Asks A Male Buyer (P2) Seeking Drinks in Her ‘What do you sell Mas?’ Shop P2 : Werno- werno ikiMbak,ana tongkol, pindang, gurame. P1 : Tumbas napa Pak? [ʷərnͻ- ʷərnͻ iki mba?,ͻnͻ toŋkͻl, pindaŋ, gurame] [ tumbas nͻpͻ pa?]? ‘Many things Mbak, there are mackerel tuna, pindang, ‘What will you buy Sir?’ and gurame’ P2 : Pokari wonten? P1 : Nek Tongkol pira kui [pͻkari ʷͻntən]? [ne? to k l pir kui] ŋ ͻ ͻ ‘Is there any Pocari?’ ‘How much does mackerel tuna costs’ P1 : Wonten Pak, ingkang atis Pak? P2 : Tongkol telulas ewu Mbak. [toŋkͻl telulas eWu mba?] [ʷͻntən pa?, iŋkaŋ atis pa?]? ‘Mackerel tuna is thirteen thousand Mbak’ ‘There is, the cool one Sir?’ P2 : Nggih,setunggal Bu. The first spoken phenomenon (1) is [ŋgih, sətuŋgal bu] interaction between Batak buyer (P1) to Javanese ‘Yes, one please Madam’. person (P2) selling fish in front his house. The The event of utterance (2) is an interaction Batak person accommodates the use of Javanese between a Batak seller (P1) to Javanese buyer lexicon into his utterance. It is started by the (P2). In the occasion, the Batak person Batak lady by uttering, ‘Ana apa Mas’ meaning accommodates a language. The accommodation What do you sell Mas. There is Javanese lexicon is started by P1’s utterance, ‘Tumbas napa ana apa.Then P2 also responds using Javanese Pak?meaningWhat will you buy Sir?. In this language, ‘Werno-werno iki Mbak, ana tongkol, utterance, there is krama lexicon, tumbas napa. pindang, gurame’ meaning Many things Mbak, there

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Then P2 responds by the same language code, there is Batak Toba lexicon, Arga ma on. Then, ‘Pokari wonten?’ meaning Is there any Pocari?.P1 P2 responds by uttering, ‘Yes, how many kilos?’. P2 responds quickly, ‘Wonten Pak, ingkang atis Pak? uses Indonesian language because P2 realizes P1 meaningThere is, the cool one Sir?. In P1’s is not Javanese person. In the next P1’s utterance, utterance, he uses krama lexicon, wonten ‘Sakilo wae Dek. Iki duite pas, mauliate da’ meaning andphrase ingkang atis. Then, P2 responds by One only. Here is the money, thank you’. In the uttering, Nggih, setunggal Bu’ meaning Yes, one utterance, there is Batak Toba lexicon, Arga ma please Madam’. on. Then, P2 responds by uttering, ‘Ya, berapa The excerpt above interprets Batak society kilo?’. P2 uses Indonesian language. In the next people as seller accommodating Javanese P1’s utterance, ‘sakilo wae dek. Iki duite pas, language codes. The Batak person accommodates mauliate da’ meaning one only. Here is the money, through convergent pattern. He does not shows thank you. In the utterances, there are Batak Toba he is a non-Javanese person for his dialect lexicons, sakilo and mauliate da. The excerpt sounding like Javanese native. It is seen from the interprets the Batak person accommodates Batak lexicons uttered, the Javanese language Toba while interacting with Javanese person. The accommodated is krama. It is done to serve the accommodation is done into divergent pattern. It major society people, Javanesepeople, so that means although speaks not full Batak Toba they feel comfortable. language and does not disturb the interpretation of the seller. Pattern of Batak Toba Language Accommodation Divergent Pattern of Batak Karo Language Batak Toba people are known to be more Accommodation Divergent loyal to speak their own language. In Semarang, Batak Karo society has principle as Batak they are usually found using or accommodating Toba. They are usually found to speak their own their own language, Batak Toba, with divergent language. The divergent accommodation pattern pattern, although the listeners are Javanese of Batak Karo is described as follow in trading people. That current event interprets divergent domain. accommodation pattern. Context: Two Females of Batak Karo (P1 and P2) Context: A Female Batak Toba (P1) is Buying Buy Shoes in A Shop Belongs to A Female Thorny Palm Fruit from Female Javanese Person Javanese Person (P3) (P2) P1 : Warna kai kam nggit? Nomor piga? P1 : Rolas? Arga ma on, sepuluh wae isa Dek? [warna kaI kam ŋgit]? [Nomor piga]? [rͻlas]? [arga: ma ͻn, səpuluh wae isͻ de?]? ‘What color do you like? What size?’ ‘Twelve thousand rupiahs? It is expensive. Ten P2 : Aku merhat mbiring, nta na telu siwah. thousand rupiah, can it Dek? [aku mərhat mbiriŋ, nta na təlU siʷah] P2 : Ya, berapa kilo? ‘The black one please, number thirty nine please’ [ya bərapa kilͻ] P1 : Mbak, ini ukuran tiga sembilan warna hitam ada ‘Yes, how many kilos? nggak? P1 : Sakilo wae. Iki duite pas, mauliate da. [mba?, ini ukuran tiga səmbilan warna hitam ada [sakilo wae] [Iki duite pas, mauliatε da] əŋga?]? ‘One only. Here is the money, thank you’ ‘Mbak, is there any dark blue thirty nine sized?’ P3 : Sebentar Bu, saya carikan dulu. The event above is done between Batak [səbəntar bu, saya carikan dulu] Toba people (P1) while buying Salak fruit sold by ‘A moment Madam, let me find it’.

