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Chapter 2 Language Use in Nepal
CHAPTER 2 LANGUAGE USE IN NEPAL Yogendra P. Yadava* Abstract This chapter aims to analyse the use of languages as mother tongues and second lan- guages in Nepal on the basis of data from the 2011 census, using tables, maps, and figures and providing explanations for certain facts following sociolinguistic insights. The findings of this chapter are presented in five sections. Section 1 shows the impor- tance of language enumeration in censuses and also Nepal’s linguistic diversity due to historical and typological reasons. Section 2 shows that the number of mother tongues have increased considerably from 92 (Census 2001) to 123 in the census of 2011 due to democratic movements and ensuing linguistic awareness among Nepalese people since 1990. These mother tongues (except Kusunda) belong to four language families: Indo- European, Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic and Dravidian, while Kusunda is a language isolate. They have been categorised into two main groups: major and minor. The major group consists of 19 mother tongues spoken by almost 96 % of the total population, while the minor group is made up of the remaining 104 plus languages spoken by about 4% of Nepal’s total population. Nepali, highly concentrated in the Hills, but unevenly distributed in other parts of the country, accounts for the largest number of speakers (44.64%). Several cross-border, foreign and recently migrated languages have also been reported in Nepal. Section 3 briefly deals with the factors (such as sex, rural/ urban areas, ethnicity, age, literacy etc.) that interact with language. Section 4 shows that according to the census of 2011, the majority of Nepal’s population (59%) speak only one language while the remaining 41% speak at least a second language. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Archaeological Perspective of the Bananal Island, Brazil
Archaeological Perspective of the Bananal Island, Brazil Julio Cezar Rubin De Rubin∗y1, Rosicl´erTheodoro Da Silva , Maira Barberi3,2, and Joanne Ester Ribeiro Freitas 1PUC Goi´as(Goi´as){ R. 235, 722 - Setor Leste Universit´ario,Goi^ania- GO, 74605-050, Br´esil 3Julio Cezar Rubin de Rubin (JCRR) { Av. Universit´aria1440 Setor Universit´arioGoi^aniaGO, Br´esil 2Rosicler Theodoro da Silva (RTS) { Av. University´aria1440 Setor Universit´arioGoi^aniaGoi´as,Br´esil R´esum´e The archaeology of the Brazilian Central Plateau presents little information regarding the occupation of the area in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. We highlight the re- search carried out in Santa Elina, Abrigo-do-Sol and Serran´opolis. Some areas present great potential for archaeological research in this period based on geology, geomorphology and the presence of archaeological sites, among them the Quaternary Fluvial Basin of the Ba- nanal (QFBB), the intracratonic basin that forms part of the Araguaia river basin (medium Araguaia) , resulting from denudational processes and covering an area of approximately 106,000km2. In the north of the basin is the Bananal Island, which occupies an area of 20,000 km2 (approximately twice the area of the Republic of Cyprus) encompassing the Araguaia National Park and the Araguaia Indigenous Area. In the BFQB, there are deposi- tional units inserted in the Middle Pleistocene (240,000 +/- 29,000 and 159,600 +/- 18,542 years BP), in the Upper Pleistocene (121,000 +/- 15,000 and 17,200 +/- 2,300 years BP) and in the Holocene (9,800 +/- 1,100 years BP). These units present records of paleohydro- logical and paleoclimatic changes. -
Linguistic Survey of India Bihar
LINGUISTIC SURVEY OF INDIA BIHAR 2020 LANGUAGE DIVISION OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA i CONTENTS Pages Foreword iii-iv Preface v-vii Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations ix-xi List of Phonetic Symbols xii-xiii List of Maps xiv Introduction R. Nakkeerar 1-61 Languages Hindi S.P. Ahirwal 62-143 Maithili S. Boopathy & 144-222 Sibasis Mukherjee Urdu S.S. Bhattacharya 223-292 Mother Tongues Bhojpuri J. Rajathi & 293-407 P. Perumalsamy Kurmali Thar Tapati Ghosh 408-476 Magadhi/ Magahi Balaram Prasad & 477-575 Sibasis Mukherjee Surjapuri S.P. Srivastava & 576-649 P. Perumalsamy Comparative Lexicon of 3 Languages & 650-674 4 Mother Tongues ii FOREWORD Since Linguistic Survey of India was published in 1930, a lot of changes have taken place with respect to the language situation in India. Though individual language