Javanese person (P2). The excerpt shows Batak The occurrence above is an interaction Toba accommodates Batak Toba language. In between Batak Karo females (P1 and P2) buying utterance, ‘Rolas? Arga ma on, sepuluh wae isa Dek?’ shoes from a shop of a female Javanese person meaning Twelve thousand rupiahs? It is expensive. (P3). The excerpt shows language Ten thousand rupiah, can it Dek?. In P1’s utterance,

142 Alibasa Limbong & Ida Zulaeha Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 7 (2) (2018) :138 – 145 accommodation is done Batak Karo. P1 asks P2 ‘A moment, be patient. The same color of motive using Batak Karo by uttering, ‘Warna kai kam is suitable for you Sist’ nggit? Nomor piga?’ meaning What color do you like? What size?. In the utterance, there is Batak Karo The occurrence is an interaction between lexicon, kai kam nggit and piga. Then, P2 responds Batak Simalungun (P1) with Javanese people with the same language codes by uttering, ‘Aku (P3) whom is buying cloths of Batak Simalungun merhat mbiring, nta na telu siwah’ meaning The people (P2). The excerpt of Batak Simalungun, it black one please, number thirty nine please. In this is notice to accommodate Batak Simalungun utterance, merhat mbiring and nta na telu siwah . In the utterance, P1 and P2 who have Batak Karo lexicons. P3 does not understand known each other start their language in Batak what is being talked so she only waits just in case Simalungun, ‘Kian, au lao manorih batik na siratah something needed. Then, P2 asks P3 using ai’ meaning Kian, let me see that green batik. P2 Indonesian language, ‘Mbak, ini ukuran tiga responds quickly, ‘Na siratah, dear on Dek’ sembilan warna hitam ada nggak?’ meaning Mbak, is meaning The green one, it is good Sist’. T, P3 whom there any dark blue thirty nine sized. Then, P3 has done transaction to P2 asks, ‘Celana yang responds ‘Sebentar Mbak, saya carikan dulu’ kemarin dah ada Bu?’ meaning Have you had the last meaning A moment Madam, let me find it. trouser Madam?. P2 responds by uttering, ‘Bentar, The excerpt above interprets that the sabar lobe. Warna pakon motifni pas do bam Dek accommodation pattern done by Batak Karo meaning A moment, be patient. The same color of people is divergent. It means those Batak Karo motive is suitable for you Sist. In P2’s utterance, people speak their own language so that the sabar lobe is Batak Simalungun language and P3 Javanese person does not understand. The Batak only understands the word sabar. Then, P2’s Karo females keep using their language but it utterance is also altered to P2 by using Batak does not hinder the process of transaction. Simalungun. The speaking occurrence interprets Batak Pattern of Batak Simalungun Language Simalungun accommodates the language with Accommodation Divergent divergent pattern. In the utterances, batak This Batak Simalungun people also Simalungun people use their language with quick accommodate their language. They do it to rhythm and use the language to response the Javanese people in trading domain. The pattern Javanese people whom does not understand the appears is the divergent pattern. language. Context: Buyers of The Batak Simalungun Based on the excerpts in the domain, it can Community (P1) and The Javanese (P3) Women be predicted the assumption of Batak people Chose Batik in The Shop Owned by The Batak accommodating the language with convergent, Simalungun Community as Well (P2). most convergent, divergent. P1 : Kian, au lao manorih batik na siratah ai. Batak People as minority respond in [kian, au lao manͻrih bati? na siratah ai] convergent pattern to major people in trading ‘Kian, let me see that green batik’ domain to create intimate relationship, to ease P2 : Na siratah, dear on dek. bargaining, and to get stable price. This condition [na siratah, dεar ͻn de?] in the society as major community defends itself ‘The green one, it is good Sist’ to act in divergent pattern. Then, the action or P3 : Celana yang kemarin dah ada Bu? responses of divergent pattern done by Batak [cəlana yaŋ kəmarin dah ada bu]? people caused by being strange person feeling if ‘Have you had the last trouser Madam?’ they speak using their language, to politely share P1 : Bentar, sabar lobe. Warna pakon motifni pas do bam Dek. comments, and to be loyal to their language. [bentar, sabar lͻbe] [ʷarna pakͻn mͻtifni pas dͻ This table describes the actions or patterns bam de?] done by Batak society.

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Responses Sosiolinguistik di Media Sosial Instagram. Perception Batak Javanese Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra. 6 (minority) (majority) Willing to create friendly Convergent Divergent (3). Hal. 286- 296. relationship, being easy to https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/sel bargain, and gaining stable oka/article/view/16044 price. Not feeling strange, giving Divergent. - Guerini, F. (2014). Language Contact, Language polite comments, being Mixing and Identity: The Akan Spoken by loyal to own language. Ghanaian Immigrants in Northern Italy. Sage: International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(4), 363- CONCLUSION 383. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.117 Based on the findings, the accommodation 7/1367006913481138 pattern of Batak people in trading domain with Fasol, R. (1984). The Sosiolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Javanese people in Semarang are: pattern of Basil Blackwell. Javanese accomodation convergent, pattern of Kholidah, U.,&Haryadi. (2017). Wujud Pilihan Kode Tutur Mahasiswa Aceh pada Ranah Pergaulan Javanese accommodation most convergent, di Semarang. Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa pattern of Batak Toba language accommodation dan Sastra,6(2), 208- 217. divergent, pattern of Batak Karo language https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/sel accommodation divergent, pattern of Batak oka/article/view/17288 Simalungun language accommodation divergent. Kozok, U. (1999). Warisan Leluhur: Sastra Lama dan Each pattern is done by Batak people both as Aksara Batak. KPG(Kepustakaan Populer seller and buyer. Gramedia): Jakarta. Mardikantoro, H. B. (2012). Bentuk Pergeseran ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Bahasa Jawa Masyarakat Samin dalam Ranah Keluarga. Litera Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa, Sastra Special thanks to Dr. Hari bakti dan Pengajarannya,11(2), 204- 215. Mardikantoro, M.Hum. for the guidance, https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/litera/art direction, suggestion, and motivation in this icle/view/1062 research. Mardikantoro, H. B. (2012). Pilihan Bahasa Masyarakat Samin dalam Ranah Keluarga. REFERENCES Humaniora, 24(3) 279- 291. https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal- Adyana, S.,& Fathur, R. (2016). Akomodasi Bahasa humaniora/article/view/1376 pada Masyarakat Kota Pekalongan Etnis Jawa- Miles, M.B. & A. M. Huberman. (2014). Analisis Data Tionghoa-Arab dalam Ranah Perdagangan. Kualitatif: Buku Sumber tentang Metode- metode Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, 5(1), Baru (Terjemahan). Jakarta: UI Press. 88- 95. Rokhman, F. (2013). Pemilihan Bahasa pada https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/sel Masyarakat Dwibahasa: Kajian Sosiolinguistik oka/article/view/12755/0 di Banyumas. Disertasi. Yogyakarta: Apriliyani, N.,& Fathur, R. (2016). Strategi Pilihan Universitas Gadjah Mada. Bahasa Pengusaha Industri di Kecamatan Sartini, N. W. (2015). Perilaku Bahasa Diaspora Orang Ajibarang Kabupaten Banyumas. Seloka: Jurnal Bali di Jawa Timur: Kajian Sosiolinguistik. Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, 5(2), 184-191. Kembara:Jurnal Keilmuan Bahasa, Sastra, dan https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/sel Pengajarannya, 1(1), 54-62. oka/article/view/13082 http://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/kemba Budiasa, I. N. (2013). Pilihan Bahasa oleh Kaum ra/article/view/2331 Remaja di Daerah Tujuan Wisata Kuta, Bali. Sumarsono. (2013). Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Kandai. 9(2), 314- 325. Pustaka Belajar. http://ojs.badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/jurn Sudaryanto. (1993). Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis al/index.php/kandai/article/view/299 Bahasa Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan Eliya, I.,& Ida, Z. (2017). Pola Komunikasi Politik Secara Linguistik. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana Ganjar Pranowo dalam Perspektif Press.

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