wise surveys have been done in large number, however state wise survey of languages of India has not taken place. The main reason is that such a survey project requires large manpower and financial support. Linguistic Survey of India opens up new avenues for language studies and adds successfully to the linguistic profile of the state. In view of its relevance in academic life, the Office of the Registrar General, India, Language Division, has taken up the Linguistic Survey of India as an ongoing project of Government of India. It gives me immense pleasure in presenting LSI- Bihar volume. The present volume devoted to the state of Bihar has the description of three languages namely Hindi, Maithili, Urdu along with four Mother Tongues namely Bhojpuri, Kurmali Thar, Magadhi/ Magahi, Surjapuri. -
Efeitos Das Mudanças De Uso Da Terra No Regime Hidrológico De Bacias De Grande Escala
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental Efeitos das mudanças de uso da terra no regime hidrológico de bacias de grande escala Débora Missio Bayer Tese de Doutorado Porto Alegre - RS Fevereiro de 2014 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas Débora Missio Bayer Efeitos das mudanças de uso da terra no regime hidrológico de bacias de grande escala Trabalho apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Collischonn Porto Alegre - RS Fevereiro de 2014 Agradecimentos Inicialmente gostaria de agradecer ao professor Walter Collischonn, pela orientação, pelos ensinamentos, pela disponibilidade e, principalmente, por sua contagiante empolgação em relação a fazer pesquisa e ciência. Gostaria de agradecer aos membros da banca, professores Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, Anderson Luís Ruhoff e André Luiz Lopes da Silveira, pelas contribuições e sugestões ao trabalho. Em especial, gostaria de agradecer ao também colega e amigo Anderson, que além de contribuir como membro da banca, me auxiliou durante várias etapas do trabalho. Sou grata à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, onde desenvolvi o trabalho, no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH-UFRGS), no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Re- cursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental, onde incluo todos os professores, pesquisadores, funcionários e colegas. Devo reconhecer o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela bolsa de doutorado, sem a qual não poderia ter desenvolvido a pesquisa com dedicação exclusiva. -
2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A
Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Census 2001 STATEMENT 1 ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 Presented below is an alphabetical abstract of languages and the mother tongues with speakers' strength of 10,000 and above at the all India level, grouped under each language. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages PART A - Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) Name of language and Number of persons who returned the Name of language and Number of persons who returned the mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother language tongue language tongue 1 2 1 2 1 ASSAMESE 13,168,484 13 Dhundhari 1,871,130 1 Assamese 12,778,735 14 Garhwali 2,267,314 Others 389,749 15 Gojri 762,332 16 Harauti 2,462,867 2 BENGALI 83,369,769 17 Haryanvi 7,997,192 1 Bengali 82,462,437 18 Hindi 257,919,635 2 Chakma 176,458 19 Jaunsari 114,733 3 Haijong/Hajong 63,188 20 Kangri 1,122,843 4 Rajbangsi 82,570 21 Khairari 11,937 Others 585,116 22 Khari Boli 47,730 23 Khortha/ Khotta 4,725,927 3 BODO 1,350,478 24 Kulvi 170,770 1 Bodo/Boro 1,330,775 25 Kumauni 2,003,783 Others 19,703 26 Kurmali Thar 425,920 27 Labani 22,162 4 DOGRI 2,282,589 28 Lamani/ Lambadi 2,707,562 -
Rural Work in Nueva Vizcaya: Forms of Labor Coercion on the Periphery Author(S): Susan M
Rural Work in Nueva Vizcaya: Forms of Labor Coercion on the Periphery Author(s): Susan M. Deeds Source: The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Aug., 1989), pp. 425-449 Published by: Duke University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2516301 Accessed: 05-08-2015 15:35 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Duke University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Hispanic American Historical Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 150.135.239.97 on Wed, 05 Aug 2015 15:35:23 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hispanic AmericanHistorical Review 69:3 CopyrightC) 1989by Duke UniversityPress ccc ooi8-2i68/89/$i.5o RuralWork in Nueva Vizcaya:Forms of Labor Coercionon the Periphery SUSAN M. DEEDS* AT noonon a swelteringday in June 1674, a smallgroup of ConchoIndians, six men and fivewomen, watched from the shade of a greatalamo tree as ridersapproached. They could see that Captain Pedro de Zubia Pacheco, accompaniedby two servants,was clearlyagitated as he rode up. Wavinghis sword,he orderedthe Indiansto accompanyhim. At thisjuncture, Nicolks de Be- jarano, the tenantof the wheatfarm in theValle de San Bartolom6where these events took place,' emergedfrom his house and, enraged at his loss ofworkers, called forhis sword.Several neighbors who had hastened to the scene restrainedhim fromattacking the older Zubia. -
Icing Mound on Sadlerochit River, Alaska
Short Papers and Notes ICING MOUND ON SADLERO- Sadlerochithas emerged from the CHIT RIVER, ALASKA* mountains, has arelatively low gra- dient and flows in a broad, braided bed Icing mounds- small to large domes, characterized by manyanastomosing mounds,and ridges resulting from an shallowchannels separated by bare, upwardarching of soiland ice asso- gravelly and bouldery bars (Fig. 2). AS ciated with fields of aufeis - have been is characteristic of all riversof the Arc- described in detailfor Siberia1. Icing tic Slope, the change from a single deep mounds have also been mentioned brief- channel to a braided pattern of many ly inconnection with aufeisfields in shallow channels allows the formation Alaskaby Leffigwell (ref. 2, p. 158) of an aufeis field every year near the and Taber (ref. 3, p. 1528; ref. 4, p. 249), mountain front. During the fall the but there is little descriptive literature shallow channels freeze early and the on this phenomenon in theNorth Amer- obstruction of the resulting ice causes ican Arctic. One such icing mound was the river to overflow its bars;this over- examined briefly by the author on June flow then freezes and by repeated freez- 25,1959 during the course of a trip down ing,overflow and freezingsuccessive the SadlerochitRiver in northeastern layers of ice are built up toform an Alaska (Fig. 1). aufeis field. Another factor contributing Fig. 1. Locationmap, Arctic Slope, Alaska. The SadlerochitRiver rises in the to the formation of large aufeis fields is Franklin Mountains of the eastern a source of water that persists for some Brooks Range and flows northwardin a time after freezingbegins. -
Permanent War on Peru's Periphery: Frontier Identity
id2653500 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ’S PERIPHERY: FRONT PERMANENT WAR ON PERU IER IDENTITY AND THE POLITICS OF CONFLICT IN 17TH CENTURY CHILE. By Eugene Clark Berger Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August, 2006 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Date: Jane Landers August, 2006 Marshall Eakin August, 2006 Daniel Usner August, 2006 íos Eddie Wright-R August, 2006 áuregui Carlos J August, 2006 id2725625 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com HISTORY ’ PERMANENT WAR ON PERU S PERIPHERY: FRONTIER IDENTITY AND THE POLITICS OF CONFLICT IN 17TH-CENTURY CHILE EUGENE CLARK BERGER Dissertation under the direction of Professor Jane Landers This dissertation argues that rather than making a concerted effort to stabilize the Spanish-indigenous frontier in the south of the colony, colonists and indigenous residents of 17th century Chile purposefully perpetuated the conflict to benefit personally from the spoils of war and use to their advantage the resources sent by viceregal authorities to fight it. Using original documents I gathered in research trips to Chile and Spain, I am able to reconstruct the debates that went on both sides of the Atlantic over funds, protection from ’ th pirates, and indigenous slavery that so defined Chile s formative 17 century. While my conclusions are unique, frontier residents from Paraguay to northern New Spain were also dealing with volatile indigenous alliances, threats from European enemies, and questions about how their tiny settlements could get and keep the attention of the crown. -
Historical and Recent Aufeis, the Indigirka River Basin (Russia)
1 Historical and recent aufeis, the Indigirka river basin 2 (Russia) 3 *Olga Makarieva1,2,, Andrey Shikhov3, Nataliia Nesterova2,4, Andrey Ostashov2 4 1Melnikov Permafrost Institute of RAS, Yakutsk 5 2St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 6 3Perm State University, Perm 7 4State Hydrological institute, St. Petersburg 8 RUSSIA 9 *[email protected] 10 Abstract: A detailed spatial geodatabase of aufeis (or naleds in Russian) within the 11 Indigirka River watershed (305 000 km2), Russia, was compiled from historical Russian 12 publications (year 1958), topographic maps (years 1970–1980’s), and Landsat images (year 13 2013-2017). Identification of aufeis by late-spring Landsat images was performed with a semi- 14 automated approach according to Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and additional 15 data. After this, a cross-reference index was set for each aufeis, to link and compare historical 16 and satellite-based aufeis data sets. 17 The aufeis coverage varies from 0.26 to 1.15% in different sub-basins within the 18 Indigirka River watershed. The digitized historical archive (Cadastre, 1958) contains the 19 coordinates and characteristics of 896 aufeis with total area of 2064 km2. The Landsat-based 20 dataset included 1213 aufeis with a total area of 1287 km2. Accordingly, the satellite-derived 21 total aufeis area is 1.6 times less than the Cadastre (1958) dataset. However, more than 600 22 aufeis identified from Landsat images are missing in the Cadastre (1958) archive. It is 23 therefore possible that the conditions for aufeis formation may have changed from the mid- 24 20th century to the present. -
By John P. Schmal
By John P. Schmal 1 Northern Uto-Aztecan Southern Uto-Aztecan (13 Languages) – (48 Languages) of primarily U.S.-based (Hopi, Comanche & México: Paiute 2. Aztecan/Náhuatl Sonoran (19 Languages) of 1. (29 Languages) – northeastern México (Mayo, These languages are Opata, Yaqui, Cora, Huichol, spread through many Tarahumara & Tepehuán – states of México, in groups in Sonora, Sinaloa, particular the central Nayarit, Chihuahua and and eastern sections. Durango) Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/16. 2 } Nueva Galicia and Nueva Vizcaya were north of the area that made up the Aztec Empire (which was conquered by the Spaniards in 1521). The Aztecs had no military influence in these northern areas before 1521, but they did have trading relationships with some of the indigenous groups. Source: University of California at Irvine: https://eee.uci.edu/programs/humcore/images/Conquest/1-Aztec_Empire_Map.png Copyright © 2013 by John P. Schmal. All Rights Reserved. 3 Copyright © 2013 by John P. Schmal. All Rights Reserved. 4 Source: http://www.city-data.com/forum/illegal-immigration/1449547-mexicans-native-americans- 5 5.html 6 Copyright © 2013 by John P. Schmal. All Rights Reserved. 7 The Spanish province of Nueva Galicia embraced 180,000 kilometers and included most of present-day Jalisco, Nayarit, Aguascalientes and Zacatecas. Across this broad range of territory, a wide array of indigenous groups lived during the Sixteenth Century. Domingo Lázaro de Arregui, in his Descripción de la Nueva Galicia - published in 1621 - wrote that 72 languages were spoken in the Spanish colonial province of Nueva Galicia. -
Archeology Inventory Table of Contents
National Historic Landmarks--Archaeology Inventory Theresa E. Solury, 1999 Updated and Revised, 2003 Caridad de la Vega National Historic Landmarks-Archeology Inventory Table of Contents Review Methods and Processes Property Name ..........................................................1 Cultural Affiliation .......................................................1 Time Period .......................................................... 1-2 Property Type ...........................................................2 Significance .......................................................... 2-3 Theme ................................................................3 Restricted Address .......................................................3 Format Explanation .................................................... 3-4 Key to the Data Table ........................................................ 4-6 Data Set Alabama ...............................................................7 Alaska .............................................................. 7-9 Arizona ............................................................. 9-10 Arkansas ..............................................................10 California .............................................................11 Colorado ..............................................................11 Connecticut ........................................................ 11-12 District of Columbia ....................................................12 Florida ...........................................................